➨2 ❶࡛ࡣ㸪㟼ᒸ┴ྛᆅࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ಶయ⩌ࡘ࠸࡚ẅឤཷᛶࡢ ᐇែࢆヲ⣽ㄪᰝࡋ㸪≉DAH⣔ IGR ཬࡧࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ࡛ឤཷᛶࡢపୗࡀ㢧 ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㸪ࣁ࣐࢟࢞⛉ᐖ࠾ࡅࡿIGR⣔ẅ
ᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᡃࡀᅜࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟㸦ᑠᮡ㸪1999㸧ཬࡧࢳࣕ
ࣁ࣐࢟㸦ᡴᅵࡽ㸪1994㸹ᑠᮡ࣭ኴ⏣㸪2001㸧㸪ᾏእࡢࢥࢻࣜࣥ࢞Cydia pomonella Linnaeus 㸦Sauphanor and Bouvier㸪1995㸹Mota-Sanchez et al.㸪2008㸹Rodríguez et al.㸪2008㸧ཬ ࡧࣁࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࢟Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris)㸦ࢳࣙ࢘┠㸸ࣁ࣐࢟࢞⛉㸧㸦Dunley et al.㸪2006㸧࡛ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࣁ࣐࢟࢞⛉ᐖࡢࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ
ᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡣሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ᾏእ࡛ࡣ㸪ẅᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡞
ᐖࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿࢥࢼ࢞ࡢࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿ㧗ᗘᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Troczka et al.㸪2012㸹Wang and Wu㸪2012㸧㸬ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢIGR⣔ ẅཬࡧࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢሗ࿌ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ᩿∦ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪」ᩘᖺ ḟΏࡗࡓ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࡣ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎ㸪ẅᢠᛶࡢ⤒ⓗ࡞Ⓨ㐩≧ἣࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ࡛᫂࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ឤཷᛶపୗࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡗࡓIGR⣔ẅཬࡧࢪ
࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ㸦➨2 ❶㸧ࡘ࠸࡚㸪∾அཎᆅᇦࡢྠ୍⟠ᡤࡽ 2004 ᖺ㹼11 ᖺ
ࡅ࡚ᮏ✀ಶయ⩌ࢆẖᖺ᥇㞟ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶⓎ㐩ࡢ⤒㐣ࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ㸬
➨ 1 ⠇ IGR ⣔ẅ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪2004ᖺ㹼11ᖺࡢ8ᖺΏࡗ࡚㸪∾அཎᆅᇦࡢྠ୍⟠ᡤࡽࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝
ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ಶయ⩌ࢆẖᖺ᥇㞟ࡋ㸪IGR ⣔ẅ 5 ✀ᑐࡍࡿẅឤཷᛶࢆ LC50
್ࡢ⟬ฟࡼࡾㄪᰝࡋࡓ㸬
1㸬ᮦᩱཬࡧ᪉ἲ 㸦1㸧౪ヨಶయ⩌
㟼ᒸ┴∾அཎᆅᇦࡢ⌧ᆅ᥇㞟ಶయ⩌ࡋ࡚㸪2004ᖺ㹼11ᖺࡢ6᭶ࡽ9᭶ࡅ࡚㸪 ᓥ⏣ᕷ᪥ࡢ⌧ᆅࢳࣕᅬ㸦௨ୗ㸪᪥⣔⤫㸧ࡼࡾ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟㞤ᡂ㸦P㸧
ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ20㢌௨ୖ᥇㞟ࡋࡓ㸬᥇༸ᚋ㸪㔝ཱྀ㸦1991㸧ࡢ᪉ἲᚑࡗ࡚⣼௦㣫⫱ࡋࡓ㸬 ẅឤཷᛶ᳨ᐃࡣ㸪ᚋ௦㸦F2ࡲࡓࡣF3㸧ࡢ2㹼3㱋ᗂࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓ㸬ᑐ↷ಶయ⩌
ࡋ࡚㸪㔠㇂⣔⤫ࡢ2㹼3㱋ᗂࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓ㸬࠸ࡎࢀࡢ⣔⤫ࡶ㸪ேᕤ㣫ᩱ㸦ࣥࢭࢡࢱ LFS㸪᪥ᮏ㎰⏘ᕤᴗ㸦ᰴ㸧〇㸧ࢆ㣵ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓ㸬
㸦2㸧౪ヨẅ
ࢳࣕࡢⓏ㘓ẅࡢ୰ࡽࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟㐺⏝ࡢ࠶ࡿIGR⣔ẅ5✀
ࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓ㸦Table 9㸧㸬ᑐ↷ࡣ㸪↓ฎ⌮ࡋࡓ㸬 㸦3㸧ẅឤཷᛶ᳨ᐃ
ẅឤཷᛶ᳨ᐃࡣ㸪ᑠᮡ㸦1998㸧ࡢ᪉ἲ‽ࡌ࡚㸪㟼ᒸ┴㎰ᯘᢏ⾡◊✲ᡤⲔᴗ◊
✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ෆࡢ㎰⸆↓ᩓᕸࢳࣕᅬࡽ᥇㞟ࡋࡓ᪂㩭࡞ࢳࣕࡢᡂⴥࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࢳࣕⴥᾐₕ ἲࡼࡾᐇࡋࡓ㸬ẅࡣ㸪LC50್㸦ᡂศ⃰ᗘ㸧ࢆồࡵࡿࡓࡵ㸪Ỉ㐨Ỉࢆ⏝࠸࡚
4㹼6 ẁ㝵ᕼ㔘ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓ㸬ࢳࣕⴥࢆᡤᐃࡢ⸆ᾮ 10 ⛊㛫ᾐₕࡋ࡚㢼ᚋ㸪ℐ⣬ࢆ
ᩜ࠸ࡓᆺࢫࢳ࣮ࣟࣝ〇ᐜჾ㸦ෆᚄ78mm㸪῝ࡉ44mm㸧6㹼7ᯛධࢀ㸪2㹼3㱋ࡢ౪ ヨࢆ 10 㢌ࡎࡘᨺࡋࡓ㸬ࢳࣕⴥࡢ⇱ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵ㏻Ẽᛶࡢ࡞࠸࡛㛢ࡌ㸪ᜏ ᐊ 㸦25Υ㸪16L-8D㸧㟼⨨ࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࢆྛฎ⌮3ࡎࡘ⾜࠸㸦ྜィ30㢌㸧㸪ฎ⌮3 㹼6᪥ᚋࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ1᪥8᪥ཬࡧ10᪥ᚋࡢ3ᅇ⏕Ṛࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ㸬IGR⣔ẅࡣࢳ
ࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ᑐࡋ࡚㐜ຠⓗ࡞ẅຠᯝࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ฎ⌮ 8 ᪥ᚋࡶⱞࡀほ ᐹࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡞⏕Ṛࡢุᐃࡣㄪᰝ3ᅇ┠ࡢฎ⌮10᪥ᚋࡋ㸪Ṛ⋡ࡣ10᪥ ᚋࡢ⏕Ṛࢆࡶ⟬ฟࡋࡓ㸬࡞࠾㸪ⱞࡣṚࡋ࡚ᢅࡗࡓ㸬ྛẅ࣭ྛ⃰ᗘ
࠾ࡅࡿṚ⋡ࡣ㸪Abbott㸦1925㸧ࡼࡾ⿵ṇࡋࡓ㸬LC50್ࡣ㸪Polo Plus version 2.0㸦LeOra
Software㸪2002㸧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺἲ㸦Bliss㸪1953㸧ࡼࡾ⟬ฟࡋࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ㸪ᚓ
Table 9. Five IGRs used for susceptibility examination
Formulationb %AI Manufacturer
Diacylhydrazines (DAH)
Tebufenozide F 20 Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd., Japan
Chromafenozide F 10 Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc., Japan Methoxyfenozide F 20 Dow Chemical Japan, Ltd., Japan Benzoylureas (BU)
Lufenuron E 5 Syngenta Japan K. K., Japan
Flufenoxuron E 10 BASF Japan, Ltd., Japan
a The IRAC mode of action classification (Sparks and Nauen, 2015).
