ᡋண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ - 国際人道支援の変容と可能性 : 冷戦終結以後の人道的介入の正当化に関する議論を中心に

ᡋணࡢࠉ↋ᕣืᡋணふࡡ⌦ᛍ࡛ᡋணᢇ⾙ࡡྡྷ୕ࢅᇱᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋணࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅᣉኬࡈࡎࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠿ࠉ

୹ᶊᅗᐓࡢࠉ≓∽⩽ᨾ㆜࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬗ງࢅ༎ฦ࡞ಕᣚࡊ࡙࠷࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡஊ㞫࠿ዉᶭ࡛࡝ࡖ࡙ࠉᅗሾࢅ

㉲࠻ࡒᨾᥴὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࠿ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ୹ᶊᅗᐓ࠿ᯕࡒࡌ࡬ࡀᶭ⬗ࢅ⿭Ᏸࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝

ࡖࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ↋ᕣืᡋணふ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒഭ⑋⩽࣬ᤍ

⹥࣬ᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ↋ᕣื࡝ᬸງࢅᢀึࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷᮪⣑࡞ࡻࡾಕ㆜ࡡᚪさࢅ୹၌ࡌࡾᶭ㛭ࡵฝ⌟ࡊࡒࠊᅗ 㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡝࡜ࡡெ㐠ㅎ᮪⣑ࡡโᏽࡢࠉ୘ᚪさ࡝ᬸງ࠾ࡼᅗẰࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾฺ─ࢅᅗᐓ࡞୙࠻ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ↋

ᕣืᡋணࢅโ㝀ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹᥾኶ࢅᅗᐓ࡞୙࠻ࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ

(1)

ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡᙟᠺ

ᡋணࡡ≓∽⩽࠿ᴗࡴ࡙㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒ᫤௥࡞ࡢࠉ≓∽⩽ࡡ㝼ெභྜྷమ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉරమⓏ࡞ࡢᩅఌ࡝࡜ࡡᏺ ᩅⓏ⣛ᖈࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒ⮤ຐᅆమ࡝࡜ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᆀᇡභྜྷమ࡝࡜࡞ࡻࡖ࡙≓∽⩽࠿ᨾῥࡈࡿ࡙

ࡀࡒ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࡝࠷ࠊ࡛ࡆࢀ࠿ࠉᡋண⿍ᐐࡡ⏊ኬ໩࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉ⮤ຐᅆమࡡὩິ࠿⤄⧂໩ࡊࠉᅗ㝷໩ࡌࡾࡆ

࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒᅆమࡵ⌟ฝࡊࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࢕࢟ࣛࢪࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࣬ࣆࣝࣤࢺὬ㸝ࢠ࢙

36

࣭࣭࢜ᩅ㸞ᕱᩅᅆమࡢࠉ

1870

ᖳࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ᨾῥጟဤఌ㸝

Friends War Victims Relief Committee

㸞ࢅḿᘟ

࡝⤄⧂࡛ࡊ࡙❟ࡔ୕ࡅ࡙ᬉ௕ᡋண࡝࡜ࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅᨾᥴࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝ࣆࣝࣤࢺὬᅆమࡢࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲

ኬᡋ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ྘ᅗ࡚ᨾ㆜Ὡິࢅᐁ㊰ࡊࠉ➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡢḚᕗࠉ୯ᅗࠉ࢕ࣤࢺࠉ᪝ᮇ࡚ࡡ

ெ㐠࣬ᚗ⮾Ὡິࢅᨥᥴࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝ୌ㏻ࡡெ㐠Ⓩ⾔ິ࠿フ౮ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ

1947

ᖳࠉ࢓࣒ࣛ࢜࣬ࣆࣝࣤࢫዅ

௘ጟဤఌ㸝American Friends Service Committee㸞࡛࢕࢟ࣛࢪ࣬ࣆࣝࣤࢫዅ௘༝㆗ఌ㸝Friends Service Council㸞 ࡢࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ࿰㈳ࢅུ㈳ࡊࡒ¹ࠊ

㸝ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛྘ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㸞

ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄⧂ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ᭩ኬࡡ⤄⧂࡛ெဤ࡛ᙫ㡢ງࢅ⋋ᚋࡊࡒ ࡡࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛྘ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉ᭩ࡵఎ⤣࡛ᶊጸࡡ࠵ࡾ⤄⧂࠿ࠉ㉝༎

Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ๭スࡡ∏࡛࿣ࡣࡿࡾ࢓ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࣄࢩࢾࢪ࣏ࣤࡡୌெ࡞㐛ࡁ࡝࠾

ࡖࡒࠊ1859ᖳ

6

᭮ࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤ࠿௘஥࡚❟ࡔᐞࡖࡒ⏣࡚ࠉ࢕ࢰࣛ࢓࢛࣭࣬ࢪࢹࣛ࢓ᡋணࡡࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿ

ࡡᡋ࠷࡚ㇿഭࡊࡒඹኃࢅᨾ㆜ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࠿ࠉᙴࡡெ⏍ࢅኬࡀࡂን࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉᨾ㆜ࡡ

⏝ᩣࡵ࡝ࡂㇿഭඹࢅṒஷࡈࡎࡒࡆ࡛ࢅᅂ㢫ࡊࠉࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝ㸝Un Souvenir de Solférino㸞ࠗ

ࢅᇮ➱ࡊࠉᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡝ᖏスࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࢅ๭スࡌࡾᚪさᛮࢅソ࠻ࡒ²ࠊ1863 ᖳࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢㇿഭ㌱ெᨾ㆜ᅗ 㝷ᖏ⨠ጟဤఌ㸝஫ெጟဤఌ㸞ࢅ⤎ᠺࡊࠉࡆࡡ⤄⧂ࢅᇱ┑࡛ࡊ࡙㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢅス❟ࡊࡒ³ࠊ

1863

ᖳ࠾ࡼ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊ࡙྘ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࠿ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ

1868

ᖳ࡞ࡢࠉ࢕ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᅥ࡚ࡵࢹࣜ

ࢤ࡞࠽࠷࡙㉝༎Ꮚ♣㸝ࡡࡔ࡞㉝᩺᭮♣࡞ᨭྞ㸞࠿ス❟ࡈࡿࠉ࢓ࢩ࢓࡚஦␊┘ࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛ࡊ࡙༡យ♣㸝ࡡ ࡔ࡞᪝ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡞ᨭྞ㸞࠿

1877

ᖳ࡞ス❟ࡈࡿࡒ⁴ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉᙔルᅗࡡഭ⑋ඹࢅᨾ㆜ࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࢅ⿭

Ᏸࡊࠉ࡛ࡀ࡞ࡢࠉᅗᐓᶭᵋࡡୌ㒂ࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ➠஦ḗኬᡋ௧๑ࡡ᪝ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ

♣ࡢࠉ᪝ᮇᨳᗋ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊࡒ⤄⧂࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂࠉⓒྟࢅ㡤Ⅴ࡛ࡊࠉᨳᗋࡡᅗ➿ࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ࡙ఌဤࡡຽ㞗ࡷఌ

㈕ࡡᚡ཭ࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࠉୠ⏲࡚ࡵ᭯ᩐࡡఌဤᩐ࡛⤄⧂ࢅーࡾ୯ኳ㞗ᶊⓏ࡝⤄⧂࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬ ᡋ᫤ࡡ᪝ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉ㈠″࡛ெဤࢅ㝛ᾇ✭㌱࡞Ἰງࡊࠉ๑⥲࡞ᨾ㆜さဤࢅὬ㐭ࡌࡾ㌱ࡡୌᶭᵋ࡞ᠺࡽ

ୖ࠿ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ⁵ࠊ᪝ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࠿ࠉ᪝ᮇᨳᗋ࠾ࡼࡡ≺❟ࢅ☔ಕࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉ1952 ᖳࡡ᪝ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣Ἢࡡප ᕱࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙࡚࠵ࡾ⁶ࠊ

37

㸝㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂㸞

㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷ྘ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡ₳Ὦ࡛ࡢ␏࡝ࡽࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡡᨳᗋ࠾ࡼࡡᥴຐࡵུࡄ࡝࠷

ெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమ࠿ス❟ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵ࡝ࡖࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉୠಐࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡኣࡂࡢࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࢅዉᶭ

࡞㄄⏍ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊ

➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࢕࢟ࣛࢪ࡞࠽࠷࡙ኣࡂࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡝ᨾ㆜ᅆమ࠿ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᾇአ࡞ຽ㔘ࡷ

∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࢺ࢕ࢵࡷ࢛࣭ࢪࢹࣛ࢓࡝࡜ࡡᩓᅗࢅྱࡴࡒᆀᇡ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡒࠊࡆ ࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᨾᥴᅆమࡡ୯࡚ᅗ㝷Ⓩ⤄⧂࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒᅆమࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤ㸝Save the

Children㸞ࢅᣪࡅࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡢࠉ1919

ᖳ࡞࢕࢟ࣛࢪ࡚ス❟ࡈࡿࡒெ㐠ᨥ

ᥴᅆమ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᙔ᫤ࡡ࢕࢟ࣛࢪࡡᑊࢺ࢕ࢵ࢛࣭࣬ࢪࢹࣛ࢓࡫ࡡ⤊ῥᑌ㙈ࢅᢀึࡊࠉ㣒㣱≟ឺ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒ Ꮔ࡜ࡵࡒࡔࢅᨾᥴࡊࡒ⁷ࠊ

➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡢࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡷ࢓࣒ࣛ࢜࡞ࡵኣࡂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమ࠿ス❟ࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉ࢕࢟

ࣛࢪࡡ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࢒࣑㸝

OXFAM

㸞⁸ࠉ࢓࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡࢢ࢓㸝

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere; CARE

㸞

9࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅆమ࠿ࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ᪝ᮇࢅྱࡴࡒୠ⏲྘ᆀ࡞ᨥ㒂ࡷ༝ງ⤄⧂ࢅス❟ࡌࡾ࡮࡜࡞ᠺ㛏ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ

㸝ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸞

ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡷ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵᒈ㛜ࡈ

ࡿࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡス❟ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡢࠉࣞࢨ࢓㠁࿤ࡡΊ஗࡚⏍ࡋࡒ㞬 Ằࢅ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂㅎᅗ࡞ུࡄථࡿࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ㸝

High Commissioner on behalf of the League in connection with the problems of Russian refugees in Europe㸞ࢅス⨠ࡊࠉࡆࡿ࡞ࠉࢿ࣭ࣜࢗ࢘໪ᴗ᥀᳠ᐓࣆ

ࣛࢲࣘࣆ࣬ࢻࣤࢬࣤ㸝Fridtjof Nansen㸞ࢅ௴࿤ࡊࠉࡐࡡᚃࠉࢺ࢕ࢵ࠾ࡼࡡࣗࢱࣕெ㞬Ằࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾࠔࢺ࢕

ࢵ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ㸝

High Commissioner for refugees (Jewish and other) coming from Germany

㸞ࠕࡵス

⨠ࡊࠉ⡷ᅗࡡᩅ᤭ࢩ࢘࢕࣑ࢫ࣏࣬ࢠࢱ࣭ࢿ࣭㸝James McDonald㸞ࢅ௴⏕ࡊࡒ¹⁰ࠊ

➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᮆ࡞ࡢࠉ㏻ྙᅗ࠿ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡୌᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙㏻ྙᅗᨾῥᚗ⮾ᶭ㛭㸝United Nations Relief

and Rehabilitation Administration; UNRRA

㸞ࢅス❟ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡᩐ༐୒ெࡡ㞬Ằ࡛㑂㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇࡛

38

්ᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡊࡒ¹¹ࠊ

➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ㞬Ằࡡฝ㌗ᅗ࡫ࡡᖉ㑇࡛➠୔ᅗ࡫ࡡ්ᏽపࡡၡ㢗ࡢࠉこഁㅎᅗ࡛᮶ഁ

ㅎᅗࡡᑊ❟ࡡணⅤࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷᝗ເࡡ⥥ᘿ໩࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡡ㞬Ằᨥᥴ࡞ິ᥺ࢅ୙࠻ࡾࡆ࡛

࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࢮࣥ࢔࢙ࢹ㏻㑝ࡡࣁࣜࢹㅎᅗࡷࢗࢠࣚ࢕ࢻ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằࡷ᮶࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂㅎᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằࡡ୯࡞

ࡢࠉභ⏐໩ࡊࡒฝ㌗ᅗ࡫ࡡᖉ㑇ࢅᕵ᭻ࡊ࡝࠷⩽ࡵኣࡂࠉ㏻ྙᅗᨾῥᚗ⮾ᶭ㛭ࡡᖉ㑇ᨥᥴ࠿ᨳ἖ⓏணⅤ࡛

࡝ࡖࡒࠊ1946ᖳࠉ᮶ഁㅎᅗࡢࠉྜྷᶭ㛭ࡡᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜࠿ᖉ㑇ࡌࡾ㞬Ằ࡞ࡡࡲᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛୹ᘿ ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉこഁㅎᅗࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡡណᛦ࡚ᖉ㑇ࢅ㐽ᢝࡊ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ㞬Ằࡵᨥᥴࡌࡾ࡬ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ཬㄵࡊࡒࠊ࢓

