Perspectives and Challenges of the Positive Approach for School Curriculum Development: Comparison with the Gap Approach
⦆ ㄔ* 㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞≉Ⰽ࠶ࡿ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢ㛤Ⓨࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࡿຠᯝⓗ࡞⤌⧊ ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ⤌⧊㛤Ⓨㄽ࣭⤌⧊ኚ㠉ㄽࡢศ㔝࡛ὀ┠ࢆᾎࡧ࡚࠸ࡿ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࣭ ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㸦௨ୗࠊPA㸧ࡢほⅬࡽㄽ✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋPA ࡣࠊࠕ⤌⧊ࡸேࡢ₯ᅾⓗ౯ ್ࡸᙉࡳࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࢫࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ㐃ᦠࡼࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞ᡂᯝࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊ࠶ࡾࡓ࠸ࡍࡀࡓࢆ ᥥࡁඹ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞౯್ࠊ┠ᶆࠊࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆᑟࡃ᪉ἲㄽࠖ㸯㸦ఫ 2012㸪 1 㡫㸧ࢆᣦࡍࠋ ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ࡢつไ⦆క࠸ࠊᆅ᪉ศᶒࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ⮬ᚊⓗ࡞Ꮫᰯ⤒Ⴀ≉Ⰽ࠶ࡿᏛᰯ࡙ࡃ ࡾࡢ᪉ࡀᏛᰯ⌧ሙồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ஂࡋ࠸ࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬ࡢᇶ‽ࡀ⥘ ࣭ᙎຊࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࠊྛᏛᰯࡣ⮬ᰯ࡛࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࠊ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡍࡿຊ㔞ࡀ ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢ◊ಟయไࡸᶵࡀᛴࣆࢵࢳ࡛ᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ ྛᏛᰯࡢ⮬ᛶ࣭⮬ᚊᛶࡀᣑࡉࢀࡓࡇࡼࡾࠊ๓ࡢᒆฟࡢ⤫ไࡣᙅࡲࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ ᚋࡢ⤖ᯝ㈐௵ᑐࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒࡣձᴗ⦼㸭ᡂᯝࡼࡿ⤫ ไࠊղᕷሙ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢά⏝ࠊճ㢳ᐈ⩏ࡢ㌿ࠊմࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟ࡢ⡆⣲࠸࠺≉ᚩ ࢆ࠶ࢃࡏࡶࡘ NPM㸦New Public Management㸧ࡢᚿྥࡀ❚࠼ࡿ㸦ఫ㸪2012㸧ࠋࡘࡲ ࡾࠊᏛᰯ⤌⧊࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㏆௦࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡀᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࠾ࡅࡿ⟶⌮ ⫋ࠊᩍᖌࠊົ⫋ဨࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀྥࡅࡾࡲࡵࡓࣔࢹ࣒ࣝ࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࠗᏛᰯ⤌⧊࣐ࢿࢪ ࣓ࣥࢺ◊ಟ࠘ࢆぢ࡚ࡶࠊᴗ⤒ႠࡢᡭἲࡽᏛࡪࡇ࡛Ꮫᰯ⤌⧊࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㏆௦ࢆ ᅗࢁ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜Ẹ㛫ேᰯ㛗ࡼࡿᐇ㊶࠶ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊẸ 㛫ᴗࡢᡭἲࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛Ꮫᰯࡀ⮬᫂どࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ๓㏆௦ⓗ࡞౯್ほࡸ⤌⧊ 㢼ᅵ࡞ࡀ⅝ࡾฟࡉࢀࠊ୍ࡘࡢ࢝ࣥࣇࣝࡋ࡚ㄢ㢟ᥦ㉳ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡣᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊၥ࠺ࡁࡣࠕᏛᰯ⤌⧊࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㏆௦ࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᩍᖌࡢព㆑ࡀࡢ ⛬ᗘ࣏ࢪࢸࣈኚ㠉ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᏛᰯ⌧ሙ࠾ࡅࡿ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡀࢀࡔࡅᐇࡋࠊ Ꮚࡶࡓࡕࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚᐜࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢࡇࢁࠊ┠ࡢ๓ᒣ✚ࡍࡿᩘ ከࡃࡢၥ㢟ࡢᑐᛂ᪥ࠎ㏣ࢃࢀࠊࠕാࡁࡀ࠸ࠖࡸࠕࡸࡾࡀ࠸ࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕከᛁឤࠖࡸࠕ⑂ປ * ᯇᏛ㝔Ꮫ㸦ᩍ⫱Ꮫࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ◊✲㸧
ឤࠖࢆᙉࡃឤࡌࡿᩍᖌࡀከࡃࠊᏛᰯ⤌⧊࠾ࡅࡿ㐀ᛶࡣኻࢃࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒࡣࠊ࣏ࢫࢺࣔࢲࣥ♫࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㏆௦ࠖࢆᚿྥࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿⓎ⮬య ࡢ▩┪㝈⏺ࡀぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ ⌧௦♫ࡀᩍ⫱ồࡵࡿࡶࡢࡣࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡍࡿࡶ㧗ᗘࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡾࢃࡅᏛ ᰯ⌧ሙࡣ㠀ᖖ㧗࠸ᮇᚅࡀᐤࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ౯್ほࡀከඖࡉࢀࡓ♫ ࠾ࡅࡿ㏆ᖺࡢᏛᰯ⌧ሙぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿྛ✀ࡢၥ㢟≧ἣࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍ」㞧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᫂☜࡞ ཎᅉࡀ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ㐺ษ࡞ฎ᪉⟢ࡍࡽᥦ♧࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠕṇゎ⩏࣭ ๓⩏࣭࡞ࢀ⩏ࠖᅃࢃࢀࠊኚࡸᣮᡓࡢᙉ࠸ᢠࢆ♧ࡍጼࡀ୍㒊࡛ぢཷࡅࡽ ࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊᏛᰯᑐࡍࡿಙឤࡣ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㠀ᖖཝࡋ࠸≧ἣୗ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᪂ࡋ࠸ᩍ⫱ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆᶍ⣴ࡋࠊᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀᏛᰯ⌧ሙࡣồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓ ࡵࡣࠊࡇࡑᏛᰯ⌧ሙࡀࠕ㣫࠸㥆ࡽࡉࢀࡓయᛶࠖ㸦Carlson, 1965㸧ࡽ⬺༷ࡋࠊ㐀 ᛶࢆᏑศⓎࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᯟࢆ㉺࠼ࡓᐇ㊶ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᏊࡶࡓࡕ㨩ຊ ⓗࡘ㐀ⓗ࡞Ꮫࡧࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࡢ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡢ୍ࡘࠕㄆ▱ⓗಶᛶࠖ ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࡚ࡢᏊࡶࡢᙉࡳࢆఙࡤࡋ࡚άࡍᏛ⩦ࡢಶᛶ⌧≧ᡴ◚ࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆồࡵࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ➹⪅ࡣ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢⓎ࡛ࡣ⏬୍ࡉࢀࡓ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᏊࡶࢆ㐺ᛂࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡋࠊ㐺ᛂ࡛ࡁ ࡞࠸Ꮚࡶࡓࡕࢆࠕ㐺ᛂඣࠖࡋ࡚ᢅ࠸ࠊ≉ู࡞ᩍ⫱ⓗᨭࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁ ࢇࠊࡑࡢ୰ࡣᡯ⬟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼㐺ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓᏊࡶࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ෭㟼⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊⓎࡢᡭ㡰ࡣᮏ᮶ࠕ㏫࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶᏊࡶࡓࡕࡣฟ⏕ᚋࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ 㑇ఏ⎔ቃࡢ┦స⏝ࡼࡾⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಶࠎࡢࠕᙉࡳࠖࠕᙅࡳࠖࡣ␗࡞ ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊㄡ୍ேࡋ࡚ྠࡌᏊࡶࡣ࠾ࡽࡎࠊ࡚ࡢᏊࡶࡀᑗ᮶ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ⫋ᴗ ࡘࡃࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᏊࡶࡣಶࠎ␗࡞ࡾࠊᑗ᮶ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ศ㔝࡛♫ேࡋ࡚ά㌍ࡍࡿ ࠸࠺ᐇࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡞ព࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠊᏊࡶࡀ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ࠶ࢃࡏࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡀᏊࡶ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ᰂ㌾⦅ᡂࡉࢀࠊᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᏊ ࡶ㞀ᐖ㸭ᡯ⬟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡽ㐺ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛഛࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ Ꮚࡶࡓࡕࡢ㐺ᛂࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࠊᏛࡧࡽ㐲ࡊࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀྰࡵ࡞࠸ ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸰ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⓎ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚Ꮫᰯᨵ㠉࣭࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᨵ㠉ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿࠊᚲࡎᅔ㞴 ┤㠃ࡍࡿࡇࡀᐜ᫆ணࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࢹ࣮ࣗ௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ㐍Ṍ⩏ᩍ⫱ࡀṔྐⓗ ぢ࡚ࡶᏛᰯ⤌⧊᰿࡙ࡎࠊ୍㐣ᛶࡢࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡁࡽ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᨵ㠉ࢆ ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡾᙺࡢᩍᖌࡀᢤࡅࡓᚋࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᐇ㊶ࡣ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶᙧ㧁ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ ୍᪉࡛ࠊᅜ࡛ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ⌮ㄽࡸᐇ㊶ࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ᪥ᮏ⤂ࡋࠊᑟධࡋ࡚ࡶ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡃ ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽࡸᐇ㊶ၥ㢟ゎỴࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆぢࡘࡅࡼ࠺ࡋ ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ≉᭷ࡢၥ㢟≧ἣࡀ῝้ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊࡶࡣࡸ⌮ⓗ࡞ゎỴἲࢆᅜ ồࡵࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᅜ࡛ࡢ⌮ㄽࡸᐇ㊶ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ᰿࡙
⾲ 1㸸GA ࡢ≉ᚩ
㸦Whitney & Trosten-Bloom, 2003; Cooperrider & Whitney, 2005 ࡞ࢆࡶ ➹⪅ࡀసᡂ㸧 ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྛᏛᰯ᰿࡙ࡃ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆ㐀ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㛤Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛ ࠕ᪥ᮏᆺࠖࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࣔࢹࣝࢆฟࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ⮳ࡿᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ᫂ࡽࡍ ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ࠸ࢆ᥈✲ࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ࣒࡙࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡃࡾ࠾࠸࡚ࡇࢀࡲ࡛᥇ ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ PA ࡢ❧ሙࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࢠࣕࢵࣉ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ 㸦௨ୗࠊGA㸧ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠕ࠶ࡽࡌࡵタᐃࡉࢀࡓᇶ‽⌧≧ࡢࢠࣕࢵ ࣉ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆၥ㢟ࡋ࡚≉ᐃࡋࠊಟṇࡸᨵၿࢆᅗࡿࠖⅬ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇ ࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ◊✲ࡀ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᨵၿࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿㅖ᮲௳ࠊ࠼ ࡤ㐀ⓗ࣭Ẹⓗ࣭⟶⌮ⓗ࡞࣒࣭࣮࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢᚲせᛶ㸦࠼ࡤ Henderson & Gornik, 2007㸹▮㔝 㸪2012㸧ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ඹྠయ㸭Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ⤌⧊ࡢᵓ⠏ 㸦࠼ࡤ Hord & Sommers, 2008; Stoll & Louis, 2007 ࡞㸧ࠊ༠ാᛶࡸྠᛶࠊཬࡧ࣏ࢪ ࢸࣈᩥࡢ㔊ᡂ㸦࠼ࡤ୰␃㸪2003㸹2005㸧࡞ࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡿဴᏛࡸ᪉ἲㄽࡣ GA ࡽ ࡣᑟฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࢀᑐẚࡉࢀࡿ PA ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊPA ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ ࡀᏛᰯ⌧ሙࡢ㐀ᛶ࣭㠉᪂ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࠊᒣ✚ࡍࡿᩍ⫱ㄢ㢟ࡢゎỴ㈨ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗ ࣒ࣛࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ⠏ᐤ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢆㄽドࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ 㸰㸬ࢠࣕࢵࣉ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ㝈⏺ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊPA ᑐẚࡉࢀࡿဴᏛࡸ᪉ἲㄽࡋ࡚ࡢ GA ࡢ≉ᚩၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ᫂☜ࡍࡿࠋ GA ࡢ≉ᚩࡣၥ㢟ᚿྥࠊḞ㝗ᚿྥࠊᙅⅬᚿྥ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ๓ᥦࡸᡭ⥆ࡁ➼ࡣ⾲ 1 ᣲࡆࡓ ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᇶᮏⓗࡣࠕ࠶ࡿࡁᇶ‽㸦እⓗᇶ‽㸧ࠖ↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡞ࡀࡽࠕၥ㢟ゎỴࠖ ࡍࡿࡇࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊḟࡢᡭ⥆ࡁ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚㐍ࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡲࡎࠕ☜ㄆࡉ ࢀࡓၥ㢟ࠖࢆࠕ≉ᐃࡢ ேࠎࠖࡀศᯒࡋࠊࡑࡢ ࠕཎᅉࠖࢆ✺ࡁṆࡵࡿࠋ ࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ 㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ⪃࠼ࠊࡑࡢ୰ ࡽࡼࡾࠕṇゎࠖ㏆ ࠸ࡉࢀࡿゎỴ⟇ࢆᥦ ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢᥦෆᐜ ࢆィ⏬ⓗ㐙⾜࡛ࡁࡿ ࡼ࠺ࠊ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡣᣦ ♧࣭௧࣭ㄝ᫂࠸࠺ ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚⤌⧊ᵓᡂ ဨఏ㐩ࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
GA ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ఱ≀ࡢᨵၿࢆᅗࢁ࠺ࡍࡿሙྜࠊၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿཎᅉࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࢆ᫂☜ ≉ᐃ࡛ࡁࠊᮃࡴ᪉ྥᛶࡀㄡࡽࡳ࡚ࡶ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ㝈ࡾຠᯝࢆⓎࡍࡿࠋ࣓ࣜࢵ ࢺࢆாཷ࡛ࡁࡿࡋ࡚ࠊࣔࣀ࡙ࡃࡾࢆᣲࡆࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࢺࣚࢱ⮬ື㌴ࡢᴗົᨵၿ᪉ ᘧ㸦ࢺࣚࢱ᪉ᘧ㸧࡞ࡣ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢺࣚࢱ᪉ᘧࡢሙྜࠊၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠊ┿ࡢཎᅉࢆ ✺ࡁṆࡵࡿࡓࡵࠕ࡞ࡐ㸽ࠖ࠸࠺ၥ࠸ࢆ 5 ᅇ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍࡇࡀᚭᗏࡉࢀࡿࠋᑐ㇟ࡀ⮬ື㌴ ࠸࠺ᶵᲔ࡛࠶ࡿ௨ୖࠊᚲࡎලྜࢆ㉳ࡇࡍཎᅉࡣ᫂☜࡞ᙧ࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┿ࡢ ཎᅉࢆ✺ࡁṆࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㐺ษ࡞ᑐฎࢆࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࡑࡢ ࡶࠕࢺࣚࢱ᪉ᘧࠖࡢ≉ᚩࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᚭᗏⓗ࡞ཎᅉ㏣✲࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⤒࡚ࠊࢺࣚࢱ⮬ື ㌴ࡣୡ⏺ࡽ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࠊရ㉁ࡢྥୖࢆ㐩ᡂࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛ࡣࠊ⾲ 2 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ෆᐜࢆ୰ᚰࠊḞⅬࢆᚭᗏⓗ㏣✲ࡍࡿࡓ ࡵࠊே㛫ࡸ⤌⧊ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢈุࡢ┠ࢆྥࡅࡿࠊၥ㢟ࡤࡾࡀㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ ࠕቯࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡲ࡛ቯࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠖᜍࢀࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡍ࡛㉳ࡁ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡇ ࡢཎᅉࢆ᥈ࡋồࡵࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢసᴗከࡃࡢ㛫ࢆ㈝ࡸࡍࡇࡽࠊၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ ࡣヲࡋࡃᏛࡿࡀࠊỴࡋ࡚ゎỴྥࡅ࡚ከࡃࢆᏛ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺≧ἣࢆ⏕ࡳࡸࡍ࠸ࠋ⤖ ᯝⓗࠊከࡃࡢሙྜࠊヰࡋྜ࠸ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣ‶ࡸហ⑵ࡢ㐃⥆࡞ࡾࡸࡍࡃࠊࠕ≢ே᥈ࡋࠖ ࠸࠺㈐௵㏣ཬࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࠋゎỴ⟇ࡀୖୗ㐩ⓗᣦ♧ࡸ௧ࡋ࡚ୗࡾ࡚ࡃࢀ ࡤࠊࠕࡸࡽࡉࢀឤࠖࡉ࠼ࡶࡀᙉࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ሙྜࡉ࠼࠶ࡿࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊ㔜せ࡞࣏ࣥࢺࡣࠊ ௬ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴ࡛ࡁࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣၥ㢟ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊỴࡋ࡚ࠕࡼࡾᮃࡲ ࡋ࠸≧ែࠖࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲ 2㸸ࣉࣟࣈ࣒࣭ࣞࢺ࣮ࢡࡢ㸦Whitney etc., 2010㸧 ࡶࡋ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆࠕࣔࣀࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᚭᗏⓗ࡞ရ㉁⟶⌮㸦Quality Control㸧ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢭࢫࢠࣕࢵࣉ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࠋࡑࢀ ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿຠᯝࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆ༢⣧ࠕࣔࣀࠖࡋ࡚ᢅ ࠸ࡁࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢁㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡣ㸦ࡣᆅᇦఫẸ➼ࡢ༠ຊࢆᚓ࡞ࡀࡽ㸧 ᇶᮏⓗࡣྛᩍᖌࡢᐇ㊶ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚Ꮚࡶࡓࡕᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩍᐊࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ≀ ⓗ⎔ቃࡸ♫ⓗ⎔ቃࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊྛᩍᖌࡶࡲࡓ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢᡂྰࢆᥱࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᡂ ᯝㄢ㢟ࡣᏊࡶࡢᏛࡪጼࡽุ᩿ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡣ㛵ಀ⪅
