Ε∆ΑΦΙΚΟΙ ΠΟΡΟΙ
Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο
Γεωργικής Μηχανικής
ȴȻȰɍȵȻɆȻɇȸ ȰȷɏɈɃɉ, ɌɏɇɌɃɆɃɉ, ȾȰȿȻɃɉ ȾȰȻ ȻɍɁɃɇɈɃȻɍȵȻɏɁ
ɇȵ ȾȰȿȿȻȵɆȳȵȻȰ ȵȿȻȰɇ
Ȳ. Ȱʆʏʘʆɿɳɷɻʎ , ȳ. Ⱦʉʑʆʏʌɿɲʎ, Ȱ. ȴɻʅɼʌʃʉʐ Ʌɲʆɸʋɿʍʏɼʅɿʉ Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʀɲʎ, Ɉʅɼʅɲ ȳɸʘʋʉʆʀɲʎ Ɍʐʏɿʃɼʎ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶɼʎ ʃɲɿ Ȱɶʌʉʏɿʃʉʑ Ʌɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎ, Ƀɷʊʎ Ɍʐʏʊʃʉʐ, 384 46, Ɂ. Ȼʘʆʀɲ, ɀɲɶʆɻʍʀɲ, [email protected] Ʌɸʌʀʄɻʗɻ ȳɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʅɸʄɹʏɻ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻʎ ʏʌɿʙʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃʙʆ ʄɿʋɲʍʅɳʏʘʆ ʍʏɿʎ ɿɷɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʔʐʏʉʑ ʍɸ ɸʄɲɿʙʆɲ ɹɶɿʆɲʆ ʋɹʆʏɸ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ: ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲʎ, ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ, Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ, ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻ ʃɲɿ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ. Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ʍʏɲ ʔʑʄʄɲ ɹɷɸɿʇɲʆ ʊʏɿ ʉ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ɸʆɹʌɶɻʍɸ ʘʎ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲʎ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ Ɂ, ɸʆʙ ɷɸʆ ɴʌɹɽɻʃɲʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ P ʃɲɿ ʏʉ Ⱦ ʍɸ ʍʑɶʃʌɿʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʊ ȿʀʋɲʍʅɲ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏɲ ɿʖʆʉʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ, ɲʐʏɳ ʖʉʌɻɶɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʅʊʆʉ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ ʃɲɿ ɴʌɹɽɻʃɸ ʊʏɿ ɷɸʆ ʍɻʅɸʀʘʍɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸʘʆ. ɇʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʍʏɿʎ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸɿʎ ʏʉʐ Ɂ, P, Ⱦ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ pH. ȿɹʇɸɿʎ ʃʄɸɿɷɿɳ: Ɂɿʏʌɿʃɳ, Ȳɲʍɿʃɳ ʃɲʏɿʊʆʏɲ, ɌʐʄʄʉɷɿɲɶʆʘʍʏɿʃɼMANAGEMENT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, POTASH
AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN OLIVE CULTIVATION
V. Antoniadis , G. Kountrias, A. Dimirkou
Laboratory of Soil Science, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, N. Ionia, GR-38446, Volos, Greece, [email protected]
Abstract
We aimed at studying the effect of three different sources of fertilizer (Conventional Fertilizer, Ammonium-Enriched Zeolite and Manure) along with a standard treatment (called “Farmer”) on soil and olive tree properties, In the field, enriched Zeolite acted as a slow-release fertilizer for nitrogen (N), while no differences were found for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for this treatment when compared with the Conventional Fertilizer. As for trace elements, we found non-significant differences among treatments. Soil extractions indicated considerable variation in the concentrations of N, P, K, as well as in pH.
1. ȵȻɇȰȳɏȳȸ H ɸʄɿɳ (Olea europaea) ɸʀʆɲɿ ʅɿɲ ɷɿɲɷɸɷʉʅɹʆɻ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲ ʍʏɻʆ ɀɸʍʊɶɸɿʉ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɲʌʖɲɿʊʏɻʏɲ. ȳɿɲ ɹʆɲʆ ɸʄɲɿʙʆɲ ʅɸ ʋʄɼʌʘʎ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɿʃɳ ɷɹʆɷʌɲ, ʉ ʍʏʊʖʉʎ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɼʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ 600 kg ʃɲʌʋʉʑ ɲʆɳ ʍʏʌɹʅʅɲ ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ɲʆɳɶʃɸʎ ʍɸ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃɳ 1-2 kg N, 0,2-0,4 kg P ʃɲɿ 1-2 kg Ⱦ ɲʆɳ 100 kg ʃɲʌʋʉʑ (Ⱦʉʐʃʉʐʄɳʃɻʎ ʃɲɿ Ʌɲʋɲɷʊʋʉʐʄʉʎ, 2001). Ɉʉ ɷɹʆɷʌʉ ɲʋɲɿʏɸʀ ʃɲʄɳ ʍʏʌɲɶɶɿɺʊʅɸʆʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʅɸ pH ʃʉʆʏɳ ʍʏʉ ʉʐɷɹʏɸʌʉ. Ⱦɲʏɳ ʃɲɿʌʉʑʎ ɹʖʉʐʆ ɷʉʃɿʅɲʍʏɸʀ ʅɹɽʉɷʉɿ ʅɸʀʘʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ʃʊʍʏʉʐʎ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ, ʋ.ʖ. ʅɸ ʏɻ ʖʉʌɼɶɻʍɻ ʄɿʋɲʍʅɳʏʘʆ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲʎ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ ɼ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʃʉʋʌɿɳʎ (Fernandez-Hernandez et al., 2014). ȶʆɲʎ ʏʌʊʋʉʎ ɲʑʇɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ʖʌʊʆʉʐ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ʄɿʋɳʍʅɲʏʉʎ (ɿɷɿɲʀʏɸʌɲ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ʏʉʐ ʄɿʋɳʍʅɲʏʉʎ, ʋʉʐ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʋɿʉ ɸʐʃʀʆɻʏʉ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʉ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ Ɇ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ Ⱦ) ɸʀʆɲɿ ɻ ʏɲʐʏʊʖʌʉʆɻ ʖʉʌɼɶɻʍɻ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ. Ƀ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ (ʏɸʃʏʉʋʐʌɿʏɿʃʊ ʉʌʐʃʏʊ ʅɸ ɷɲɿɷɲʄʙɷɸʎ ɷʀʃʏʐʉ ʅɿʃʌʉʍʃʉʋɿʃʙʆ ʋʊʌʘʆ) ɹʖɸɿ ɴʌɸɽɸʀ ʊʏɿ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ʍʐɶʃʌɲʏɸʀ Ɂȸ4+ ʏʉʐ ʄɿʋɳʍʅɲʏʉʎ, ɸʋɿɴʌɲɷʑʆʉʆʏɲʎ ɹʏʍɿ ʏɻ ʆɿʏʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɼ ʏʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʆɲ ʏʉ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɸʌʙʆɸɿ ɴʌɲɷɹʘʎ (Torma et al., 2014). Ȱʐʏʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɸʆɷɸʖʊʅɸʆʉ ʆɲ ʃɲʏɲʍʏɼʍɸɿ ɹʆɲ ʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʊ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ ʍɸ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲʎ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ. ɇʃʉʋʊʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʆɲ ɷʉʃɿʅɲʍʏɸʀ ʍɸ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲ ɸʄɿɳʎ ɻ ʖʉʌɼɶɻʍɻ ʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʉʑ ʄɿʋɳʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʅɸ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉ ɶɿɲ ʆɲ ɷɿɲʋɿʍʏʘɽɸʀ ɲʆ ʉ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ɸʋɿɴʌɲɷʑʆɸɿ ʏɻʆ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʏʉʐ ʄɿʋɳʍʅɲʏʉʎ. 2. ɉȿȻȾȰ ȾȰȻ ɀȵȺɃȴɃȻ ɀɹʌʉʎ ɸʄɲɿʙʆɲ ʍʏɻ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ Ɍʐʏʊʃʉʐ ɀɲɶʆɻʍʀɲʎ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɸ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ ɲʆɳɶʃɸʎ ʏʉʐ ʋɸɿʌɳʅɲʏʉʎ. ȵʃɸʀ ɸɶʃɲʏɲʍʏɼʍɲʅɸ 5 ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʍɸ ʋɸɿʌɲʅɲʏɿʃɳ ʏɸʅɳʖɿɲ ʏʘʆ 5 ʍɸɿʌʙʆ ʅɸ 12 ɷɹʆɷʌɲ ɲʆɳ ʍɸɿʌɳ ʃɲɿ ɲʋʊʍʏɲʍɻ ɷɹʆɷʌʘʆ 5 m x 7,5 m. Ƀɿ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɹʎ ʐʄɿʃʙʆ ʍʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʐʋʉʄʉɶʀʍʏɻʃɲʆ ɹʏʍɿ ʙʍʏɸ ʆɲ ʖʉʌɻɶʉʑʆ ʀʍɸʎ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɸʎ Ɂ ɲʋʊ 3 ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɹʎ ʋɻɶɹʎ (ʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʊ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ, ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ ʅɸ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉ ʃɲɿ ʃʉʋʌɿɳ). Ƀɿ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʉɿ ɸʇɼʎ: x «ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲʎ» (ɀ): ȴɸʆ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʃɲʅʀɲ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ. x ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ (ȷ): ȵʔɲʌʅʊʍɲʅɸ 3 kg (Ɂȸ4)2SO4 (21-0-0) ɲʔʉʑ ʏɻ ɷɿɲʄʑʍɲʅɸ ʍɸ 4,3 ʄʀʏʌɲ ɲʋɸʍʏɲɶʅɹʆʉ H2O ʃɲɿ ɸʅʋʉʏʀʍɲʅɸ ʅɸ ɲʐʏɼ 13 kg ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ. Ȱʔʉʑ ɲɸʌʉʇɻʌɳʆɲʅɸ ʏʉ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉ, ʏʉʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʊʍɲʅɸ ʋɸʌɿʅɸʏʌɿʃɳ ʏʉʐ ʃʉʌʅʉʑ ʃɳɽɸ ɷɹʆɷʌʉʐ, ɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʆʏɲʎ ɸʋʀʍɻʎ 600 g Ⱦ2SO4 (0-0-51) ʃɲɿ 250 g ʐʋɸʌʔʘʍʔʉʌɿʃʊ 12-61-0. x ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻ (ɇȿ): ȵʔɲʌʅʊʍɲʅɸ 3 kg (Ɂȸ4)2SO4 (21-0-0), ʅɲɺʀ ʅɸ 600 g Ⱦ2SO4 (0-0-51) ʃɲɿ 250 g ʐʋɸʌʔʘʍʔʉʌɿʃʊ 12-61-0 ʋɸʌɿʅɸʏʌɿʃɳ ʏʉʐ ʃʉʌʅʉʑ ʃɳɽɸ ɷɹʆɷʌʉʐ. x Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ (Ⱦ): ȵʔɲʌʅʊʍɲʅɸ 100 kg ɲɿɶʉʋʌʊɴɸɿɲʎ ʃʉʋʌɿɳʎ, ʐɶʌɲʍʀɲʎ 54%, ʋɸʌɿʅɸʏʌɿʃɳ ʏʉʐ ʃʉʌʅʉʑ ʃɳɽɸ ɷɹʆɷʌʉʐ. x ɀɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ «ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ» (Ʌ): ȵʔɲʌʅʊʍɲʅɸ ɹʆɲ ʍʐʆɷʐɲʍʅɹʆʉ ʋʌʊɶʌɲʅʅɲ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʋʉʐ ɲʋʉʏɸʄʉʑʆʏɲʆ ɲʋʊ 30 kg ɲɿɶʉʋʌʊɴɸɿɲ ʃʉʋʌɿɳ, 1 kg (Ɂȸ4)2SO4 (21-0-0), 1 kg Ⱦ2SO4 (0-0-51) ʃɲɿ 500 g ʐʋɸʌʔʘʍʔʉʌɿʃʊ 12-61-0. ɇʃʉʋʊʎ ɲʐʏɼʎ ʏɻʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʆɲ ʋʌʉʍɸɶɶʀʍʉʐʅɸ ɹʆɲ ʍʐʆɻɽɿʍʅɹʆʉ ʋʌʊɶʌɲʅʅɲ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʋʉʐ ɽɲ ɲʃʉʄʉʐɽʉʑʍɸ ɹʆɲʎ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶʊʎ. ɇʏɻʆ ʃʉʋʌɿɳ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌʀʍʏɻʃɸ ʏʉ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʊ ʐɶʌɲʍʀɲʎ, ɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʏɻʎ ʍɸ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʊ C, ʃɲɿ ʏʉ ʉʄɿʃʊ Ɂ ʃɲʏɳ Kjeldahl. H ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏɻʎ ʃʉʋʌɿɳʎ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʋɸʌɿʅɸʏʌɿʃɳ ʏʉʐ ʃʉʌʅʉʑ ʖʘʌʀʎ ʆɲ ɶʀʆɸɿ ɸʆʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻ, ɶɿɲ ʆɲ ɲʆʏɲʋʉʃʌʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ʌɸɲʄɿʍʏɿʃɹʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ ɲɶʌʉʑ, ʅɿɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉʆ ɸʄɲɿʙʆɲ ɷɸʆ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɸʀʏɲɿ ʃɲʄʄɿɸʌɶɻʏɼʎ ɶɿɲ ɸʋɸʇɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ. Ɉʉ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ, ɲʔʉʑ ɺʐɶʀʍʏɻʃɸ, ɸʔɲʌʅʊʍɽɻʃɸ ʋɸʏɲʖʏɳ ʅɸ ʏʉ ʖɹʌɿ ʋɸʌɿʅɸʏʌɿʃɳ ʃɲɿ ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ʃʊʅɻ ʏʉʐ ɷɹʆɷʌʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻ ʍʐʆɹʖɸɿɲ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʅʀɲ ɸʄɲʔʌɿɳ ɲʆɲʅʊʖʄɸʐʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʍʉʐɶʃʌɳʆɲ ɶɿɲ ʆɲ ʅɻʆ ʋɲʌɲʍʐʌɽɸʀ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ɲɹʌɲ. ȸ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ɶɿɲ ʃɳɽɸ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ɶɿʆʊʏɲʆ ɲʆɳ ʏʌɿɳɷɲ ɷɹʆɷʌʘʆ ɶɿɲ ʃɳɽɸ ɷɸʀɶʅɲ. ȶʏʍɿ ɸʀʖɲʅɸ 3 ɸʋɲʆɲʄɼʗɸɿʎ ɷɸʀɶʅɲʏʉʎ ɶɿɲ ʃɳɽɸ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʅɸ ʍʑʆʉʄʉ 15 ɷɸʀɶʅɲʏɲ ʍɸ ʃɳɽɸ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲʎ, ɸʀʏɸ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ɸʀʏɸ ʔʑʄʄʘʆ. ȸ
ʋʌʙʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʔʑʄʄʘʆ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʍʏɿʎ 19 Ȼʉʐʄʀʉʐ 2013 ʃɲɿ ɻ ɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʍʏɿʎ 10 Ȼɲʆʉʐɲʌʀʉʐ 2014. Ɉɲ ɷɸʀɶʅɲʏɲ ʋʉʐ ɸʄɼʔɽɻʍɲʆ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɲʆ ɶɿɲ ʆɲ ɶʀʆʉʐʆ ɲʆɲʄʑʍɸɿʎ ʖɲʌɲʃʏɻʌɿʍʅʉʑ ʏʘʆ ɸɷɲʔʙʆ: ɲʆɽʌɲʃɿʃʊ ɲʍɴɹʍʏɿʉ, ɲʆʏɲʄʄɳʇɿʅɲ ʃɲʏɿʊʆʏɲ Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, pH (1:2.5 H2O), ʉʄɿʃɳ ʅɸ ɴɲʍɿʄɿʃʊ ʆɸʌʊ
ʃɲʏɿʉʆʏɿʃɳ ɿʖʆʉʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb), ɸʃʖʑʄɿʍʅɲ ʅɸ DTPA ɶɿɲ ʏɲ ʀɷɿɲ ʃɲʏɿʉʆʏɿʃɳ ɿʖʆʉʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ, ʆɿʏʌɿʃʊ ʃɲɿ ɲʅʅʘʆɿɲʃʊ ɳɺʘʏʉ ʃɲɿ ʔʙʍʔʉʌʉʎ ʃɲʏɳ Olsen. Ɉɲ ɷɸɷʉʅɹʆɲ ɲʆɲʄʑɽɻʃɲʆ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ANOVA ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ɸʄɳʖɿʍʏɸʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ (LSD) ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʅɹʍʘʆ ʊʌʘʆ ʐʋʉʄʉɶʀʍʏɻʃɲʆ ɶɿɲ ɸʋʀʋɸɷʉ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌʉ ʏʉʐ 95% (p<0.05) ʅɸ ʏʉ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃʊ ʋɲʃɹʏʉ Statgraphics 2.1. 3. ȰɅɃɈȵȿȵɇɀȰɈȰ ȾȰȻ ɇɉȷȸɈȸɇȸ 3.1. Ɍʐʄʄʉɷɿɲɶʆʘʍʏɿʃɼ To Ɂ ʍʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʏʉʐ Ȼʉʐʄʀʉʐ (ʋʌʙʏɻ) ɼʏɲʆ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌʉ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ʏʉʐ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉʐ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ. ɇʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺɸʏɲɿ ɸʋʀʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ (ɇʖɼʅɲ 1). Ƀɿ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ʍɸ ɲʐʏɼ ʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʃʐʅɲʀʆʉʆʏɲɿ ʍʏɲ ʊʌɿɲ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɼʎ ɹʄʄɸɿʗɻʎ (1,2-1,6%) (Ⱥɸʌɿʊʎ, 2005), ɸʆʙ ʅʊʆʉ ɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼʎ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ɴʌʀʍʃɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲ (1,6-1,8%). Ƀɿ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʊʅʘʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɲʆɲʅɸʆʊʅɸʆɲ ʖɲʅɻʄɹʎ, ʃɲɽʙʎ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ Ɂ ʖɲʅɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻ ɸʅʔɲʆʀɺʉʐʆ ʏɲ ɷɹʆɷʌɲ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʐʎ ʅɼʆɸʎ Ȼʉʑʄɿʉ ʃɲɿ Ȱʑɶʉʐʍʏʉ (Fernandez-Escobar et al., 1999). ɇʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʏʉʐ Ȼɲʆʉʐɲʌʀʉʐ (ɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ), ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ, ɹʖʉʆʏɲʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ɳʄʄɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ, ɸʆʙ ʉɿ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɸʎ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ɲʄʄɳ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɲʆ ʊʏɲʆ ʍʐɶʃʌʀʆʉʆʏɲʆ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʑɶʃʌɿʍɻ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ 1ɻ ʃɲɿ 2ɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ, ʉɿ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʐ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʐʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ɲʆɳʅɸʍɲ, ʃɲɿ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗɿʙʆ, ɸʆʙ ʉɿ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼʎ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ, ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʐʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ. ɇʖɼʅɲ 1. Ʌɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʍɸ Ɂ ʏʘʆ ʔʑʄʄʘʆ ʏɻʎ ɸʄɿɳʎ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏʉ Ⱦ (ɇʖɼʅɲ 2), ɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʏʉʐ Ȼʉʐʄʀʉʐ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ʏɻʆ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼʎ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ, ʖʘʌʀʎ ʆɲ ɷɿɲʔɹʌɸɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ. ɇɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʍɸ ɲʐʏɼ ʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ, ʏʉ Ⱦ ɴʌɿʍʃʊʏɲʆ ʍɸ ʐʋɸʌɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲ (Ⱥɸʌɿʊʎ, 2005), ɲʃʊʅɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ɸʆɷɸʖʉʅɹʆʘʎ ʄʊɶʘ ɸʋɲʌʃʉʑʎ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʋʌʉɻɶʉʑʅɸʆʘʆ ɸʏʙʆ. ɇʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʏʉʐ
g g fg f e d cd bc b a 0 3 6 9 12 15 ȂȐȡIJȣȡĮȢ ZİȩȜȚșȠȢ Ȉȣȝȕ.ȁȚʌ. ȀȠʌȡȚȐ ȆĮȡĮȖȦȖȠȪ K ijȣ IJȠ Ȫ (m g g -1) 1Ș įİȚȖȝ. 2Ș įİȚȖȝ. ɇʖɼʅɲ 2. Ʌɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʍɸ Ⱦ ʏʘʆ ʔʑʄʄʘʆ ʏɻʎ ɸʄɿɳʎ. c b b a a 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ȂȐȡIJȣȡĮȢ ZİȩȜȚșȠȢ Ȉȣȝȕ.ȁȚʌ. ȀȠʌȡȚȐ ȆĮȡĮȖȦȖȠȪ P ijȣ IJȠ Ȫ ( m g g -1) ɇʖɼʅɲ 3. Ʌɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʍɸ Ɇ ʏʘʆ ʔʑʄʄʘʆ ʏɻʎ ɸʄɿɳʎ. Ȼɲʆʉʐɲʌʀʉʐ, ʉɿ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸɿʎ ʏʉʐ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ɸʆʙ ɴʌʀʍʃʉʆʏɲʆ ʍɸ ʐʋɸʌɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʅɼʆɲ Ȼʉʑʄɿʉ, ʏʉʆ Ȼɲʆʉʐɳʌɿʉ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɲʆ ʉʌɿɲʃɼ ʏʌʉʔʉʋɸʆʀɲ, ɸʆʙ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʉ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉʎ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ʃɲɿ ɻ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɲʆ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɼ ɹʄʄɸɿʗɻ (0,5-0,7%) ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼʎ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʅɲɺʀ ʅɸ ʏʉʐ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ ɴʌʀʍʃʉʆʏɲʆ ʍɸ ɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲ (0,7-0,9%) (Ⱥɸʌɿʊʎ, 2005). ɇʏɻ ʍʑɶʃʌɿʍɻ ɲʆɳʅɸʍɲ ʍʏɿʎ ɷʑʉ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɸʎ, ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɲʆ ʊʄɸʎ ʉɿ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ, ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʆɲ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʖɲʅɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɻʎ ʋʌʙʏɻʎ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏʉ P (ɇʖɼʅɲ 3), ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ ʊʋʉʐ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ. ȸ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ɲʐʏɼ ʏʉʐ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ, ɸʆʙ ɻ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ɲʐʏɼ ʏʉʐ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉʐ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʐ. ɇɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ, ʊʅʘʎ, ʉ P ɴʌʀʍʃʉʆʏɲʆ ʍɸ ʐʋɸʌɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲ (>0,14%) ɸʆɷɸɿʃʏɿʃʊ ʏɻʎ ʐʋɸʌʄʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ P ʊʄɲ ʏɲ ʋʌʉɻɶʉʑʅɸʆɲ ʖʌʊʆɿɲ, ʃɳʏɿ ʋʉʐ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ʃɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ Ⱦ. ɇʏɻʆ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ⱦ ʐʋɼʌʇɸ ʋʏʙʍɻ ʍʏɲ ʊʌɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʇɳʆʏʄɻʍɻʎ ʍʏɻ ɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ, ʃɳʏɿ ʋʉʐ ɷɸʆ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ɸɷʙ (ɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʋʉʐ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺɸʏɲɿ ɲʆʏɿʍʏʉɿʖɸʀ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ ʏʉʐ Ⱦ). Ȱʐʏʊ ɷɸʀʖʆɸɿ ʊʏɿ ʉ Ɇ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʋɿʉ ɷʐʍʃʀʆɻʏʉ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʊ ʍʏʉ ʔʐʏʊ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ Ⱦ. Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ɲʐʏɳ ɷɸʀʖʆʉʐʆ ʊʏɿ ɸʀʖɲʅɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʍʏʉ ʔʐʏʊ ʃɲɿ ʍɸ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ʋʉʐ ʖʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ ʃɲɿ ʍɸ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ʋʉʐ ɷɸʆ ʖʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ. ɍʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ Ɂ, Ɇ, Ⱦ, ɸʆʙ ɷɸʆ ʖʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn (ɲʐʏɳ ʏɲ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ɷɸʆ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʆʏɲɿ). Ȱʋʊ ʏɲ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ʋʉʐ ʖʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ, ʏʉ Ɂ ɼʏɲʆ ʏʉ ʅʊʆʉ ʍʏʉ ʉʋʉʀʉ ɷʉʃɿʅɳʍɲʅɸ 3 ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɹʎ ʋɻɶɹʎ (ʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʊ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ, ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉ ʃɲɿ ʃʉʋʌɿɳ - ʃɲɿ ʉɿ 3 ʍɸ ʀɷɿɸʎ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɸʎ), ɸʆʙ Ɇ ʃɲɿ Ⱦ ʖʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ ɲʋʊ ʀɷɿɸʎ ʋɻɶɹʎ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏʉ Ɂ ʔɳʆɻʃɲʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɹʎ ʋɻɶɹʎ ʖʉʌɼɶɻʍɻʎ, ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉ ʆɲ ɷɸʀʖʆɸɿ ʏɻ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻ ɲʆʏʉʖɼ ʍʏʉ ʖʌʊʆʉ, ʃɲɽʙʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌʉʎ ʍʏɻʆ 2ɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸ ɳʄʄɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ, ɲʃʊʅɲ ʃɲɿ ɲʐʏɼ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ. Ȱʐʏʊ ɷɸʀʖʆɸɿ ʊʏɿ ʉ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉʎ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ɸʆɼʌɶɻʍɸ ʘʎ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲʎ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ. Ɉʉ NH4+ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻ ʔɳʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɲʆɳʅɿʇɻʎ
ʄɿʋɳʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʅɸ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉ, ɸɿʍɼʄɽɸ ʍʏʉʐʎ ʋʊʌʉʐʎ ʏʉʐ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ, ʃɲɽʙʎ ɻ ɿʉʆʏɿʃɼ ʏʉʐ ɲʃʏʀʆɲ ʏʉʐ ɸʋɿʏʌɹʋɸɿ ʏɻʆ ɲʆʏɲʄʄɲɶɼ ʏʉʐ NH4+ ʅɸ ɳʄʄɲ ʃɲʏɿʊʆʏɲ ʋʉʐ ʍʐʆɼɽʘʎ ɲʋɲʆʏʙʆʏɲɿ ʍʏʉ ɸʍʘʏɸʌɿʃʊ ʏʉʐ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ (ʊʋʘʎ Ca2+, Mg2+ ʃɲɿ Ɂa+). ȵɷʙ ʀʍʘʎ ʌʊʄʉ ɹʋɲɿʇɸ ʃɲɿ ɻ ɸʄɳʖɿʍʏɻ ɹʘʎ ʅɻɷɲʅɿʆɼ ʃɲʌʋʉʔʉʌʀɲ ʋʉʐ ɷɸʆ ɸʇɳʆʏʄɻʍɸ ʅɸɶɳʄɻ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲ Ɂ. ɀɸ ʏʉʆ ʍʐʆɷʐɲʍʅʊ ɲʅʅʘʆɿɲʃʉʑ ʄɿʋɳʍʅɲʏʉʎ ʃɲɿ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ ɸʋɿʏʐɶʖɳʆɸʏɲɿ ʉ ɸɶʃʄʘɴɿʍʅʊʎ ʏʉʐ ɲʅʅʘʆɿɲʃʉʑ ʃɲʏɿʊʆʏʉʎ ʍʏʉ ɷɲɿɷɲʄʙɷɸʎ ɷʀʃʏʐʉ ʋʊʌʘʆ ʏʉʐ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ. ȸ ʍʐɶʃʌɳʏɻʍɻ ɲʐʏɼ ʊʅʘʎ ɷɸʆ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʅɻ ɲʆʏɿʍʏʌɸʋʏɼ. ȶʏʍɿ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɸʌʙʆɸʏɲɿ ʅɸ ɲʌɶʉʑʎ ʌʐɽʅʉʑʎ ʃɲɿ ʆɿʏʌʉʋʉɿɸʀʏɲɿ ʅɸ ʋɿʉ ɴʌɲɷɸʀʎ ʌʐɽʅʉʑʎ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ ɲʅʅʘʆɿɲʃʊ ʃɲʏɿʊʆ ʋʉʐ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɸʌʙʆɸʏɲɿ ɲʅɹʍʘʎ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ ʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʊ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ. Ȱʐʏʊ ɹʖɸɿ ʘʎ ʍʐʆɹʋɸɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ɿʃɲʆʉʋʉɿɻʏɿʃʙʆ ʋʉʍʉʏɼʏʘʆ ɷɿɲɽɹʍɿʅʉʐ Ɂ ɶɿɲ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌʉ ʖʌʉʆɿʃʊ ɷɿɳʍʏɻʅɲ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ (Ahmed et al., 2008). Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʏɲ ɳʄʄɲ ɷʑʉ ʅɲʃʌʉɽʌɸʋʏɿʃɳ, Ɇ ʃɲɿ Ⱦ, ɲʐʏɳ ɷɸʆ ʋʌʉʍʏɹɽɻʃɲʆ ɸʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ ʍʏɻʆ ʃʉʋʌɿɳ, ɹʏʍɿ ʙʍʏɸ ʆɲ ʋʌʉʍʉʅʉɿɳʍʉʐʅɸ ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌʉ ʏɿʎ ʋʌɲɶʅɲʏɿʃɹʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ, ʊʋʉʐ ɷɸʆ ɶʀʆɸʏɲɿ ɸʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ ʖʉʌɼɶɻʍɻ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʃʉʋʌɿɳʎ. Ƀʑʏɸ ʍʏʉ ɹʆɲ ʉʑʏɸ ʍʏʉ ɳʄʄʉ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʉ ʔɳʆɻʃɲʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼʎ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ, ʃɳʏɿ ʋʉʐ ɷɸʀʖʆɸɿ ʊʏɿ ʉ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ɷɸʆ ɸʋɿʔɹʌɸɿ ʃɲʅɿɳ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʘʔɹʄɸɿɲ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ɲʐʏɳ ʏɲ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃɳ. Ȱʐʏʊ ɹʌʖɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɲʆʏʀɽɸʍɻ ʅɸ ɳʄʄɸʎ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɸʎ (ʋ.ʖ. Allen et al., 1993), ʉɿ ʉʋʉʀɸʎ ɹʖʉʐʆ ɴʌɸɿ ʊʏɿ ʉ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ɷʌɳʍɸɿ ʘʎ ʋɲʌɳɶʉʆʏɲʎ ʃɲʄʑʏɸʌɻʎ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ Ɇ, ʃɲɽʙʎ ʋʌʊʃɸɿʏɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʉ ʅɸ ɿɷɿɲʀʏɸʌɲ ʖɲʅɻʄɼ ɷɿɲʄʐʏʊʏɻʏɲ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ. To ʀɷɿʉ ʃɲɿ ʅɸ ʏʉ Ⱦ, ɶɿɲ ʏʉ ʉʋʉʀʉ ʃɳʋʉɿɸʎ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɸʎ (ʋ.ʖ. Narafi-Ghiri, 2014) ʋʌʉɴʄɹʋʉʐʆ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻ ʅɸ ʖʌɼʍɻ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ, ʃɳʏɿ ʋʉʐ ɸʅɸʀʎ ɷɸʆ ɸʋɿɴɸɴɲɿʙʍɲʅɸ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ʋʉʐ ɷɸʆ ʖʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ (ɸʇɲɿʌɸʀʏɲɿ ɻ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ, ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʍʏɻʆ ʉʋʉʀɲ ʖʉʌɻɶɼʍɲʅɸ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ ʐʋʊ ʅɸʄɹʏɻ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ʄʊɶʘ ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɳʎ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʏɻʆ ʃʉʋʌɿɳ), ɸʀʆɲɿ ʋɿɽɲʆʊ ɲʐʏɳ ʆɲ ɸʋɻʌɸɳʍʏɻʃɲʆ ɲʋʊ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʏɻʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲʎ. ȴɻʄɲɷɼ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɸʆɷɸʖʊʅɸʆʉ ɻ ʃɲʄʑʏɸʌɻ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʏɻʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲʎ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʖʉʌɼɶɻʍɻ Ɂ, Ɇ ʃɲɿ Ⱦ ʆɲ ɸʋɹʔɸʌɸ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʍʏɿʎ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸɿʎ ʃɲɿ ʊʄʘʆ ʏʘʆ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏɲ ʔʑʄʄɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʄɿɳʎ. 3.2. ȵɷɲʔɿʃɼ ɲʆɳʄʐʍɻ Tʉ ɁɃ3-Ɂ (ɇʖɼʅɲ 4) ʍʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʏʉʐ Ȼʉʐʄʀʉʐ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ʏɻʆ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ȷɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ ʅɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ɳʄʄɸʎ ʏɹʍʍɸʌɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ. c d b e f ab ab c ab a 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 ȂȐȡIJȣȡĮȢ ZİȩȜȚșȠȢ Ȉȣȝȕ.ȁȚʌ. ȀȠʌȡȚȐ ȆĮȡĮȖȦȖȠȪ ȃȅ 3 -ȃ ( m g kg -1) 1Ș įİȚȖȝ. 2Ș įİȚȖȝ. ɇʖɼʅɲ 4. ɁɃ3-Ɂ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ. ȵʀʆɲɿ ɸʆɷɸʖʊʅɸʆʉ ʍɸ ɲʐʏɼ ʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʆɲ ʍʐʄʄɹʇɲʅɸ ʃɲɿ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉ ɺɸʊʄɿɽʉ ɶɿ’ ɲʐʏʊ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ ɲʋʉʏɹʄɸʍʅɲ ʍɸ ʍʑʆʏʉʅʉ ʖʌʉʆɿʃʊ ɷɿɳʍʏɻʅɲ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʆɲ ʅɲʎ ɹɷʘʍɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ɲʐʇɻʅɹʆɻ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻ ʆɿʏʌɿʃʙʆ. ɀɸ ɳʄʄɲ ʄʊɶɿɲ, ɸʀʆɲɿ ɸʆɷɸʖʊʅɸʆʉ ɻ ʏʊʍʉ ʐʗɻʄɼ ʏɿʅɼ ʆɲ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ʄɳɽʉʎ ʖɸɿʌɿʍʅʊ ʏɻʎ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲʎ. Ʉʄɸʎ ʉɿ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ɶɿɲ ɲʐʏɼ ʏɻ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ. ɇʏɻ ɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʋʉʐ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʏʉʆ
Ȼɲʆʉʐɳʌɿʉ ʏʉʐ ɸʋʊʅɸʆʉʐ ɹʏʉʐʎ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ ɁɃ3-Ɂ, ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʋɼʌɲʅɸ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ. Oɿ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ. ɇʖɼʅɲ 5. ȵʃʖʐʄʀʍɿʅʉʎ Ɇ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ. Ƀ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍɿʅʉʎ P (ɇʖɼʅɲ 5) ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ʏɻʆ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʉʑ, ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɸʀʖɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ. Ƀ Ʌɲʌɲɶʘɶʊʎ ɳʄʄʘʍʏɸ ɸʔɳʌʅʉʍɸ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲ P, ʃɲɿ ɲʐʏʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʋʉʐ ɲʋʉʏʐʋʙʆɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ. ȸ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ ɷɸʆ ɸʀʖɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ɸʆʙ ɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʊʍʉ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉ ʊʍʉ ʃɲɿ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼ ʄʀʋɲʆʍɻ, ɷɿɹʔɸʌɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɸʎ, ɲʄʄɳ ʃɲɿ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ ʐʋɼʌʖɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ. Ƀ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍɿʅʉʎ Ɇ ɸʋɿɴɸɴɲɿʙʆɸɿ ʏɲ ɸʐʌɼʅɲʏɲ ʏʉʐ Ɇ ʍʏʉ ʔʐʏʊ: ʉ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ɷɸʆ ɸʀʖɸ ɽɸʏɿʃɼ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻ ʍʏɻʆ ɸʃʖʐʄɿʍɿʅʊʏɻʏɳ ʏʉʐ, ʃɲɽʙʎ ɻ ɲʑʇɻʍɼ ʏʉʐ ɼʏɲʆ ʋɿʉ ʍʐʆʏɻʌɻʏɿʃɼ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʍʏɻʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻ. Ʌʌɹʋɸɿ ʊʅʘʎ ʆɲ ʏʉʆɿʍʏɸʀ ʊʏɿ ɲʃʊʅɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉʆ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ʏɲ ɸʋʀʋɸɷɲ ʏʉʐ ɸʃʖʐʄʀʍɿʅʉʐ Ɇ ɼʏɲʆ ʐʋɸʌɸʋɲʌʃɼ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʐʋʉʍʏɼʌɿʇɻ ʏɻʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲʎ (ʏɿʅɼ ɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲʎ ɽɸʘʌʉʑʆʏɲɿ ʏɲ 20-25 mg kg-1), ʃɳʏɿ ʋʉʐ ʔɳʆɻʃɸ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉʆ Ɇ ʏʉʐ ʔʐʏʉʑ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏʉ ɲʆʏɲʄʄɳʇɿʅʉ Ⱦ (ɇʖɼʅɲ 6), ɲʐʏʊ ɼʏɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌʉ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ, ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɸʀʖɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʅɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ. Ƀɿ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ʏʉʐ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼʎ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʙʎ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɳ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ. ȸ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳ ʍɲʆ ɹʆɲ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʊ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲʎ ɲʋʉɷɹʍʅɸʐʍɻʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʄʉɶɿʃʊ ʆɲ ʅɲʎ ɷʙʍɸɿ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ɳʄʄɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʍʏɻʆ ʏɸʄɸʐʏɲʀɲ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ, ʃɲɽʙʎ ʍʐʆɸʖʀɺɸɿ ʆɲ ɲʋʉɷɸʍʅɸʑɸɿ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ, ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ɻ ɸʄɳʖɿʍʏɻ ɹʘʎ ʅɻɷɲʅɿʆɼ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲ ʃɲʌʋʙʆ ɷɸʆ ɲʋʉʌʌʊʔɻʍɲʆ ʏʉ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʉ ɲʐʏʊ. ɏʍʏʊʍʉ, ɸʇɲɿʏʀɲʎ ʏʉʐ ɶɸɶʉʆʊʏʉʎ ʊʏɿ ɻ ʋʉʄʑ ʅɸɶɳʄɻ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ ɷɸʆ ɸʋɿɴɸɴɲɿʙʆɸʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ɸʐʌɼʅɲʏɲ ʏʉʐ Ⱦ ʍʏʉ ʔʐʏʊ, ɸɿʃɳɺʉʐʅɸ ʊʏɿ ɻ ʋʉʄʑ ʐʗɻʄɼ ɲʐʏɼ ʏɿʅɼ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ʄɳɽʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲʎ. ɇʖɼʅɲ 6. Ȱʆʏɲʄʄɳʇɿʅʉ Ⱦ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ.
