Philip Freneau, 1752-1832
• ロマン派の先駆けとなる。
• 「アメリカ革命の詩人」と称された。
• フランス系の商人の家に、ニューヨークで生ま
れる。後のプリンストン大学で神学を学ぶ。冒
険心に富み、海へしばしば出かけた。貿易船
に乗ったこともある。政治ジャーナリスト。
Philip Freneau, 1752-1832
To the Memory of the Brave
Americans
by Philip Freneau
• AT Eutaw Springs the valiant died;
Their limbs with dust are covered
o'er--Weep on, ye springs, your tearful tide;
How many heroes are no more!
• If in this wreck or ruin, they Can yet be thought to claim a tear,
O smite your gentle breast, and say
The friends of freedom slumber（眠る） here!
• Thou, who shalt trace this bloody plain,
If goodness rules thy generous breast,
Sigh for the wasted rural reign; Sign for the shepherds, sunk to rest（死んでしまった）!
• Stranger, their humble graves adorn（嘆く）;
You too may fall, and ask a tear;
'Tis not the beauty of the morn That proves the evening shall be
clear.--• They saw their injured country's woe; The flaming town, the wasted field;
Then rushed to meet the insulting foe;
They took the spear--but left the shield.
• Led by thy conquering genius, Greene（連勝のグリーン 将軍の下）,
The Britons they compelled to fly;
None distant viewed the fatal plain,
None grieved, in such a cause to
die--• But, like the Parthian（パルテ ヤ人）,famed of old, Who, flying, still their arrows threw,
These routed Britons, full as bold,
Retreated, and retreating slew（殺害した）.
Now rest in peace, our patriot band,
Though far from nature's limits thrown,
We trust they find a happier land,
A brighter sunshine of their own.
Philip Freneau –
The Wild Honey-Suckle
• Fair flower, that dost so comely grow, • Hid in this silent, dull retreat, • Untouched thy honied blossoms blow, • Unseen thy little branches greet; ...
• No roving（さまよう）foot shall crush thee here, ...
• No busy hand provoke a tear. • By Nature‘s self in white arrayed（装う）,
• She bade（命じる）thee shun（避ける）the vulgar eye,
• And planted here the gaurdian shade, • And sent soft waters murmuring by; ... • Thus quietly thy summer goes, ...
• Thy days declinging to repose（休息する）.
• Smit （打ちのめす）with those charms, that must decay, • I grieve to see your future doom;
• They died--nor were those flowers more gay, • The flowers that did in Eden bloom; ... • Unpitying frosts, and Autumn's power ... • Shall leave no vestige （跡形も残さない）of this flower. • From morning suns and evening dews
• At first thy little being came: • If nothing once, you nothing lose, • For when you die you are the same; ... • The space between, is but an hour, ... • The frail duration（はかない一生）of a flower.
「野生のすいかずら」
• 人目につかず、枯れていく花を歌い、無常観
が漂う。
• 想像力、自然の賛美、孤独やいのちのはか
なさを訴える。
• ロマン主義精神の到来を予感させる。
アメリカ文学の模索時代
• 国が独立
• 文化的にもヨーロッパから独立すべき
Washington Irving1783-1859
• ニューヨーク生まれ。弁
護士から文筆家へ。
• 婚約者の死を経験し、
生涯独身。
• メランコリックに人生の
有為転変を眺める態度
• 作品はユーモアと古き
良きアメリカを懐かしむ
心情
• 古典主義的
アーヴィング業績
• アメリカの（
）のすばらしさ
＋
• （
）の歴史の厚み
＋
• （
）を刺激する材料
＝
• ヨーロッパとアメリカの間が繋がり。
A History of New York（1809）
• ユニークな宣伝方法
• ディートリッヒ・ニッカーボッカーDietrich
Nickerbocker(ニューヨーカーの代名詞とな
る
)氏が「自分の日記を紛失した。見つけた人
には謝礼する」という広告を新聞に掲載。この
話が、ちまたの話題になった後、あの日記を
出版するというふれこみで、
A History of
New York（1809）を売り出す。
Dr. Seuss / ドクター・スース
ドクター・スースの伝記
• 『ドクター・スースの素
顔ー世界で愛されるア
メリカの絵本作家』彩流
社刊
• 大変ユニークな人物の
伝記。
読めばドンドン
スースファン
になります。
当時のニューヨーク
• １９世紀に東海岸最大の街
• １７８４から９０年までは首都
• 商業の街で、自由な雰囲気があった。
The Sketch Book
of Geoffrey Crayon
• 1829-20,３３の短編集
• The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
•
（
）
Rip Van Winkle