⾲ 3㸸PA ࡢ≉ᚩ
㸦Whitney & Trosten-Bloom, 2003; Cooperrider & Whitney, 2005 ࡞ࢆࡶ ➹⪅ࡀసᡂ㸧 ࡢ┦⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࠕฟ᮶ࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡁᛶ㉁ࢆేࡏᣢࡘࠋࡑࡢࡓ ࡵࠊࡑࡢ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸭ᨵၿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢠࣕࢵࣉ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࢀࡤࡉࢀࡿࠊ ඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࠊࡾࢃࡅࠊ㛵ಀࡍࡿேࠎࡢ㠀㞴ࡸ㈐௵㏨ࢀ࡞࠸ࡗࡓࣜ ࢫࢡࢆ⿕ࡿ☜⋡ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸱㸬࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ≉ᚩ PA ࡢ≉ᚩࡣᮍ᮶ᚿྥࠊྍ⬟ᛶᚿྥࠊᙉࡳᚿྥ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ๓ᥦࡸᡭ⥆ࡁ➼ࡣ⾲ 3 ᣲ ࡆࡓ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᇶᮏⓗࡣࠕ࠶ࡿࡁᇶ‽㸦እⓗᇶ‽㸧࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ࠶ࡾࡓ࠸≧ែ㸦ෆⓗ ືᶵ㸧ࠖࢆᵓࡋࠊ⤌⧊ࡀࡶࡘᮍ▱ࡢ₯ᅾຊࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⌮ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ ࡇࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊḟࡢᡭ⥆ࡁ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚㐍ࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡲࡎ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮➼ࡀ ࠕ࠶ࡾࡓ࠸ጼࠖࢆᥥࡁࠊࡑࢀࢆࠕ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ヰ㢟࡛ࠖࡶࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋḟ࠸࡛ࠊࠕ࡚ࡢᐖ 㛵ಀ⪅ࠖ㸦࣮࣭࣍ࣝࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡳࠊಶࠎேࡢ⏕ࡁࡓ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࢆ࠼ࡓࠕᑐヰࠖࢆ ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ⤌⧊ࡀࡶࡘࠕ₯ᅾຊࠖࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ₯ᅾຊࡀⓎࡉࢀࡓ⌮ࡢ≧ែࢆࡼࡾ᫂ ☜ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊࣅࢪࣙࣥࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕࡶࡗᮃࡲࡋ࠸ゎࠖࢆࡉࡽ࡞ࡿࠕᑐ ヰࠖࡽᑟࡁࡔࡍࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢺࢵࣉࢲ࢘ ࡛ࣥࡣ࡞ࡃ࣎ࢺ࣒ ࢵࣉࡢᑐヰࣉࣟࢭࢫ ࢆ⤒ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࠕṇゎࠖ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᑀ࡞ྜព ᙧᡂᇶ࡙ࡃࠕ♫ ⓗᡂゎࠖࢆࡾୖࡆࠊ ࡚ࡢᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀ ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡋ࡚ኚ 㠉ࢆᤊ࠼ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᙉ ࡳࢆ✚ᴟⓗά⏝ࡋ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࠕ ࣏ ࢪ ࢸ ࣈ࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࢪࠖࡢ࢚ ࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡋ࡚ά ㌍࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡑ࠺ ࡍࡿࠋ ࡞࠾ࠊPA ࡛ࡣࠊỴࡋ࡚ࠕၥ㢟ࠖࡀ㍍どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋၥ㢟ࡣ༢⊂࡛Ꮡᅾࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊၥ㢟ࡢࡣᮍࡔᙧࢆ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠕክࠖࡸࠕ⌮ࡢ≧ែࠖࡀ ᚲࡎ࠶ࡿࠋேࠎࡀၥ㢟ࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡢ≧ែࡀ⌮ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࠸ࡇẼ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࡢ᭷ྡ࡞ゝⴥࠕၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳฟ
ࡋࡓࡢྠࡌࣞ࣋ࣝࡢព㆑࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ ࡀࠊPA ࡛ࡶၥ㢟ࠕࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡢഃ࠶ࡿࠕክࠖࡸࠕ⌮ࡢ≧ែࠖ ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊၥ㢟ゎỴࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠕࡇ࠺࠶ࡾࡓ࠸ࠖ࠸࠺⌮ࡢ≧ែࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ┠ᣦࡑ ࠺ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ PA ࡛ࡣࠊᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞ᑐヰࡼࡿᑀ࡞ྜពᙧᡂࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ ࡲࡎࡣ⌮ࡢࣅࢪࣙࣥࢆᥥࡃࡇࡀ㔜せどࡉࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⌧≧ࡢᘏ㛗⥺ୖᮍ᮶ࢆᵓ ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⌮ࡍࡿᮍ᮶ࡽ⌧≧ࢆᤊ࠼ࠊࡑࡢⴌⱆࡀ᪤Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺๓ ᥦࡢࡶ࡛ኚ㠉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃಶࠎேࡸ⤌⧊ࡢࠕᙉࡳࠖࠕᣢ ࡕࠖࠕྍ⬟ᛶࠖ࡞╔║ࡋࠊࠕ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸭࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠖ࡞ࡢᡂຌయ㦂ࡸ ᡂຌせᅉࢆㄒࡾྜ࠸㸭ㄆࡵྜ࠼ࡿᑐヰࡢሙ㛫ࢆᵓ㐀ࡍࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ⾲ 4 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ෆ ᐜࡢᑐヰࡀ⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠕ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࣭ࢥࠖࡸࠕࢥࣔࣥࢢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࠖ࠸ ࠺ඹ㏻ࡢ౯್ほࢆᑟࡁࡔࡋࠊࢡࢩࣙࣥࣉࣛࣥࢆࢹࢨࣥࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ᰿ᗏࡣ♫ ᵓᡂ⩏ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ᮍ᮶ࢆᙧ࡙ࡃࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ࠶࠼࡚࣏ࢪࢸࣈ ⌧≧ࡢᙜࡓࡾ๓ࢆ࠸ࡘࡘࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ⌧≧ࢆᥥ࣭ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᏛࡧ⥆ࡅ࡚ ࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡍࡿࠋ⤖ᯝⓗࡇࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛ࡣࠊ౯್ほࡀከඖࡉࢀࠊኚࡀ⃭ࡋ ࠸♫࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᐖ㛵ಀ⪅┦ࡢཌ࠸ಙ㢗ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊᙜ⪅ព㆑ࡸ࢚ࣥࢤ࣮ࢪ࣓ࣥ ࢺࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ⾲ 4㸸࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࣭ࢺ࣮ࢡࡢ㸦Whitney etc., 2010㸧 㸲㸬AI㸦Appreciative Inquiry㸧ࡢሙྜ 㸦㸯㸧AI ࡢ≉ᚩ PA ᒓࡍࡿྛᡭἲࡣࠊ࣮࣭࣍ࣝࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡤࢀࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊ ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀ୍ᇽࡋ࡚࣮࢜ࣉࣥࡘᘓタⓗ࡞ᑐヰࢆࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せどࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ ࡢሙࡀᵓ㐀ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ࣮࣡ࣝࢻ࢝ࣇ࢙ࡀ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇࡢࡋࡸࡍࡉࡽ᪥ᮏ ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᆅ᪉⮬యࡢᨻ⟇❧࡞ࡢࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᑐヰ࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆ ేࡏᣢࡕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡼࡾ✚ᴟⓗ⤌⧊ࡸࡑࡇ㛵ಀࡍࡿேࠎࡢᙉࡳ᱁ẁࡢ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࠊᮍ
▱࡞ࡿ₯ᅾຊࢆᘬࡁฟࡑ࠺ࡍࡿᙉຊ࡞ᡭἲ AI ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ AI㸦Appreciative Inquiry㸧࠸࠺ྡ⛠ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ⤌⧊ࡸࡑࡇ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿྛ✀ ᐇ㊶ࡢ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ഃ㠃ࢆ✚ᴟⓗࠕᢎㄆࠖࡍࡿࡶ౯್ࢆ࠼ࠊࡑࢀࢆࡉࡽ㧗ࡵ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ၥ࠸ࡢࠕ᥈✲ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞₯ᅾຊࡸྍ⬟ᛶࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺ពࡀ㎸ࡵ ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸱ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㐣ཤࡸ⌧ᅾ࠾ࡅࡿᡂຌࡽ✚ᴟⓗᏛࡧࡘࡘࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊ♫ ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㧗ࡢ౯್ࢆぢᴟࡵ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡼࡾⰋ࠸ጼࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢせᅉࢆ᥈ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿࠋ AI ࡼࡾࠕࣃ࣮࣡ࡢゎᨺࠖࢆᑟࡃࡣ 6 ࡘࡢ⮬⏤ࡀಖ㞀ࡉࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿゝࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࡑࢀࡽࡣձࢃࡾྜ࠸ࡢ୰࡛⮬ศࢆ▱ࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺⮬⏤ࠊղヰࢆࡁ࠸࡚ࡶࡽ࠺⮬⏤ࠊճࢥ ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࡛ክࢆᥥࡃ⮬⏤㸦ክࢆศࡕྜ࠺ሙࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿ⮬⏤㸧ࠊմ㈉⊩ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ㑅ᢥ࡛ ࡁࡿ⮬⏤ࠊյࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍࡿࡶ⾜ືࡍࡿ⮬⏤㸦ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡢࡶ࡛⾜ືࡍࡿ⮬⏤㸧ࠊն࣏ ࢪࢸࣈ࡛࠶ࡿ⮬⏤ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Cooperrider & Whitney, 2005㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⮬⏤ࡢࡶࠊḟ ࡢᅗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ලయⓗ࡞ᡭ⥆ࡁ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ᑐヰࡀᵓ㐀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡛ᡭ⥆ࡁࡢ ヲ⣽ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡭ⥆ࡁࡣ⾲ 5 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ཎ⌮ࡀᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ㸸AI ࠾ࡅࡿ 4D ࣉࣟࢭࢫ㸦Whitney & Trosten-Bloom, 2003㸧
