THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON SOIL DȵGRADATION AND ALLUVIATION OF LOWLANDS
Ʌɿʆɳʃɲʎ 5. ɇʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɼʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ (Z) ʃɲʏɳ ʏɲ ɹʏɻ 1945 ʃɲɿ 2007 Ɂ. Ȱʋʉʄʄʘʆʀɲ
1945 2007
ɇʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɼʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ (Z) 1,11 0,98
ȸ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ɲʐʏɼ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʃʐʌʀʘʎ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʄʄɲɶɼ ʏʘʆ ʖʌɼʍɸʘʆ ɶɻʎ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɹʌɸʐʆɲʎ, ɸʆʙ ʋɲʌɳʄʄɻʄɲ ɻ ʄɸʃɳʆɻ ɲʋʉʌʌʉɼʎ ɲʄʄɳɺɸɿ ʃɲʏɻɶʉʌʀɲ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ ɲʔʉʑ ʉ ʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɼʎ (ȷ) ɶʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌʉʎ ʏɻʎ ʅʉʆɳɷɲʎ, ʅɸ ɲʋʉʏɹʄɸʍʅɲ ɻ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ʆɲ ʃɲʏɲʏɳʍʍɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɻɶʉ-ʌʀɲ ʏɻʎ «Ȳɲʌɿɳʎ ɼ ɻʋɿʊʏɸʌɻʎ ʅʉʌʔɼʎ ʋʉʄʑ ɹʆʏʉʆɻʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ». ȸ ɶɸʘɶʌɲʔɿʃɼ ʃɲʏɲʆʉʅɼ ʏʉʐ ʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɼ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ ɲʋɸɿʃʉʆʀɺɸʏɲɿ ʍʏʉ ʍʖɼʅɲ 4. Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉ-ɶɼ ʏʉʐ ʅʉʆʏɹʄʉʐ Gavrilovic ɶɿɲ ʏɲ ɹʏɻ 1945 ʃɲɿ 2007, ɲʆɲɷɸɿʃʆʑʉʐʆ ʏɻ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʅɹʍɻʎ ɸʏɼʍɿɲʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ ʃɲʏɳ 14,98% (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 6).
Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 6. ɀɹʍɻ ɸʏɼʍɿɲ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻ (WSP), ʖʘʌɿʃɼ ʃɲʏɲʆʉʅɼ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ (wsp) ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɸʎ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʅɸʏɳ ʏʉʆ ʐʋʉʄʉɶɿʍʅʊ ʏʉʐ ʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɼ ʍʐɶʃʌɳʏɻʍɻʎ (GSP, gsp)
Ɂ. Ȱʋʉʄʄʘʆʀɲ
1945 2007 ȴɿɲʔʉʌɳ (%) WSP (m3/year) 586310 498456
GSP (m3/year) 386965 328981 wsp (m3/km2/year) 2390 2031 gsp (m3/km2/year) 1577 1341
-14,98
Ȱʇɿʉʍɻʅɸʀʘʏʉ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʏʉ ɶɸɶʉʆʊʎ ʊʏɿ ɻ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ ʋʌʉʃʄɼɽɻʃɸ ʉʐ-ʍɿɲʍʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɷɳʍʉʐʎ ʅʊʄɿʎ ʃɲʏɳ 3% ʃɲɿ ʋɲʌɳʄʄɻʄɲ ʅɸ ʏɻ ɶɸʆɿʃɼ ɴɸʄʏʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋʉɿʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʘʆ ɽɲʅʆʙʆʘʆ. Ƀɿ ɲʄʄɲɶɹʎ ʍʏɿʎ ʖʌɼʍɸɿʎ ɶɻʎ ʏɲ ʏɸʄɸʐʏɲʀɲ 60 ʖʌʊʆɿɲ ʋɿɽɲʆʊʆ ʆɲ ʉʔɸʀʄʉʆʏɲɿ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʉʑ ʋʉʐ ɲʋɲʍʖʉʄɸʀʏɲɿ ʍʏʉʆ ʃʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɿʃʊ ʏʉʅɹɲ, ɸɿɷɿʃɳ ʏɿʎ ʋɸʌɿʊɷʉʐʎ 1940 – 1949 (2ʉʎ Ʌɲɶʃʊʍʅɿʉʎ Ʌʊʄɸʅʉʎ ʃɲɿ ȵʅʔʑʄɿʉʎ Ʌʊʄɸʅʉʎ) ʃɲɿ 1955 – 1970 ʊʋʉʐ ɸʇɸʄʀʖʏɻʃɸ ɹʆʏʉʆɻ ɸʍʘʏɸʌɿʃɼ ʃɲɿ ɸʇʘʏɸʌɿʃɼ ʅɸʏɲʆɳʍʏɸʐʍɻ. ȵʋʀʍɻʎ, ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼ-ɽɻʃɸ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɿʎ ʖʌʉʆɿʃɹʎ ʋɸʌɿʊɷʉʐʎ 1945 – 1971 ʃɲɿ 1971 – 2007 ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʑ-ʇɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɷɹʄʏɲ ʏʉʐ ʖɸɿʅɳʌʌʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʊʍʖʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʄʀʅʆɻʎ Ȳʊʄɴɻʎ, ɶɸɶʉʆʊʎ ʋʉʐ ʍʐʅʔʘ-ʆɸʀ ʅɸ ʏɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ʋʉʐ ɹɷʘʍɸ ʏʉ ʅʉʆʏɹʄʉ ʏʉʐ Gavrilovic, ɷɻʄɲɷɼ ɲɿʍɽɻʏɼ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɹʌɸʐʆɲʎ. ɇɸ ɲʐʏʊ ʏʉ ʍɻʅɸʀʉ ʋʌɹʋɸɿ ʆɲ ʍɻʅɸɿʘɽɸʀ ʊʏɿ ʏɲ ʏɸʄɸʐʏɲʀɲ 60 ʖʌʊʆɿɲ ʐʋʉʄʉɶʀʍʏɻʃɸ ʊʏɿ ʏʉ ɸʅɴɲɷʊʆ ʏɻʎ ɸʋɿʔɳʆɸɿɲʎ ʏɻʎ ʄʀʅʆɻʎ ɹʖɸɿ ʅɸɿʘɽɸʀ ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿ-ʍʏʉʆ ʃɲʏɳ 1%.
4. ɇɉɀɅȵɆȰɇɀȰɈȰ
Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɹʌɸʐʆɲʎ ɲʆɲɷɸɿʃʆʑʉʐʆ ʏʉʆ ʋʉʄʑ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʊ ʌʊʄʉ ʏɻʎ ʔʐʍɿʃɼʎ ɴʄɳʍʏɻʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐ ɷɳʍʉʐʎ ʍʏʉʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʌɿʍʅʊ ʏʉʐ ʌʐɽʅʉʑ ʐʋʉɴɳɽʅɿʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳ-ʔʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʋʌʊʍʖʘʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʋɸɷɿʆʙʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖʙʆ. ȵʋʀʍɻʎ, ɸʋɿʍɻʅɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ɻ ɲʄʄɻʄɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʖʌɼʍɸʘʆ ɶɻʎ ʃʐʌʀʘʎ ʅɸ ʏʉ ɸʐɲʀʍɽɻʏʉ ʍʏɻ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻ ʅɻʏʌɿʃʊ ʐʄɿʃʊ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ. ȸ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɿʃʌɼ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʉʑ ɷɳʍʘʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ʄɸʃɳʆɻʎ ɲʋʉʌʌʉɼʎ, ʍɸ ʍʐʆɷʐɲʍʅʊ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʋʉɿʉʏɿʃɼ ɲʆɲɴɳɽʅɿʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɽɲʅʆʙʆʘʆ (ʃʐʌʀʘʎ ʋʉʐʌʆɳʌɿɲ) ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ, ɸʀʖɸ ʘʎ ɲʋʉʏɹ-ʄɸʍʅɲ ʏɻ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɲɷɿʃɲʍʀɲʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ. Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ɲʐʏɳ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɷʐɲʍʅʊ ʅɸ ɸʐʌɼʅɲʏɲ ɳʄʄʘʆ ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖʘʆ ʅɸʄɸʏʙʆ, ʐʋʉɷɸɿʃʆʑʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ɲʆɳɶʃɻ ɸɿɷɿʃʉʑ ʍʖɸɷɿɲʍʅʉʑ ʃɲɿ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʄɸʃɲʆʙʆ ɲʋʉʌʌʉɼʎ. Ȱʆɲɷɳʍʘʍɻ