ɇʖɼʅɲ 7. To pH ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ. Ʉʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏʉ pH ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ (ɇʖɼʅɲ 7), ʍʏɻ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ȼʉʐʄʀʉʐ ɸʀʖɸ ʏɻʆ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʅɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ. ɇʏɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʏʉʐ Ȼɲʆʉʐɲʌʀʉʐ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɸʅʋʉʏɿʍʅɹʆʉʐ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ, ɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʆʏɲʎ ʃɲɿ ɲʐʏɼ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ. ɀʊʆʉ ʏʉ pH ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ɲʆɳʅɸʍɲ ʍʏɿʎ ɷʑʉ ʅɸʏʌɼʍɸɿʎ. ȸ ʅɸɶɳʄɻ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ pH ʍʏʉ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʊ ȿʀʋɲʍʅɲ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻ ʆɿʏʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɲʅʅʘʆɿɲʃʉʑ ɲɺʙʏʉʐ ʋʉʐ ʖʉʌɻɶɼɽɻʃɸ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ɲʐʏɼ (Zao et al., 2014). Ȱʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɲ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʋʏʙʍɻ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼʍɲʅɸ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉ, ɲʄʄɳ ɸʃɸʀ ɻ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ɼʏɲʆ ʋʉʄʑ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌɻ, ʃɳʏɿ ʋʉʐ ɸʋɲʄɻɽɸʑɸɿ ʏʉ ɶɸɶʉʆʊʎ ʊʏɿ ɸʀʖɲʅɸ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲ ɲʋʉɷɹʍʅɸʐʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɲʅʅʘʆɿɲʃʉʑ Ɂ ʄʊɶʘ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʎ ʏʉʐ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ. ɏʍʏʊʍʉ, ɻ ʏɿʅɼ ʏʉʐ pH ɸʋɲʆɹʌʖɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻ ɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ. ȵʀʆɲɿ ɶʆʘʍʏʊ ʊʏɿ ɻ ʉʇʀʆɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʆɿʏʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ɹʖɸɿ ʅʊʆɿʅʉ ɲʋʉʏɹʄɸʍʅɲ ʐʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʒʋʊɽɸʍɻ ʊʏɿ ʉɿ ʌʀɺɸʎ ɷɸʆ ʋɲʌɲʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆ ʋɲʌɲɶʊʅɸʆɲ ʆɿʏʌɿʃɳ (ʄʊɶʘ ʋ.ʖ. ɹʃʋʄʐʍɼʎ ʏʉʐʎ). Ɉʊʏɸ ʉʑʏɸ ʏɲ ʋɲʌɲɶʊʅɸʆɲ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ʆɿʏʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ H+ ɷɸʆ ʋɲʌɲʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ʔʐʏɳ ʃɲɿ ɹʏʍɿ ʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʏɸʀʆɸɿ ʆɲ ʉʇɿʆʀɺɸɿ ʅɻ ɲʆʏɿʍʏʌɸʋʏɳ (Brady and Weil, 1996). ȵɷʙ ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʊʏɿ ʏɹʏʉɿɲ ʋʌʉʒʋʊɽɸʍɻ ɷɸʆ ʀʍʖʐɸ ʃɲɿ ɹʏʍɿ ʉɿ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʏʉʐ pH ɸʋɲʆɼʄɽɲʆ ʍʖɸɷʊʆ ʍʏɲ ɸʋʀʋɸɷɲ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ. 4. ɇɉɀɅȵɆȰɇɀȰɈȰ x ȸ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ɺɸʉʄʀɽʉʐ ɴɸʄʏʀʘʍɸ ʏɻʆ ɲʋʉɷʉʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ʍʏɲ ʔʑʄʄɲ, ɸʆɸʌɶʙʆʏɲʎ ʍɲʆ ɹʆɲ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲʎ ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ ʄʀʋɲʍʅɲ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʉ ɲʐʏʊ. ɇɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʊʏɿ ʏɲ ɷɹʆɷʌɲ ʍʏɻ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ȼʉʐʄʀʉʐ ɴʌʀʍʃʉʆʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲ Ɂ ʅʊʆʉ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅɴɲʏɿʃɼʎ ȿʀʋɲʆʍɻʎ. x ȳɿɲ ʏʉʆ P ʃɲɿ ʏʉ Ⱦ, ʉ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉʎ ɷɸʆ ɸʋɹʔɸʌɸ ʃɲʅʀɲ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ʘʔɹʄɸɿɲ ʍʏɲ ɷɹʆɷʌɲ. Ƀ P ɴʌʀʍʃʉʆʏɲʆ ʍɸ ʐʋɸʌɸʋɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʍɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ɲʃʊʅɲ ʃɲɿ ʍɸ ɲʐʏɼ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ. x ɇʏɻʆ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ⱦ ʍʏɲ ʔʑʄʄɲ, ʐʋɼʌʇɸ ʋʏʙʍɻ ʍʏɲ ʊʌɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʇɳʆʏʄɻʍɻʎ ʍʏɻ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ȼɲʆʉʐɲʌʀʉʐ. x ɇʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʅɸʏɳ ɲʋʊ ʋɸʌʀʋʉʐ ɹʆɲ ʖʌʊʆʉ, ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌʉ ɁɃ3-Ɂ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺɸɿ ɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ. Ƀ P ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʋɲʌɲʅɹʆɸɿ ʍɸ ɸʋɲʌʃɼ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɳ ʅɲʎ ɹʆɲ ʖʌʊʆʉ ʅɸʏɳ, ɲʃʊʅɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲ. Ɉʉ ɸɷɲʔɿʃʊ Ⱦɳʄɿʉ ɹʖɸɿ ʍɻʅɸɿʙʍɸɿ ɸʇɳʆʏʄɻʍɻ ʅɸ ɸʇɲʀʌɸʍɻ ʏɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʉʋʌɿɳʎ. x Ɉʉ pH ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʍʐʆɻɶʊʌɻʍɸ ʍʏʉ ʍʐʅʋɹʌɲʍʅɲ ʋɸʌʀ ɴʌɲɷɸʀɲʎ ɲʋʉɷɹʍʅɸʐʍɻʎ ɁɃ3-Ɂ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ ȷɸʊʄɿɽʉ.
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ȸ ȵɅȻȴɆȰɇȸ ɈɆȻɏɁ ȷɏȽȾɏɁ ȾɃɅɆɏɁ ɇɈȰ ɌɉɇȻȾɃɍȸɀȻȾȰ ɍȰɆȰȾɈȸɆȻɇɈȻȾȰ
ȵɁɃɇ ɅȸȿɏȴɃɉɇ ȵȴȰɌɃɉɇ ȾȰɈɏ ȰɅɃ ȵȿȵȳɍɃɀȵɁȵɇ ɇɉɁȺȸȾȵɇ
ɇ. Ⱦʘʍʏʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ1, Ȳ. Ɍɲʄɹɶʃɲ2, Ⱦ. Ⱦɲʄʅʋʉʐʌʏɺɼ2, Ȱ. Ʌɲʐʄɳʏʉʐ-Ȳɸ1, 1 Ɉʉʅɹɲʎ ȵɶɶ. Ȳɸʄʏɿʙʍɸʘʆ, ȵɷɲʔ. ʃɲɿ ȳɸʘʌɶ. ɀɻʖɲʆɿʃɼʎ, Ɉʅɼʅɲ ȳɸʘʋʉʆʀɲʎ, ȰɅȺ, [email protected] 2 Ɉʉʅɹɲʎ Ɍʐʏʙʆ ɀɸɶɳʄɻʎ Ⱦɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲʎ ʃɲɿ Ƀɿʃʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ, Ɉʅɼʅɲ ȳɸʘʋʉʆʀɲʎ ȰɅȺ, 54 124, Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʉʆʀʃɻ Ʌɸʌʀʄɻʗɻ ɇɸ ɹʆɲ ʅɹʍɻʎ ʃʉʃʃʉʅɸʏʌɿʃɼʎ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻʎ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃʊ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ɸʆʍʘʅɲʏʙɽɻʃɸ ʃʊʋʌʉʎ ʋʉʐʄɸʌɿ-ʃʙʆ (Ⱦ1), ɲɿɶʉʋʌʉɴɳʏʘʆ (Ⱦ2) ʃɲɿ ɴʉʉɸɿɷʙʆ (Ⱦ3) ɶɿɲ ʆɲ ʅɸʄɸʏɻɽɸʀ ɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʏɻ ʅɸʏɲ-ɴʉʄɼ ʉʌɿʍʅɹʆʘʆ ʔʐʍɿʃʉʖɻʅɿʃʙʆ ɿɷɿʉʏɼʏʘʆ ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ɸʄɸɶʖʊʅɸʆɸʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ. ɇʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʐʋɼʌʇɸ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ Ɂ ʃɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ ʏʌɸɿʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ. Ɉʉ ʋʌʉʍʏɿɽɹʅɸʆʉ Ɂ ʍʏʉ ɹ-ɷɲʔʉʎ ʃɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ ʏʌɸʀʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ, ʋʌʉɹʌʖʉʆʏɲʆ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɁɃ3-Ɂ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʅʊʆʉ ɻ Ⱦ1 ʋʌʉʍɹɽɸʍɸ ɸʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ ʅɿʃʌɼ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲ Ɂ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ Ɂȸ4-Ɂ.Ƀ Ɇ, ʏʉ Ⱦ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ Na ʋʉʐ ɸʄɸʐɽɸʌʙɽɻʃɲʆ ʃɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʏʌɸɿʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ. ɇʏɻʆ ɲʌʖɼ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ, ʉɿ Ⱦ1 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ2 ʍʐʆɹɴɲʄʄɲʆ ʍʏʉ ʍʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʊ 2-1 mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ. ȳɿɲ ʏɿʎ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3, ɴʌɹɽɻʃɸ ɽɸʏɿʃɼ ʍʐʅʅɸʏɲɴʉʄɼ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏɻʎ ɲʑʇɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʉʑ C ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɲ) ʏɻʎ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍʏɻ ɷɿɲɴʌʉʖɼ ɼ ɴ) ʏɻʎ ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ, ʏʘʆ 2-1 mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ. ȿɹʇɸɿʎ ʃʄɸɿɷɿɳ: Aʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ/ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ Ɂ, Ɇ, Ⱦ , ȴʐʆɲʅɿʃɼ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻʎ, Ⱦʊʋʌʉʎ (ʋʉʐʄɸʌɿʃʙʆ, ɲɿɶʉʋʌʉɴɳʏʘʆ, ɴʉʉɸɿɷʙʆ)THE EFFECT OF THREE ANIMAL MANURES ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF A LOAMY SOIL UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
S. Kostopoulou1, V. Falega2, K. Kalbourtzi2, A. Pavlatou-Ve1,
1
Dep. of Hydraulics, Soil Science and Agr. Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, AUTh, 54124 Thessaloniki, [email protected]
2
Dep. of Field Crops and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, AUTh, 54124 Thessaloniki Abstract
Three animal manures (poultry-K1, sheep-K2 and cattle-K3) were incorporated in a loamy agricultural soil in order to study their contribution to the change of some physicochemical soil properties under controlled conditions. In the end of three months of incubation, N min-eralization was found for all three manures. Soil N increase originated from NO3-N inputs
from the three manures and only K1 contributed with a small amount of NH4-N, in addition.
The mineralized nutrients of P, K and Na were immobilized in the soil for all three manures. In the beginning of the incubation, K1 and K2 contributed to the formation of 2-1 mm aggre-gates. For K2 and K3, a positive linear correlation was found between organic C increase dur-ing the incubation and a) aggregate stability or b) clay flocculation, of the 2-1 mm aggre-gates.