• 次の２０年間、Catskill山中で、眠りこけていた男の物語 • 次のアドレスに英文テキストがあります。 • http://www.bartleby.com/310/2/1.html • 次のアドレスにオーディオがあり、テキストを楽しく聞くことが できます。 • http://www.kiddierecords.com/archive/week_42.htm • ネット上の英文を読むときにはPopsisyo （http://www.popjisyo.com/WebHint/Portal.aspx）を利用す ると、知らない単語を矢印で指すだけで意味が表示されます。 これを利用して、一部だけでも原文を楽しんで下さい。
アメリカらしいプロット
• 近代世界における、最
初の女性家長制度の
国家、アメリカ、を自認
する国にふさわしい空
想物語。
• 村に帰ってみると、がみがみうるさかった女
房が死んでいる、（
）
• 男同士の一夜の酒宴によって眠りに落ちた。
＝＞美女に誘惑され、人間の経験の範囲を
超えた快楽を経験する＝＞日本のおとぎ話
• 息子が自分とそっくりに成長していた。
• 娘の息子の名前もリップで、娘は母親と同じ
ようなかかあ天下の女房になっていた。
“Rip Van Winkle” story
• Having nothing to do at home, and being arrived atthat happy age when a man can be idle with impunity, he took his place once more on the bench at the inn door, and was reverenced as one of the patriarchs of the village, and a chronicle of the old times “before the war.” It was some time before he could get into the regular track of gossip, or could be made to comprehend the strange events that had taken place during his torpor. How that there had been a revolutionary war—that the country had thrown off the yoke of old England—and that, instead of being a subject of his Majesty George the Third, he was now a free citizen of the United States.
• Rip, in fact, was no politician; the changes of states and empires made but little impression on him; but there was one species of despotism under which he had long groaned, and that was—petticoat government. Happily that was at an end; he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony, and could go in and out whenever he pleased, without dreading the tyranny of Dame Van Winkle. Whenever her name was mentioned, however, he shook his head, shrugged his shoulders, and cast up his eyes; which might pass either for an expression of resignation to his fate, or joy at his deliverance.
逃走する男の始まり
• リップは女性が責任と呼んでいるものから逃
避した最初の男性
The 3
rdUS President(1801-09):
Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826
• 建国の父の一人、ジェ
ファソンが、国家予算
の２年分、１５００万ドル
でフランスのナポレオン
より購入
• 4 ￠/1 acre（約２００
メーター四方）
• Lewis and Clarkに新
獲得領土の調査を命じ
た
The Lewis and Clark expedition
(1804-1806)
• "Left Pittsburgh this
day at 11 o'clock with
a party of 11 hands 7
of which are soldiers,
a pilot and three
young men on trial
they having proposed
to go with me
throughout the
voyage."
アメリカ史に名を残すインディアン女
性の一人（
）, 1787-1812
• a Shoshone woman • By August 1805 the corpshad located a Shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains. Sacagawea was brought in to translate, and it was discovered the tribe's chief was her brother Cameahwait.
Lewis and Clarkの取ったルート
西部、アメリカ的風景の発見
• Yellow Stone（世界初
の国立公園となる、
1872年）
Yosemite
Death Valley
James Fenimore Cooper,
1789-1851
• アメリカ小説の父。ロマ
ン主義的
• Cooperstown、大森林
地帯のニューヨーク北
西部、オトシーゴ湖周
OtsegoLake辺に広大
な領地を持つ地主の息
子。
（
）
革脚絆物語
• The Pioneers 1823, • The Last of theMochicans 1826, • The Prairie 1827, • The Pathfinder 1840, • The Deerslayer 1841 • アメリカの抱える問題を取 り上げている • 自然の法律natural lawと 市民法律civil lawの対立。 • 自然と文明の対立 – 西部開拓の発展と共に問題 になる。 • インディアンと白人の対立
• １７４０年代から１８０４
年までを舞台
• ２０代から８０歳半ばま
での（
）
（
Leather-stocking
Tales の主人公の毛皮
とり猟師
;自然を愛し,文
明を憎む者）
.
• モヒカン族の親友のチ
ンガチグック
空間のヒーロー、ナティ
• 広大な無限の空間に、
朽ち果てることなく、永
遠に生き続けるヒー
ロー
• D・H・ロレンスの評価
＝＞孤独で、ほとんど
利己心をもたない、克
己心をもち、忍耐強い
人間
外に向かうアメリカンヒーロー像
• 自己の本質的性格を貫いて生きるには絶え
ず荒野に行く（Jump off）する必要があった。
• アメリカの個人は、普通の社会の外側で人生
の出発
• 外にむかえば、自由を実現すべき環境を発
見できる。
Romantic view in the 19
thCentury
• Jean-Jaques
Rousseau
• Primitive humans,
noble savages, were
happier than modern
individuals.