ɸɶʃɲʏɲʄɸʄɸɿʅʅɹ-ʆʘʆ ɲɶʌʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʃɲʅɹʆʘʆ ɷɲʍʙʆ, ʋɲʌɳʄʄɻʄɲ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʋʉɿʉʏɿʃɼ ɲʆɲɴɳɽʅɿʍɻ ɽɲʅʆʙʆʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʄɿɴɲɷɿʃʙʆ ʉɿʃʉʍʐʍʏɻʅɳʏʘʆ, ɽɲ ʅʋʉʌʉʑʍɸ ʆɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍɸɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʊ ɴɼʅɲ ʍʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɸʑɽʐʆ-ʍɻ ʅɸʀʘʃɲʏɸʑɽʐʆ-ʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʃɲʏɸʑɽʐʆ-ʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɲʆɳʍʖɸʃɲʏɸʑɽʐʆ-ʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɲɷɿʃɲʍʀɲʎ ɸʌɻʅʉʋʉʀɻʃɲʏɸʑɽʐʆ-ʍɻʎ ʍɸ ʋʉʄʄɹʎ ʋɸʌɿʉ-ʖɹʎ ʏɻʎ ʖʙʌɲʎ ʅɲʎ.
ȲȻȲȿȻɃȳɆȰɌȻȰ
Bazzoffi, P., 1985. Methods for net erosion measurement in watersheds as a tool for the vali-dation of models in central Italy, Workshop on soil erosion and hillslope hydrology with emphasis on higher magnitude events, Leuven.
De Vente, J. and Poesen, J., 2005. Predicting soil erosion and sediment yield at the basin scale: Scale issues and semi-quantitative models. Earth-Science Reviews 71, 95–125.
Emmanouloudis, D., Christou, O. and Filippidis, E., 2003. Quantitative estimation of degrada-tion in the Aliakmon river basin using GIS. Erosion Predicdegrada-tion in Ungauged Basins: Inte-grating Methods and Techniques. IAHS Publication, 279, 234.
Gavrilovic, Z., 1988. The use of empirical method (erosion potential method) for calculating sediment production and transportation in unstudied or torrential streams. In: White, W.
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Gavrilovic, Z., Stefanovic, M., Milovanovic, I., Cotric J. and Milojevic, M., 2008. Torrent Classi-fication – Base of Rational Management of Erosive Regions. XXIVth Conference of the Da-nubian Countries. doi:10.1088/1755-1307/4/1/012039.
Globevnik, L., Holjevic, D., Petcovsek, G. and Rubinic, J. 2003. Applicability of the Gavrilovic method in erosion calculation using spatial data manipulation techniques. IAHS Publica-tion. 279, 224.
Ⱦʘʏʉʑʄɲʎ ȴ., 2001. Ƀʌɸɿʆɼ ɉɷʌʉʆʉʅɿʃɼ, Ɉʊʅʉʎ Ȼ. Ɉɲ ʌɹʉʆʏɲ ʑɷɲʏɲ. Ʌɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅɿɲʃɹʎ ɸʃɷʊ-ʍɸɿʎ. Ȱʌɿʍʏʉʏɹʄɸɿʉ Ʌɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɼʅɿʉ Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʉʆʀʃɻʎ, ʍɸʄ. 514.
Mincev, I. and Blinkov, I., 2007. GIS model for assessing water and sediment discharge based on the methodology of Gavriloviđ. International Conference Erosion and Torrent Control as a Factor in Sustainable River Basin Management 25-28 September 2007, Belgrade-Serbia.