Key words: Immobilization/mineralization N, P, K, Aggregation dynamics, Manure (poultry,
1. ȵȻɇȰȳɏȳȸ
ȸ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ɼ ʏɻʆ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃɼʎ ʉʐʍʀɲʎ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳ-ʔʉʐʎ ʍɸ ɹʆɲ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃʊ ʉɿʃʉʍʑʍʏɻʅɲ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʅɿɲ ɷɿɲɷɸɷʉʅɹʆɻ ʋʌɲʃʏɿʃɼ ʍɸ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ ʅɹʌɻ ʏʉʐ ʃʊʍʅʉʐ. ȵʀʆɲɿ ɹʆɲʎ ɲʍʔɲʄɼʎ ʃɲɿ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʍʅɲʏɿʃʊʎ ʏʌʊʋʉʎ ɸɿʍɲɶʘɶɼʎ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʐʍʏɲʏɿ-ʃʙʆ ʏʘʆ ʔʐʏʙʆ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ (Gilly and Eghball, 2002), ɸʆʙ ʋɲʌɳʄʄɻʄɲ ɴɸʄʏɿʙʆɸɿ ʏɿʎ ʔʐʍɿʃɹʎ ʃɲɿ ʖɻʅɿʃɹʎ ɿɷɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʏʉʐ (Ayuso et al., 1996;Soumare et al., 2003;Gilly and Risse, 2000). ȸ ʅɸʄɹʏɻ ʏʘʆ ɷɿɲɷɿʃɲʍɿʙʆ ʏɻʎ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʐʍʏɲʏɿ-ʃʙʆ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ, ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ʋʌʉɴʄɸʔɽɸʀ ɻ ʃɲɽɲʌɼ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɼ ʏʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʃɲʏɳ ʍʐʆɹʋɸɿɲ ɻ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɼ ʏʉʐʎ. Ƀ ʅɸʏɲʍʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʊʎ ʊʅʘʎ ɲʐʏʙʆ ʏʘʆ ɸʄɸʑɽɸʌʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʐʍʏɲʏɿʃʙʆ ʍɸ ɷɿɲɽɹʍɿʅɲ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ ʔʐʏʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʍʐʆɼɽʘʎ ʋʉʄʑʋʄʉʃʉʎ, ɶɿɲʏʀ ɸʄɹɶʖɸ-ʏɲɿ ɴɲʍɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ɴɿʉʏɿʃʉʑʎ ʃɲɿ ɲɴɿʉʏɿʃʉʑʎ ʋɲʌɳɶʉʆʏɸʎ (Qiu et al., 2008).Ƀ ʌʐɽʅʊʎ ɸʔɲʌʅʉ-ɶɼʎ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʍɸ ɹʆɲ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃʊ ʉɿʃʉʍʑʍʏɻʅɲ ʋʌɹʋɸɿ ʆɲ ɸʄɹɶʖɸʏɲɿ ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ʋʌʉ-ɴʄɸʔʏɸʀ ɻ ʃɲɽɲʌɼ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɷʐɲʍʅʊ ʅɸ ɲʋɲɿʏɼʍɸɿʎ ʏʘʆ ʃɲʄ-ʄɿɸʌɶɸɿʙʆ ʍɸ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃɳ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ, ʆɲ ɲʋʉʔɸʐʖɽʉʑʆ ʉɿ ʃʀʆɷʐʆʉɿ ʏɻʎ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ɸɷɲʔʙʆ (Navarro Pedreno et al., 1996). ȸ ʍʑʆɽɸʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʐʍʏɲʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏɻʆ ʃʊʋʌʉ ʋʉɿʃʀʄ-ʄɸɿ, ɲʆɳʄʉɶɲ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɻʄɿʃʀɲ, ʏʉ ɸʀɷʉʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ ʔʑʄʉ ʏʉʐ ɺʙʉʐ, ʏɻʆ ɷɿɲʏʌʉʔɼ ʏʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʔʐʍɿʃɳ ʍʏʉ ʍʑʍʏɻʅɲ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɼʎ ʏɻʎ (Azeez et al., 2010) ȸ ɷʐʆɲʅɿʃɼ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻʎ ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɲʃʉʄʉʐɽɸʀ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃɼʎ ʉʐʍʀɲʎ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ, ʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿ ʏʌɸʀʎ ʔɳʍɸɿʎ: ʍʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʊ, ʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʃɲɿ ʃɲʏɳʌʌɸʐʍɻ (Tisdall and Oades, 1982). ȸ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʙʆ ʐʋʉʄɸɿʅʅɳʏʘʆ ʍʏɻ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʘʆ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ɸʇɲʌʏɳʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɲʌʖɿʃɼ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʑʆɽɸʍɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʆ ʄʊɶʉ C/N (Le Guillou et al., 2011). ȸ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ɸʑʃʉʄɲ ɲʋʉɿʃʉɷʉʅɼʍɿʅʘʆ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʙʆ ʐʋʉʄɸɿʅʅɳʏʘʆ ʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʀ ʍɸ ʏɲʖɸʀɲ ʃɲɿ ʐʗɻʄɼ ɲʄʄɳ ʋɲʌʉɷɿʃɼ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏɻʎ ɷʉʅɼʎ, ɸʆʙ ʐʋʉʄɸʀʅʅɲʏɲ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌʉʐ C/N ɹʖʉʐʆ ʍʏɲɷɿɲʃʊ ʃɲɿ ɻʋɿʊʏɸʌʉ ɲʄʄɳ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻʎ ʖʌʉʆɿʃɼʎ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲʎ ɲʋʉ-ʏɹʄɸʍʅɲ (Abiven et al., 2009). Ƀ ʖʌʊʆʉʎ ʃɲɿ ɻ ʐɶʌɲʍʀɲ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ɸʋɻʌɸɳɺʉʐʆ ɸʋʀʍɻʎ ʏɻ ɷʐ-ʆɲʅɿʃɼ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻʎ. ɇʑʅʔʘʆɲ ʅɸ ʏʉʐʎ Wuddivira et al. (2009), ɻ ɸʋʙɲʍɻ ʍɸ ʐɶʌɲ-ʍʀɲ ʀʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʐɷɲʏʉʖʘʌɻʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ, ɸɷɲʔʙʆ ʏʘʆ ʉʋʉʀʘʆ ɸʀʖɸ ɷɿɲʏɲʌɲʖɽɸʀ ɻ ɷʉʅɼ, ɸʐʆʊɻʍɸ ʏɻ ʍʑʆɷɸʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɸɷɲʔɿʃʙʆ ʏɸʅɲʖɿɷʀʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɷʉʅɼʎ, ɲʆɸʇɳʌʏɻʏɲ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ɼ ʅɻ, ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ɴʉʉɸɿɷʙʆ. Ƀɿ ʃʑʌɿʉɿ ʍʏʊʖʉɿ ɲʐʏɼʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʆɲ ʅɸʄɸʏɻɽɸʀ, ʅɸʏɳ ɲʋʊ ɸʆʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻ ʍɸ ɹʆɲ ʅɹʍɻʎ ʃʉʃʃʉʅɸʏʌɿʃɼʎ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻʎ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃʊ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʏʌɿʙʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃʙʆ ɸɿɷʙʆ ɺʘʁʃɼʎ ʃʊ-ʋʌʉʐ: (1) ɻ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ/ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ Ɂ, Ɇ, Ⱦ ʃɲɿ Na ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ, (2) ɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʏʉʐʎ ʘʎ ʋɻɶɼ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ʃɲɿ (3) ɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʏɻ ʍʑʆɷɸʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʏɸʅɲʖɿɷʀʘʆ ɲʌ-ɶʀʄʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ, ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ɸʄɸɶʖʊʅɸʆɸʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ ɽɸʌʅʉʃʌɲʍʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʐɶʌɲʍʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʖʌʉʆɿʃʊ ɷɿɳʍʏɻʅɲ ʀʍʉ ʅɸ ʏʌɸɿʎ ʅɼʆɸʎ. 2. ɉȿȻȾȰ ȾȰȻ ɀȵȺɃȴɃȻ 2.1.ɍɲʌɲʃʏɻʌɿʍʏɿʃɳ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ȶʆɲ ʅɹʍɻʎ ʃʉʃʃʉʅɸʏʌɿʃɼʎ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻʎ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃʊ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʍʐʄʄɹʖɽɻʃɸ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ Ȳʊʌɸɿɲ ȵʄʄɳɷɲ (ɲɶʌʊʃʏɻʅɲ ɷ.ɷ. ɇʀʆɷʉʐ Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʉʆʀʃɻʎ), ɲɸʌʉʇɻʌɳʆɽɻʃɸ, ʄɸɿʉʏʌɿɴɼɽɻʃɸ ʃɲɿ ʃʉʍʃɿʆʀʍʏɻʃɸ ʅɸ ʃʊʍʃɿʆʉ ɷɿɲʅɹʏʌʉʐ ʉʋʙʆ 2 mm. Ɉɲ ʔʐʍɿʃʉʖɻʅɿʃɳ ʖɲʌɲʃʏɻʌɿʍʏɿʃɳ ʏʉʐ ɼʏɲʆ: pH ʀʍʉ ʅɸ 8,07 (1:2,5 ɹɷɲʔʉʎ/ʆɸʌʊ), CaCO3 1,54%, O.Oʐ. 0,97% (Walkley et al., 1934), 5,25 mg NH4-N ʃɲɿ
15,84 mg NO3-N Kg-1 (ɸʃʖʑʄɿʍɻ ʅɸ KCl), 43,05 mg P Kg-1 (Olsen and Sommers, 1982) ʃɲɿ
ɲ-ʆʏɲʄʄɳʇɿʅɲ ʃɲʏɿʊʆʏɲ Ɂa+ (0,24), K+ (0,41), Mg2+(1,17), Ca2+ (22,27) cmol Kg-1, ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɲ (ɸʃ-ʖʑʄɿʍɻ ʅɸ ɷɿɳʄʐʅɲ CH3COONH4 1M pH 7) (Thomas, 1982).
Ɉɲ ʏʌʀɲ ɸʀɷɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ʋʉʐ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɲʆ ɼʏɲʆ: ʃʊʋʌʉʎ ʋʉʐʄɸʌɿʃʙʆ (Ⱦ1), ɲɿɶʉʋʌʉɴɳ-ʏʘʆ (Ⱦ2 ) ʃɲɿ ɴʉʉɸɿɷʙʆ (Ⱦ3) ʃɲɿ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɲʆ ʘʎ ʋʌʉʎ ʏɻ ʖɻʅɿʃɼ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʆ ʄʊɶʉ C/N.
Ʌʌɿʆ ʏɻʆ ɸʆʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ, ʉɿ ʃʊʋʌʉɿ ɲɸʌʉʇɻʌɳʆɽɻʃɲʆ, ʄɸɿʉʏʌɿɴɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʃɲɿ ʃʉ-ʍʃɿʆʀʍʏɻʃɲʆ (<2mm). Ɉɲ ʔʐʍɿʃʉʖɻʅɿʃɳ ʖɲʌɲʃʏɻʌɿʍʏɿʃɳ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʔɲʀʆʉʆʏɲɿ ʍʏʉʆ Ʌʀʆ. 1.
Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 1. Ɍʐʍɿʃʉʖɻʅɿʃɳ ʖɲʌɲʃʏɻʌɿʍʏɿʃɳ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ Ⱦ1, Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3
ʃʉʋʌɿɳ pH(H2O) EC25oC O.O C C/N N P K Na
mS/cm % % % ʃ.ɴ % ʃ.ɴ % ʃ.ɴ % ʃ.ɴ
Ⱦ1 8,06 6,69 39a 19,5a 15a 1,3c 3,00b 5,33c 0,95c
Ⱦ2 7,22 6,39 85c 42,5c 106c 0,4a 0,62a 0,37a 0,22a
Ⱦ3 7,39 2,75 70b 35,0b 43b 0,8b 1,03a 3,21b 0,67b ɀɹʍʉɿ ʊʌʉɿ ʅɹʍɲ ʍɸ ʅʀɲ ʍʏɼʄɻ, ʋʉʐ ɲʃʉʄʉʐɽʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʀɷɿʉ ɶʌɳʅʅɲ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʐʆ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃʙʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ. 2.2. Ʌɸɿʌɳʅɲʏɲ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ Ƀɿ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʏʉʐ ʋɸɿʌɳʅɲʏʉʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʏɹʍʍɸʌɿʎ. Ƀ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲʎ (ɀ), ɷɻʄɲɷɼ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʖʘʌʀʎ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ, ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʅɸ (Ⱦ1), ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʅɸ (Ⱦ2) ʃɲɿ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʅɸ (Ⱦ3). Ƀɿ ɸʋɲʆɲʄɼʗɸɿʎ ʃɳ-ɽɸ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʏʌɸʀʎ. Ɉʉ ʋɸɿʌɲʅɲʏɿʃʊ ʍʖɹɷɿʉ ɼʏɲʆ ʏʉ ʋʄɼʌɸʎ ʏʐʖɲɿʉʋʉɿɻʅɹʆʉ. ɇɸ ɷʉʖɸʀʉ ʋʉʐ ɹʃʄɸɿʆɸ ɲɸʌʉʍʏɸɶʙʎ ʏʉʋʉɽɸʏɼɽɻʃɲʆ 200 g ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ɸʆʍʘʅɲʏʙɽɻʃɸ ʉʅʉɿʉɶɸʆʙʎ 1 g ʃʊʋʌʉʐ. Ʌʌʉʍʏɹɽɻʃɸ ɲʋɸʍʏɲɶʅɹʆʉ ʆɸʌʊ ʍɸ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲ ʀʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ 40% ʏɻʎ ʐ-ɷɲʏʉʖʘʌɻʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ. Ɉʉ ʍʐʆʉʄɿʃʊ ɴɳʌʉʎ ʃɲʏɲɶʌɳʔɻʃɸ ʃɲɿ ɻ ʐɶʌɲʍʀɲ ɷɿɲʏɻ-ʌʉʑʆʏɲʆ ʍʏɲɽɸʌɼ ʍɸ ʊʄɻ ʏɻ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏʉʐ ʋɸɿʌɳʅɲʏʉʎ ʅɸ ɺʑɶɿʍɻ ʃɲɿ ɲʆɲʋʄɼʌʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɲ-ʔʉʌɳʎ ʅɸ ʆɸʌʊ. Ɉʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ɸʋʘɳʍʏɻʃɸ ɸʋʀ 93 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ (Pansu and Thuries, 2003) ʍɸ ʍʏɲɽɸʌɼ ɽɸʌʅʉʃʌɲʍʀɲ 25 OC ±1. Ⱦɳɽɸ 15 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ, ɷɻʄɲɷɼ ʏɻʆ 1, 14, 28, 42, 62, 76, 93ɻ ʅɹʌɲ, ɶɿʆʊʏɲʆ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʅɸʏɳ ɲʋʊ ɲʆɳʅɸɿʇɻ ʏʉʐ ʅɸʀɶʅɲʏʉʎ. Ȱʃʉʄʉʐɽʉʑʍɸ ʉ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʊʎ ʏʘʆ ɁɃ3-Ɂ, Ɂȸ4-Ɂ, Ɇ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ɲʆʏɲʄʄɲʇʀʅʘʆ ʃɲʏɿʊʆʏʘʆ Ɂa+, K+. Ƀɿ ʅɹɽʉɷʉɿ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʉʑ ʏʘʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ɼʏɲʆ ʉɿ ʀɷɿɸʎ ʋʉʐ ɹɶɿʆɲʆ ʍʏʉ ɲʌʖɿʃʊ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ. Ɉʉ ʀɷɿʉ ʋɸʀʌɲʅɲ ɸʋɲʆɲʄɼʔɽɻʃɸ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʊ ʉʌɿʍʅɹʆʘʆ ʔʐʍɿʃʙʆ ɿɷɿʉʏɼʏʘʆ, ʅɸ ʏɻ ʅʊʆɻ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʊʏɿ ʉɿ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɸʎ ʋʌɲɶʅɲʏʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʖʘʌʀʎ ɲʆɳʅɸɿʇɻ ʏʉʐ ʅɸʀɶʅɲʏʉʎ ʋʌʉʎ ɲʋʉʔʐɶɼ ɲʄʄʉʀʘʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɷʐʆɲʅɿʃɼʎ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻʎ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲ-ʍɻʎ. ɇɸ ʃɳɽɸ ɷɸɿɶʅɲʏʉʄɻʗʀɲ ʍʐʄʄɹɶʉʆʏɲʆ 20 g ɷɸʀɶʅɲʏʉʎ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ ɷʉʖɸʀʉ ʃɲɿ ɲɸʌʉʇɻʌɲʀʆʉ-ʆʏɲʆ ɸʋʀ 7 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ. ɇʏɻ ʍʐʆɹʖɸɿɲ, ʏʉ ɷɸʀɶʅɲ ʋɸʌʆʉʑʍɸ ɲʋʊ ʃʊʍʃɿʆɲ ɷɿɲʅɹʏʌʉʐ ʉʋʙʆ 2 ʃɲɿ 1 mm ʃɲʏɳ ʍɸɿʌɳ. ɇʏɲ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʙʅɲʏɲ ʅɸɶɹɽʉʐʎ 1-2 mm ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌʀʍɽɻʃɲʆ: 1) ɻ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃɼ ʉʐʍʀɲ (Ƀ.Ƀʐ.) 2) ʏʉ % ʃ.ɴ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʊ ʏʉʐʎ, 3) ɻ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɳ ʏʉʐʎ ʍʏɻ ɷɿɲɴʌʉʖɼ (ɇɇ)(Nimmo and Perkins, 2002)ʃɲɿ4) ɻ ɽʌʉʅɴʘʅɹʆɻ ɳʌɶɿʄʉʎ ʘʎ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʊ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɲʋɸʌɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍʏʉ ʔʘʎ (Ɉ) (Thellier and Sposito, 1989) ɸʆʊʎ ʐɷɲʏɿʃʉʑ ɲɿʘʌɼʅɲʏʉʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ʏʉ ʉʋʉʀʉ ʋɲʌɲʄɲʅɴɲʆʊ-ʏɲʆ ʅɸʏɳ ɲʋʊ ɼʋɿɲ ɲʆɲʏɳʌɲʇɻ ɲɿʘʌɼʅɲʏʉʎ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ-ʆɸʌʉʑ (1:15) ʃɲɿ ʃɲɽʀɺɻʍɻ. 2.3. ɇʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɲʆɳʄʐʍɻ ȸ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɲʆɳʄʐʍɻ ɹɶɿʆɸ ʅɸ ʏɻ ɴʉɼɽɸɿɲ ʏʉʐ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃʉʑ ʋɲʃɹʏʉʐ STATGRAPHICS. ɇʏɲ ʋɸɿʌɲʅɲʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ɸʔɲʌʅʊʍɽɻʃɸ ȰNOVA ʅɸ ʃʌɿʏɼʌɿʉ (LSD) ʍɸ Ɇ< 0,05 ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɸʑ-ʌɸʍɻ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃɳ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʙʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌʙʆ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʋɸɿʌɲʅɲʏɿʃʙʆ ɷɸɷʉʅɹʆʘʆ. 3. ȰɅɃɈȵȿȵɇɀȰɈȰ ȾȰȻ ɇɉȷȸɈȸɇȸ 3.1. ɍɻʅɿʃɹʎ ɿɷɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ɀɸʄɸʏɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʉɿ ʅɸʏɲɴʉʄɹʎ ʏɻʎ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ Ɂ, (ɁɃ3- ʃɲɿ Ɂȸ4+), Ⱦ, Ɇ, ʃɲɿ Ɂa ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʏʌɿʙʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ K1, K2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ.
Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 2. Ȱʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ/ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ* ʏʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ Ɂ, ɁɃ3-Ɂ, Ɂȸ4-Ɂ, Ɇ,
Ⱦ ʃɲɿ Na ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ Ⱦ1, Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ʍɸ ʖʌʊʆʉ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ 14-96 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ
N NO3-N NH4-N P K Na
g Kg-1 C ʃʊʋʌʉʐ
t ɸʋʙɲʍɻ 14-96 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ
K1 9,427b 6,950a 2,472a -25,650a -118,248a -55,760b
K2 1,086a 1,807a -0,721a -2,890b -14,844a -2,180a
K3 0,287a 1,840a -1,550a -1,342b -10,408a -2,990a *ȸ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ/ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʐʋʉʄʉɶʀʍɽɻʃɸ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʏʘʆ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸʘʆ ʏʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ʍʏʉ ʖʌʊʆʉ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ 96 ɻʅɸʌʙʆ ʅɸʀʉʆ ʏɿʎ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸɿʎ ʏʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ʍʏʉ ʖʌʊʆʉ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ 14 ɻʅɸʌʙʆ. **ɀɹʍʉɿ ʊʌʉɿ ʅɹʍɲ ʍɸ ʅʀɲ ʍʏɼʄɻ, ʋʉʐ ɲʃʉʄʉʐɽʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʀɷɿʉ ɶʌɳʅʅɲ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʐʆ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃʙʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿ-ʃɳ. Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 3. Ɇʐɽʅʊʎ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ g Kg-1 C ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ɻʅɹʌɲ-1 (k), Ɂ, (Ɂȸ4-Ɂ, ɁɃ3-Ɂ), Ɇ, Ⱦ ʃɲɿ Na ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ Ⱦ1, Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ʍɸ ʖʌʊʆʉ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ 14-96 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ ʃʉʋʌɿɳ Ɂ ɁɃ3-Ɂ Ɂȸ4-Ɂ Ɇ Ⱦ Ɂa g Kg-1 C ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ɻʅɹʌɲ-1 t ɸʋʙɲʍɻ 14-96 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ Ⱦ1 0,0795 0,0678 0,0118 -0,3114 -1,0780 -0,1286 Ⱦ2 0,0149 0,0258 -0,0108 -0,0530 -0,1002 -0,0060 Ⱦ3 0,0198 0,0331 -0,0134 -0,0216 -0,1014 -0,0544 Ƀ ʌʐɽʅʊʎ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ (k) ʏʉʐ Ɂ, ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ K1, K2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ (14 ʅɹʖʌɿ 96 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ). Ƀ ʌʐɽʅʊʎ (k) ʐʋʉʄʉɶʀʍʏɻʃɸ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɸʇʀʍʘʍɻ ʅɻɷɸʆɿʃɼʎ ʏɳʇɻʎ (Ct=C0-kt ). 3.1.1. ȱɺʘʏʉ (Ɂ) ȵʋɸɿɷɼ ʃɲʏɳ ʏʉʆ ʖʌʊʆʉ 0, ɷɸʆ ɸʀʖɸ ɸʋɹʄɽɸɿ ɻ ɿʍʉʌʌʉʋʀɲ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ–ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ, ɽɲ ʋɲ-ʌʉʐʍɿɳɺɸʏɲɿ ɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʍɸ Ɂ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ɲʋʊ 14 ʅɹʖʌɿ 96 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ. ɏʎ ʉʄɿʃʊ Ɂ ʄɲʅɴɳʆɸʏɲɿ ʏʉ ɳɽʌʉɿʍʅɲ ʏʉʐ ɲʅʅʘʆɿɲʃʉʑ ʃɲɿ ʆɿʏʌɿʃʉʑ ɲɺʙʏʉʐ (ɁɃ3-Ɂ ʃɲɿ Ɂȸ4-Ɂ) ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɸʋʙɲʍɻ. Ɉʉ ɳɺʘʏʉ ʋʉʐ ʋʌʉʍʏɹɽɻʃɸ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ 14ɻ ɻʅɹʌɲ ɼʏɲʆ 14,23, 6,36 ʃɲɿ 7,71 g Ɂ Kg-1 C ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ɴʌɹɽɻʃɸ ʊʏɿ ɻ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɲɺʙʏʉʐ ʋʉʐ ʋʌʉʍʏɹɽɻʃɸ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ɼʏɲʆ 23,66, 7,44 ʃɲɿ 7,99 g Ɂ Kg-1 C ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʏʘʆ Ⱦ1, Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3, ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɲ. Ȱʋʊ ʏʉʆ Ʌʀʆɲʃɲ 2 ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʊʏɿ ɻ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ɲʐʇɼɽɻʃɸ ʍʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɿʎ ʏʌɸʀʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʃɲʏɳ 9,427, 1,086 ʃɲɿ 0,286 g Ɂ Kg-1 C ʃʊʋʌʉʐ, ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɲ. ɇʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃʙʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ Ɂ ʋɲ-ʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɻ Ⱦ1, ɸʆʙ ɻ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ɼʏɲʆ ʍʖɸɷʊʆ ʀɷɿɲ ʃɲɿ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌɻ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ Ⱦ1. Ƀɿ Alizadeh et al. (2012) ɹɷɸɿʇɲʆ ʊʏɿ ɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʎ ʋʉʐʄɸʌɿʃʙʆ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɸ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʍɻʅɲ-ʆʏɿʃɼ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲ Ɂ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʃʊʋʌʉ ɴʉʉɸɿɷʙʆ. ɇʏʉʆ Ʌʀʆɲʃɲ 3 ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʉ ʌʐɽ-ʅʊʎ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ (k) ʏʉʐ Ɂ, ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ K1, K2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3. Ƀɿ ʌʐɽʅʉʀ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ Ⱦ1, Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ɼʏɲʆ ɽɸʏɿʃʉʀ ʃɲɿ ɸʀʖɲʆ ʏɿʅɼ 0,0795, 0,0149 ʃɲɿ 0,0198 g Ɂ Kg-1 C ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ɻʅɹʌɲ-1 ʃɲɿ ɷɻʄʙʆʉʐʆ ʊʏɿ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ɸʋɿʃʌɲʏʉʑʍɸ ɻ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ʍʏɿʎ ʏʌɸɿʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ. ȸ Ⱦ1 ʋɸʌɿɸʀʖɸ ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌʉ Ɂ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 1) ʃɲɿ ʉ ʄʊɶʉʎ C/N ʏɻʎ Ⱦ1 ɼʏɲʆ C/N=15, ɲʌʃɸʏɳ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌʉʎ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3. Ȱʐʏʊ ɸʐʆʊɻʍɸ ʏɻʆ ɶʌɼɶʉʌɻ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʏʘʆ ʅɿʃʌʉʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʙʆ ʍʏɻʆ Ⱦ1 ʅɸ ɲʋʉʏɹʄɸʍʅɲ ʏɻʆ ɶʌɼɶʉʌɻ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉ-ʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ. Ɉʉ ʀɷɿʉ ɴʌɼʃɲʆ ʉɿ Pansu and Thuries (2003)