Classificationa
Insecticides
b E: Emulsifiable concentrate, F: Flowable. W: Wettable powder, WDG: Water-dispersible granule.
ࡽࢀࡓLC50್ࢆࡶ㸪ᢠᛶẚ㸦ྛLC50್㸭㔠㇂⣔⤫ࡢLC50್㸧ࢆồࡵࡓ㸬
2㸬⤖ᯝ
Table 10㸪᪥⣔⤫ཬࡧ㔠㇂⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿIGR⣔ẅ5✀ᑐࡍࡿLC50್ཬࡧ
ᢠᛶẚࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬㔠㇂⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿLC50್ࡣ㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ㸪ࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪ ࢻཬࡧ࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻᑐࡋ࡚ 0.415ppm㸦ฎ⌮ 10 ᪥ᚋ㸧㸪0.846ppm㸦ྠ 10
᪥ᚋ㸧ཬࡧ0.180ppm㸦ྠ8᪥ᚋ㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾࣟࣥཬࡧࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥ
ᑐࡋ࡚0.067ppmཬࡧ0.072ppmࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮10᪥ᚋࡢ
LC50್㸦௨ୗ㸪࢝ࢵࢥෆࡣᢠᛶẚ㸧ࡣ㸪2004 ᖺ 23.9ppm㸦57.7㸧࡞ࡾ㸪௨ᚋ㸪 ᖺḟࡀ⤒㐣ࡍࡿᚑࡗ࡚ᛴ⃭ୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸬2011ᖺ8᭶ࡣ1,429ppm㸦3,443㸧㐩ࡋ㸪
ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ 200ppm ࢆࡁࡃୖᅇࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ࡛ࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝ
࡛ᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬ࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮10᪥ᚋࡢ LC50್ࡣ㸪2004ᖺ10.7ppm㸦12.7㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡀ㸪2005ᖺࡣ1,841ppm㸦2,177㸧ᛴ
ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ 50㹼100ppm ࢆࡁࡃୖᅇࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ࡛ࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟 ࡢ࠶ࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻᑐࡍ
ࡿฎ⌮10᪥ᚋࡢLC50್ࡣ㸪2004ᖺ1.84ppm㸦10.2㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋୖ᪼ഴྥ࡞ࡗ ࡓ㸬2011ᖺ8᭶ࡣ 52.9ppm㸦294㸧㐩ࡋ㸪ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ 25㹼50ppmࢆୖᅇࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓ ࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ࡛ࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬 ௨ୖࡼࡾ㸪᪥⣔⤫࡛ࡣ㸪DAH⣔ࡢ3ࡍ࡚ᑐࡋ࡚ᖺࠎᢠᛶࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏ㸪᭱⤊
ㄪᰝᖺḟࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬࡞࠾㸪ࡇ
ࢀࡽ 3 ࡢᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ
࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᭱⤊ㄪᰝᖺḟᢠᛶẚࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ3,443ಸཬࡧ2,177ಸࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢᑐࡋ㸪
࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࠾࠸࡚ࡣྠᵝᢠᛶẚࡀ294 ಸࢆ♧ࡋ㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪ ࢻࡀࡢ2ẚ࡚ᑠࡉࡗࡓ㸬
ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾࣟࣥᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮10᪥ᚋࡢLC50್ࡣ㸪2004ᖺ0.673ppm㸦10.0㸧ࢆ♧
Shimada-Yui strain
Nb LC50c [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RRd N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR
Tebufenozide 8 150 33.6 2.29 34.5 150 313 1.62 321
(F, 20, 200) (25.7-42.5) (182-1632)
10 150 23.9 2.27 57.7 150 167 2.54 402
(17.4-30.7) (128-257)
Chromafenozide 8 150 16.7 2.31 17.8 150 3908 0.502 4166
(F, 10, 50-100) (12.8-21.2) (153- ―)
10 150 10.7 1.71 12.7 150 1841 0.462 2177
(6.66-14.8) (110- ―)
Methoxyfenozide 8 150 3.28 1.89 18.2 150 16.1 1.64 89.2
(F, 20, 25-50) (1.54-4.71) (11.8-22.9)
10 150 1.84 1.66 10.2e 150 8.59 1.76 47.7g
(0.310-3.21) (5.85-12.0)
Lufenuron 8 150 0.878 1.85 5.85 150 2.28 1.31 15.2
(E, 5, 16.7-25) (0.035-1.53) (1.03-3.48)
10 150 0.673 2.18 10.0 150 1.20 1.38 17.9
(0.004-1.28) (0.223-2.06)
Flufenoxuron 8 150 0.920 0.984 7.36 150 2.28 1.24 18.2
(E, 10, 25) (0.000-2.66) (0.984-3.54)
10 150 0.551 1.13 7.65 150 1.12 1.36 15.6
(0.000-1.96) (0.175-1.97)
Shimada-Yui strain
N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR
Tebufenozide 8 150 524 0.931 538 117 499 0.833 513
(F, 20, 200) (257->10000) (224-5175)
10 150 282 0.797 679 117 414 0.842 997
(145->10000) (195-2983)
Chromafenozide 8 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
(F, 10, 50-100)
10 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
Methoxyfenozide 8 150 9.27 2.89 51.5 117 20.7 2.15 115
(F, 20, 25-50) (7.47-11.5) (15.2-30.2)
10 150 7.60 2.38 42.2g 117 18.6 1.78 103g
(5.80-9.74) (13.2-28.8)
Lufenuron 8 120 2.64 2.03 17.6 117 2.39 1.76 15.9
(E, 5, 16.7-25) (1.09-3.90) (1.55-3.41)
10 120 <3.13 ― <44.6 117 0.826 1.29 12.3
(―) (0.241-1.48)
Flufenoxuron 8 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
(E, 10, 25)
10 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
2005
Days after release
2007 2006
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Resitration concentration [ppm])
2004 Days
after release
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Resitration concentration [ppm])
Table 10. Susceptibility of Adoxophyes honmai populations collected from tea fields of Shimada-Yui in the Makinohara area of Shizuoka Prefecture to IGRs between 2004 and 2011
Table 10. continued
Shimada-Yui strain
N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR
Tebufenozide 8 113 2016 1.28 2070 150 426 1.79 437
(F, 20, 200) (616->10000) (334-597)
10 113 634 2.47 1528 150 196 2.35 472
(411-2485) (171-228)
Chromafenozide 8 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
(F, 10, 50-100)
10 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
Methoxyfenozide 8 112 21.3 2.77 119 150 32.9 1.66 183
(F, 20, 25-50) (16.8-27.5) (26.9-42.4)
10 112 16.1 2.81 89.5g 150 27.0 1.78 150g
(12.7-20.2) (22.6-33.3)
Lufenuron 8 114 4.37 2.53 29.1 150 1.94 0.585 12.9
(E, 5, 16.7-25) (2.95-5.66) (0.617-3.38)
10 114 3.44 2.37 51.3 150 0.553 0.506 8.25
(1.97-4.66) (0.029-1.44)
Flufenoxuron 8 ―f ― ― ― 150 0.603 0.997 4.82
(E, 10, 25) (0.175-1.09)