高貴な野蛮人
Noble savage
• インディアン
（
Chingachgook ）と
白人（
Natty Bumpo ）が
対等
• アメリカ小説の主人公
の原型となる
• 理念やライフ・スタイル
をもとめ、自らの自由
意志により放浪する
The Last of The Last of the
Mohicans
http://www.amlit.com/mohicans/chap34.html• Chingachgook became once more the object of the common attention. He had not yet spoken, and something consolatory and instructive was expected from so renowned a chief on an occasion of such interest. Conscious of the wishes of the people, the stern and self-restrained warrior raised his face, which had latterly been buried in his robe, and looked about him with a steady eye. His firmly compressed and expressive lips then severed, and for the first time during the long ceremonies his voice was distinctly audible. Why do my brothers mourn? he said, regarding the dark race of dejected warriors by whom he was environed; why do my daughters weep?
• that a young man has gone to the happy
hunting-grounds; that a chief has filled his time
with honor? He was good; he was dutiful; he
was brave. Who can deny it? The Manitou had
need of such a warrior, and He has called him
away. As for me, the son and the father of
Uncas, I am a blazed pine, in a clearing of the
pale faces. My race has gone from the shores of
the salt lake and the hills of the Delawares. But
who can say that the serpent of his tribe has
forgotten his wisdom? I am alone
-• No, no, cried Hawkeye, who had been gazing with a yearning look at the rigid features of his friend, with something like his own self-command, but whose philosophy could endure no longer; no, Sagamore, not alone. The gifts of our colors may be different, but God has so placed us as to journey in the same path. I have no kin, and I may also say, like you, no people. He was your son, and a red-skin by nature; and it may be that your blood was nearer - but, if ever I forget the lad who has so often fou't at my side in war, and slept at my side in peace, may He who made us all, whatever may be our color or our gifts, forget me!
• The boy has left us for a time; but, Sagamore,
you are not alone.
Chingachgook grasped the hand that, in the
warmth of feeling, the scout had stretched
across the fresh earth, and in an attitude of
friendship these two sturdy and intrepid
woodsmen bowed their heads together, while
scalding tears fell to their feet, watering the
grave of Uncas like drops of falling rain.
• In the midst of the awful stillness with which such a burst of feeling, coming as it did, from the two most renowned warriors of that region, was received, Tamenund lifted his voice to disperse the multitude.
It is enough, he said. Go, children of the Lenape, the anger of the Manitou is not done. Why should Tamenund stay? The pale faces are masters of the earth, and the time of the red men has not yet come again. My day has been too long. In the morning I saw the sons of Unamis happy and strong; and yet, before the night has come, have I lived to see the last warrior of the wise race of the Mohicans.
1803年、領土拡張の始まりと開拓者
精神の形成
• ミシシッピ川以西への領土拡張開始
– ジェファソンがルイジアナをフランスより購入
• イギリス、スペイン、メキシコからの割譲、併
合、購入を繰り返し、アリゾナ・メキシコ国境
地帯購入（1853年）まで北米大陸での領土拡
張を続ける
開拓者精神（
Frontier Spirits）
• 拡張する辺境では独立心、勇気、平等の精
神
• 民主主義と結びつき独自の国民性形成へ
アメリカの神話
• 旧世界（＝ヨーロッパ）での失敗
– 堕落したヨーロッパの歴史と習慣
• 新世界（＝アメリカ）での再出発
– アメリカン・アダムの創出
アメリカン・アダム＝ヒーロー
• 堕落以前の人間の原型
• 完全に（
）世界と歴史は
彼から始まる
• （
）
• （
）(自己信頼）
• （
）(独立独歩）
Tall Tale（ほら話）
から生まれたヒーロー
• Johnny Appleseed(1774-1847)
• Mike Fink(1770(?) - 1823)
• Daniel Boone(1734-1820)
• Davy Crocket(1786-1836
)
Daniel Boone
Bio:Boone is reported to have said
he needed more elbow room.
• In 1775, Boone blazed the trail known as the
“Wilderness Road" into what is now the U.S.
state of
Kentucky
and founded
Boonesborough
(Lexington)
, one of the first English-speaking
settlements in that region. During the
American
Revolutionary War
, Boone helped to defend the
Kentucky settlements from
American Indian
attempts to drive them out. After the war Boone
engaged in various business ventures, mostly
unsuccessful, and eventually resettled in
Missouri
, where he spent the final years of his
life.
biographies popularized the image
of
Daniel Boone
by John Flint
• the archetypal American Western hero,
who tames the wilderness and paves the
way for civilization.
• Flint's Boone fought hand-to-hand with a
bear, escaped from Indians by swinging
on vines (like Tarzan would later do),
Lord Byron
's epic poem
Don Juan
(1822),
– Of the great names which in our faces stare,
• The General Boon, back-woodsman of Kentucky,
– Was happiest amongst mortals any where;
• For killing nothing but a bear or buck, he