⾲ 5㸸AI ࡢཎ⌮㸦Whitney & Trosten-Bloom, 2003㸧 㸦㸰㸧AI ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ཎ⌮ ⾲ 5 ᣲࡆࡓཎ⌮ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ᭱ࡶ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ཎ⌮⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢࡀࠕ1㸬ᵓᡂ⩏ࡢཎ ⌮࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ࣏ࢫࢺࣔࢲࢽࢬ࣒㐠ືࡢ※Ἠࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ♫ᵓᡂ⩏ࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ AI ࡣ ᙉࡃཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋGergen㸦2009㸧ࡼࢀࡤࠊ♫ᵓᡂࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ௬ᐃࡣ 5 ࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃ ࡕࠊձ♫ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡣࡶࡢࡼࡗ࡚ไ⣙ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠊղ♫ࢆᥥ࣭ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡣ 㛵ಀᛶࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿࠊճ♫ⓗᵓᡂࡣ♫ⓗ࡞᭷⏝ᛶࡽពࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠊմ⚾ࡓࡕࡀᥥ ࣭ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᑗ᮶ࢆᙧ࡙ࡃࡿࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊյ࠶ࡓࡾ๓ࢆࡩࡾ㏉ࡿࡇࡀࠊᑗ᮶ࡢᖾ⚟ ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ❧ሙࡣᚑ᮶ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࡀࡶࡘ㏆௦⩏ⓗ ࡞๓ᥦࠊ࠼ࡤᐈほᛶࡸᐇᛶࢆྰᐃ࣭ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊほⓗ㸭㛫ほⓗ࡞ࠕ⌧ᐇࠖ 㸦ࣜࣜࢸ㸧ࡢከᵝᛶࡸᵓ⠏ᛶ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢ⫼ᬒࡣࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ㐣ཤ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓฟ᮶㸭࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࡣᐈほⓗ࡞ᐇ࡛ࡣỴ ࡋ࡚࡞ࡃࠊほⓗ㸦㛫ほⓗ㸧࡞⌧ᐇࡋ࡚ࡢᵓ⠏≀࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀ ࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡎࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢゎ㔘࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ฟ᮶ࡸ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࢆᤊ࠼ࠊ ࡑࢀࡽࢆ⣳ࡂྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡛⌧ᐇࢆ୍ࡘࡢࠕ≀ㄒࠖࡋ࡚ᥥࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ ࡢ≀ㄒࢆゝㄒⓗࠕㄒࡿࠖࡇ࡛ࣜࣜࢸࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊࠕ⏕ࡁࡽࢀࡓ⤒㦂ࠖࢆ✚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⏕㸦ே⏕㸭⏕ά㸧ࡢయࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢ≀ㄒࡋ࡚ㄒࡾᑾࡃࡏࡿࡼ ࠺࡞༢⣧࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ㄽࡶ๓ᥦࡍࡿࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡢࠕ⏕ࠖ㸦ே⏕㸭⏕ά㸧ࢆᕠࡿ
≀ㄒࡣࠊព࡙ࡅࡢ᪉ࡼࡗ࡚」ᩘᏑᅾࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ」ᩘࡢ≀ㄒࡣ┦▩┪ࡍ ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡾࠊྰᐃࡋྜ࠺ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ AI ࡣࡇࡢ♫ᵓᡂ⩏ࡢ❧ሙ౫ᣐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࠶࠼࡚࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ࣞࣥࢬࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⌧ᐇ ࢆᥥࡋࠊㄒࡾྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡛ࠊリⓗ㞃႘ࢆ࠼࡞ࡀࡽ᪂ࡓ࡞≀ㄒࡢᵓ⠏ࢆಁࡑ࠺ࡍ ࡿ㸦ࠕ3㸬リⓗ㞃႘ࡢཎ⌮ࠖࠕ5㸬࣏ࢪࢸࣈᛶࡢཎ⌮ࠖ㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡣ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ⌧ᐇࢆ ࢿ࢞ࢸࣈᤊ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᐇࢆࢿ࢞ࢸࣈᤊ࠼ࠊྛ✀ࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗศᯒࢆ㏻ ࡌ࡚࡙ࡅࡀ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡾࠊಙ㢗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿே࡞ࡼࡗ୍࡚㈏ࡋࡓㄝ᫂ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡾࡍࡿ ሙྜࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡑࡢࢿ࢞ࢸࣈ࡞≀ㄒࢆࠕᮏᙜࡢ≀ㄒࠖࡋ࡚ཷࡅྲྀࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࠕၥ㢟ࢆ ᢪ࠼ࡓ⚾ࡸ⚾ࡓࡕࠖ࠸࠺≀ㄒᙉ࠸ຊࡀ࠼ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࠊࡑࡢ≀ㄒࡣ୍ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡋ ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ࠶ࡓࡶᐇᅾ≀࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡼ࠺ࠕᮏᙜࡢ≀ㄒࠖࡋ࡚❧ࡕ ⌧ࢃࢀࠊ⌧ᐇࢆᙉຊᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊᏑᅾࡋ࠼ࡓ≀ㄒࡣࠕ㞃࠸ࠖࡉࢀࠕᤞ㇟ࠖ ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞࡙ࡅࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡣ࡞࠾ࡉࡽࠕᮏ≀ࡉࠖࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ ቑࡍࠋFoucault㸦1980㸧ࡀᣦࡍࡿ㏻ࡾࠊࠕຊࠖࠕ▱ࠖࡣྍศࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡾࠊ▱ࡣຊ ࢆᢤࡁㄽࡌࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊຊࡢ᧯సࡼࡗ࡚▱ࡣࠕ┿ᐇࠖࡋ࡚つᐃࡉ ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࡸࡍ࠸ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≀ㄒ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ AI ࡀ┠ᣦࡍ᪉ྥᛶࡣࠊࡇࡢࠕᮏᙜࡢ≀ㄒࠖᚁ᭹ࡉࢀࡓࠕูࡢ≀ㄒࠖࡢⓎ᥀ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊඃໃ࡞▱ࡼࡾᚁ᭹ࡉࢀࡓ▱ࡢࠕ㏫ࠖࢆຓࡍࡿⅬ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ࠕၥ㢟ࠖࡋ࡚ࡋᐃ⩏࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ㛵ಀ⪅ูࡢ≀ㄒࡢྍ⬟ᛶ ࢆⓎぢ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡋࠊ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢඹྠసᴗࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊูࡢ≀ㄒࢆ⏕ࡁ࡚ࡶࡽ࠾࠺ࡍࡿࠋ ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊAI ࡛ࡣ 4D ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࠕձDiscovery㸦Ⓨぢ㸧ࠖ࠾࠸࡚ࠊAppreciative Interview ࠸࠺ᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ⾲ 6 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ࠸ࢆᢞࡆࡅࡿࡇ࡛࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞᥈✲ 㛵ಀ⪅ࢆㄏ࠺㸦ࠕ2㸬ྠᛶࡢཎ⌮ࠖ㸧ࠋ
⾲ 6㸸Appreciative Interview ࠾ࡅࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡢ㸦Willoughby & Tosey, 2007㸧 ձ࠙⏕ᚐྥࡅࠚ Meadfield ᰯ࡛ฟࡗࡓ᭱ࡶ⣲ᬕࡽࡋ࠸ඛ⏕ࡢࡇࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ ࠶࡞ࡓࡗ࡚᭱ࡶ㍤࠸࡚࠸ࡓᩍᐊ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡛ࡋࡓ㸽 ࠙ᩍᖌྥࡅࠚ ᩍ࠼ࡿࡇࢆ᭱ࡶᴦࡋࢇ࡛࠸ࡓᤵᴗࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡋࡓ㸽 ղ Meadfield ᰯ࡛᭱ࡶ⯆ዧࡋࠊ⇕୰ࡋࡓࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡛ࡍ㸽ᩍᐊࡢෆእࡣၥ࠸ࡲ ࡏࢇࠋ ճ ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ⮬ಙࢆᣢ࡚ࡿࡼ࠺Ẽࡅ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡾࠊᡭຓࡅࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡾࡋࡓࡢࡇ ࢆᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡏࢇ㸽 մ Meadfield ᰯ࡛ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ឤࡌࡓ͆ᛮ࠸ࡸࡾࡢ㞺ᅖẼ͇ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡏࢇ㸽 յ ༟㉺ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ບࡲࡉࢀࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵᨭࡉࢀࡓࡾࡋࡓࡢࡇࢆヰࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ
ࡲࡏࢇ㸽 ն ࡇࡢᏛᰯࡢ᰾ࡸ㍈࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽ࡶࡋࡇࢀࡲ࡛Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ Meadfield ᰯࢆ⌧≧ࡼࡾࡶࡃูࡢࡶࡢࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣఱ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺㸽 շ Meadfield ᰯࢆࡼࡾⰋ࠸Ꮫࡧࡸࡢሙࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ㸱ࡘࡢ㢪࠸ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽 ո ᫂᪥ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡀᏛᰯ᮶࡚ࠊఱ୍ࡘࡢᑠࡉ࡞ࡇࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠾ࡆ࡛ࠊᏛᰯ ࡀࡼࡾⰋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋఱࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺㸽 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾከࡃࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࠊ ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢㄒࡾࢆ㞟ࡋࠊࡑࡢㄒࡾࡢඹ᭷࣭ศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ⤌⧊ࡢᙉࡳࡸ₯ᅾຊࢆぢࡘࡅ ࡔࡍࡶࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆࣇࣝά⏝ࡍࢀࡤᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿ⌮ࢆᥖࡆࠊලయⓗ࡞ࢡࢩࣙࣥࣉࣛ ࣥࢆᑟࡁฟࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࠋ㉁ၥෆᐜࡶ࠶ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢᑐ㇟ࡣᩍᖌࡢࡳࡣ㝈ࡽ ࡎࠊࡑࡢࡢே㸦⾜ᨻ㛵ಀ⪅ࠊಖㆤ⪅ࠊᆅᇦఫẸࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮࡞㸧ࡶྵࡲࢀࠊࡉࡽࠊ୰➼ᩍ⫱ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࢀࡤᏊࡶࡶࡲࡓྵࡲࢀࡿ㸦ࠕ6㸬 యᛶࡢཎ⌮ࠖ㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊྠࡌࡃ㉁ၥෆᐜࡽㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᨵ㠉ࡢⴌⱆࡣࠕࡍ࡛Ꮡᅾ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࠊⓎぢࡉࢀࡿࡢࢆᚅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢⓎぢࢆᡭࡀ ࡾࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᮃࡲࡋ࠸≧ែࢆࡼࡾ᫂☜࣓࣮ࢪࡋࠊࠕᮃࡴኚࡢࡼ࠺ࠖྛ⮬ࡀ⾜ື ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᑐヰࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᥖࡆࡓ⌮ⓗ࡞≧ែࢆ⌧ᐇࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ㸦ࠕ4㸬ணᮇᡂ ᑵࡢཎ⌮ࠖࠕ7㸬య⌧ࡢཎ⌮ࠖࠕ8㸬㑅ᢥ⮬⏤ࡢཎ⌮ࠖ㸧ࠋ 㸦㸱㸧AI ࡢຠ⏝ㄢ㢟 AI ࡣᵝࠎ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ㸦Ꮫ༊ࣞ࣋ࣝࠊᏛᰯࣞ࣋ࣝࠊᩍᐊࣞ࣋ࣝ㸧࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡍ࡛Ḣ⡿ࢆ୰ ᚰᏛᰯᩍ⫱㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢺࣆࢵࢡࡣᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇయࡀ⨨ࢀࡿ≧ἣᛂࡌ ࡚タᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋྛ࠾ࡅࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ᡂᯝㄢ㢟ࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡎᏛ༊࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㐺⏝ࡋࡓ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Bush, 2008㸧ࠋࡑࡢ࡛ࡣࠊᏛ༊ෆࡢ 8 ᰯ㐺 ⏝ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ4 ᰯࡣព࠶ࡿኚ㠉ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡢ 2 ᰯ࡛ࡣࡑࡢᏛᰯࡀࡍ࡛ ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓኚ㠉ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᣑ࣭ຍ㏿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊṧࡾࡢ 2 ᰯ࡛ ࡣព࠶ࡿኚ㠉ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᕪࢆศࡅࡓせᅉࡣࠊ᫂☜ࡘ⇕ព ⁄ࢀࠊ✚ᴟⓗ㛵ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡀⓎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠺ࠊᏛᰯ࡛ AI ࢆྲྀࡾษࡿ⪅ࡢᙺ⫋ࢆྵࡵࡑࡢ⪅ࡀಙ㢗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠺ࠊ⤌⧊ෆ࡛ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡓ㛵ᚰ ࡸၥ㢟 AI ࡀ㐺ษ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠺ࠊAI ࡢྛࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ᢅࢃࢀࡿ㔜せ࡞ㄽ Ⅼ➼ࡢᛶ㉁ከ࡞ὀពࢆᡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠺ࠊ࠶ࡗࡓᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ḟ࠸࡛ࠊᏛᰯ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㐺⏝ࡋࡓࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ࡢ Ringshang Primary Schools ࡛ AI ࢆᐇ㊶ࡋࡓࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊAI ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡋ࡚Ꮫᰯࡀ
ࡼࡾࡼࡃᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡣ㸽ࠖࡸࠕྠྠኈࡀࡼࡾಙ㢗ࡋྜ࠸ࠊࡼࡾⰋ࠸༠ാࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣ㸽ࠖ
࠸࠺ࢸ࣮࣐ࡀᾋୖࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽ㛵ࡍࡿ᥈✲ᑐヰࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᏛᰯ㢼ᅵࡢᨵၿࢆᅗࡿࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤ AI ᑟධࢆࡋࡓ 1 ᖺᚋࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡛ࠕ㠀ᖖᙉ࠸㐃ᖏឤࢆᚓࡓࠖ㸦89%㸧ࠊ ࠕ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᏛࡧࡸ႐ࡧࡢࣅࢪࣙࣥࡼࡾ✚ᴟⓗ㛵ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠖ㸦89%㸧ࠊࠕᡂຌ ࡼࡾከࡃࡢ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠖ㸦87%ࡢᅇ⟅㸧ࠊࠕ࡚ࡢྠ༠ാࡍࡿࡇࡢ ືᶵࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠖ㸦84%㸧ࠊࠕ᪥ᖖࡢ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡼࡾ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ࡓࠖ㸦80%㸧ࠊࠕ⪅ࡢᡯ⬟ࡸ㈨※㢗ࡿࢫ࢟ࣝࢆྥୖࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠖ㸦75%㸧ࠊ࠸࠺⤖
ᯝࢆᚓࡓ㸦Luth-Hanssen, Haugher, & Nesje, 2007; Nesje. 2007㸧ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ࡢࡢ 6 ᰯࡢ࡛ࡣࠊࠕᰂ㌾࡞Ꮫ⩦ᶵࡢฟࡼࡿ⏕ᚐࡓࡕࡢᏛ ⩦ࡢཧຍಁ㐍ࠖ↔Ⅼࢆ࠾࠸࡚ AI ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸦Nesje & Nesje, 2007㸧ࠋࡇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣ 6 ṓࡽ 16 ṓࡢᏊࡶࡶཧຍࡋࠊᏛ⩦ࡢཧຍࡸᰂ㌾࡞Ꮫ⩦ᶵࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࡾ ࡓ࠸ጼࡢ᥈✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࠕࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࢆࡶࡗ⏝࠸࡚Ꮫ⩦ࡋࡓ࠸ࠖࠕಶู ࡢᏛ⩦ィ⏬ࢆᣢࡗ࡚Ꮫ⩦ࡋࡓ࠸ࠖࠕࡢࡼ࠺సᴗࢆࡍࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࡗ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀࡋ ࠸ࠖ࠸࠺㢪࠸ࡀᐤࡏࡽࢀࠊඣ❺࣭⏕ᚐࡽࠕ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡇࡣࠊࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௨ୖᩍ ᖌࡀ࣍ࣥࣔࣀࡢ⯆ࢆ⏕ᚐࡓࡕᥦ♧ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆಶࠎࡢ⏕ᚐࡼࡾ㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚࠶ࡆࡿࡇ ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ࢸ࣮࣐ࢆᑟࡁฟࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡢᵝࠎ࡞ᑐヰࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᩍᖌ⏕ᚐࡢಙ㢗ឤ ࡸ⏕ᚐࡢᏛᰯࡢᡤᒓព㆑ࡣ㧗ࡲࡾࠊᏛ⩦⎔ቃࡢᨵၿྲྀࡾ⤌ࡲࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡢࡶⱥᅜࣟࣥࢻࣥ࠶ࡿ୰➼ᩍ⫱Ꮫᰯࡢ Heathside School ࡼࡿᐇ㊶ࡣ᭷ྡ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡛ࡣ AI ࡢᑟධࡼࡾࠊᏛᰯᩥࡢᨵၿࢆᅗࡾࠊᵝࠎ࡞Ꮫ⩦⎔ቃࡢᕤኵࢆ ᑟࡁฟࡍࡇ࡛ࠊᅜᐙᇶ‽ࢆணࡼࡾࡶ᪩ࡃ㐩ᡂࡋࡓ㸦Price, Scully, & Willoughby, 2007㸧ࠋ ᭱ᚋᩍᐊࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾ࡅࡿᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊRingshaug Primary School ࡢ 8 ṓඣ
ࢡࣛࢫ࡛࠸ࡌࡵࡀ῝้࡛࠶ࡗࡓ≧ἣࢆཷࡅࠊࠕ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ࡢ㞺ᅖẼࠖࢆ㔊ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵᩍ
ᖌࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎಖㆤ⪅Ꮚࡶࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡳ࡞ࡀࡽ AI ࡀᐇ㊶ࡉࢀࡓ㸦Wigerstrand & Hauger, 2007㸧ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞⾜Ⅽ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ▐㛫ࢆࠕ㯤㔠ࡢ▐ 㛫ࠖᤊ࠼ࠊࣀ࣮ࢺ᭩ࡁṧࡍࠊ࠸࠺άືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋಖㆤ⪅ࡀཧຍࡍࡿࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣀ࣮ࢺ᭩ࡁ␃ࡵࡓ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡞ࡢάືࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ ࠸ࡌࡵࡣᨵၿࡉࢀࠊ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ࡢ㞺ᅖẼࢆసࡾୖࡆࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡇࢀྠᵝ ࠊAI ࡣ㞀ᐖඣᖖඣࡀࡶᏛࡪ♫⤫ྜ㸦Social Inclusion㸧ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦Calabrese, Patterson, et al., 2008㸧ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ AI ࢆᑟධࡋࡓࡢከࡃࡣࠊᏛᰯࡢ⤌⧊㢼ᅵࡢ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ኚ㠉ࢆࡑࡢ せ࡞ຠᯝࡋ࡚ᣲࡆ࡚࠾ࡾࠊAI ࡣᏛᰯᨵၿࡢᇶ┙ᵓ⠏ከ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡢศᯒᇶ࡙ࡃሗ࿌ࡣᐃᛶⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ೫ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ ศᯒࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ Moran & Moran㸦2011㸧ࡣᵝࠎ࡞ᑻᗘࢆ ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽ AI ࡢᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ຠᯝ ᐃࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡣ⡿ᅜࡢ Crossroads City Schools ࠸࠺Ꮫ༊࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝྲྀࡾ⤌ࡲࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᏛ༊ࡢࢇࡢᏛᰯࡣ῝้࡞ᩍ⫱ᅔ 㞴ᰯ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡸࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊ⾜ᨻ㛵ಀ⪅ࠊಖㆤ
