ÅÓθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ı ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„Ó‚ ÒÍÂÔÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÓÚÌÓÒflÚ-Òfl Í Ë‰ÂflÏ ÍËÓÌËÍË, ‡ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ Í ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍ‡Ï ÔË-ÏÂÌÂÌËfl ˝ÚËı ˉÂÈ Ì‡ Ô‡ÍÚËÍÂ. é‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ Ô˘ËÌ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÒÍÂÔÚË-ˆËÁχ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ “ÓÊË‚ÎÂÌËfl” ÍËÓ̇‚ÚÓ‚
ÌË-äËÓÌË͇ – ÏËÙ˚ Ë Â‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ 177
7. Ç Á‡˘ËÚÛ Ì‡ÛÍË
ÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ·˚· ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂ̇ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌÓ. ÑÛ„ÓÈ Ô˘Ë-ÌÓÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÍËÓÌË͇ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚ Ú Ê “ÏÂÚÓ‰˚”, ˜ÚÓ Ë ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„Ëfl. ÑÎfl β‰ÂÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ì ËÏÂ˛Ú ÒÔˆˇθÌÓ„Ó Ï‰Ë-ˆËÌÒÍÓ„Ó ËÎË ·ËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl, ÒÎÓ‚‡ “ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„Ëfl”
Ë “ÍËÓÌË͇” Á‚Û˜‡Ú ÔÓ˜ÚË Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó Ë ˝ÚËÏ Î˛‰flÏ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÒÔˆˇθÌÓ Ó·˙flÒÌflÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„Ëfl ·‡ÁËÛÂÚÒfl ̇
‚˚‚Â-ÂÌÌ˚ı ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚÓÏ Ù‡ÍÚ‡ı Ë ÒÚÓ„ÓÏ Ï‡ÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ
‡ÔÔ‡-‡ÚÂ, ‡ ÍËÓÌË͇ Î˯¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚ ÏÂÚÓ‰˚ ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË ‰Îfl ‰ÓÒ-ÚËÊÂÌËfl Á‡Ï‡Ì˜Ë‚˚ı ˆÂÎÂÈ “·ÂÒÒÏÂÚËfl”, ‡θÌÓÒÚ¸
ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ-‚ÎÂÌËfl ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ‰Ó͇Á‡Î.
ëΉÛÂÚ ÓÚÏÂÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ÍÓÏ ·ËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ Û ÍËÓ-ÌËÍË ÂÒÚ¸ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó ˛Ë‰Ë˜ÂÒÍËı, ÏӇθÌ˚ı Ë ˝Ú˘ÂÒÍËı ‡ÒÔÂÍ-ÚÓ‚, Ó·ÒÛʉÂÌË ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Á‡‰‡˜ÂÈ Ì‡¯ÂÈ ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËË.
Ç Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔËχ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÔÓÏflÌÛÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÍÌË„Â ùÚÚËÌ„Â
Ó·ÒÛʉ‡ÂÚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó ÚÓÏ, ÒΉÛÂÚ ÎË Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ·‡Í ‡ÒÚÓ„ÌÛÚ˚Ï, ÂÒÎË Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÒÛÔÛ„Ó‚ ·˚Î ÔÓ‰‚„ÌÛÚ ÍËÓÍÓÌÒ‚‡ˆËË, ËÎË Ê ҘËÚ‡Ú¸ ÊË‚Ó„Ó ÒÛÔÛ„‡ Ë ÍËÓ̇‚Ú‡ ÔÓ-ÔÂÊÌÂÏÛ ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÏË ‚
·‡ÍÂ. èÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl Ò ‰ËÒÍÛÒÒËÂÈ ÔÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ˛Ë‰Ë˜Â-ÒÍËÏ, ÏӇθÌ˚Ï Ë ˝Ú˘ÂÒÍËÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡Ï ÍËÓÌËÍË ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓ
ÍÌË-„ ùÚÚËÌÍÌË-„‡ (Ettinger, 1964), ÍÓÚÓ‡fl, ÍÓÏ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÔӘ„Ó,
ıÓÓ-¯Ó ̇ÔË҇̇ Ë, ̇ ̇¯ ‚Á„Îfl‰, ÔÓ˜ÚÂÌË ˝ÚÓÈ ÍÌË„Ë ·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ËÌÚÂÂÒÌÓ Ò ÚÓ˜ÍË ÁÂÌËfl Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚‡ Ò Á‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ë flÍËÏ ÔÓ-ËÁ‚‰ÂÌËÂÏ ÎËÚ‡ÚÛ˚, Ì „Ó‚Ófl ÛÊÂ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÊËÁ̸ Ë Î˘-ÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó ‡‚ÚÓ‡ ÍÌË„Ë (êÓ·ÂÚ‡ ùÚÚË̄‡) Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÌÂ
‚˚Á˚-‚‡Ú¸ Û‚‡ÊÂÌËfl, Í‡Í ·˚ Ì ÓÚÌÓÒËÚ¸Òfl Í ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ËÏ ÍËÓÌËÍÂ.
è‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÛÒÎÛ„Ë ÔÓ “‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌ˲ ·ÂÒÒÏÂÚËfl” ‚ÔÎÓÚ¸ ‰Ó Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó ÔÓÒΉÌÂ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÎËÒ¸ Î˯¸ ‚ ëòÄ, „·‚Ì˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ‚ ÙËÏ “ÄθÍÓ” Ë àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ äËÓÌËÍË, Ô˘ÂÏ ˝ÚË ÛÒÎÛ„Ë ÌÂθÁfl ̇Á‚‡Ú¸ ‰Â¯fi‚˚ÏË. ÑÎfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚, ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÍÓÌ-ˆÓ‚, ÔÓ‰‚„ÌÛÚ¸Òfl Á‡ÏÓÓÁÍ ‚ àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ äËÓÌËÍË, ·Û‰Û˘ËÈ ÍËÓ̇‚Ú ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ‚̇˜‡Î ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ˜ÎÂÌÓÏ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ‡. ñÂ̇
Ôӈ‰Û˚ Á‡ÏÓÓÁÍË ·Û‰ÂÚ ÎË·Ó 28 Ú˚Ò., ÎË·Ó 35 Ú˚Ò. ‰ÓÎÎ.
ëòÄ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ‚Â΢ËÌ˚ ‚ÁÌÓÒ‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Á‡Ô·ÚËÚ
˜ÂÎÓ-‚ÂÍ ÔË ‚ÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËË ‚ ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ˝ÚÓÈ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ Ì‡Á‚‡Ì̇fl ˆÂ̇ Ì ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÛÒÎÛ„Ë, ̇ÔËÏ ڇÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚Â, ÍÓ-ÚÓ˚ ÓÔ·˜Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ. àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ äËÓÌËÍË Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl-ÂÚ Ò‚ÓËÏ ˜ÎÂÌ‡Ï Î˯¸ ÛÒÎÛ„Û ÔÓ ÔÓÎÌÓÈ Á‡ÏÓÓÁÍÂ, Ô‡ÍÚË͇ Á‡-ÏÓÓÁÍË ÚÓθÍÓ ÏÓÁ„‡ (“ÌÂÈÓ”) ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ.
ÑÛ„‡fl ÙËχ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ̇ Ò„ӉÌfl¯ÌËÈ ‰Â̸ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÎˉÂÓÏ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÍËÓÌËÍË, – ˝ÚÓ ÛÔÓÏË̇‚¯‡flÒfl ‚˚¯Â ÙËχ “ÄθÍÓ”. ëÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓÎÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ‡ ÔÓˆÂ‰Û ÔÓ Á‡-ÏÓÓÁÍ Ú· ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ‚ “ÄθÍÓ” 150 Ú˚Ò., ‡ ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸
Á‡ÏÓ-178 ë„ÂÈ ÄÏÒÚËÒ·‚ÒÍËÈ, ë˛Á‡Ì̇ · î‡Î¸ˆË
ÓÁÍË ÚÓθÍÓ ÏÓÁ„‡ (‚ÌÛÚË „ÓÎÓ‚˚), Ú.Â. ÛÒÎÛ„‡ “ÌÂÈÓ”, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚-ÎflÂÚ 80 Ú˚Ò. ‰ÓÎÎ. ëòÄ.