10 ―f ― ― ― 150 0.397 0.865 5.51
(0.060-0.861) Shimada-Yui strain
N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR
Tebufenozide 8 180 977 1.50 1003 150 2834 0.983 2910
(F, 20, 200) (697-1631) (1422-14317)
10 180 475 1.98 1145 150 (733 1.75 1766)e
(387-605) (586-995)
Chromafenozide 8 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
(F, 10, 50-100)
10 ―f ― ― ― ―f ― ― ―
Methoxyfenozide 8 180 55.1 4.31 306 150 46.2 2.09 257
(F, 20, 25-50) (50.9-60.1) (39.9-54.4)
10 180 30.8 3.49 171g 150 25.3 2.59 141g
(27.5-34.1) (22.4-28.6)
Lufenuron 8 180 (3.27 1.33 21.8)h 150 9.61 1.28 64.1
(E, 5, 16.7-25) (2.55-4.13) (7.10-13.3)
10 180 3.36 1.75 50.1 150 1.43 1.57 21.3
(2.52-4.36) (1.16-1.81)
Flufenoxuron 8 180 (0.512 1.05 4.10)h 150 4.57 1.17 36.6
(E, 10, 25) (0.372-0.680) (3.43-6.00)
10 180 (0.302 0.976 4.19)h 150 1.63 1.14 22.6
(0.205-0.419) (1.11-2.22)
2008 Days
after release
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Resitration concentration [ppm])
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Resitration concentration [ppm])
Days after release
2010 Jun-2011
2009
Table 10. continued
Shimada-Yui strain
N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope
Tebufenozide 8 150 (3500 1.34 3593)h 150 0.974 1.83
(F, 20, 200) (2213-8382) (0.502-1.37)
10 150 1429 1.73 3443 150 0.415 1.74
(1103-2032) (0.061-0.742)
Chromafenozide 8 ―f ― ― ― 150 0.938 3.56
(F, 10, 50-100) (0.772-1.13)
10 ―f ― ― ― 150 0.846 3.87
(0.695-1.01)
Methoxyfenozide 8 150 61.6 4.49 342 150 0.180 2.67
(F, 20, 25-50) (56.3-67.8) (0.085-0.243)
10 150 52.9 4.06 294g 150 <0.195 ―
(48.0-58.3) (―)
Lufenuron 8 150 6.22 1.80 41.5 150 0.150 0.848
(E, 5, 16.7-25) (5.10-7.67) (0.072-0.279)
10 150 3.90 1.69 58.2 150 0.067 0.827
(3.16-4.83) (0.026-0.129)
Flufenoxuron 8 150 (3.94 0.866 31.5)h 150 0.125 1.96
(E, 10, 25) (2.86-5.49) (0.076-0.167)
10 150 1.58 1.17 21.9 150 0.072 1.77
(1.20-2.08) (0.024-0.111)
a E: Emulsifiable concentrate, F: Flowable.
b Number of larvae tested.
c LC50 values were calculated by probit analysis.
d Resistance ratio: LC50 of each data point/LC50 of susceptible strain.
e RR of methoxyfenozide on 10 days are calculated by LC50 of susceptible strain on 8 days.
f No data.
Aug-2011
Susceptible strain (Kanaya)
h Numerals in the parentheses are reference data, because of no significance by chi-square test (p>0.05).
g RR of methoxyfenozide on 10 days are calculated by LC50 of susceptible strain on 8 days.
Days after release Insecticides
(Formulationa, %AI, Resitration concentration [ppm])
ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋቑῶࢆ⤒࡞ࡀࡽ್ࡣୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪DAH⣔3ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ㸪ࡑࡢୖ
᪼⛬ᗘࡣᑠࡉࡗࡓ㸬2011 ᖺ8 ᭶ࡣ3.90ppm㸦58.2㸧㐩ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ 16.7㹼
25ppm ࡣୗᅇࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ࡛ࡣ⌧≧࠾࠸࡚ࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࡞࠸ᢠᛶࣞ
࣋ࣝࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬ࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮10᪥ᚋࡢ LC50್ࡣ㸪2004ᖺ0.551ppm㸦7.65㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋቑῶࢆ⤒࡞ࡀࡽ್ࡣࡸࡸୖ᪼ࡋ ࡓ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪 DAH ⣔3 ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾࣟࣥྠᵝࡑࡢୖ᪼⛬ᗘࡣᑠ ࡉࡗࡓ㸬2011ᖺ8᭶ࡣ1.58ppm㸦21.9㸧㐩ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ25ppmࡣୗᅇࡗࡓ㸬 ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ࡛ࡣ⌧≧࠾࠸࡚ࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࡞࠸ᢠᛶࣞ࣋ࣝࡲࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬
᪥⣔⤫࠾࠸࡚IGR⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶ⛬ᗘࡢ⤒ᖺኚࢆࢃࡾࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵ㸪2004ᖺ㹼11ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ8ᖺ㛫࠾ࡅࡿ㸪IGR⣔ẅ5✀㛵ࡍࡿᢠᛶẚࡢ᥎
⛣ࢆFig. 1♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ㛤ጞ2ᖺ┠ࡢ2005ᖺࡣ㸪
ẚ࡚ᢠᛶẚࡀᛴ⃭ୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ಙ㢗ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿLC50್ࡢィ⟬ࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡗࡓࡓ
ࡵ㸪2006ᖺ௨㝆ࡣㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧ࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᖺࢆ⤒ࡿẖᢠᛶẚࡀᣦᩘ㛵ᩘⓗ࡞ୖ᪼ഴྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᢠ ᛶẚࢆᑐᩘኚࡋࡓ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ㸪⤒㐣ᖺᩘ㸦2004ᖺࢆ1ࡋࡓ㸧ᢠᛶẚࡣ㸪ࢸ
ࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧ࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࡛ࡣ᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵㸦p < 0.05㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ᅇ ᖐ┤⥺Ⰻࡃ㐺ྜࡋࡓ㸬ᅇᖐ┤⥺ࡢഴࡁࡣ㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ
㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾࣟࣥཬࡧࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫ࡛ࣟࣥࡑࢀࡒࢀ 0.172㸪0.174㸪0.0877 ཬࡧ 㸫0.0039࡞ࡾ㸪DAH⣔ࡢ2ࡀBU⣔ࡢ2ࡼࡾࡶഴࡁࡀࡁ࠸ഴྥࢆㄆࡵࡓ㸦ඹ ศᩓศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ẅᖺḟࡢస⏝ࡀ᭷ព㸸 p < 0.001࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᅇᖐ┤⥺ࡢᖹ⾜
ᛶࡀྰᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸧㸬࡞࠾㸪ᅇᖐ┤⥺ࡢഴࡁᇶ࡙ࡃ㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࡛ࡣ1 ᖺ⤒
㐣ࡍࡿࡈ 1.48 ಸ㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࡛ࡣ 1.49 ಸ㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾ࡛ࣟࣥࡣ 1.22 ಸ㸪ࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫ࡛ࣟࣥࡣ0.99ಸᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬
Fig. 1. Annual changes in resistance ratio at LC50 of Adoxophyes honmai to IGR insecticides. Tested populations were collected from tea fields at Shimada-Yui in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan each year.