࣒ࣛ࢜ࡢࠉ1947ᖳ௧㜾ࡡ㏻ྙᅗᨾῥᚗ⮾ᶭ㛭࡫ࡡ㈀ᨳᨥᥴࡡᡬࡔวࡽࢅ⾪᪺ࡊࠉྜྷᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡢೳḾࡌ

ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࠿ᖱῦࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ㛭౿ᅗࡡአஹᨳ➿࡞ໜᦜࡈࡿࡒୌ஥

ౚ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠻ࡻ࠹¹²ࠊ

1947

ᖳ

7

᭮ࠉᅗ㝷㞬Ằᶭ㛭㸝International Refugee Organization; IRO㸞࠿ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡᑍ㛓ᶭ㛭ࡡୌࡗ

࡛ࡊ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇්࡛ᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㞬Ằᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᅗ㏻⥪

ఌࡡࠔ࠷࠾࡝ࡾ㞬Ằⱕࡊࡂࡢ㑂㞬Ằࡵࠉḿᙔ࡝ཬᑊ஥⏜ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾሔྙࡢࠉฝ㌗ᅗ࡫ࡡᖉ㑇ࢅᙁ࠷ࡼࡿ࡝

࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᐃゕࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉ࢓࣒ࣛ࢜ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾこഁㅎᅗ࡫ࡡ㞬Ằࡡ්ᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡊࡒࠊ᮶ഁㅎᅗࡢࠉ

⇅⦆ຘ഼ງࡡὮฝ࠿⤊ῥᚗ⮾࡞ᡬᦹ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ㞬Ằࡡ්ᏽపᨥᥴ࠿こഁㅎᅗࢅฺࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛

ཚࡊࡂ㟸㞬ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨳ἖ⓏᖱῦࡡྫྷᏽⓏ࡝ຝᯕ࠿⾪ฝࡊࡒ஥ౚ࡛࠷࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ

࠹¹³ࠊ

1949

ᖳ

12

᭮ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ஥ຸᡜ㸝UNHCR㸞࠿ࠉᅗ㝷㞬Ằᶭ㛭࡛ࡢื࡞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ⿭ຐᶭ 㛭࡛ࡊ࡙㄄⏍ࡊࡒ¹⁴ࠊྜྷ஥ຸᡜぞ⛤➠

2

᮪ࡢࠉࠔ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻࡡ஥ᴏࡢࠉᏰධ࡞㟸ᨳ἖Ⓩᛮ㈻ࡡࡵࡡ࡚࡝

ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉྜྷ஥ᴏࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩཀྵࡦ♣ఌⓏ࡝ࡵࡡ࡚࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼࡍࠉཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙㞬Ằ࡛࠷࠹

㞗ᅆ࡝࠷ࡊ㒂㢦࡞㛭౿ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ¹⁵࡛ぞᏽࡊࠉࡐࡡ㟸ᨳ἖ᛮࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚࡞ぜ

ࡼࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡝ࠉᅗᐓࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࢅୌᏽࡡ⛤ᗐࠉᢒโࡌࡾຝᯕ࠿࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࡝

࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾᅗᐓࡡᶭ⬗ࡡ⿭Ᏸ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᨳ἖࡫ࡡໜᦜࡡၡ㢗ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃ ࡡ᫤௥࡞ࡵ⤽⤾ࡌࡾᵋ㏸Ⓩ࡝ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ṟࡈࡿࡒࠊ

ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉࣂࣝࢪࢷ࢔ࢻ㞬Ằ࡫ࡡᨥᥴࢅ௴ຸ࡛ࡌࡾᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷ࢔ࢻ㞬Ằᨾῥ஥ᴏᶭ㛭㸝

UNRWA

㸞

39

16ࠉᡋணࡡ⿍ⅇࢅ⿍ࡖࡒᏄ࡜ࡵࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘㸝

UNICEF

㸞¹⁷ࠉᡋண⿍ⅇ⩽࡫ࡡ㣏⣂ᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ ࡌࡾୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤㸝WFP㸞¹⁸࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⤄⧂ࢅ⿭ຐᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ḗࠍ࡞㄄⏍ࡈࡎࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍࿤࡛೸ᗛࢅಕ

㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅ㔔ᒒⓏ࡝ࡵࡡ࡞Ⓠᒈࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ

ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᨳᗋࡷ㌱㝪࠿༎ฦ࡞ᥴຐ࣬ಕ㆜ࡊ࡝࠷ᡋணࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ୹ᶊ ᅗᐓࡡ⿭ᏰⓏᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡌࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉ௧ୖ࡚ࡈࡼ࡞ㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ↋โ㝀࡚㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ࡝ᡋணࢅ㟸㞬 ࡊࠉโ㝀ࡌࡾ୹మ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵ࡝ࡖࡒࠊ

(2)

ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛㛭㏻᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ

↋ᕣืᡋணふ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᡋண࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵᡋண⿍ᐐࡡぞᶅ࠿㝀ᏽⓏ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉഭ⑋ඹࡷ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࢅಕ㆜

ࡌࡾᚪさᛮࡢヾㆉࡈࡿ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᡋணᢇ⾙ࡡྡྷ୕࡞ఔ࠹⿍ᐐࡡぞᶅࡡᣉኬࡢࠉ⣦ண⿍

ⅇ⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐࠉ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࡡぞโ࡛ฌ⨡ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᙟᠺࢅಀ㐅ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭㏻

ࡌࡾ᮪⣑࡞ࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᐐᩓᡥṹ㸝㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ࡝ᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵ㸞ࡡぞโ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ࣀ࣭ࢡἪ㸞ࠉ⣦ண≓∽

⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ㸞ࠉெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝㸝㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ࡝ᅗ㝷≚⨝㸞ࡡฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌ

ࡾ᮪⣑㸝ᅗ㝷ฬ஥Ἢ㸞ࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡛ᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ᅗ㝷㞬ẰἪ㸞࠿ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ

㸝ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᙟᠺ࡛Ⓠᒈ㸞

㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡᙔิࡡὩິࡢࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡ≓∽⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༈⒢ᨥᥴࡡᣉඖ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ∸⌦

Ⓩ࡝἖⒢⾔Ⅵࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⑋⩽ࡡฌ㐕࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺࢅಀࡌ㔕ᚨⓏ࡝ࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖ ࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉ

1864

ᖳࠉᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ࡡㇿഭ㌱ெࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑

㸝➠ୌᅂ㉝༎Ꮚ᮪⣑㸞㸝Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in

the Field㸞

¹⁹ࢅ㉫ⲙࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂาᙁࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾㅎᅗᐓ࡞ࡆࡿࢅ᤿ᢝࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ

᮪⣑ࡢ

10

᮪࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ௑᪝࡚ࡢᙔ↓࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾ᭩ࡵᇱᮇⓏ࡝ெ㐠Ⓩぞ⠂࠿ᣪࡅࡼࡿ

࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᡋᆀ⑋㝌࡛༈⒢⾔Ⅵ࡞ᚉ஥ࡌࡾெࠍࢅ୯❟࡝Ꮛᅹ࡛ࡊ࡙ᨯᦹࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ࡝ࡼ࡝

࠷ࠉࡱࡒࠉഭ⑋ඹࡢ཭ᐖࡊ࡙┫㆜ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠉ⑋㝌ࡷ༈⒢ᚉ஥⩽ࡢⓉᆀ࡞㉝༎Ꮚࡡᵾ❮ࢅᦘ⾔

ࡌࡾ࡛࠷ࡖࡒཋ์࡚࠵ࡾ²⁰ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࠿ࠉ᮪⣑ࡡ㉫ⲙ࡛ఌ㆗ࡡ㐘ႜ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙୹ᑙⓏ࡝ᙲ๪ࢅᢰ

40

࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞ⠂ࢅᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ྙណࡈࡎࡾୌᏽࡡᙲ๪ࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ゕ᪺

࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊ

1899

ᖳࠉࣀ࣭ࢡᖲ࿰ఌ㆗࡚ࡢࠉ1874ᖳࡡࣇࣛࣖࢴࢬࣜᐃゕ᱄㸝Project of an International Declaration

concerning the Laws and Customs of War

㸞²¹࠿ᨭḿࡈࡿࠉ㝛ᡋࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝

Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land㸞࠿᤿ᢝࡈࡿࠉᤍ⹥㈠᰹⩽࠿ࠔḿぞ㌱ࠉẰඹ࣬⩇ຩඹᅆࠉ㌱Ằඹཀྵࡦඹງ୯ࡡ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡚ᩓ

࡞ᤍࡼࢂࡿࡒ⩽ࠕ࡛᪺☔࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᤍ⹥ᙽ㐕ࡡぞᏽࡵ⨠࠾ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒ²²ࠊ

1906

ᖳࠉഭ⑋⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝➠஦ᅂ㉝༎Ꮚ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention for the Amelioration of the

Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field㸞

²³࠿᤿ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⑋⩽ࡡ⠂ᅑ࠿ࠔ㌱ெ

ཀྵࡦපຸ୕㌱㝪࡞ᒌࡌࡾࡐࡡ௙ࡡெဤ࡚ㇿഭࡊཧࡢ⑄⑋࡞࠾࠾ࡖࡒ⩽ࠕ࡛᪺☔࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ

㐠Ⓩᙽ㐕ࡡᑊ㇗⩽࠿ᣉኬࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵ࡝ࡖࡒࠊ

➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡ⏊ኬ࡝≓∽ࢅཬ┤ࡊࡒ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂาᙁࡢࠉ

1929

ᖳࠉ஦ࡗࡡࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠୔ᅂ

㉝༎Ꮚ᮪⣑㸞ࢅ⥶⤎ࡊࡒࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⑋⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ

᮪⣑²⁴࡚࠵ࡽࠉ➠஦ࡢࠉᤍ⹥ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝Convention relative to the Treatment of

Prisoners of War㸞

²⁵࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚ࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⑋⩽࡛ᤍ⹥ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽ࠿ᨭゖࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ

࠹࡝ₖ㐅Ⓩ࡝᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ࡛ᨭḿࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗࠿ᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⑋⩽࠾ࡼᤍ⹥࡞ࡱ࡚ᣉ ኬࡊࠉࡐࡡಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗࠿᪺☔࡞࡝ࡽࠉಕ㆜ࡡ᪁Ἢࡵᨭၻࡈࡿࠉᅗᐓࡡഭ⑋ඹ࣬ᤍ⹥࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩᙽ 㐕ࡢ࠷ࡖࡐ࠹⚏Ḿࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊ

ࡱࡒࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᝲ஥ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉ✭ぉࡷᩓᑊᅗᐓࡡᨥ㒼ୖ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ㸝ᩝẰ㸞࡫ࡡ ಕ㆜ࡡᚪさᛮ࠿㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ

1934

ᖳࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒ㉫ⲙషᴏࢅ⤊࡙ࠉ᮶ா࡚㛜തࡈࡿ

ࡒ➠

15

ᅂ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᩓᅗᩝẰಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪ᩝⲙ᱄㸝᮶ாⲙ᱄㸞㸝Draft International

Convention on the Condition and Protection of Civilians of enemy nationality who are on territory belonging to or

occupied by a belligerent㸞

²⁶࠿᤿ᢝࡈࡿࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᙔ᫤ࡡᅗ㝷㛭౿ࡡᝇ໩࡞ఔ࠷᮪ᩝⲙ᱄ࡢࠉาᙁ࡞ࡻ

ࡖ࡙ᢀ෶ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ²⁷ࠊ➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ௧๑ࡡᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡚ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணୖࡡᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭 ࡌࡾ᪺♟Ⓩぞ⠂ࡢᏋᅹࡎࡍࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠿ୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ୌ⯙ᕰẰࡡ⏊ኬ࡝≓∽ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀ

41

࡝࠾ࡖࡒୌࡗࡡさᅄ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢺ࢕ࢵࡡ࢓ࢺࣜࣆ࣬ࣃࢹ࣭ࣚ㸝

Adolf Hitler

㸞ᨳᶊࡢࠉࢺ࢕ࢵ

ᅗහࡷ༥㡷ᆀᇡࡡࣗࢱࣕெࡷ࣭࣎ࣚࣤࢺெ࡝࡜ࡡ↋㎗ࡡெࠍࢅ࢓ࢗࢨࣖࣄࢴࢵ㸝Auschwitz㸞࡝࡜ࡡᙁโ

཭ᐖᡜ࡞㏻⾔ࡊࠉᙁโຘ഼ࡷெమᐁ㥺ࢅ⛁ࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡẰ᪐㞗ᅆࡡᾐ⁓ࢅᐁ⾔ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࢻ ࢲࢪ࣬ࢺ࢕ࢵࡡ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹ㸝

Holocaust

㸞ࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡྙ⌦ᛮࡷெ㐠ᛮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⑚Ⅷ࡝᠔␪ࢅ᝽㉫ࡈࡎࡾ

ࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒ࠿ࠉᙔ᫤ࠉṂງ⣦ணୖࡡᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑࠿Ꮛᅹࡊ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ 㝷ጟဤఌ࡞ࡻࡾᙁโ཭ᐖᡜࡡっᐳ࠿ἪⓏ᰷ᣈࢅᚋࡼࡿࡍ࡞༎ฦ࡞ᶭ⬗ࡊ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࡝࠷

28ࠊ

➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࡡ⏊ኬ࡝≓∽ࢅཬ┤ࡊࡒᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉ1949ᖳࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࢅᨭᏽࡊ

࡙ࠉᡋᆀ࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⑋⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝㝛୕ഭ⑋ඹ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention

(I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field

㸞²⁹ࠉᾇ୕࡞࠵ࡾ

㌱㝪ࡡഭ⩽ࠉ⑋⩽ཀྵࡦ㞬⯢⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝ᾇ୕ഭ⑋ඹ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention (II)

for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea㸞

³⁰ࠉ ᤍ⹥ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝ᤍ⹥᮪⣑㸞㸝

Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners

of War㸞

³¹ࡡࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑࡞ຊ࠻࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ஥ᅗࡷ༥㡷ᅗ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩓᅗᩝẰࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷

᮪⣑࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋ᫤࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ᩝẰ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention (IV) relative to the Protection

of Civilian Persons in Time of War

㸞³²ࢅెࡎ࡙ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥᄿ᮪⣑࡛ࡊ࡙㉫ⲙࡊ࡙᤿ᢝࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝ࢩ

ࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑ࡢࠉᅗᐓ㛣ᡋணࡡᇱᮇⓏぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡽࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞ຊ┍ࡊࡒᅗᐓࡡ ࡌ࡬࡙࠿ྜྷ᮪⣑࡞ຊථࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᆀనࢅ༥ࡴࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᡋ ணἪぞࡢࠔᡋணἪ㸝

law of war

㸞ࠕ࡛࿣⛘ࡈࡿࠉஹᡋ⩽ࡡᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡊ࡙ᐐⓏᡥṹࢅぞโࡌࡾࣀ࣭

ࢡἪ࡛ࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࠿ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࠿

ࠔᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ㸝international humanitarian law: IHL㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅ୹၌ࡊ࡙௧ᮮࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛࠷࠹ྞ⛘

࠿ᏽ╌ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ³³ࠊ

1949

ᖳࡡࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑ࡢࠉࡌ࡬࡙ࡡ᮪⣑࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾぞᏽ࠿➠

3

᮪࡞⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊභ㏳➠

3

᮪ࡢࠉ ᅗᐓ㛣ᡋண࡚ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࡡ⚏Ḿ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩಕ㆜ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾ᮪⣑ࡡ୯࡞ࠉᅗහᡋண࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩ᥈⨠࡞㛭 ࡊ࡙ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒ≁␏࡝న⨠ࢅ༥ࡴࡾ᮪ᩝ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾṂງ⣦ண࡞࠽࠷࡙⣦ணᙔ஥⩽࠿㐺Ꮼࡊ࡝ࡄࡿ

42

ࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷᭩఩㝀ᗐࡡெ㐠ぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ୌ⯙࡞ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠

3

᮪➠

1

㡧ࡢࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ㸝ᩝẰ㸞࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾ↋ᕣื࡝ெ㐠Ⓩᙽ㐕ࢅぞᏽࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ஥⩽࡞ࡻࡾ⏍࿤ࡷ㌗మ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸ⾔㸝ṽெࠉഭᐐࠉ⹚ᙽࠉᣕ ၡ㸞ࠉெ㈻ࠉ಴ெࡡᑕཚ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ౴ᐐ࡝࡜ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉ➠

3

᮪➠

2

㡧ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ஥⩽࡞ᑊ ࡊ࡙ഭ⑋⩽ࡡ཭ᐖ࡛┫㆜࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠Ⓩಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࢅㄚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝⾪

6

ཤ↯㸞ࠊ

⾪

6

ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑භ㏳➠

3

᮪

⥶⣑ᅗࡡୌࡡ㡷ᇡහ࡞⏍ࡍࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩᛮ㈻ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡝࠷Ṃງ⣦ணࡡሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ྘⣦ணᙔ஥⩽ࡢࠉᑛࡂ࡛ࡵḗࡡぞᏽࢅ㐲

⏕ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ

(1) ᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵ࡞├᥃࡞ཤຊࡊ࡝࠷⩽㸝ṂჹࢅᨲᲘࡊࡒ㌱㝪ࡡᵋᠺဤཀྵࡦ⑋Ẵࠉㇿഭࠉᢒ⏻ࡐࡡ௙ࡡ஥⏜࡞ࡻࡽᡋ 㜒አ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒ⩽ࢅྱࡳࠊ㸞ࡢࠉࡌ࡬࡙ࡡሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉெ⛸ࠉⰅࠉᏺᩅⱕࡊࡂࡢಘ᮪ࠉᛮืࠉ㛓ᆀⱕࡊࡂࡢ

㈃ᐣཧࡢࡐࡡ௙㢦జࡡᇱ‵࡞ࡻࡾ୘ฺ࡝ᕣืࢅࡊ࡝࠷࡚ெ㐠Ⓩ࡞ᙽ㐕ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ

ࡆࡡࡒࡴࠉḗࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ๑オࡡ⩽࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࠷࠾࡝ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡵࠉࡱࡒࠉ࠷࠾࡝ࡾሔᡜ࡚ࡵ⚏Ḿࡌࡾࠊ (a) ⏍࿤ཀྵࡦ㌗మ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸ⾔ࠉ≁࡞ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⛸㢦ࡡṽெࠉഭᐐࠉ⹚ᙽཀྵࡦᣕၡ

(b) ெ㈻

(d) ḿぞ࡞ᵋᠺࡈࡿࡒ⿚ึᡜ࡚ᩝ᪺ᅗẰ࠿୘ྊḖ࡛ヾࡴࡾࡌ࡬࡙ࡡ⿚ึ୕ࡡಕ㝸ࢅ୙࠻ࡾࡵࡡࡡ⿚ึ࡞ࡻ

ࡼ࡝࠷ึỬࡡゕῳཀྵࡦฬࡡᇮ⾔

(2) ഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⑋⩽ࡢࠉ཭ᐖࡊ࡙┫㆜ࡊ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ

㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡࡻ࠹࡝පᖲ࡝ெ㐠Ⓩᶭ㛭ࡢࠉࡐࡡᙲຸࢅ⣦ணᙔ஥⩽࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ

⣦ணᙔ஥⩽ࡢࠉࡱࡒࠉ≁ืࡡ༝ᏽ࡞ࡻࡗ࡙ࠉࡆࡡ᮪⣑ࡡ௙ࡡぞᏽࡡධ㒂ཧࡢୌ㒂ࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ຑࡴ࡝ࡄࡿࡣ

࡝ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ

๑オࡡぞᏽࡡ㐲⏕ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ஥⩽ࡡἪⓏᆀన࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅཀྵ࡯ࡌࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊ

1977

ᖳࠉ

1949

ᖳࡡࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑ࡡ஦ࡗࡡ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡࠿᤿ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ㛣ᡋண࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾࠉᅗ 㝷Ⓩ࡝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞㸝

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts

(Protocol I)

㸞³⁴ࠉහᡋ࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾࠉ㟸ᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠஦㏛ຊ

㆗ᏽ᭡㸞㸝

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)

㸞³⁵࠿᤿ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡡ౿ணၡ㢗㸝Ằ ᪐よᨲ㜒ணࡡἪⓏᛮ㈻ࠉᤍ⹥ࡡᆀన࡝࡜㸞࠿よᾐࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ➠ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ༥㡷 ᅗ࣬ᩓᅗහࡡᩓᅗᩝẰ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒᩝẰಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗ࢅ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᣉኬࡊࠉ➠஦㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡

ࡢࠉභ㏳➠

3

᮪ࡡぞᏽࢅ⿭Ᏸࡊࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌ࠿୹ᶊᅗᐓහ࡚ࡡṂງ⣦ண࡞࠽ࡄࡾ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ἢ

Ⓩ࡞㛭୙ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࡒ㸝⾪

7

ཤ↯㸞³⁶ࠊ

⾪

7

ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡโᏽࡡṌྍ࡛ெⓏ⟮㍾࣬┞ப㛭౿

43

㝛୕ᡋ㜒ဤഭ⑋⩽ ᾇ୕ᡋ㜒ဤഭ⑋⩽ ᤍ⹥ ᩝẰ㸝ᩓᅗᩝẰ㸞 ᩝẰ

1864 ᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯

ࡡㇿഭ㌱ெࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ

࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ

⣑

1874 ڦᡋணࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭

ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑᱄㸝ࣇࣛ

ࣖࢴࢬࣜᐃゕ᱄㸞

1899 ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡡཋ

์ࢅᾇᡋ࡞㐲⏕ࡌࡾ᮪

⣑

ڦ㝛ᡋࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾ᮪⣑

1906 ഭ⑋⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞

㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑

1907 ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡡཋ

์ࢅᾇᡋ࡞㐲⏕ࡌࡾ᮪

⣑

㝛ᡋࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾ᮪⣑

1929 ᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯

ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⑋⩽ࡡ≟ឺ

ᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭

᮪ࣥ⣑

ᤍ⹥ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑

1934 ᩓᅗᩝẰಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌ

ࡾ᮪ᩝⲙ᱄㸝᮶ாⲙ᱄㸞 ᡋᆀ࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ

⩽ཀྵࡦ⑋⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭ ၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ

᮪⣑㸝➠1᮪⣑㸞

ᾇ୕࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ

⩽ࠉ⑋⩽ཀྵࡦ㞬⯢⩽ࡡ

≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩ

ࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠ 2 ᮪

⣑㸞

ᤍ⹥ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭 ࡌ ࡾ ࢩ ࣖ ࢾ ࣭ ࣥ ᮪ ⣑ 㸝➠3᮪⣑㸞

ᡋ᫤࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩝẰࡡ ಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝➠4

᮪⣑㸞 1949

භ㏳➠3᮪㸝ᅗ㝷Ⓩᛮ㈻ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡝࠷⣦ண࡞ᑊࡌࡾぞᏽ㸞

1977 ᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞

㟸ᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠஦㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞 ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝⣦ண≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜㸞

ڦࣀ࣭ࢡ᮪⣑㸝ᐐᩓᡥṹ࣬᪁Ἢࡡぞโ㸞

㸝➱⩽షᠺ㸞

㸝ᅗ㝷ฬ஥Ἢࡡᙟᠺ࡛Ⓠᒈ㸞

ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡢࠉᩝẰ᮪⣑࡛஦ࡗࡡ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹ࡞௥⾪ࡈࡿࡾṂງ⣦ணୖࡡ ኬ㔖ṽᐐࢅᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞㐢ཬࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙⚏Ḿࡊࡒ࠿ࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉኬ㔖ṽᐐࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪

⣑ࡓࡄ࡚࡝ࡂࠉຊᐐ⩽ࡡฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊ

1945

ᖳࠉ㏻ྙᅗࡢࠉࢺ࢕ࢵࡡࢼࣖࣜࣤ࣊ࣜࢠ࡞࠽࠷࡙➠஦ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᡋண≚⨝ெࢅ⿚ึࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ ᅗ㝷㌱஥⿚ึᡜ㸝

International Military Tribunal: Internationalen Militärgerichtshof

㸞ࢅス⨠ࡊࠉᅗ㝷㌱஥⿚ึ

44

ᡜ᮪ౚ➠

6

᮪㸝

c

㸞㡧࡞ெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝㸝

crimes against humanity: crimes contre l’humanité

㸞ࢅぞᏽࡊࠉࡱ

ࡒࠉ1946ᖳࠉ᪝ᮇࡡ᮶ா࡚ࡵᴗ᮶ᅗ㝷㌱஥⿚ึᡜ㸝The International Military Tribunal for the Far East㸞ࢅ

ス❟ࡊࠉᴗ᮶ᅗ㝷㌱஥⿚ึᡜ᮪ౚ➠

5

᮪㸝ࣀ㸞࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝ࢅぞᏽࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࢅᡋண࡞ᑊࡌ

ࡾ⨝࡛ࡡెྙ⨝࡛ࡊ࡙ฌ⨡ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊࡒࠊெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝ࡢࠉ୦᮪ౚ࠿࡮࡯ྜྷᵕ࡞ぞᏽࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᡋ๑

࡛ᡋ୯࡛ࢅၡࢂࡍṽெࠉṶ⁓ࠉዦ㞌Ⓩ⹚౐ࠉ㏛ᨲཧࡢࡐࡡ௙ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࢅណ࿝ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ

1948

ᖳࠉᅗ㏻⥪ఌࡢࠉ㞗ᅆṽᐐ⨝ࡡ㜭Ḿཀྵࡦฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦ࢕ࢺ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention on

the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

㸞³⁷ࢅධఌୌ⮬࡚᤿ᢝࡊࠉ➠

2

᮪ࠉ➠

3

᮪࡞࠽࠷࡙

㞗ᅆᵋᠺဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬ㔖ṽᐐࠉᙁโ⛛ິࠉฝ⏍โ㝀࡝࡜ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅ㞗ᅆṽᐐ⨝㸝ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦ࢕ࢺ⨝㸞࡛ぞᏽ ࡊࠉ➠

6

᮪࡞࠽࠷࡙ᡋ᫤࣬ᖲ᫤ࠉපெ࣬⚶ெࢅၡࢂࡍ㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡ⿍␪⩽ࢅࠉᅗහ⿚ึᡜ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᑑᮮ࡞

ス❟ࡈࡿࡾ஢ᏽ࡛ࡈࡿࡒᅗ㝷ฬ஥⿚ึᡜ࡚ᐼ⌦࣬ฌ⨡ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࡒ㸝⾪

8

ཤ↯㸞ࠊ

⾪

8

㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡ㜭Ḿཀྵࡦฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠

2

᮪ࠉ➠

3

᮪ࠉ➠

6

᮪

➠2᮪㸝ᏽ⩇㸞

ࡆࡡ᮪⣑࡚ࡢࠉ㞗ᅆṽᐐ࡛ࡢࠉᅗẰⓏࠉெ⛸ⓏࠉẰ᪐ⓏཧࡢᏺᩅⓏ㞗ᅆࢅධ㒂ཧࡢୌ㒂◒ቪࡌࡾណᅒࢅࡵࡗ࡙⾔ࢂ

ࡿࡒḗࡡ⾔Ⅵࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࢅࡵណ࿝ࡌࡾࠊ (a) 㞗ᅆᵋᠺဤࢅṽࡌࡆ࡛ࠊ

(b) 㞗ᅆᵋᠺဤ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㔔ኬ࡝⫏మⓏཧࡢ⢥♼Ⓩ࡝༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ

(e) 㞗ᅆࡡඡ❲ࢅ௙ࡡ㞗ᅆ࡞ᙁโⓏ࡞⛛ࡌࡆ࡛ࠊ

➠3᮪㸝ฌ⨡ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ㸞 ḗࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉฌ⨡ࡌࡾࠊ

(a) 㞗ᅆṽᐐ

(b) 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡභྜྷㅓ㆗

(d) 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡᮅ㐑 (e) 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡභ≚

➠6᮪㸝⟮㍾⿚ึᡜ㸞

㞗ᅆṽᐐཧࡢ➠ 3 ᮪࡞าᣪࡌࡾ௙ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⨝ࢅၡࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⩽ࡢࠉ⾔Ⅵ࠿࡝ࡈࡿࡒ㡷ᇡࡡᅗࡡᶊ 㝀ࡡ࠵ࡾ⿚ึᡜ࡞ࡻࡽࠉཧࡢᅗ㝷ฬ஥⿚ึᡜࡡ⟮㍾ᶊࢅུㅑࡌࡾ⥶⣑ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢ⟮㍾ᶊࢅ᭯ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ฬ஥⿚ึᡜ

࡞ࡻࡽ⿚ึࢅུࡄࡾࠊ

1998

ᖳࠉᅗ㝷ฬ஥⿚ึᡜぞ⛤㸝

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

㸞࠿ᅗ㝷㏻ྙአஹఌ

㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙᤿ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ

2002

ᖳࠉ

60

࠾ᅗࡡᢀ෶ࢅུࡄ࡙ྜྷぞ⛤࠿Ⓠຝࡊࠉ

2003

ᖳࠉᅗ㝷ฬ஥⿚ึᡜ 㸝

International Criminal Court; ICC: Cour pénale internationale; CPI

㸞࠿ḿᘟ࡞Ⓠ㊂ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㝷ฬ஥⿚ึᡜࡢࠉ

45

࢛ࣚࣤࢱ࣬ࣀ࣭ࢡ㸝

Den Haag

㸞࡞ス⨠ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ㞗ᅆṽᐐ≚⨝㸝ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦ࢕ࢺ⨝㸞ࠉெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≚⨝ࠉ ᡋண≚⨝ࠉ౴␆ࡡ≚⨝ࡡ

4

ࡗࡡ᭩ࡵ㔔ኬ࡝≚⨝ࢅ⟮㍾ࡌࡾ⿚ึᡜ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≚⨝ࡢࠉྜྷぞ⛤

➠

6

᮪࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ≚⨝ᵋᠺさ௲࠿ᴗࡴ࡙レ⣵࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒ㸝⾪ 9ཤ↯㸞ࠊ

⾪ 9 ᅗ㝷ฬ஥⿚ึᡜぞ⛤➠

6

᮪➠

1

㡧

ࡆࡡぞ⛤ࡡ㐲⏕୕ࠉࠔெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≚⨝ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉᩝẰࡒࡾపெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᗀ⠂࡝ཧࡢ⤄⧂Ⓩ࡝ᨯᦹࡡୌ㒂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᙔ ルᨯᦹࡡヾㆉ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞⾔ࢂࡿࡒḗࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅ࠷࠹ࠊ

(a) ṽெ

(b) Ṷ⁓

(e) ᅗ㝷ἪࡡᇱᮇⓏ࡝ぞ์࡞ཬࡌࡾᣂ⚏ཧࡢࡐࡡ௙ࡡ㌗మⓏ⮤⏜ࡡ㔔ኬ࡝๡ዞ

(f) ᣕၡ

(g) ᙁጩࠉᛮⓏዦ㞌ࠉᙁโ኉࠷ࢆࠉᙁโዲፈࠉᙁโ୘ዲࠉཧࡢ㢦జࡡ㔔ኬᛮ᭯ࡌࡾࡐࡡ௙ࡡᙟឺ࡚ࡡᛮⓏᬸງ (h) ࡆࡡ㡧࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ⾔Ⅵཧࡢ⿚ึᡜࡡ⟮㍾࡞ᒌࡌࡾ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ≚⨝࡞㛭㏻ࡊ࡙ࠉᨳ἖Ⓩࠉெ⛸Ⓩࠉ

ᅗẰⓏࠉẰ᪐Ⓩࠉᩝ໩ⓏࠉᏺᩅⓏࠉ3ࡡぞᏽ࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡒࢩ࢘ࣤࢱ࣭ࡡ⌦⏜ཧࡢᅗ㝷Ἢ୕セᐖࡈࡿ࡝࠷࡛ᬉ㐚

Ⓩ࡞ࡲ࡝ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡐࡡ௙ࡡ⌦⏜࡞ᇱࡘࡂ≁ᏽࡡ㞗ᅆཧࡢᅆమ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㏍ᐐࠊ (i) ெࡡᙁโ኶㋉

(j) ࢓ࣂࣜࢹࣉ࢕ࢹ≚⨝

(k) ㌗మཧࡢ⢥♼Ⓩⱕࡊࡂࡢ⫏మⓏ೸ᗛ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨶណ࡞㔔࠷ⱖ⑚ࢅࡱࡒࡢ୙࠻ࡒ㔔ኬ࡝ഭᐐࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌ㢦జࡡ

ᛮ᰹ࡡࡐࡡ௙ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ

㸝ᅗ㝷㞬ẰἪࡡᙟᠺ࡛Ⓠᒈ㸞

㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࣞࢨ࢓ࡷࢺ࢕ࢵ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ಴ื᮪⣑ࡢᏋᅹࡊࡒ࠿ࠉ➠஦ḗኬᡋᚃࡡ

࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡞࠽ࡄࡾኬ㔖ࡡ㞬Ằᖉ㑇࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝᮪⣑ࡡ㉫ⲙ࠿᪡᛬