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ɇʏɸʔɲʆʀɷɻʎ, Ʌ., ɀʐʌʘʆʀɷɻʎ, ȴ., ɇɲʋʉʐʆʏɺɼʎ, ɀ. ʃɲɿ ɇʏɳɽɻʎ ȴ., 2001. Ƀ ʖɸʀʅɲʌʌʉʎ “ɇʃʄɼɽʌʉ”
Ɍʄʙʌɿʆɲʎ. ɍɸɿʅɲʌʌɿʃʊ ʋɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆ – ɲʌʖɹʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʑʍʏɻʅɲ ɷɿɸʐɽɹʏɻʍɻʎ. ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ȵʋɸ-ʏɻʌʀɷɲ ʏʉʐ Ɉʅɼʅɲʏʉʎ ȴɲʍʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ Ɍʐʍɿʃʉʑ Ʌɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎ, Ȱ Ȱʌɿʍʏʉʏɹʄɸɿʉ Ʌɲʆɸʋɿ-ʍʏɼʅɿʉ Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʉʆʀʃɻʎ. 41, (2), 1275.
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ȴȻȵɆȵɉɁȸɇȸ Ɉȸɇ ɇɍȵɇȸɇ ɀȵɈȰɂɉ Ɉȸɇ ȸȿȵȾɈɆȻȾȸɇ ȰȳɏȳȻɀɃɈȸɈȰɇ ɈɃɉ ȵȾɍɉȿȻɇɀȰɈɃɇ ȾɃɆȵɇɀɃɉ ȾȰȻ Ɉȸɇ ȰɁȰȿɃȳȻȰɇ ȵȴȰɌɃɉɇ-ɁȵɆɃɉ 1:5
ȳ. Ⱦɳʌɶɲʎ, E. Ȼʍʍɲʃʀɷʉʐ, ȴ. Ȼʘɳʆʆʉʐ, ɇ. ȴɳʄʄɲʎ, Ȼ. ɀɳʍʍɲʎ
Ɉʅɼʅɲ Ȱʇɿʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ Ɍʐʍɿʃʙʆ Ʌʊʌʘʆ ʃɲɿ ȳɸʘʌɶɿʃɼʎ ɀɻʖɲʆɿʃɼʎ, ȳɸʘʋʉʆɿʃʊ Ʌɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɼʅɿʉ Ȱɽɻʆʙʆ, Ȼɸʌɳ Ƀɷʊʎ 75, 11855 Ȱɽɼʆɲ, [email protected]
Ʌɸʌʀʄɻʗɻ
ȸ ʋɿʉ ɷɿɲɷɸɷʉʅɹʆɻ ʅɹɽʉɷʉʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʉ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʊʎ ʏɻʎ ɻʄɸʃʏʌɿʃɼʎ ɲɶʘɶɿʅʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸɷɲʔɿʃɼʎ ʋɳʍʏɲʎ ʃʉʌɸʍʅʉʑ (ECe). ȵʋɸɿɷɼ ʊʅʘʎ ɻ ʅɹɽʉɷʉʎ ɲʐʏɼ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʖʌʉʆʉɴʊʌɲ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɻɽɸʀ ʃɲɿ ʅɹɽʉɷʉɿ ʅɸ ɷɿɳʔʉʌɸʎ ɲʆɲʄʉɶʀɸʎ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ / ʆɸʌʉʑ (1:1, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:5) ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʊ ʏʘʆ ʏɿʅʙʆ ʏɻʎ ɻʄɸʃʏʌɿʃɼʎ ɲɶʘɶɿʅʊʏɻʏɲʎ. Ƀɿ ʅɹɽʉɷʉɿ ɲʐʏʉʀ ʖɲʌɲʃʏɻʌʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ɸʐʃʉʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʋʌʉɸʏʉɿ-ʅɲʍʀɲ ʃɲɿ ɲʋʊʃʏɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ. ɇʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʍʑɶʃʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʅɸɽʊɷʉʐ ECe ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʅɹɽʉɷʉ ɲʆɲʄʉɶʀɲʎ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ/ʆɸʌʉʑ (EC1:5) ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʑɶʃʌɿʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸ-ʍʅɳʏʘʆ ʅɸ ɲʐʏɳ ɳʄʄʘʆ ɸʌɸʐʆɻʏɿʃʙʆ ɸʌɶɲʍɿʙʆ. ɇʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌʀʍʏɻʃɸ ɻ ECe ʃɲɿ ɻ ɻʄɸʃʏʌɿʃɼ ɲɶʘɶɿʅʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ (EC1:5) ʍɸ 34 ɸɷɲʔɿʃɳ ɷɸʀɶʅɲʏɲ ɲʋʊ ʏʌɸʀʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ʏɻʎ ʖʙʌɲʎ ʅɲʎ (ȵʑɴʉɿɲ, Ʌʌɹɴɸɺɲ, ȿɲʃʘʆʀɲ) ʃɲɿ ɲʋʉɷɸʀʖʏɻʃɸ, ʊʏɿ ɻ ʅɹɽʉɷʉʎ (EC1:5) ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺɸɿ ʐʗɻʄɼ ɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ ʍʐʍʖɹʏɿʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʅɹɽʉɷʉ ECe. ȵʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ ʅɸʏʌɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸɿʎ ʏʘʆ ʃʑʌɿʘʆ ʃɲʏɿʊʆʏʘʆ ʍʏɲ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏɲ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ʅɸɽʊɷʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʆɲ ʐʋɳʌʖɸɿ ɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ ʍʐʍʖɹʏɿʍɻ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸʘʆ ʏʘʆ ɿʊʆʏʘʆ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ʅɸɽʊɷʘʆ ɲʄʄɳ ɲʐʏɼ ʅɸʏɲɴɳʄʄɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɸʐʌɹɲ ʊʌɿɲ.
INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE SATURATION EXTRACT
AND THE RATIO SOIL/WATER 1:5
G. Kargas , E. Issakidou, D. Ioannou, S. Dallas, I. Massas
Agricultural University of Athens, Sector of water resources management, [email protected] Abstract
The common used method for the estimation of salinity is the determination of the electrical conductivity of the extract of the soil saturation paste (ECe). However this method is time consuming and for this reason others methods with various ratios of soil / water (1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 2.5, 1: 5) for determining the electrical conductivity values are used. This work compared the ECe method with the method ratio soil / water (1: 5) in 34 soil samples from three areas of the country (Evia, Preveza, Lakonia). From the comparison between the two methods, is proved that the method (1: 5) shows high linear correlation with ECe method. Furthermore the concentrations of major cations in extracts of both methods were determined. From the results it was shown that there is a linear correlation between the concentrations of ions in both methods but this varies within wide limits.
1. ȵȻɇȰȳɏȳȸ
ȸ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ʋʄɹʉʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʋʌʉɴʄɼʅɲʏɲ ʍʏɿʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɸʌɶʉʑʅɸʆɸʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ʋɲɶʃʉʍʅʀʘʎ, ɲʔʉʑ ʍʐʆɿʍʏɳ ʅʀɲ ɷɿɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʐʋʉɴɳɽʅɿʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɸʌɻʅʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐʎ.
ȳɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʉʌɽɼ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʐɷɲʏɿʃʙʆ ʃɲɿ ɸɷɲʔɿʃʙʆ ʋʊʌʘʆ ʖʌɸɿɳɺɸʏɲɿ ɲʇɿʊʋɿʍʏɻ ʃɲʏɲɶʌɲʔɼ ʏɻʎ ɸɷɲʔɿʃɼʎ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ. Ɉʉ ʋʌʊɴʄɻʅɲ ʏɻʎ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʊ ɿɷɿɲʀʏɸʌɲ ʍʏɿʎ ʇɻʌɹʎ ʃɲɿ ɻʅɿ-ʇɻʌɸʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ʊʋʉʐ ɻ ʐʋɸʌɳʆʏʄɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʐʋʊɶɸɿʉʐ ʆɸʌʉʑ ʉɷɻɶɸʀ ʍʏɻʆ ɸʀʍʉɷʉ ʏɻʎ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɲʎ ʍʏʉʐʎ ʐʋʊɶɸɿʉʐʎ ʐɷʌʉʔʊʌʉʐʎ, ʅɸ ʍʐʆɹʋɸɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʐʋʉɴɳɽʅɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋʉɿʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʘʆ ʐʋʊɶɸɿʘʆ ʆɸʌʙʆ, ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ʏɸʄɿʃɳ ʉɷɻɶɸʀ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʘʆ ɲʌɷɸʐʉʅɹʆʘʆ ɸɷɲʔʙʆ ʊʏɲʆ ɲʐʏɳ ʏɲ ʆɸʌɳ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɻɽʉʑʆ ɶɿɲ ɳʌɷɸʐʍɻ.