ʊʏɲʆ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʋʌʊʍɽɸʍɲʆ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ ʅɸ ʐʗɻʄɼ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ Ɂ ʃɲɿ ɲʃʊʅɲ ɴʌɼʃɲʆ ʊʏɿ ɻ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ɸʄɲʏʏʙʆɸʏɲɿ ʅɸ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʄʊɶʉʐ C/N ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʋʉʐ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉʀɻʍɲʆ. Ȱʋʊ ʏʉʆ Ʌʀʆɲʃɲ 2 ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʊʏɿ ʏʉ ʉʄɿʃʊ ɳɺʘʏʉ ʋʉʐ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɸ ʋʌʉɹʌʖʉʆʏɲʆ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ ɁɃ3-Ɂ ʃɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ ʏʌɸʀʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʅʊʆʉ ɻ Ⱦ1 ʍʐʅʅɸʏɸʀʖɸ ʅɸ ʏʉ Ɂȸ4-Ɂ ʃɲʏɳ 30% ʋɸʌʀʋʉʐ. Ȱʆ ʃɲɿ ɻ Ⱦ1 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ʋɸʌɿɸʀʖɲʆ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲ Ɇ ʃɲɿ Ⱦ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ Ⱦ2, ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏʉʐʎ Ʌʀʆɲʃɸʎ 2 ʃɲɿ 3 ʊʏɿ ʍʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʏʉʐʎ ʍɸ Ɇ ʃɲɿ Ⱦ ɷɸʆ ɼʏɲʆ ɽɸʏɿʃɼ (ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ Ɇ ʃɲɿ Ⱦ). Ȱʐʏʊ ʋɿɽɲʆʊʆ ʆɲ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʑʋɲʌʇɻ CaCO3 (1,54%) ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲ-ʔʉʎ, ɲʄʄɳ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ ɸʀɷʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ (ʋɿɽɲʆʊʆ ʆɲ ʋɸʌɿɹʖɸɿ ʉʇɸʀɷɿɲ ʃɲɿ ɴɸʌʅɿʃʉʐʄʀʏɻ). ȸ ʍʐ-ɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ Na ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʆɲ ʅɻʆ ʋʌʉʃɲʄɸʀ ʋʌʉɴʄɼʅɲʏɲ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʄʊɶʘ ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ. 3.2. Ɍʐʍɿʃɹʎ ʃɲɿ ɴɿʉʄʉɶɿʃɹʎ ɿɷɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ɀɸʄɸʏɼɽɻʃɸ ɸʋʀʍɻʎ ɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʏʘʆ ʏʌɿʙʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʍʏɻ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʅɲʃʌʉ-ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ʅɸɶɹɽʉʐʎ 2-1 mm, ʍʏɻ ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿɸʖʊ-ʅɸʆɻ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃɼ ʉʐʍʀɲ ɲʐʏʙʆ ʏʘʆ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4). 3.2.1. Ƀʌɶɲʆɿʃɼ ʉʐʍʀɲ Ⱦɲʏɳ ʏɿʎ ʋʌʙʏɸʎ 14 ɻʅɹʌɸʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʐʋɼʌʇɸ ʅʀɲ ʏɳʍɻ ɲʑʇɻʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. ʏʘʆ 2-1 mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ, ʊʅʘʎ ɷɸʆ ɴʌɹɽɻʃɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸʘʆ. ɇʏɻ ʍʐʆɹʖɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɹʘʎ ʏɻʆ 56ɻ ɻʅɹʌɲ, ɻ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʏʌɿʙʆ ɸɿɷʙʆ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ʉɷɼɶɻʍɸ ʍɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʉʑ ʏɻʎ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ. ɇʏɲ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʙʅɲʏɲ ʏʉʐ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ʍʏɲɷɿɲʃɼ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. ʃɲɽ’ ʊʄɻ ʏɻ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4). Ƀɿ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʏɻʎ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʏʌɿʙʆ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸʘʆ ʅɸ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʊʏɿ ʃɲɽʉʌʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏʉʆ ʄʊɶʉ C/N ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʊʖɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʉʐʎ ʍɸ ʉʌ-ɶɲʆɿʃʊ C. ȸ Ⱦ2 ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌʉ ʄʊɶʉ C/N ʍʐʆɸʏɹʄɸʍɸ ʍʏɻ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌɻ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. ʏʘʆ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ, ɲʄʄɳ ʏʉ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʊ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌɹʅɸɿʆɸ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʊ ʘʎ ʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ. Ȱʆʏʀɽɸʏɲ, ɻ ʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ Ⱦ1 ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌʉ ʄʊɶʉ C/N ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɲʋʊʏʉʅɻ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. ʏɻʆ 71ɻ ɻʅɹʌɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɹʔɸʌɸ ɲʋʊ ʏʉʆ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4). 3.2.2. ɇʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʊʎ ʅɲʃʌʉʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ (2-1 mm) Ɉʉ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʊ (% ʃ.ɴ.) ʏʘʆ 2-1 mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɿʎ ʏʌɸʀʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʅɸ ʃʊʋʌʉ ɲʐʇɼɽɻʃɸ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɿʎ ɷʑʉ ʋʌʙʏɸʎ ɸɴɷʉʅɳɷɸʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ. ȸ ɲʑʇɻ-ʍɻ ɼʏɲʆ ɲʑʇɻ-ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ Ⱦ1 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ2 (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4). Ɉʉ ɲʐʇɻʅɹʆʉ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʊ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ 2-1 mm ʍʏɻʆ ɲʌʖɼ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʋɿɽɲʆʙʎ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʉʑ ʏʘʆ ʅʐʃɼ-ʏʘʆ ʉɿ ʉʋʉʀʉɿ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɲ ʋʌʙʏɲ ʍʏɳɷɿɲ ʏɻʎ ɲʋʉɿʃʉɷʊʅɻʍɻʎ ʅʐʃɼ-ʏʘʆ ʉʌɶɲʆɿ-ʃʙʆ ʐʋʉʄɸɿʅʅɳʏʘʆ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ. Ƀɿ ʐʔɹʎ ʏʘʆ ʅʐʃɼʏʘʆ ʍʐʅɴɳʄʄʉʐʆ ʍʏɻ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲ ʅɲʃʌʉ-ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʋɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʐʆ ʃɲɿ ʍʐɶʃʌɲʏʉʑʆ ʍʐʆɸʆʘʅɹʆɸʎ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌɸʎ ɷʉʅɿʃɹʎ ʅʉʆɳɷɸʎ. Ƀɿ Bossuyt et al. (2001), ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ɳʖʐʌʉʐ ʍɸ ʉʅʉɶɸʆʉʋʉɿɻʅɹʆʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ (<250 ʅm), ɴʌɼʃɲʆ ʊʏɿ ʉ ʍʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʊʎ ʅɲʃʌʉʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ɲʋʊ ʅɿʃʌʉʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʙʅɲʏɲ ɸʋɻʌɸɳʍɽɻʃɸ ɽɸʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʘʆ ʅʐʃɼʏʘʆ. ȸ Ⱦ2, ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ʄʊɶʘ ʏʉʐ ʐʗɻʄʉʑ C/N ɲʋʉɿʃʉɷʉʅɸʀʏɲɿ ɷʐʍʃʉʄʊʏɸʌɲ, ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺɸɿ ʅʀɲ ʏɳʍɻ ɲʐʇɻʅɹʆʉʐ ʍʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʉʑ 2-1 mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ɹʘʎ ʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ, ɲʄʄɳ ʉɿ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ɳʄʄɸʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ɷɸʆ ɼʏɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ.
Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4. ɀɸʏɲɴʉʄɼ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʖʌʊʆʉ ʏɻʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃɼʎ ʉʐʍʀɲʎ, ʏʉʐ ʋʉʍʉʍʏʉʑ, ʏɻʎ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍʏɻ ɷɿɲɴʌʉʖɼ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɲʋɸʌɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍʏʉ ʔʘʎ (ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ) ʏʘʆ 2-1mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ȸʅɹʌɸʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ 1 7 14 28 42 56 71 86 Ƀʌɶɲʆɿʃɼ ʉʐʍʀɲ (%) Ⱦ1 2,28 a 2,57 a 2,37 a 2,32 b 2,65 c 2,65 bc 1,87 b 2,00 ab Ⱦ2 2,01 a 2,41 a 2,18 a 2,24 b 2,26 b 2,39 b 2,10 c 2,18 bc Ⱦ3 2,27 a 2,40 a 2,31 a 2,39 b 2,71 c 2,77 c 2,39 d 2,22 c ɀ 1,99 a 2,11 a 1,93 a 1,86 a 1,76 a 1,84 a 1,62 a 1,89 a Ʌʉʍʉʍʏʊ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ 2-1mm (% ʃ.ɴ.) Ⱦ1 27,69 a 31,12 b 30,85 c 27,30 a 28,88 a 25,06 a 25,93 a 26,78 a Ⱦ2 25,70 a 30,22 b 29,89 bc 28,68 a 28,57 a 26,70 a 27,44 a 28,44 a Ⱦ3 26,63 a 26,52 a 27,33 ab 28,28 a 27,73 a 25,57 a 26,19 a 26,75 a ɀ 24,97 a 25,27 a 25,35 a 26,18 a 27,17 a 26,03 a 26,77 a 26,18 a ɇʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɲ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ʍʏɻ ɷɿɲɴʌʉʖɼ (%) Ⱦ1 44,44 a 68,66 c 62,48 a 73,58 b 71,78 ab 82,56 b 76,31 a 87,72 a Ⱦ2 57,44 b 66,76 bc 71,53 b 78,28 b 77,98 c 82,81 b 74,74 a 88,78 a Ⱦ3 47,91 a 65,21 ab 66,25 a 74,00 b 74,93 bc 84,56 b 74,98 a 88,89 a ɀ 59,06 b 61,90 a 62,26 a 65,65 a 67,44 a 66,81 a 71,35 a 87,12 a ȴɿɲʋɸʌɲʏʊʏɻʏɲ ʍʏʉ ʔʘʎ (%) Ⱦ1 47,25 a 47,40 a 53,90 a 62,70 b 63,15 a 67,20 ab 68,00 ab 75,35 b Ⱦ2 62,30 c 63,45 b 64,80 c 63,05 b 70,05 b 74,20 b 71,85 b 73,80 b Ⱦ3 54,70 b 57,55 b 65,65 c 63,15 b 70,50 b 73,15 b 68,95 b 68,95 a ɀ 64,80 c 62,20 b 61,30 b 60,20 a 65,55 a 62,50 a 64,10 a 69,65 a ɀɹʍʉɿ ʊʌʉɿ ʅɹʍɲ ʍɸ ʅʀɲ ʍʏɼʄɻ, ʋʉʐ ɲʃʉʄʉʐɽʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʀɷɿʉ ɶʌɳʅʅɲ ɷɸʆ ɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʐʆ ʍʏɲʏɿʍʏɿʃʙʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ. 