⪅ࠊᆅᇦఫẸࠊᩍᖌࠊᏊࡶࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡳ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࠕ⏕ᚐࡢᏛ⩦㐩ᡂᡂຌࠖࠕಙ㢗ᑛᩗࠖ ࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢࡾ✚ᴟⓗཧຍࠖࢆࢺࣆࢵࢡࡋ࡚ AI ࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࠋᐃ㔞ⓗ࡞ຠᯝ ᐃ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㉁ၥ⣬ࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽᩍᖌࡢࡳࢆᑐ㇟」ᩘᖺࢃࡓࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ2005 ᖺࡢㄪᰝࡣ AI ࡀᐇࡉࢀࡿ๓⾜ࢃࢀࠊ147 ேࡢᩍᖌ㸦㧗ᰯ 56 ேࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ 28 ேࠊᑠᏛ ᰯ 63 ே㸧ࡀࠊ2007 ᖺࡢㄪᰝࡣ AI ࡀᐇࡉࢀࡓᚋ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ124 ேࡢᩍᖌ㸦㧗ᰯ 33 ேࠊ ୰Ꮫᰯ 32 ேࠊᑠᏛᰯ 59 ே㸧ࡀᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊࡢᏛ༊࠾ࡅࡿ 97 ࡢ㧗ᰯࠊ82 ࡢ୰Ꮫᰯࠊ143 ࡢᑠᏛᰯྠࡌᑻᗘࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㉁ၥ⣬ࢆ㓄ᕸ࣭ᅇࡋࠊࡑࡢ㞟ィ⤖ᯝࢆᇶ‽ ್㸦ᖹᆒ㸻500ࠊᶆ‽೫ᕪ㸻100㸧ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊAI ࡢᐇ๓ᚋࡢຠᯝࡀ᳨ドࡉࢀ ࡓ㸦⾲ 7ࠊ⾲ 8㸧ࠋ ⾲ 7㸸Ꮫ༊య࠾ࡅࡿ⤖ᯝ ⾲ 8㸸Ꮫ༊ෆࡢᑠᏛᰯ࠾ࡅࡿ⤖ᯝ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡽࡶศࡿ㏻ࡾࠊᙜึࡣࡢᆅᇦẚࠊྛᑻᗘࡢ್ࡣ㌺୪ࡳᖹᆒࢆୗ ᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊAI ࢆᐇ㊶ࡋࡓᚋࡣᖹᆒ್ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡀከࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ≉ ᑠᏛᰯ࠾࠸࡚㢧ⴭ࡞ᨵၿࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡇࡀぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࡇࡢᏛᰯ࡛ࡣලయⓗ ࡞Ꮫᰯᨵၿࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡾࠊᏛຊࢸࢫࢺࡢ⤖ᯝ➼ࡶྥୖࡋࡓࡇࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ AI ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞⤌⧊㢼ᅵࡢኚ㠉࠸࠺ຠᯝࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡛᫂ࡽ ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᨵၿࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ᮲௳↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎ ⾲ 7࣭8 ୰ࡢࠕAcademic Pressࠖࡀ㧗࠸Ꮫᰯࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊ༟㉺ࡉ౯್ࢆ࠾ࡁࠊ㧗࠸┠ᶆ ࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡶඣ❺࣭⏕ᚐ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᑐᛂࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡑࡢ㐩ᡂྥࡅ࡚┿ᦸാࡃ ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕTeacher Professionalismࠖࡣࠊᩍᖌࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ✚ᴟⓗ 㛵ࡋࠊ⤌⧊┠ᶆ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㐍ࢇ࡛༠ാࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆᣦࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕOrganizational citizenshipࠖࡣࠊ⤌⧊ࡼࡿᢎㄆࡸሗ㓘ࡀ࡞ࡃࡶ⮬ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ⫋ ㈐ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ㉸࠼࡚㈉⊩ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆពࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ඹྠ య㸭Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ⤌⧊ヱᙜࡍࡿࠋ
ḟ࠸࡛ࠊࠕFaculty Trust in Principalࠖࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᰯ㛗ࡀᩍᖌࡢ⪃࠼᭱ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆ ᡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊᩍᖌࡣᰯ㛗ࡢࡇࢆ㢗ࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡞ࡢෆᐜࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠕCollegial Leadershipࠖࡣ㐣ᗘไ㝈ࡢከ࠸௧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᨭᣢⓗࡘྜ㆟ⓗ࡞ᰯ㛗ࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆពࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡣࡲࡉ㐀ⓗ࣭Ẹⓗ࣭⟶⌮ⓗ࡞࣒࣭࣮࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡢᚲせᛶ㸦࠼ ࡤ Henderson & Gornik㸪2007㸹▮㔝 㸪2012㸧࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕFaculty Trust in Colleaguesࠖࡣࠊྠࡢㄔᐇࡉࢆಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡓ࠼ᅔ㞴࡞≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ࠾࠸ࢆ㢗ࡾ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠊ࡞࠸࠺ពෆᐜࢆྵࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣ༠ാᛶࡸྠᛶࢆᣦࡍࠋ ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᑻᗘࢆ⥲ࡌ࡚࣏ࢪࢸࣈᩥ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ୰␃㸦2003㸹2005㸧ࡢ▱ ぢࡶᩚྜࡍࡿࠋ௨ୖᣲࡆࡓ㡯┠ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᐇ㝿ᨵၿࢆᅗࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊAI ࡢᐇ㊶ ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᨵၿ࠾ࡅࡿせ࡞ᚲせ᮲௳ࡢከࡃࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡓࡔࡋࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ AI ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊAI ࢆᑟධࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ 㸦Ꮫ⩦⎔ቃࢆྵࡴ㸧ࡀලయⓗࡢࡼ࠺ᨵၿࡉࢀࡓࡢࠊ࠸࠺ሗࡀᩥ⊩࡛ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ グࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋAI ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒⦋ࡸ AI ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ ࡢᴫせࡸὶࢀࠊ≉➹ࡍࡁ⤌⧊㢼ᅵࡢኚ㠉ᐇ⦼㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡣ㇏ᐩ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ⫢ᚰࡢ ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᐇ㊶ࡢ Before-After ࡀࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡀከ࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊάືⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ ࡢᶵࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡾࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡀ✚ᴟⓗ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡋࡓ࠸࠺ ࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢලయⓗ࡞ᐇ㊶ෆᐜࡲ࡛ࡣグ㏙ࡉࢀᑾࡃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞⤌⧊ 㢼ᅵኚ㠉ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ☜࡛࠶ࡾࠊᏛᴗ㐩ᡂ➼㛵ࡍࡿᡂᯝࢆぢࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ࢝ ࣒ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᐇ㊶ࡶఱࡽࡢ㐀ᛶࡀከᑡ࡞ࡾࡶⓎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣ᥎ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑ ࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊAI ࡼࡗ࡚⤌⧊㢼ᅵࡣ࣏ࢪࢸࣈኚ㠉ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊලయⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦⎔ቃࡢᨵ ၿࡣ࿘㎶ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ␃ࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦Willoughby & Tosey, 2007㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ AI ࠾ࡅࡿᑐヰࣉࣟࢭࢫࡑࡢෆᐜࡀ࠸࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᐇ㊶ࡢ㠉᪂ᛶࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ
࠸࠺Ⅼὀ┠ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᚋࠊᏛᰯᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿ AI ࡢࢹࢨࣥࡑࢀࢆ㏣㊧ࡍࡿ◊✲ ࢹࢨࣥࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࠊグ㏙ࢆศཌࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛኚ㠉࣭ᨵၿࡘ࡞ࡀ ࡿ༑ศ᮲௳ࡢᢳฟࡇࡑࡀ᭱ࡶࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ 㸦㸲㸧AI ࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ ඛ㏙ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾࠊPA ࡣᮍ᮶ᚿྥࠊྍ⬟ᛶᚿྥࠊᙉࡳᚿྥ࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ௦⾲ ⓗ࡞᪉ἲㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ AI ࡶྠᵝࡢ≉ᚩࢆࡶࡘࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ AI ࡣ⤌⧊ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾ࡅࡿ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ ኚ㠉ࢆࡓࡿᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞◊✲࣭ᐇ㊶ࡀ⧞ࡾᗈࡆࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋAI ࡀኚ㠉ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ ࡣᩘከࡃࠊከᒱࢃࡓࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢᐇ⦼ࡀ AI ࡢὀ┠ࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊAI ࡣ ࡑࡢ㉳※ࡽࡋ࡚ࠊ⌧ሙ࡛⢭⦓ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ᪉ἲㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊAI ࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣ༑ศ ᫂ࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ὀ┠࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡀࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ⡿ࢆ୰ᚰຍ㏿ᗘ ⓗ࡞ໃ࠸࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ Strength Initiative㸭movement ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㐠ືࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ࣏ ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢྎ㢌࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡣ 1998 ᖺ⡿ᅜᚰ⌮Ꮫ㛗࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࣌ࣥࢩࣝ࣋ࢽᏛᚰ⌮Ꮫ㒊ᩍᤵࡢ Martin Seligman ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ㆟ࠊタࡉࢀࡓᚰ⌮Ꮫ ࡢ୍ศ㔝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊSeligman ඹⓎ㉳ேࡋ࡚㛵ࢃࡗࡓ⡿ᅜࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿ➨୍ ⥺ࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡼࡗ࡚ศ㔝ࡢ᪉ྥᛶࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࠊ◊✲ࡀ᥎㐍ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠕఱ ࡀே࣭⤌⧊࣭ᆅᇦࢆ⦾ᰤᑟࡃࠖࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊேࡢ᭱㐺ᶵ⬟ࡸ༟㉺ᛶࠊᖾ⚟ ᗘ㛵ࡍࡿ⛉Ꮫⓗ◊✲ࡀᚿྥࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙉࡳࡸྍ⬟ᛶࢆⓎぢ࣭ά⏝ࡋࠊఙ㛗ࡍࡿࡇ ࡼࡾࠊ౯್࠶ࡿே⏕ࢆ࠸ၿࡃ⏕ࡁࡿࡀ᥈✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Sheldon etc., 2000; Hefferon &Boniwell, 2011㸧ࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒࡣᚑ᮶ࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫࡀ⢭⚄ᝈ࡞ࡢၥ㢟ࡸḞ㝗ࢆ┤ࡍࡇ 㛵ᚰࡀ೫ࡾࡀࡕࡔࡗࡓ࠸࠺┬ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏ࡀὀ┠ࡍࡿ AI ࡣ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᛶࡢཎ⌮ࡀᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢぶᛶࡣ㧗࠸ࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊᙉࡳᚿྥ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㛵ᚰࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ➹⪅ࡣ AI ࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࢆᐇド⩏౫ᣐࡍࡿ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢ▱ぢࡽ࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛࣏ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡣᙉࡳࡢᴫᛕࢆ᫂☜ࡋࠊ⊂⮬ࡢࢭ ࢫ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭ࢶ࣮ࣝࢆ㛤Ⓨ࣭ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡑࡢຠᯝ᳨ドࢆヨࡳ࡚ࡁࡓࠋせ࡞ࢭࢫ࣓ ࣥࢺ࣭ࢶ࣮ࣝࡣࠕStrength Finderࠖ㸦Buckingham & Clifton, 2001㸧ࠊࠕValue in Action Inventory of Strengths㸹VIA-IS㸲ࠖ㸦Peterson & Seligman, 2004㸧ࠊࠕRealise2㸳ࠖ㸦Linley,
Willars and Diener, 2010㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠕStrength Finder࡛ࠖࡣࠊᙉࡳࢆࠕᡯ⬟㸦▱㆑㸩
ᢏ⾡㸧ࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺බᘧࡋࠊᡯ⬟ࢆࠕ↓ព㆑⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿᛮ⪃ࠊឤࠊ⾜ືࡢࣃࢱ࣮ ࣥ㸦Ҹ㈨㉁㸧ࠖᐃ⩏࡙ࡅࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᡯ⬟ࡣㄡ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚲせࡉࢀࡿ ▱㆑ࡸᢏ⾡ࢆᏛ⩦ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ☻ࡁࢆࡅࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ୍㈏ࡋ࡚⎍㏆࠸ᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆࡿࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕVIA-ISࠖࡣࠊすὒ㸭ᮾὒ࡞ࡢᵝࠎ࡞♫࡛Ṕྐⓗ㔜ࡁࢆ ࠾ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㐨ᚨⓗ࡞౯್㸦⨾ᚨ㸧࠸࠺ほⅬࡽࠕᚨᛶࠖࡋ࡚ᙉࡳࢆᐃ⩏࡙ࡅࡿࠋಶࠎ ேࡼࡗ࡚⚽࡛ࡓࠕᚨᛶࠖࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢࠕᚨᛶࠖࢆ☻ࡁୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡛ಶேࡸ♫ࡢ
⦾ᰤࢆᑟࡇ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕRealise2ࠖࡣࠊᙉࡳࢆࠕࡍ࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ≉᭷ࡢࡿ⯙࠸࣭ ⪃࠼᪉࣭ឤࡌ᪉ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬ศࡽࡋࡃឤࡌࡿࡶ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆឤࡌࠊேࡢ᭱㝈 ࡢຊࢆᘬࡁฟࡋࠊ㧗࠸ᡂᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢࠖᐃ⩏࡙ࡅࡿࠋ ᐃ⤖ᯝࡣࠕᡂᯝࠖࠕάຊࠖࠕ㢖 ᗘࠖ࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢどⅬࡽศᯒࡉࢀࠊ4 ㇟㝈㸦ά⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙉࡳࠊࡶࡗάࡏࡿᙉࡳࠊ ⩦ᚓࡋࡓ≉ᛶࠊᙅࡳ㸧ศࡅࡽࢀࡓࣉࣟࣇ࣮ࣝࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ≉ࠊᡂᯝࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࡃάຊࡸ㢖ᗘࡶὀ┠ࢆᙜ࡚ࡿⅬ࡛ࠕStrength Finderࠖᕪ␗ࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛࢭ ࢫ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭ࢶ࣮࡛ࣝ ᐃࡉࢀࡿᙉࡳࡣࠊ⾲ 9ࠊ⾲ 10ࠊ⾲ 11 ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢶ࣮ࣝࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᙉࡳࡣಶࠎே≉᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚲࡎ」ᩘࡢᙉࡳࡀಶࠎே ෆᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᤊ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽᙉࡳࢆⓎぢ࣭ㄆ㆑ࡋࠊ✚ᴟⓗά⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࠊࡇ ࢀࡲ࡛࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡸࢥ࣮ࢳࣥࢢࡢሙ㠃࡛ྛࢶ࣮ࣝࡣ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᵝࠎ࡞ᐇド◊✲ࡢ ⤖ᯝࠊᙉࡳࢆ✚ᴟⓗά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᜠᜨࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇࡀศࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 㸦CAPP, 2010㸧ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊձࡼࡾᖾࡏ࡞ࢀࡿ㸦ᖾ⚟ឤࡀቑࡍ㸧ࠊղࡼࡾ⮬ಙࡀࡶ࡚ࡿࠊճ ⮬ᕫຠຊឤࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠊմࢫࢺࣞࢫࡀῶࡿࠊյ㏫ቃᡂ㛗ຊࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠊն┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠊ շࡸᏛ⩦࡛ࡼ࠸⤖ᯝࢆṧࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠊոࡸᏛ⩦ἐ㢌ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠊ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲ 9㸸Strength Finder ࣞࣥࢪ 㐠ᛮ⪃ ᅇᚿྥ Ꮫ⩦ḧ άⓎᛶ ඹឤᛶ ➇தᛶ つᚊᛶ ཎⅬᛮ⪃ බᖹᛶ ಶู ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ ᭱ୖᚿྥ ⮬ᡃ ⮬ᕫ☜ಙ ♫ᛶ 㞟ᚰ ᣦ௧ᛶ ៅ㔜ࡉ ಙᛕ ぶᐦᛶ ᡂ㛗ಁ㐍 ㈐௵ឤ ᡓ␎ᛶ 㐩ᡂḧ ╔ ㄪᛶ 㐺ᛂᛶ ෆ┬ ศᯒᛮ⪃ ໟྵ ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ ᮍ᮶ᚿྥ ┠ᶆᚿྥ ⾲ 10㸸VIA-IS 㡿ᇦ ᙉࡳࡋ࡚ࡢᚨᛶ ຬẼ ຬᩒ㸭ຮ㸭ㄔᐇᛶ ṇ⩏ ࢳ࣮࣒࣮࣡ࢡ㸭ᖹ➼࣭බṇ㸭࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ ே㛫ᛶ࣭ឡ ぶษ㸭ឡࡍࡿຊ࣭ឡࡉࢀࡿຊ ⠇ᗘ ⮬ᕫࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ㸭ᛮ៖῝ࡉ࣭ៅ㔜㸭ㅬ ㉸㉺ᛶ ᑂ⨾ᚰ㸭ឤㅰ㸭ᕼᮃ࣭ᴦほᛶ㸭⢭⚄ᛶ㸭ᐶ㸭࣮࣭ࣘࣔ㐟ᡙᚰ㸭⇕ព ▱ᜨ࣭▱㆑ ዲወᚰ࣭⯆㸭ྥᏛᚰ㸭ุ᩿㸭㐀ᛶ㸭♫ⓗ▱⬟㸭ぢ㏻ࡋ
⾲ 11㸸Realise2 ᐇド◊✲ࡢᡂᯝࡽḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕᙉࡳࡢࢧࢡࣝࠖࢆᑟࡁฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ᙉࡳࡣ✚ᴟⓗά⏝ࡍࢀࡤࡍࡿࠊࡼ࠸ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ㐩ᡂࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋ⤌⧊࡛࠶ࢀ ࡤᵓᡂဨࡢᙉࡳࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀඹ᭷࣭⌮ゎࡋࠊྛ⮬ࡢᙉࡳࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊྛࠎ ࡢᙅࡳࢆ⿵࠸ྜ࠺㛵ಀࢆ⠏ࡃࡇ࡛ࡼࡾࡼ࠸ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࢆṧࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ ᯝࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ឤࢆࢃ࠺ᶵࡀቑ࠼ࠊᅔ㞴࡞≧ἣࢆඞ᭹࡛ࡁࡿ⪏ᛶࡸ⮬ᕫຠຊឤࢆ ᙉࡵ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᙉࡳࡢά⏝ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࢧࢡ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ ࡾࢃࡅࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈឤࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍຠᯝࡀ⬮ගࢆᾎࡧ࡚࠸ࡿࠋFredrickson㸦2001㸧