Resistance ratio was calculated on the basis of LC50 of 10 days in Table 10. Dotted lines indicate regression lines.
1 10 100 1000 10000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Aug-2011
Resistance ratio
Tebufenozide Chromafenozide Methoxyfenozide
Lufenuron Flufenoxuron
➨ 2 ⠇ ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪2006ᖺ㹼11ᖺࡢ6ᖺΏࡗ࡚㸪∾அཎᆅᇦࡢྠ୍⟠ᡤࡽࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝
ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ಶయ⩌ࢆẖᖺ᥇㞟ࡋ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ 2 ✀ᑐࡍࡿẅឤཷᛶࢆ
LC50್ࡢ⟬ฟࡼࡾㄪᰝࡋࡓ㸬
1㸬ᮦᩱཬࡧ᪉ἲ 㸦1㸧౪ヨಶయ⩌
ᮏ❶➨1⠇ྠᵝ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ࡢ᪥⣔⤫ཬࡧ㔠㇂⣔⤫ࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓ㸬 㸦2㸧౪ヨẅ
ࢳࣕࡢⓏ㘓ẅࡢ୰ࡽࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟㐺⏝ࡢ࠶ࡿࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ
2✀ࢆ౪ヨࡋࡓ㸦Table 11㸧㸬ᑐ↷ࡣ㸪↓ฎ⌮ࡋࡓ㸬 㸦3㸧ẅឤཷᛶ᳨ᐃ
ẅឤཷᛶ᳨ᐃࡣ㸪ᑠᮡ㸦1998㸧ࡢ᪉ἲ‽ࡌࢳࣕⴥᾐₕἲࡼࡾ㸪ᮏ❶➨ 1 ⠇
ྠᵝᐇࡋࡓ㸬⏕Ṛࡢㄪᰝࡣ㸪ฎ⌮3㹼6᪥ᚋࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ1᪥8᪥ཬࡧ10᪥ᚋ ࡢ3 ᅇᐇࡋࡓ㸬ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅࡣ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ᑐࡋ࡚㐜ຠⓗ࡞ẅ
ຠᯝࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ฎ⌮8 ᪥ᚋࡶⱞࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ㸪᭱⤊ⓗ࡞⏕Ṛࡢุᐃࡣㄪᰝ 3ᅇ┠ࡢฎ⌮ 10 ᪥ᚋࡋ㸪Ṛ⋡ࡣ10 ᪥ᚋࡢ⏕Ṛࢆࡶ⟬ฟࡋࡓ㸬࡞࠾㸪ࣇࣝ࣋
ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪᳨ᐃࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓ2006ᖺࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ୖ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺⏕Ṛࡢ
ุᐃ10᪥ࢆせࡍࡿࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ฎ⌮7᪥ᚋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞⏕Ṛࡢุ
ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ⱞࡣṚࡋ࡚ᢅ࠸㸪ྛẅ࣭ྛ⃰ᗘ࠾ࡅࡿṚ⋡ࡣ㸪Abbott 㸦1925㸧ࡼࡾ⿵ṇࡋࡓ㸬LC50್ࡣ㸪Polo Plus version 2.0㸦LeOra Software㸪2002㸧ࢆ
⏝࠸࡚㸪ࣉࣟࣅࢵࢺἲ㸦Bliss㸪1953㸧ࡼࡾ⟬ฟࡋࡓ㸬ࡉࡽ㸪ᚓࡽࢀࡓLC50್ࢆࡶ
ᢠᛶẚ㸦ྛLC50್㸭㔠㇂⣔⤫ࡢLC50್㸧ࢆồࡵࡓ㸬
Table 11. Two diamide insecticides used for susceptibility examination Formulationb %AI Manufacturer Diamides
Flubendiamide WDGc 20 Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd., Japan Chlorantraniliprole F 10 DuPont Co., Ltd., Japan
a The IRAC mode of action classification (Sparks and Nauen, 2015).
Classificationa
Insecticides
b E: Emulsifiable concentrate, F: Flowable. SC: Suspension concentrate, W: Wettable powder, WDG: Water-dispersible granule.
c Formulation of flubendiamide in June and August 2011 is 18% flowable because the formulation was changed. 18% flowable represents an equivalent dose of insecticide.