3.2.3. ɇʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɲ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ 2-1 mm ʍʏɻ ɷɿɲɴʌʉʖɼ Ɉɻʆ ʋʌʙʏɻ ɻʅɹʌɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ, ɻ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ʙʌɿʅʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʅɸ ʖɲʅɻʄʊ C/N (Ⱦ1, Ⱦ3), ɲʌʖɿʃɳ ʐʋʉɴɲɽʅʀɺɸɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʏɻ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʘʆ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ. Ʌɲʌʉɷɿʃɼ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇɇ ɲʅɹʍʘʎ ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɸʆʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ʖʉʀʌʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʋʉʐʄɸʌɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʋɲʌɲʏɼʌɻʍɲʆ ʉɿ Barbosa et al. (2015). ɇʏɻ ʍʐʆɹʖɸɿɲ ʃɲɿ ɹʘʎ ʏɻʆ 56ɻ ɻʅɹʌɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ, ɻ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʏʌɿʙʆ ɸɿɷʙʆ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ʉɷɼɶɻʍɸ ʍɸ ʍʏɲɷɿɲʃɼ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇɇ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ʍʏɿʎ ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌɸʎ ʋɸʌɿʋʏʙʍɸɿʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4). ɇɸ ɲʐʏʊ ʏʉ ʖʌʉʆɿʃʊ ɷɿɳʍʏɻʅɲ, ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ɴʌɹɽɻʃɸ ɽɸʏɿʃɼ ɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ ʍʐʅʅɸʏɲɴʉʄɼ ʏɻʎ ɇɇ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. (Ⱦ2: y = 69,97x – 65,74 R2 = 0,89 ʃɲɿ K3: y = 30,17x – 10,22 R2 = 0,76). ȸ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɻ ʃʄʀʍɻ ʃɲɿ ʉ ʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌʉʎ ʍʐʆʏɸʄɸʍʏɼʎ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʉʑ ʏɻʎ Ⱦ2 ɷɸʀʖʆɸɿ ʊʏɿ ɲʐʏɼ ɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʎ ʅɸ ʏʉ ʐʗɻʄʊʏɸʌʉ C/N, ɸʀʆɲɿ ɻ ʋʄɹʉʆ ɿʃɲʆɼ ʍʏɻ ʍʏɲɽɸʌʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ. Ƀ ʖʌʊʆʉʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ɸʋɻʌɹɲʍɸ ɸʋʀʍɻʎ ʏɻ ɷʐʆɲʅɿʃɼ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻʎ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼ-ɽɻʃɸ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇɇ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʖʌʊʆʉ ʍɸ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ, ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʉʅɹʆʉʐ ʏʉʐ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ɹʏʍɿ ʙʍʏɸ ʍʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʆɲ ʅɻʆ ʐʋɳʌʖʉʐʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɹʎ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4). Ʌɲʌʊʅʉɿɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ɲʆɲʔɹʌʉʐʆ ʉɿ Wuddivira et al. (2009) ɶɿɲ ʏʌʀɲ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɳ ɸɷɳʔɻ. 3.2.4. Ⱥʌʊʅɴʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ȸ ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɲʋɸʌɲʏʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍʏʉ ʔʘʎ ʋʉʐ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʌʖɼ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʏʘʆ ʋʄɹʉʆ ʙʌɿʅʘʆ Ⱦ1 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲ, ɷɸʀʖʆɸɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ
ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻʎ (ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɷɿɲʍʋʉʌɳʎ). Ƀɿ Barbosa et al. (2015) ɸʋʀʍɻʎ ʋɲʌɲʏɼʌɻ-ʍɲʆ ʅɿʃʌɼʎ ʖʌʉʆɿʃɼʎ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲʎ ɷɿɲʍʋʉʌɳ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ɲʅɹʍʘʎ ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɸʆʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻ ʃʊ-ʋʌʉʐ ʖʉʀʌʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʋʉʐʄɸʌɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ. Ȱʋʊ ʏɻʆ 28ɻ ɻʅɹʌɲ ʃɲɿ ʘʎ ʏʉ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʊʄɸʎ ʏɿʎ ʅɸʏɲʖɸɿʌʀʍɸɿʎ ʅɸ ʃʊʋʌʉ, ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɼʏɲʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 4). ȸ ʅɿʃʌʊʏɸʌɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʏɻʎ Ⱦ1 ʍʏɻ ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ʋɿɽɲʆʙʎ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʐʇɻʅɹʆɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɳ ʏɻʎ ʍɸ Na+ (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 1). Ȱʋʊ ʏɻʆ 7ɻ ɹʘʎ ʏɻʆ 56ɻ ɻʅɹʌɲ, ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3 ɴʌɹɽɻʃɸ ɽɸʏɿʃɼ ɶʌɲʅʅɿʃɼ ʍʐʅʅɸʏɲɴʉʄɼ ʏɻʎ ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ Ƀ.Ƀʐ. (Ⱦ2: y = 44,45x -32,57 R2 = 0,75 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3: y = 26,06x + 0,78 R2 = 0,91). 4. ɇɉɀɅȵɆȰɇɀȰɈȰ ȸ ɸʆʍʘʅɳʏʘʍɻ ʃʊʋʌʉʐ ʋʉʐʄɸʌɿʃʙʆ (Ⱦ1), ɲɿɶʉʋʌʉɴɳʏʘʆ (Ⱦ2) ʃɲɿ ɴʉʉɸɿɷʙʆ (Ⱦ3), ʍɸ ɹʆɲ ʅɹʍɻʎ ʃʉʃʃʉʅɸʏʌɿʃɼʎ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻʎ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃʊ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ɸʄɸɶʖʊʅɸʆɸʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ, ʋʌʉʃɳ-ʄɸʍɸ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ʍʏʉ ɹɷɲʔʉʎ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʍɸɿʌɳ Ⱦ2>Ⱦ3>Ⱦ1. Ƀ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃʊʎ ʌʐɽʅʊʎ ɲʆʉʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ Ɂ ʉʔɸʀʄʉʆʏɲʆ ʍʏʉʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃʊ ʄʊɶʉ C/N ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ. ȸ ʋʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʏʌɿʙʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʋʌʉʃɳʄɸʍɸ ɲʃɿʆɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ɇ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐ Ⱦ ʋʉʐ ʋɿɽɲʆʊʆ ʆɲ ʉʔɸʀʄɸʏɲɿ ɸʃʏʊʎ ʏɻʎ ɷʌɳʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʅɿʃʌʉʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʙʆ, ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʑʋɲʌʇɻ CaCO3 ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ ɸʀɷʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ʏʉʐ ɸɷɳʔʉʐʎ. Ⱦɲɿ ʉɿ ʏʌɸʀʎ ʃʊʋʌʉɿ ʍʐʆɹɴɲʄʄɲʆ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʉʑ ɳʆ-ɽʌɲʃɲ ʏʘʆ ʅɲʃʌʉʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ (2-1 mm). Ɉʉ ʑʗʉʎ ʃɲɿ ɻ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʖʌʊʆʉ ɲʐʏɼʎ ʏɻʎ ɲʑʇɻʍɻʎ ʃɲɽʉʌʀɺɸʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏʉʆ ʄʊɶʉ C/N ʏʘʆ ʃʊʋʌʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʊʖɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʉʐʎ ʍɸ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʊ C. ɇʏɻʆ ɲʌʖɼ ʏɻʎ ɸʋʙɲʍɻʎ, ʉɿ ʃʊʋʌʉɿ Ⱦ1 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ2 ʍʐʆɹɴɲʄʄɲʆ ʍʏʉ ʍʖɻʅɲʏɿʍʅʊ 2-1 mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ. ȳɿɲ ʏɿʎ ʃʊʋʌʉʐʎ Ⱦ2 ʃɲɿ Ⱦ3, ɴʌɹɽɻʃɸ ɽɸʏɿʃɼ ʍʐʅʅɸʏɲɴʉʄɼ ʏɻʎ ʍʏɲɽɸ-ʌʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍʏɻ ɷɿɲɴʌʉʖɼ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɽʌʊʅɴʘʍɻʎ ɲʌɶʀʄʉʐ ʏʘʆ 2-1 mm ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʊ C. ȲȻȲȿȻɃȳɆȰɌȻȰ
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ȰɁȰɅɈɉɂȸ Ɉȸɇ ȲȻɃȿɃȳȻȾȸɇ ȴɆȰɇɈȸɆȻɃɈȸɈȰɇ ɉɅɃɇɈɆɏɀȰɈɃɇ ȰɁȰɅȿȰɇȸɇ
ȿȰɈɃɀȵȻɃɉ ȰɅɃ ɅȰɆȰɅɆɃȽɃɁɈȰ ɅɉɆɃȿɃɉɇȻɈȸ
ɀ. Ȱʄɻʔʌɲɶʃɼ1, ɀ. Ƀʌʔɲʆʉʐɷɳʃɻʎ2, Ȱ. Ʌɲʐʄɳʏʉʐ-Ȳɸ1, 1 ȵʌɶɲʍʏɼʌɿʉ ȵɷɲʔʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ, ȳɸʘʋʉʆɿʃɼ ɇʖʉʄɼ, Ȱ.Ʌ.Ⱥ., 54124 Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʉʆʀʃɻ, [email protected] 2 Ɉʅɼʅɲ ȴɲʍʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ & ȴɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ Ʌɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎ & Ɍʐʍɿʃʙʆ Ʌʊʌʘʆ ȴ.Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ƀʌɸʍʏɿɳɷɲ Ʌɸʌʀʄɻʗɻ ȳɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɲʆɳʋʄɲʍɻ ʄɲʏʉʅɿʃʉʑ ʖʙʌʉʐ ɲʍɴɸʍʏʊʄɿɽʉʐ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɸ ʐʋʉʍʏʌʙʅɲ ʃɳʄʐʗɻʎ ʋʉʐ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʏʉ ɲʋʊ ʅʀɶʅɲ ʋɲʌɲʋʌʉʁʊʆʏʘʆ ʋʐʌʉʄʉʐʍʀʏɻ (MnO2). ɇʏʉʆ ʐʋʊ ʃɳʄʐʗɻ ʖʙʌʉ ʔʐʏɸʑʏɻʃɲʆ ʏʌʀɲ ɷɲʍɿʃɳ ɸʀɷɻ ʋɸʑʃʉ, ʃʐʋɲʌʀʍʍɿ ʃɲɿ ʍʋɳʌʏʉ. ɇʃʉʋʊʎ ʏɻʎ ʅɸʄɹʏɻʎ ɲʐʏɼʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʆɲ ʅɸʄɸʏɻɽɸʀ ɻ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʄʉɶɿʃɼʎ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍʏʉ ʅʀɶʅɲ ʃɳʄʐʗɻʎ. ɏʎ ʅɳʌʏʐʌɲʎ (ɀ) ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɸ ʏʉ ʅʀɶʅɲ ʃɳʄʐʗɻʎ. ȸ ʅɸʄɹʏɻ ɷɿɼʌʃɸʍɸ 3 ɹʏɻ. Ⱦɲʏɳ ʏʉ 2ʉ ɹʏʉʎ ɷɸʆ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʏʘʆ ɷɸɿʃʏʙʆ ʅɿʃʌʉɴɿɲʃɼʎ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʘʎ ʋʌʉʎ ʏʉʆ ɀ, ɸʆʙ ʏʉ 3ʉ ɹʏʉʎ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼɽɻʃɸ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʘʎ ʋʌʉʎ ʏʉ 2ʉ ɹʏʉʎ, ʏɻʎ ɸɷɲʔɿʃɼʎ ɲʆɲʋʆʉɼʎ, ʏʘʆ ʔʘʍʔɲʏɳʍʘʆ (ɌȰ, ɌɃ), ʏʉʐ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃʉʑ C, ʏɻʎ ɻ Ȼ.Ȱ.Ⱦ. ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɇɇ (%). ɇʏɲ ɷɲʍɿʃɳ ɸʀɷɻ ʋʉʐ ʔʐʏɸʑʏɻʃɲʆ ɻ ʍɸɿʌɳ ʏɻʎ ɽʆɻʍɿʅʊʏɻʏɳʎ ʏʘʆ ɲʐʇɳʆɸʏɲɿ ʍʋɳʌʏʉ < ʋɸʑʃʉ < ʃʐʋɲʌʀʍʍɿ ɸʆʙ ʏʉ ʅɹʍʉ ʑʗʉʎ ʏʘʆ ʔʐʏʙʆ ɸʄɲʏʏʙʆɸʏɲɿ ʍʋɳʌʏʉ > ʃʐʋɲʌʀʍʍɿ > ʋɸʑʃʉ. ȿɹʇɸɿʎ ʃʄɸɿɷɿɳ: Ʌɲʌɲʋʌʉʁʊʆʏɲ ʋʐʌʉʄʉʐʍʀʏɻ (MnO2), ɀɿʃʌʉɴɿɲʃɼ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɲ, ɇʏɲɽɸʌʊ-ʏɻʏɲ ʍʐʍʍʘʅɲʏʘʅɳʏʘʆ, Ȱʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ɷɲʍɿʃʙʆ ʔʐʏʙʆBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY DEVELOPMENT OF PYROLUSITE’S BY-PRODUCTS
SUBSTRATE FOR QUARRY RESTORATION
M. Alifragki1, , M Orfanoudakis2, A. Pavlatou-Ve1,
1
Laboratory of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, A.U.Th., 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected]
2
Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, D.U.Th., Orestiada, Greece
Abstract
For the regeneration of the limestone quarry area we used a plant growth medium consisting of a mixture of pyrolusite by-products (MnO2). The purpose of this study was to
investigate the development of biological activity in the substrate. In the experimental area we planted three forest species: pine, cypress and broom. As a control (M) we used the substrate mixture that covers the area. The study lasted for 3 years. During the second year, no significant difference found in microbial activity indicators relative to (M), whilist in the 3rd year there was observed a significant increase relative to the 2nd year for soil respiration, phosphatases (ALP, APs), organic C, CEC, and soil aggregate stability (%). The mortality rate of forest plants species increased as follows: broom < pine < cypress and the average plant height decrease was broom > cypress > pine.
Key words: Pyrolusite by-products (MnɃ2), Microbial activity, Aggregate stability, Forest