ࡡၡ㢗࡛࡝ࡖࡒࠊ

1951

ᖳࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝

Convention relating to the Status of Refugee

㸞³⁸࠿᤿

ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ➠

1

᮪࡞࠽࠷࡙㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ⯙Ⓩ࡝ᏽ⩇࡛ἪⓏᆀన࠿☔ᏽࡊࠉ➠

33

᮪࡚ࡢᅗᐓ࠿ᗂ㆜ࢅị

ࡴࡾ㞬Ằࢅ㏛ᨲࡊ࡙ࡢ࡝ࡼ࡝࠷࡛ࡌࡾࢿࣤ࣬ࣜࣆ࣭࣏ࣜࣤ㸝

non-refoulement

㸞ཋ์࠿ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞

࡝ࡖࡒ³⁹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⥶⣑ᅗࡢࠉ➠

1

᮪

A

ࠉ

B

ࡡぞᏽࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗࡛࡝ࡾ㞬ẰࢅࠉḚᕗ࠾ࡼࡡࠉ

1951

ᖳ

1

᭮

1

᪝௧๑࡞Ⓠ⏍ࡊࡒ⩽࡞㝀ᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝⾪

10

ཤ↯㸞ࠊ

46

⾪ 10 㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠

1

᮪

A(2)ࠉB(1)ࡡ᮪ᩝ

A ࡆࡡ᮪⣑ࡡ㐲⏕୕ࠉࠔ㞬Ằࠕ࡛ࡢࠉḗࡡ⩽ࢅ࠷࠹ࠊ

(2) 1951ᖳ1᭮1᪝๑࡞⏍ࡋࡒ஥௲ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࠾ࡗࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉᅗ⡘ⱕࡊࡂࡢ≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌⓏ㞗ᅆࡡᵋᠺဤ࡚

࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ཧࡢᨳ἖Ⓩណぜࢅ⌦⏜࡞㏍ᐐࢅུࡄࡾ࠽ࡐࡿ࠿࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹༎ฦ࡞⌦⏜ࡡ࠵ࡾᜅᛟࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ

⡘ᅗࡡአ࡞࠷ࡾ⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᅗ⡘ᅗࡡಕ㆜ࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ࡵࡡཧࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᜅᛟࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡒࡴ

࡞ࡐࡡᅗ⡘ᅗࡡಕ㆜ࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᭻ࡱ࡝࠷ࡵࡡཀྵࡦࡆࡿࡼࡡ஥௲ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ᖏᑽᡜࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗࡡአ࡞

࠷ࡾ↋ᅗ⡘⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᙔルᖏᑽᡜࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗ࡞ᖉࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ࡵࡡཧࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᜅᛟࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡒ

ࡴ࡞ᙔルᖏᑽᡜࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗ࡞ᖉࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᭻ࡱ࡝࠷ࡵࡡ㸝௧ୖࠉ┤␆㸞 B

(1)ࡆࡡ᮪⣑ࡡ㐲⏕୕ࠉAࡡࠔ1951ᖳ1᭮1᪝๑࡞⏍ࡋࡒ஥௲ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉḗࡡ஥௲ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࢅ࠷࠹ࠊ

(a) 1951ᖳ1᭮1᪝๑࡞Ḛᕗ࡞࠽࠷࡙⏍ࡋࡒ஥௲

(b) 1951ᖳ1᭮1᪝๑࡞Ḛᕗཧࡢ௙ࡡᆀᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙⏍ࡋࡒ஥௲

྘⥶⣑ᅗࡢࠉ⨣ྞࠉᢀ෶ཧࡢຊථࡡ㝷࡞ࠉࡆࡡ᮪⣑࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⮤ᅗࡡ⩇ຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡌࡾ࡞ᙔࡒࡖ࡙(a)ཧࡢ(b)ࡡ࠷ࡍ

ࡿࡡぞᏽࢅ㐲⏕ࡌࡾ࠾ࢅ㐽ᢝࡌࡾᐃゕࢅ⾔࠹ࠊ

1967

ᖳࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝

Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees

㸞⁴⁰࠿᤿ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ➠

1

᮪ࡡぞᏽࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙᫤㝀Ⓩ࣬ᆀ⌦Ⓩ㐲⏕ࡡぞโࢅよ㝎ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡛ࡊࠉ➠஦ḗኬᡋ௧ᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ

௧አ࡚ࡡ㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽࡵ☔❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡖࡒ⁴¹ࠊ

㸝ᅗ㝷ெᶊἪ࡛⥥᛬஥ឺ㸞

1948

ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌࡢࠉ➠

2

ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡡኬぞᶅ࡝ெⓏ⿍ᐐࡡཬ┤ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕ

㸝

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

㸞⁴²ࢅ᤿ᢝࡊ࡙ࠉ಴ெࡡெᶊࢅᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡞ಕ㝸ࡌࡾᯗ⤄ࡲࢅ᩺ࡒ࡞

ᵋ⠇ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ1966ᖳࠉ⤊ῥⓏࠉ♣ఌⓏཀྵࡦᩝ໩Ⓩᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑㸝International Covenant on

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights㸞㸝A

ぞ⣑ཧࡢ♣ఌᶊぞ⣑㸞ࠉᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳ἖Ⓩᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ

⣑㸝

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

㸞㸝

B

ぞ⣑ཧࡢ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑㸞⁴³ࡡ஦ࡗࡡ᮪⣑࠿᤿ᢝࡈ

ࡿ࡙ࠉ಴ெࡡெᶊࡢࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵ࡝ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࠿ᚪさ࡛࡝ࡾࡻ

࠹࡝⥥᛬஥ឺ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑➠

4

᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᕰẰⓏ࣬ᨳ἖Ⓩᶊฺࡡኣࡂ࠿โ⣑ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠾

ࡼࠉெ㐠ぞ⠂࡛ெᶊぞ⠂ࡢᚪࡍࡊࡵୌ⮬ࡊ࡝࠷࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࡝࠷㸝➠

3

❮➠

2

⟿ཤ↯㸞⁴⁴ࠊ

ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛ࡐࡡ㛭㏻᮪⣑ࡡⓆᒈ࡛ᠺ㛏ࡢࠉᐐᩓᡥṹ࣬᪁ἪࢅぞโࡊࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸

ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࡼࢅಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ↋ᕣืᡋணふ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ୹ᶊᅗᐓࡡᡋ ண⾔Ⅵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾୌᏽࡡโ㝀ࢅㄚࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ

47

ᅒ 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛㛭㏻ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑

➱⩽షᠺ

ドキュメント内国際人道支援の変容と可能性 : 冷戦終結以後の人道的介入の正当化に関する議論を中心に (ページ 41-53)