ç‡ Ò„ӉÌfl¯ÌËÈ ‰Â̸ ‚ àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ äËÓÌËÍË ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔË ÚÂÏÔ‡ÚÛ ÊˉÍÓ„Ó ‡ÁÓÚ‡ ÓÍÓÎÓ 75 ÍËÓ̇‚ÚÓ‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÓÍÓÎÓ 40 Ëı ÔËÚÓψ‚ (ÍÓ¯ÂÍ Ë ÒÓ·‡Í). “ÄθÍÓ” Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÓı‡Ìfl-ÂÚ ‚ ÊˉÍÓÏ ‡ÁÓÚ ÓÍÓÎÓ 75 ÍËÓ̇‚ÚÓ‚, Ô˘ÂÏ ·óθ¯‡fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸
Ëı ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË “ÌÂÈÓ”. Ç ˝ÚÓÈ Ò‚flÁË ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÁ‚Û˜ËÚ¸
‚ÓÔÓÒ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÛÊ ÔÓ‰ÌËχÎÒfl 5 ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ ̇ ÒÚ‡Ìˈ‡ı
Ú‡ÍÓ-„Ó Û‚‡Ê‡ÂÏÓÚ‡ÍÓ-„Ó ÓÚ˜ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÚ‡ÍÓ-„Ó ÔÂËӉ˘ÂÒÍÓÚ‡ÍÓ-„Ó ËÁ‰‡ÌËfl, Í‡Í ÊÛ̇Π“ïËÏËfl Ë ÊËÁ̸”. àÏÂÌÌÓ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡Ìˈ‡ı ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÊÛ̇·
ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„Ë ËÁ ÍÓ‚ÒÍÓ„Ó àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ‡
äËÓ·ËÓÎÓ-„ËË Ë äËÓωˈËÌ˚ Ä͇‰ÂÏËË Ì‡ÛÍ ì͇ËÌ˚ ̇ÔflÏÛ˛
ÔÓÒÚ‡-‚ËÎË Ò‡Ï˚È „·‚Ì˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ: “ÔÓÒÌÛÚÒfl” ÎË “Á‡ÏÓÓÊÂÌÌ˚”?
éÚ‚ÂÚ ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚ı ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„Ó‚ ·˚Î ‚ÂҸχ ÒÍÂÔÚ˘Â-ÒÍËÏ (Ň·ËȘÛÍ, ÉˢÂÌÍÓ, 2001). çÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎfl˛˘ËÈ ÔÓ„ÂÒÒ ‚ ‰ÂΠÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ÍËÓ·‡ÌÍÓ‚ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ÍÎÂÚÓÍ Ë ˝Ï·Ë-ÓÌÓ‚, ÌÓ Ë Ó„‡ÌÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ì‡·Î˛‰‡ÎÒfl Á‡ 5 ÎÂÚ, Ôӯ‰¯Ëı ÒÓ
‚ÂÏÂÌË ÛÔÓÏflÌÛÚÓÈ ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËË, Ï˚ ‡Á‰ÂÎflÂÏ ˝ÚÓÚ ÒÍÂÔÚˈËÁÏ
‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË Â‡ÎËÒÚ˘ÌÓÒÚË ÓÊË‚ÎÂÌËfl ÍËÓ̇‚ÚÓ‚ ‰‡Ê ‚
·Û-‰Û˘ÂÏ. ùÚ‡ ˆÂθ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ë ‚ ̇¯Ë ‰ÌË ÔÓ-ÔÂÊÌÂÏÛ Ú‡ÍÓÈ Ê ËÎβÁÓÌÓÈ, Í‡Í Ó̇ ·˚· ·ÓΠ40 ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ̇ÔËÒ‡-ÌËfl ùÚÚËÌ„ÂÓÏ Â„Ó ÍÌË„Ë. ëÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ÏÂÚÓ‰˚ ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚-ÌÓÈ ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË Ë ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó ÍÎÓÌËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛Ú
ÔÓÎÛ-˜ËÚ¸ ÔÓÚÓÏÒÚ‚Ó Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÚ ÊË‚Ó„Ó, ÌÓ Ë ÓÚ ÏÂÚ‚Ó„Ó
ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ-„Ó, Ӊ̇ÍÓ ˝ÚË ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Ì fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ ÍËÓÌËÍË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÓËÂÌÚËÓ‚‡Ì‡ ËÒÍβ˜ËÚÂθÌÓ Ì‡ ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌË “΢ÌÓ-ÒÚË”, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ Ô‡ÍÚËÍ ҂ӉËÚÒfl Í Á‡ÏÓÓÁÍ ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ú·
Ë, ÔÂʉ ‚Ò„Ó, „ÓÎÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÏÓÁ„‡, „‰Â, Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÛÎ‡Ú‡Ï ÍË-ÓÌËÍË, ÒÓÒ‰ÓÚÓ˜ÂÌ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌÂÌÌ˚È ÓÔ˚Ú Ë “Ë̉˂ˉۇθ-ÌÓÒÚ¸” ÚÓ„Ó ËÎË ËÌÓ„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇. ç ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, ÒÓÏÌÂÌËfl,
˜ÚÓ ÛÒÔ¯̇fl Á‡ÏÓÓÁ͇ Ë ÍËÓÍÓÌÒ‚‡ˆËfl „ÓÎÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÏÓÁ„‡ Ì Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ÏË ÔË ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÏ ÛÓ‚Ì ‡Á‚ËÚËfl ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËÈ.
óÚÓ Ê ‚ÒÂ-Ú‡ÍË Ú‡ÍÓ ÍËÓÌË͇, ÂÒÎË ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÓ ÒÎÓÊÌÓ fl‚ÎÂÌË ̇ ÔÓÒÚÓÈ ÓÒË “ıÓÓ¯Ó – ÔÎÓıÓ”? ïÓÓ¯Ó ÎË,
˜ÚÓ Î˛‰Ë, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ÂflÚ ‚ ̇ۘÌÓ-ÚÂıÌ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÔÓ„ÂÒÒ Ë ‚ ÚÓ,
˜ÚÓ Û ÍËÓÌËÍË ÂÒÚ¸ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÂ, ËÌ‚ÂÒÚËÛ˛Ú ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÍÛÔÌ˚ ÒÛÏÏ˚ ‚ “ÍËÓÍÓÌÒ‚‡ˆË˛” Ò‚ÓËı ÚÂÎ? ëΉÛÂÚ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ
ÒÛ-˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó Î˛‰ÂÈ ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÏÛ ÁÂÏÌÓÏÛ ¯‡Û,
ÍÓÚÓ-˚ ËÌ‚ÂÒÚËÛ˛Ú ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Ò‚ÓËı Ò‰ÒÚ‚ ‚ ËÒÍÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÔË-flÚËfl; Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ, ÍËÓÌË͇ Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÏ˚ÒΠÛÌË-͇θÌ˚Ï fl‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ. åÓÊÌÓ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Û‚ÂÂÌÌÓ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ó ÚÓÏ,
äËÓÌË͇ – ÏËÙ˚ Ë Â‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ 179
7*
˜ÚÓ Û ÚÂı ÍËÓ̇‚ÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ·˚ÎË Á‡ÏÓÓÊÂÌ˚ ‰Ó ÒËı ÔÓ
¯‡ÌÒ˚ ·˚Ú¸ “ÓÊË‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË” ÌÛ΂˚Â. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ
‚ÂÍÓ‚ ËÎË Ú˚Òfl˜ÂÎÂÚËÈ ÓÌË ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯ËÏ
Ò‚Ë-‰ÂÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ËÁ Ò·fl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎË Î˛‰Ë ‚ XX–XXI ‚‚., ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÏÓÙÓÎӄ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡ ˝ÚËı ÚÂÎ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÓı‡ÌÂ̇