2㸬⤖ᯝ
Table 12㸪᪥⣔⤫ཬࡧ㔠㇂⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ2✀ᑐࡍࡿLC50್
ཬࡧᢠᛶẚࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬㔠㇂⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿฎ⌮10 ᪥ᚋࡢ LC50್ࡣ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑
ࢻᑐࡋ࡚ 1.54ppm㸪ࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝᑐࡋ࡚ 1.28ppm ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬
᪥⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮ 10 ᪥ᚋࡢ LC50್㸦௨ୗ㸪࢝ࢵࢥෆ ࡣᢠᛶẚ㸧ࡣ㸪2007 ᖺ 16.2ppm㸦10.5㸧࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢᚋୖ᪼ഴྥ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬2010
ᖺࡣ110ppm㸦71.4㸧㐩ࡋ࡚ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ100ppmࢆୖᅇࡾ㸪2011ᖺ8 ᭶ࡣ161ppm
㸦105㸧ୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ࡛ࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬᪥⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮
10᪥ᚋࡢLC50್ࡣ㸪2010ᖺ25.3ppm㸦19.8㸧࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢᚋ್ࡣୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸬2011ᖺ 6᭶ࡣ50.0ppm㸦39.1㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ50ppm㐩ࡋ㸪2011ᖺ8᭶ࡣ98.8ppm㸦77.2㸧
ୖ᪼ࡋࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ࡛ࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬௨ୖࡼࡾ㸪᪥⣔⤫࡛ࡣ୧ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡋ࡚ᢠᛶࢆⓎ㐩 ࡉࡏ㸪᭱⤊ㄪᰝᖺḟࡣᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿࣞ࣋ࣝ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬 ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅࡢ⏝㛤ጞᖺࡽLC50್ࡀᖖ⏝⃰ᗘࢆୖᅇࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ㛫ࡣ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋
ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻ㸦2007ᖺ⏝㛤ጞ㸧࡛ࡣ4ᖺ㸪ࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝ㸦2010ᖺ
⏝㛤ጞ㸧࡛ࡣ2ᖺ࡞ࡾ㸪㠀ᖖ▷ࡗࡓ㸬
᪥⣔⤫࠾࠸࡚ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶ⛬ᗘࡢ⤒ᖺኚࢆࢃࡾࡸࡍࡃ ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪2006ᖺ㹼11ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ6ᖺ㛫࠾ࡅࡿ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ2✀㛵ࡍࡿᢠ ᛶẚࡢ᥎⛣ࢆFig. 2♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᖺࢆ⤒ࡿẖ㸪ᢠ ᛶẚࡣᣦᩘ㛵ᩘⓗ࡞ୖ᪼ഴྥࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᢠᛶẚࢆᑐᩘኚࡋࡓ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ
㸪⤒㐣ᖺᩘ㸦2006ᖺࢆ1ࡋࡓ㸧ᢠᛶẚࡣ㸪᭷ព࡞ṇࡢ┦㛵㸦p < 0.05㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪 ᅇᖐ┤⥺Ⰻࡃ㐺ྜࡋࡓ㸦ࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ2 ࣨᖺࡢࡳࡢࢹ࣮
ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ┬␎㸧㸬ᅇᖐ┤⥺ࡢഴࡁࡣ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻ࡛ 0.242 ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬࡞
࠾㸪ᅇᖐ┤⥺ࡢഴࡁᇶ࡙ࡃ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻ࡛ࡣ1ᖺ⤒㐣ࡍࡿࡈ1.75ಸ
ᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬
Nb LC50c [ppm]
(95% CId)
Slope RRe N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR
Flubendiamide 8 120 6.92g 1.41 3.95h 120 13.6 2.70 7.77
(WDG, 20, 100)f (0.693–13.1) (10.6–17.2)
10 —i — — — 120 16.2 2.78 10.5
(—) (12.9–20.6)
Chlorantraniliprole 8 —i — — — —i — — —
(F, 10, 50) (—) (—)
10 —i — — — —i — — —
(—) (—)
N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR
Flubendiamide 8 120 55.5 2.79 31.7 180 35.2 2.24 20.1
(WDG, 20, 100)f (49.1–63.7) (30.1–42.0)
10 120 41.8 2.81 27.1 180 24.4 2.16 15.8
(37.1–47.2) (21.4–28.0)
Chlorantraniliprole 8 —i — — — —i — — —
(F, 10, 50) (—) (—)
10 —i — — — —i — — —
(—) (—)
Jun-2011j N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR
Flubendiamide 8 180 䠚100k — — 150 1,174 0.927 671
(WDG, 20, 100)f (—) (454–䠚10,000)
10 180 110 1.30 71.4 150 141 2.04 91.5
(80.8–173) (119–176)
Chlorantraniliprole 8 180 26.3 1.80 16.8 150 64.6 2.24 41.1
(F, 10, 50) (21.2–33.8) (55.4–78.0)
10 180 25.3 1.96 19.8 150 50.0 2.16 39.1
(20.7–31.9) (43.2–59.0)
Table 12. Susceptibility of Adoxophyes honmai populations collected from tea fields of Shimada-Yui in the Makinohara area of Shizuoka Prefecture to diamide insecticides between 2006 and 2011
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Registration concentration [ppm])
Days after treatment
Shimada-Yui strain 2006
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Registration concentration [ppm])
Days after treatment
Shimada-Yui strain
2008 2009
2007
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Registration concentration [ppm])
Days after treatment
Shimada-Yui strain 2010
Table 12. continued
Shimada-Yui strain Aug-2011j N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope RR N LC50 [ppm]
(95% CI)
Slope
Flubendiamide 8 150 196 3.03 112 145 1.75 2.76
(WDG, 20, 100)f (175–221) (1.36–2.23)
10 150 161 3.11 105 150 1.54 2.92
(144–181) (1.03–1.97)
Chlorantraniliprole 8 150 114 2.79 72.6 180 1.57 2.48
(F, 10, 50) (101–132) (1.36–1.79)
10 150 98.8 2.48 77.2 180 1.28 2.55
(86.7–114) (1.10–1.47)
a W: Water-dispersible granule, F: Flowable.
b Number of larvae tested.
c LC50 values were calculated by probit analysis.
d Confidence interval.
e Resistance ratio: LC50 of each data point/LC50 of susceptible strain.
g These data are from 7 days after treatment.
h RR is calculated by LC50 of susceptible strain at 8 days.
i No data.
j Shimada-Yui strain was collected twice in June and August 2011.
k Could not be calculated.
f Formulation of flubendiamide in June and August 2011 is 18% flowable because the formulation was changed. 18% flowable represents an equivalent dose of insecticide.
Insecticides (Formulationa, %AI, Registration concentration [ppm])
Days after treatment
Susceptible strain (Kanaya)
Fig. 2. Annual changes in resistance ratio at LC50 ofAdoxophyes honmai to diamide insecticides. Tested populations were collected from tea fields at Shimada-Yui in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan each year.
Resistance ratio was calculated on the basis of LC50 of 10 days in Table 12. Dotted lines indicate regression lines.