ȸ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʉʍʅʘʏɿʃɼʎ ʋʀɸʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɲʔɿʃʉʑ ɷɿɲʄʑʅɲʏʉʎ, ʏʉ ʉʋʉʀʉ ʍʏɲɷɿɲʃɳ ɲʋʉʃʏɳ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻ, ʋɲʌɸʅʋʉɷʀɺɸɿ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʊʍʄɻʗɻ ʆɸʌʉʑ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ʔʐʏɳ ʅɸ ʍʐʆɹʋɸɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɼʎ. ȸ ɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɸɷɲʔɿʃɼʎ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ ɴɲʍʀɺɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɻʄɸʃʏʌɿʃɼʎ ɲɶʘɶɿʅʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸɷɲʔɿʃɼʎ ʋɳʍʏɲʎ ʃʉʌɸʍʅʉʑ (ECe) (USDA, 1954) ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɹʖɸɿ ʃɲɽɿɸʌʘɽɸʀ ʍɲʆ ʋʌʊʏʐʋɻ ʅɹɽʉɷʉʎ. ȸ ECe ɽɸʘʌɸʀʏɲɿ ʉ ʃɲʏɲʄʄɻʄʊʏɸʌʉʎ ɷɸʀʃʏɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɲʆʏɲʋʊʃʌɿʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʔʐʏʙʆ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ. Ʉʅʘʎ ɻ ʅɹɽʉɷʉʎ ɲʐʏɼ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɸʋʀʋʉʆɻ ʃɲɿ ʖʌʉʆʉɴʊʌɲ ɲʔʉʑ ɲʋɲɿʏɸʀ ʍʐʄʄʉɶɼ ɷɸɿɶʅɳʏʘʆ ʍʏʉʆ ɲɶʌʊ, ʋʌʉɸʏʉɿʅɲʍʀɲ ʏɻʎ ʋɳʍʏɲʎ ʃʉʌɸʍʅʉʑ ʍʏʉ ɸʌɶɲʍʏɼʌɿʉ, ʍʐʄʄʉɶɼ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʃɲɿ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɻʄɸʃʏʌɿʃɼʎ ɲɶʘɶɿʅʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ. ȳɿɲ ʏʉʐʎ ʄʊɶʉʐʎ ɲʐʏʉʑʎ ɲʆʏʀ ʏɻʎ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ECe ʋʉʄʄʉʀ ɸʌɸʐʆɻʏɹʎ ʃɲʏɲʔɸʑɶʉʐʆ ʍʏɻʆ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ EC1:5. ȸ ɲʋʄʊʏɻʏɲ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɲʌɲʍʃɸʐɼ ʃɲɿ ɻ ʏɲʖʑʏɻʏɲ ɲʋʊʃʏɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʃɳʆɸɿ ɸʄʃʐʍʏɿʃɼ ʏɻʆ ʅɹɽʉɷʉ. Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ʏɻʎ ʅɸɽʊɷʉʐ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʍʐʆɹʖɸɿɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ECe.
ȸ ɷʐʆɲʏʊʏɻʏɲ ʋʌʊɴʄɸʗɻʎ ʏɻʎ ECe ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʅɹɽʉɷʉ EC1:5 ɹʖɸɿ ɸʇɸʏɲʍʏɸʀ ʍɸ ɷɿɳʔʉʌɸʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ʋɲɶʃʉʍʅʀʘʎ (Slavich and Petterson 1993; Sonmez et al., 2008; He et al., 2012;
2013). ɇʏɿʎ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɸʎ ɲʐʏɹʎ ɹʖɸɿ ɸʇɸʏɲʍʏɸʀ ɻ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻ ʍʏɻʆ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ʅɸɽʊɷʘʆ ʋɲʌɲɶʊʆʏʘʆ ʊʋʘʎ ɻ ʅɻʖɲʆɿʃɼ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɸɷɲʔʙʆ, ʏʉ ɸʀɷʉʎ ʏʘʆ ɲʄɳʏʘʆ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʃ.ʄ.ʋ. ȿɿɶʊʏɸʌʉ ɹʖɸɿ ɸʇɸʏɲʍʏɸʀ ʏʉ ɽɹʅɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ʅɸɽʊɷʉʐ ɲʋʊʃʏɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʍʏɻʆ 1:5 ɲʔʉʑ ɹʖʉʐʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉʍʏɸʀ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɹʎ ʅɸɽʉɷʉʄʉɶʀɸʎ.