‚ ÊˉÍÓÏ ‡ÁÓÚ ӘÂ̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó. ëΉÛÂÚ ÓÚÏÂÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ̇¯Â
‚ÂÏfl Û ‡ÌÚÓÔÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ì‡ÛÍË ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ËÌÚÂÂÒ Í Ì‡¯ËÏ Ô‰͇Ï, ÊË‚¯ËÏ ‚ ‰ÓËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍË ‚ÂÏÂ̇. é· ˝ÚÓÏ Ò‚Ë‰ÂÚÂθ-ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ˆÂ·fl ÒÂËfl ̇ۘÌ˚ı ‡·ÓÚ ‚ Ò‚flÁË Ò Ó·Ì‡ÛÊÂ-ÌËÂÏ Ú‡Í Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÏÓ„Ó “ΉflÌÓ„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇”, ÔÓ„Ë·¯Â„Ó ÓÍÓÎÓ 5300 ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ Ë ÔÂ͇ÒÌÓ ÒÓı‡ÌË‚¯Â„ÓÒfl ‚ Á‡ÏÓÓÊÂÌÌÓÏ ÒÓ-ÒÚÓflÌËË ‚Ó Î¸‰Û. “ã‰flÌÓÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ” ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ Ó·Ì‡ÛÊÂÌÌ˚È ‚ Äθԇı ‚ 1991 „., ·˚Î ‚ÒÂÒÚÓÓÌÌ ËÒÒΉӂ‡Ì Ò ÔËÏÂÌÂÌËÂÏ
‚ÒÂı ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌ˚ı ‚ ̇¯Â ‚ÂÏfl ̇ۘÌ˚ı ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚, Ë ËÏÂÂÚÒfl
Ó·-¯Ë̇fl ÎËÚ‡ÚÛ‡, ÔÓÒ‚fl˘ÂÌ̇fl ˝ÚÓÏÛ Â‰ÍÓÏÛ Ò‚Ë‰ÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Û ÔÓ¯Î˚ı Ú˚Òfl˜ÂÎÂÚËÈ (ÒÏ., ̇ÔËÏÂ, Murphy et al., 2003 ‚ ͇˜Â-ÒÚ‚Â Ó·ÁÓ‡). ëÓı‡ÌÂÌË ‚ ÊˉÍÓÏ ‡ÁÓÚ ÏÓÙÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ Ú· „Ó‡Á‰Ó ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ‚Ó Î¸‰Û, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ı‡-Ìfl˘ËÂÒfl ‚ ÒÓÒÛ‰‡ı “ÄθÍÓ‡” Ë àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ‡ äËÓÌËÍË ÍËÓ̇‚Ú˚
ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸ ÌÂÓˆÂÌËÏÛ˛ ÛÒÎÛ„Û ‡ÌÚÓÔÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ì‡ÛÍÂ
·Û‰Û˘Â„Ó.
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ñÂθ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËË Á‡Íβ˜‡Î‡Ò¸ ‚ Ó·ÁÓ ÍËÓ·ËÓÎӄ˘Â-ÒÍËı ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌËÈ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ·‡ÁÓ‚˚ı ˉÂÈ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÁËʉÂÚÒfl ÍËÓÌË͇. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ï˚ ËÒıÓ‰ËÎË ËÁ ̇¯Â„Ó ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÌË-χÌËfl ÓÒÌÓ‚ ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË Ë ÍËÓÌËÍË Ë ÓÔ˚Ú‡ ÔËÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÌÂÍÓ-ÚÓ˚ı ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚ ÍËÓ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË ‚ ̇¯ÂÈ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ Ô‡ÍÚËÍÂ
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Í‡Í ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌ˲ ËÒ˜ÂÁ‡˛˘Ëı ‚ˉӂ ÏÎÂÍÓÔËÚ‡˛˘Ëı // éÌÚÓ„ÂÌÂÁ.
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