1 10 100 1000
2007 2008 2009 2010 Aug-2011
Resistance ratio
Flubendiamide Chlorantraniliprole
➨ 3 ⠇ ⪃ᐹ
ᮏ❶࡛ࡣ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟࠾࠸࡚ឤཷᛶࡢపୗࡀ㢧ⴭ࡞IGR⣔ẅཬ ࡧࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅࡘ࠸࡚㸪∾அཎᆅᇦࡢྠ୍⟠ᡤࡽ」ᩘᖺΏࡗ࡚ಶయ⩌ࢆẖ ᖺ᥇㞟ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶⓎ㐩ࡢ⤒㐣ࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ㸬
ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⏕⏘⌧ሙ࡛ࡢ⏝ࡽ8㹼15 ᖺࡀ⤒㐣ࡋ࡚ᮏࡢῈửᅽ ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋ㸪㜵㝖ຠᯝࡢపୗࡼࡾ⏝ࡀ୰Ṇࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ≧ἣୗ࡛㸪8 ᖺ
Ώࡗ࡚ẅឤཷᛶ᳨ᐃࢆᐇࡋࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅࡢࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⏕⏘⌧ሙ࡛⏝ࡉࢀࡿ๓ᖺࡽ㸪ࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ
⌧ሙ࡛⏝ࡉࢀࡓᙜᖺࡽ᳨ᐃࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪⏕⏘⌧ሙ࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ
ࡢῈửᅽࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ≧ἣୗ࡛㸪6ᖺΏࡗ᳨࡚ᐃࢆᐇࡋࡓ㸬
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㸪IGR ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࣁ࣐࢟࢞⛉ᐖ࡛ᩘሗ࿌ࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦ᑠᮡ㸪1999㸹ᡴᅵࡽ㸪1994㸹ᑠᮡ࣭ኴ⏣㸪2001 Sauphanor and Bouvier㸪 1995㸹Mota-Sanchez et al.㸪2008㸹Rodríguez et al.㸪2008㸹Dunley et al.㸪2006㸧㸪ࢪ࣑
ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᾏእࡢࢥࢼ࡛࢞ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Troczka et al.㸪 2012㸹Wang and Wu㸪2012㸧㸬ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢㄪᰝࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ᩿∦ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪
⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࡣ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ࡢIGR⣔ẅ
ཬࡧࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶⓎ㐩ࡢ⤒㐣ࢆ㸪」ᩘᖺΏࡗ࡚ヲ⣽ࡘ⥅
⥆ⓗㄪᰝࡋࡓ㔜せ࡞▱ぢ࡞ࡿ㸬
ࡣࡌࡵ㸪IGR⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬ᑠᮡ㸦1999㸧ࡼࡿ㸪 ᮏ✀ࡢࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻᑐࡍࡿฎ⌮7᪥ᚋࡢLC50್ࡣ㸪1997ᖺⅬ࡛47.9ppm㸦
ᢠᛶẚ 8.25㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ 100ppm ࡣୗᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡑࢀᑐࡋ࡚ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪
2011ᖺ8᭶Ⅼ࡛ࡢᮏᑐࡍࡿLC50್㸦ฎ⌮8᪥ᚋ㸧ࡣ㸪3,500ppm㸦ᢠᛶẚ3,593㸧
㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪1997ᖺ㹼2011ᖺࡢ㛫㸪ᮏᑐࡋ࡚㧗ᗘࡢᢠᛶࢆⓎ
㐩ࡉࡏࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬
ᡃࡀᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࣁ࣐࢟࢞⛉ᐖࡢIGR⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡋ࡚㸪ࢳࣕࣁ
࣐࢟ࡢࢡࣟࣝࣇࣝࢬࣟࣥཬࡧࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥᑐࡍࡿឤཷᛶపୗࡢሗ࿌ࡀ
࠶ࡿ㸦ᅵᡴࡽ㸪1994㸹ᑠᮡ࣭ኴ⏣㸪2001㸧㸬㟼ᒸ┴ᓥ⏣ᕷࡢࢳࣕࣁ࣐࡛࢟ࣇࣝࣇ࢙
ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥᑐࡍࡿLC50್ࡣ㸪1993ᖺⅬ࡛0.92㹼11.8ppm㸦ẅฎ⌮7㹼9᪥ᚋ㸧
࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᡴᅵࡽ㸪1994㸧ࡢᑐࡋ㸪ᅇࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡣ㸪ྠᕷࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ
࣐࡛࢟0.603㹼4.57ppm㸦ྠ8᪥ᚋ㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪1993ᖺⅬࡢࢳࣕࣁ࣐࢟ࡢ᪉ࡀឤཷᛶప
ୗࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࡁࡗࡓ㸬㏆ᖺ㸪ࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥࢆྵࡵ࡚ࢳࣕࣁ࣐࢟ࡢẅឤ
ཷᛶࡣ࡛᫂࠶ࡾ㸪୧ࣁ࣐࢟࢞ࡢẅឤཷᛶࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡶᚋࡢヲ⣽࡞ㄪᰝ ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᾏእ࠾ࡅࡿࣁ࣐࢟࢞⛉ᐖࡢIGR⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢥࢻࣜࣥ࢞࠾࠸࡚㸪ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࢪࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢬࣟࣥ㸦BU⣔㸧ཬࡧࢸࣈࣇ
࢙ࣀࢪࢻ㸦Sauphanor and Bouvier㸪1995㸧㸪࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ ࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ
㸦Mota-Sanchez et al.㸪2008㸧㸪ࢫ࡛࣌ࣥࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥ㸦Rodrigues et al.㸪2011㸧
㛵ࡍࡿሗ࿌ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪࣓ࣜ࢝࠾࠸࡚ᯝᶞ㢮ᐤ⏕ࡍࡿࣁࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࢟ࡀ㸪 ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧ࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻᢠᛶࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡢሗ࿌ࡀ࠶
ࡿ㸦Dunley et al.㸪2006㸧㸬ᅇࡢㄪᰝẅឤཷᛶ᳨ᐃࡢ᪉ἲࡀ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࣓
ࣜ࢝ࡢࣁࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࢟ࡢ㸦Dunley et al.㸪2006㸧ࡘ࠸࡚LC50್ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ㸪ࣁ
ࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࡛࢟ࡣࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢLC50್㸦ฎ⌮ 7 ᪥ᚋ㸧ࡀ31.6㹼34.0ppm㸦ᢠ
ᛶẚ2.5㹼2.7㸧㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡣ9.7㹼16.0ppm㸦ᢠᛶẚ5.0㹼8.2㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ
ࡢᑐࡋ㸪ᅇࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦ྠ8᪥ᚋ㸧࡛ࡣ๓⪅ࡀ33.6㹼3,500ppm㸦ᢠᛶẚ34.5㹼3593㸧㸪
ᚋ⪅ࡣ3.28㹼61.6ppm㸦ᢠᛶẚ18.2㹼342㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ
࣐࢟ࡢ᪉ࡀࣁࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࢟ࡼࡾࡶᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩⛬ᗘࡀ㐶㧗ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡇࡣ㸪
ࣁࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࢟ࡀᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩㏵ୖ࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡸ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ࡢẅ
Ὲửᅽࡀࣁࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࢟ࡼࡾ㧗࠸ࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㸪DAH⣔ཬࡧBU⣔ࡢ୧IGR⣔ẅ㛫ࡢᕪᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢥࢻ
ࣜࣥ࢞ࡢࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧࢪࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢬ࡛ࣟࣥ၏୍ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Sauphanor
and Bouvier㸪1995㸧㸬ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ࡢIGR⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿឤཷᛶࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣ㸪BU⣔ࡼࡾࡶDAH⣔࡛ᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᢠᛶࣞ࣋ࣝࡣ᫂
ࡽ␗࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝࡽࡣDAH⣔ཬࡧBU⣔ࡢᢠᛶࡀᕪ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ⪃࠼ࡃ࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪࢝ࢼࢲࡸ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣁࢫ࢜ࣅࣁ࣐࡛࢟ࡣ㸪DAH⣔2