Ƀɿ Slavich and Petterson (1993) ʍʐʍʖɹʏɿʍɲʆ ʏʉʆ ʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɼ ʅɸʏɲʏʌʉʋɼʎ ʏɻʎ EC1:5 ʍʏɻʆ ECe (ECe=f EC(1:5) ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʏɿʅɼ ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍɸ ʆɸʌʊ ʏɻʎ ʋɳʍʏɲʎ ʃʉʌɸʍʅʉʑ (ɽSP)
2.46 3.03
SP
f T (1)
ʃɲɿ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɲʆ ɸʑʌʉʎ ʏɿʅʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʅɹʍɸʎ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʏʉʐ f ʍɲʆ ʍʐʆɳʌʏɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍɸ ɳʌɶɿʄʉ. ȶʏʍɿ ʊʍʉ ɲʐʇɳʆɸʏɲɿ ɻ ɽSP ʅɸɿʙʆɸʏɲɿ ɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʏʉʐ f.
ȵɳʆ ʐʋʉɽɹʍʉʐʅɸ ʊʏɿ ʏʉ ɸʃʖʑʄɿʍʅɲ ʍʏɻʆ ʅɹɽʉɷʉ 1:5 ɸʀʆɲɿ ʅɿɲ ɲʋʄɼ ɲʌɲʀʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ʋɳʍʏɲʎ ʃʉʌɸʍʅʉʑ ʏʊʏɸ ɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʏʉʐ f ɽɲ ɸʀʆɲɿ 5/ɽSP. ȳɿɲ ʏɿʅɼ ʏɻʎ ɽSP=0.5 gr/gr ɻ ʏɿʅɼ f ɽɲ ɸʀʆɲɿ 10 ɸʆʙ ɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʏɻʎ f ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ (1) ɽɲ ɸʀʆɲɿ 8.5. ȸ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ɲʐʏɼ ʊʋʘʎ ʍɻʅɸɿʙʆʉʐʆ ʉɿ Slavich and Petterson (1993) ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʍʏʉ ɶɸɶʉʆʊʎ ʊʏɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ 1:5 ɷɿɲʄʑʉʆʏɲɿ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɸʎ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɸʎ ɷɿɲʄʐʅɹʆɻʎ ʉʐʍʀɲʎ ɲʋʊ ʊʏɿ ʍʏʉ ɸʃʖʑʄɿʍʅɲ ʃʉʌɸʍʅʉʑ.
Ȱʐʏʊ ʃʐʌʀʘʎ ʍʐʅɴɲʀʆɸɿ ʍʏɿʎ ʋɸʌɿʋʏʙʍɸɿʎ ɷʑʍʃʉʄɲ ɷɿɲʄʐʉʅɹʆʘʆ ʉʌʐʃʏʙʆ ʊʋʘʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʏɲ ʋʐʌɿʏɿʃɳ, ʉ ɶʑʗʉʎ ʃ.ʄ.ʋ.
Ƀɿ Ozcan et al., (2006) ʃɲɿ ʉɿ Sonmez et al., (2008) ɹɷʘʍɲʆ ɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ ʍʐʍʖɹʏɿʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ʅɸɽʊɷʘʆ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʐʍʖɹʏɿʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸʘʆ ʏʘʆ ɿʊʆʏʘʆ (Ʌɿʆɲʃɲʎ 1). ɇʏɻʆ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ ʏʘʆ Sonmez et al., (2008) ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʉɿ ɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ ɶɿɲ ʄɸʋʏʊʃʃʉʃɲ ɸɷɳʔɻ ɲʔʉʑ ʏɲ ɸɷɳʔɻ ʍʏɻʆ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʅɲʎ ɲʆɼʃʉʐʆ ʃʐʌʀʘʎ ʍ’ ɲʐʏɼ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɻɶʉʌʀɲ.
Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 1. Ƀɿ ɸʇɿʍʙʍɸɿʎ ʍʐʍʖɹʏɿʍɻʎ ɲʆɳʅɸʍɲ ʍʏɿʎ ɷʑʉ ʅɸɽʊɷʉʐʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ EC