㸦ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧ࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ㸧ࢪࣥ࣍ࢫ࣓ࢳࣝ㸦᭷ᶵࣜࣥ
⣔㸧ᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢᕪࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Smirle et al㸪2002㸹Dunley et al.㸪2006㸧㸬 ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟᪥⣔⤫࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧ࣓ࢺ
࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪ྠ⣔⤫࠾࠸࡚ࡣࢡࣟࣝࣆ
ࣜ࣍ࢫ㸦᭷ᶵࣜࣥ⣔㸧ᑐࡍࡿឤཷᛶపୗࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸦➨2 ❶㸧㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ
࡚㸪DAH⣔2ཬࡧࢡࣟࣝࣆࣜ࣍ࢫࡢᢠᛶࡀᕪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ⪃࠼ࡃ࠸㸬 DAH⣔3 㛫ࡢᕪᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬᪥⣔⤫࡛ࡣ㸪DAH⣔ࡢ3 ࡍ
࡚ᑐࡋ࡚㸪2011ᖺࡲ࡛ᐇ⏝ୖၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ
⛬ᗘࡣࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢ2 ẚ࡚㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪ ࢻ࡛ᑠࡉࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ෆᒣࡽ㸦2013㸧ࡣ㸪᪥⣔⤫ࡣูࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ
࣐࢟ಶయ⩌࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢ2 ẚ࡚㸪࣓
ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢᢠᛶⓎ㐩⛬ᗘࡀࡁ࠸ࡇࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪ᮏ◊
✲ཬࡧෆᒣࡽ㸦2013㸧ࡢ୧ಶయ⩌࡛ࡣ㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢ 2࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࡛ࡲࡗࡓࡃ㏫ࡢឤཷᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡇ࡞ࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪 ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧࢡ࣐ࣟࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢ2 ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᢠᛶࡀᕪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ
⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢࡳࡢDAH⣔2ࡣᢠᛶᕪ㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸
ᙅ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬
ḟ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿ㸬ᡃࡀᅜࡢᐖ࡛ࡣ㸪∾
அཎᆅᇦࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ࡀࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿ㧗ᗘᢠᛶࡢึ☜ㄆ
࡞ࡗࡓ㸦Uchiyama and Ozawa㸪2014㸧㸬ᾏእ࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅࡢ㧗ᗘ
ᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢥࢼ࡛࢞☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪୰ᅜࡢ༡㒊㸦Wang and Wu㸪2012㸧ࡸ
ࣇࣜࣆࣥࢱ㸦Troczka et al.㸪2012㸧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࣈࣛࢼ⛉㔝⳯࠾࠸࡚ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࢥࢼ࢞ࡢࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ྠࡢ㐃⏝ࡀ
ᢠᛶⓎ㐩ࡢཎᅉࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Troczka et al.㸪2012㸹Wang and Wu㸪2012㸧㸬∾அཎ ᆅᇦࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿឤཷᛶࡢపୗࡘ
࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᮏࡢ㐃⏝ࡀཎᅉࡔࡣ⪃࠼ࡃ࠸㸬࠸࠺ࡢࡶ㸪∾அཎᆅᇦࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝
ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ࡣ㸪」ᩘ⣔⤫ࡢẅᑐࡋ࡚┦ḟ࠸࡛ᢠᛶࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦ⓑ
ࡽ㸪1988㸹ᑠᮡ㸪1999㸹ෆᒣࡽ㸪2013㸹Uchiyama and Ozawa㸪2014㸧ࡇࡽ㸪2000 ᖺ௦௨㝆㸪⏕⏘⌧ሙ࡛ࡣᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ࣮ࣟࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㜵㝖ࡀᐇࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᮏ✀࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ4ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬
1 ࡘ┠ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟᪥⣔⤫ࡣ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ
ᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶ㑇ఏᏊࡢึᮇ㢖ᗘࡀ㸪ᮏࡀୖᕷࡉࢀࡓᙜึࡽ᪤㧗ࡗࡓ࠸࠺
ࡇࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬Georghiou and Taylor㸦1977a㸧ࡣ㸪ᢠᛶ㑇ఏᏊࡢึᮇ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗࠸
㸪ᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࡶ㏿ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬➨2 ❶ࡢ⤖ᯝࡽ㸪᪥⣔⤫
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻཬࡧࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝࡢᖖ⏝⃰ᗘ2000ಸ
࠾ࡅࡿṚ⋡ࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀ96.8%㸦ୖᕷᙜึࡢ2007ᖺ㸧ཬࡧ72.0%㸦ୖᕷᙜึࡢ2010 ᖺ㸧࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡍ࡚ࡢಶయࡀṚஸࡍࡿ≧ἣࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡶุ᫂ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᢠᛶ 㑇ఏᏊࡢึᮇ㢖ᗘࡀ᪤㧗ࡗࡓࡇࢆࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ㸪᪥⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿ୧ ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿLC50್ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᖖ⏝⃰ᗘࡢ㛫༑ศ࡞వ⿱ࡀ࡞ࡗ ࡓ㸦Table 12㸧ࡇࡶ㸪ᢠᛶ㑇ఏᏊࡢึᮇ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 2 ࡘ┠ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ࠾ࡅࡿᕪᢠᛶࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬୰
ᅜࡢࢥࢼ࡛࢞ࡣ㸪ࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝᑐࡍࡿ㧗ᗘᢠᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓ⌧ᆅ᥇ 㞟⣔⤫ࡀ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻᑐࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸ᕪᢠᛶࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡾ㸦Wang et al.㸪 2013㸧㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅཬࡧ⣔⤫ࡢẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡣᕪ㛵ಀ࡞࠸ࡇ
ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Wang et al.㸪2010㸹Wang and Wu㸪2012㸧㸬ᮏ❶ࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾ㸪ࢳࣕࣀ
ࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࡛࢟ࡣ㸪2010ᖺࡣࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻ㸦2007ᖺ⏕⏘⌧ሙ࡛⏝㛤
ጞ㸧ᑐࡍࡿLC50್ࡀ 110ppm㸦ᢠᛶẚ 71.4㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ᖖ⏝⃰ᗘࢆୖᅇࡾ㸪ྠ
ࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝᑐࡍࡿ್ࡣ 25.3ppm㸦ᢠᛶẚ 19.8㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡘࡲ
ࡾ㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࡛࢟ࡣࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝ㸦2010ᖺ⏝㛤ጞ㸧
ᑐࡋ࡚⏝㛤ጞᙜᖺ࡛᪤ᢠᛶࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡞ࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࣇࣝ
࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻཬࡧࢡࣟࣛࣥࢺࣛࢽࣜࣉ࣮ࣟࣝࡣ㸪ᕪᢠᛶࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀ
♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻࡢ⏝㛤ጞᙜᖺ㸪᪥⣔⤫࠾ࡅࡿᢠᛶ ẚࡣ᪤10.5ಸ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡽ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅ⣔⤫ࡢẅࡢᢠᛶ ࡀᕪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㸬㟼ᒸ┴ྛᆅࡢࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ಶయ⩌࡛
ࡣ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅཬࡧDAH⣔ IGR ᑐࡍࡿឤཷᛶࡢపୗࡀྠㄪࡍࡿഴྥࡶࡳ
ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦➨2❶㸧㸬ࡉࡽᮏ❶ࡢ⤖ᯝࡽ㸪᪥⣔⤫ࡣࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅཬࡧDAH
⣔IGRᑐࡍࡿ」ྜᢠᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࢪ
࣑ࢻ⣔ẅཬࡧDAH⣔IGRࡢᢠᛶࡀᕪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㸬 3 ࡘ┠ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅࡀࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ᑐࡋ࡚㛗ᮇࡢṧຠ
ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ㸦ෆᒣ㸪2012㸧ࡇࡽ㸪ᮏࡣ⣔⤫ࡢẅࡼࡾࡶᢠᛶࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏ
ࡸࡍ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡶࡋ㸪࠶ࡿẅࡀࢳࣕᅬ࠾࠸࡚㸪ࢳࣕࣀࢥ࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟
ᑐࡋ࡚㛗ᮇࡢṧຠࢆ♧ࡍࡍࢀࡤ㸪ᮏ✀ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢẅࡼࡿ㑅ᢤࢆ㛗ᮇ㛫ཷࡅ⥆
ࡅࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ㸬ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅࡢᩓᕸᅇᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ㸪1 ᅇࡢᩓᕸ࡛ࢳࣕࣀࢥ
࢝ࢡࣔࣥࣁ࣐࢟ࡀ㛗ᮇ㛫ࡢῈửࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡞ࡾ㸪⤖ᯝⓗ⣔⤫ࡢẅࡼࡾࡶ
ᢠᛶࡀᛴ⃭Ⓨ㐩ࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 DAH⣔IGRࡶࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅྠᵝ㸪 ᮏ✀ᑐࡋ࡚㛗ᮇࡢṧຠᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦ෆᒣ㸪2012㸧㸪ྠࡌ⌮⏤࡛
ᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡀࡼࡾࡶ㏿࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬
4 ࡘ┠ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡀ㸪ඃᛶᐤࡾࡢ㑇ఏᵝᘧࢆ♧ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࡣ㸪ඃᛶࡀຎᛶࡼࡾࡶ㏿࠸ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
㸦Georghiou and Taylor㸪1977a㸹Taylor and Georghiou㸪1979㸧㸬ᮏ✀࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࣑ࢻ
⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢ㑇ఏᵝᘧࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪IGR ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢ㑇ఏ
ᵝᘧࡶྵࡵ࡚㸪➨4❶࡛ヲ⣽᳨ウࡍࡿ㸬
᭱ᚋ㸪IGR ⣔ẅཬࡧࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࡘ࠸࡚⪃
ᐹࡍࡿ㸬IGR⣔ẅࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪2004ᖺ㹼11ᖺࡢ8ᖺ㛫࡛1ᖺ⤒㐣ࡍࡿࡈࢸࣈ
ࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧ࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡣ1.48ಸཬࡧ1.49ಸ㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾࣟࣥཬࡧࣇ
ࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥࡣ1.22 ಸཬࡧ0.99ಸᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ㸪DAH⣔2 ࡀBU⣔2
ࡼࡾࡶⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࡀ㏿࠸ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ෆᒣࡽ㸦2013㸧ࡣ㸪ᅇࡢㄪᰝྠ
୍ࡢ᪥⣔⤫࠾࠸࡚2004ᖺ㹼08ᖺࡢ5ᖺ㛫࠾ࡅࡿIGR⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶ ࡢⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࢆ⟬ฟࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻཬࡧࣝࣇ࢙ࢾ
ࣟࣥࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡛1 ᖺ⤒㐣ࡍࡿࡈ㸪2.3 ಸ㸪1.5ಸཬࡧ 1.4ಸࡢ㏿ᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ
ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࡛ࡣ2004ᖺ㹼11ᖺࡼࡾࡶ2004ᖺ㹼08ᖺࡢ㏿ᗘ ࡀ㏿ࡗࡓࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ2004ᖺ㹼08ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩㏵ୖࡢᮇ࠶ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶ㸪 ཬࡧ 2008 ᖺ㹼11 ᖺࡅ࡚ࡣᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࡀ㢌ᡴࡕ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㏿ᗘࡀపୗࡋࡓ
ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᭱㏆࡛ࡣ⏕⏘⌧ሙ࠾࠸࡚ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻࡢ㜵㝖ຠᯝࡢప
ୗక࠸⏝ࡀ୰Ṇࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢࡇࡀᢠᛶⓎ㐩ࡢ㏿ᗘపୗᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ୖ㏙ࡋࡓ2 ࡘࡢᮇ㛫࠾࠸࡚㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࡛ࡣᢠ ᛶࡢⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࡣኚࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾ࡛ࣟࣥࡣ 2008 ᖺ௨㝆㏿ᗘࡀࡸࡸపୗࡋ࡚࠸
ࡓ㸬௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺㸪IGR ⣔ẅཬࡧࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶⓎ㐩ࡢ㏿ᗘࡀ ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࢆࡶࡋ࡚ᚋࡢᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩ࢆண ࡍࡿḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ㸬 ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ㸦ᖺ1.48ಸࡢ㏿ᗘ㸧㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ㸦ྠ1.49ಸ㸧㸪ࣝࣇ
࢙ࢾࣟࣥ㸦ྠ1.22ಸ㸧㸪ࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥ㸦ྠ0.99ಸ㸧ཬࡧࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻ
㸦ྠ1.75ಸ㸧࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪5ᖺ⤒㐣ࡍࡿࡑࢀࡒࢀ7.21ಸ㸪7.38ಸ㸪2.74ಸ㸪0.96 ಸཬࡧ16.2 ಸ㸪10ᖺ⤒㐣ࡍࡿࡑࢀࡒࢀ 52.0 ಸ㸪54.5 ಸ㸪7.35ಸ㸪0.91ಸཬࡧ 264 ಸᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡍࡿண ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡶ࡙ࡃ㸪2011ᖺ௨ᚋࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ
ᢠᛶẚࡀ㸪ࢸࣈࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ࡛ࡣ2㹼3 ᖺ࡛ 10,000 ಸࢆ㉸࠼㸪࣓ࢺ࢟ࢩࣇ࢙ࣀࢪࢻ
࡛ࡣ3㹼4ᖺ࡛ 1,000ಸࢆ㉸࠼㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾ࡛ࣟࣥࡣ 2㹼3ᖺ࡛100ಸࢆ㉸࠼㸪ࣇࣝࣇ
࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥࡣᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡏࡎ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥࢪ࣑ࢻ࡛ࡣ4㹼5ᖺ࡛1,000ಸࢆ㉸
࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬࡞࠾㸪ࣇࣝࣇ࢙ࣀࢡࢫࣟࣥࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᢠᛶࡀⓎ㐩ࡋ࡞࠸ྍ⬟
ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡀ㸪ᮏࡢᢠᛶⓎ㐩ࡀ㢌ᡴࡕ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬௨ୖࡢ
ࡼ࠺㸪IGR ⣔ẅཬࡧࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅᑐࡍࡿᢠᛶࡢⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࡣ㸪ࣇࣝ࣋ࣥ
ࢪ࣑ࢻࡀ᭱ࡶ㏿ࡃ㸪DAH⣔ࡢ2㸪ࣝࣇ࢙ࢾࣟࣥࡀࡑࢀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᢠᛶ ࡢⓎ㐩㏿ᗘࡀ㏿࠸ࡇࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࢪ࣑ࢻ⣔ẅཬࡧ DAH⣔IGRࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪
ᚋࡶẅឤཷᛶࢆὀព῝ࡃ┘どࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