ࡢࠕᣑᙇ㸫ᙧᡂ⌮ㄽࠖ㸦Broaden and Build theory㸧ࡼࢀࡤࠊ႐ࡧࠊឤㅰࠊᏳࡽࡂࠊឡࠊ
⯆ࠊᕼᮃࠊࡾࠊទᛌࠊ㰘⯙ࠊཬࡧ⏽ᩗ࠸࠺࣏ࢪࢸࣈឤࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ᛮ⪃㸫 ⾜ືࣞࣃ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜࡀ୍ⓗᣑᙇࡋࠊಶே㈨※ࡀ⥅⥆ⓗᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛ே㛫ࡢ⼺᪕ⓗ ኚᡂ㛗ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺㸴ࠋࡇࡢ࣏ࢪࢸࣈឤࡼࡿຠᯝࡣ⥺ᙧຠᯝ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࣏ࢪࢸࣈឤࢿ࢞ࢸࣈឤࡢྜࡀ 3㸸1 ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓኚᐜࡍࡿゝࢃࢀࡿࠋᙉࡳ ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽ࣏ࢪࢸࣈឤࡢᜠᜨࢆࡼࡾከࡃᚓࡿࡇࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࠕᙉࡳࡢࢧࢡࣝࠖࢆ⤌⧊࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡇࡑ AI ࡣᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡽ ࢀࡿࠋAI ࡛ࡣ⤌⧊ᵓᡂဨࡸ㛵ಀ⪅ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ⮬ࡽࡢᙉࡳࢆⓎࡋࡓ▐㛫ࡸ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࢆㄒ ࡾྜ࠸ࠊㄆࡵྜ࠺ࠋ㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡓᩘከࡃࡢㄒࡾࡣᑐヰࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⤌⧊ࡋ ࡚ࡢᙉࡳ᪼⳹ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࢆᏑศάࡍࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿࠕ࠶ࡾࡓ࠸ጼࠖࡀᑟฟࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑ ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢጼࡢᐇ⌧ྥࡅ࡚࠾࠸ࡀ▱ᜨࢆฟࡋྜࡗࡓࡾࠊ࠼ࡑ࠺࡞⌮ㄽࢆᏛࡧྜࡗࡓ ࡾࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᙉࡳࢆάࡋࡓࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ㐩ᡂࢆ⤌⧊࡛⚃⚟ࡋ
ྜ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺⤌⧊యࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡴࡇ࡛┦ຠᯝࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ࣏ࢪࢸࣈឤ ࢆ㇏ᐩࢃ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᛮ⪃㸫⾜ືࣞࣃ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜࡢᣑᙇࡀ ⏕ࡌࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᣮᡓࡸ⼺᪕ⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆ⤌⧊ࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡞࠾ࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢭࢫ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭ࢶ࣮ࣝࢆ AI ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣ ὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆࡶ㐣ཤࡸ⌧ᅾࡢ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡞ࡀ ࡽ᥈✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡼࡾࣜࣜࢸࢆࡶࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡋཷᐜࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡸࡸࡶࡍࡿࠊᐇド⩏౫ᣐࡍࡿ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞デ᩿⩏ ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࡣࠊ♫ᵓᡂ⩏ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅࡿ AI ࡣ┦࠸ࢀ ࡞࠸㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᙉࡳࡣࠕ⮬ศࡗ࡚࠶ࡲࡾࡶᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡍࡂࡿᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡀࡺ࠼Ẽ࡙ࢀࡃ࠸ࠖ࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡾࠊఱࡶᡭࡀࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ⮬ศࡢᙉࡳࢆ᥈ ✲ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶ࡞࡞Ⓨぢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊࠕ୍ࡘࡢኌࠖࡋ࡚ ᐃ⤖ ᯝࢆ⏝ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᡭࡀࡾㄒࡿ࠸࠺⾜Ⅽㄏ࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊࡼࡾ㇏ᐩ࡞⤒㦂ࡢゎ㔘ᇶ ࡙ࡃ᪂ࡓ࡞≀ㄒࢆ⣳ࡂࡔࡍࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠊ⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ 㸳㸬⤖ㄽ㸸࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ㛤Ⓨࡢ♧၀ ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆࠕࣔࣀࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿ㝈ࡾࠊGA ࡢぶᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗ ࣒ࣛࡣࠕࣔࣀ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃᩍᖌ㞟ᅋ㸭Ꮚࡶࢆྵࡵࡓᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢ㛵ಀᛶᐟࡿฟ᮶㸦ࠕࢥ ࢺࠖ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ⏕ࢆᐟࡽࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ㘽ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠾ࡅࡿᑐヰ ࡢሙ࠶ࡾࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣅࢸࡸᙉࡳࡢ᥈✲࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ AI ࡢဴᏛࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤࠊ࢝ࣜ ࣒࢟ࣗࣛ㛤Ⓨࡣࠕከᵝ࡞ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀ⌮ᥖࡆࡿ౯್ࢆᑐヰࡼࡗ࡚᥈✲ࡋࠊ࣏ࢪࢸ ࣅࢸࡸᙉࡳ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚࡞ࡀࡽ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ࠸࠺ฟ᮶ࢆᅇ㢳ࡋࡓࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ⏕ࡳ ฟࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ኚ࣭ኚ㠉ࢆⓎࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᐃ ⩏࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࢿ࢞ࢸࣅࢸࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ᗣⓗࠊ⏕⏘ⓗࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ࡿࡇࢆᑟࡃࢿ࢞ࢸࣈ࡞ᛶ㉁ࠊ⮬ᕫ᠃㞟୰ࡋୗ㝆ⓗ ࡲࡍࡲࡍࢿ࢞ࢸࣈ࡞ࡿᛶ㉁ࢆ༊ูࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ๓⪅ࢆཷᐜ࣭⬺ྠ୍ࡋࡘࡘࠊ࣏ࢪࢸ ࣅࢸࡸᙉࡳࡢ᥈✲ࢆᅗࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Fredrickson, 2009㸧ࠋ ࡇࡢ PA ࡢ❧ሙࡽᚑ᮶ࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ㛤Ⓨࢆ⪃ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⾲ 12 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞๓ᥦࢆ࠺ᚲ せࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇḞࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣᩍᖌ⮬㌟㸭ᩍᖌ㞟ᅋࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛほࡢどᗙ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࠼ࡤࠊࠕ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡣ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊసࡾฟࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࠕᇶᮏⓗᖺ ㏻ࡾࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣ㉳ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖࠕᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿ࡸᩍ⛉᭩ࡀ࠶ࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡑࢀᚑ ࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠖࠕ⮬ศࡣᩍ⛉ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡔࡽࠊ⮬ศࡢᩍ⛉ࡢࡇࡔࡅࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠾ࡅࡤࡼ࠸ࠖ ࠕ⤖ᒁࡣཷ㦂ࡢᐇ⦼࡛ホ౯ࡉࢀࠊᏊࡶࡸಖㆤ⪅ࡶࡑࢀࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࢃࡅࡔࡽࠊཷ㦂ᑐ ⟇ᣦᑟࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࠖࠕᏛຊࡣ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࢸࢫࢺ࡛ ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡼࡾ᪩ࡃຠ⋡ ⓗࡘຠᯝⓗᬯグ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡀ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠕᏊࡶࡣᮍ⇍࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡎࡣᩍ࠼࡚ ࠶ࡆ࡞ࡅࢀࡤᏛࡤ࡞࠸ࠖࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ያ㸭ࢲ࣓࡞ያࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᤵᴗࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶࢲ࣓࡞ࡶࡢࡣ
ࢲ࣓ࡔࠖ࡞࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋGA ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠕᛮ࠸㎸ࡳࠖࡼࡿ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛほࢆࡼ ࡾᙉᅛ࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲ 12㸸ᚑ᮶ࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠾ࡅࡿᬯ㯲ࡢ๓ᥦ ࡇࢀࡽࡢᛮ࠸㎸ࡳࢆゎࡁࡄࡋࠊኚ㠉ࡉࡏࡿࡢࡀ PA ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖺ 1 ᅇ࡛ࡶᵓࢃ࡞࠸ ࡽ AI ࢆᐇ㊶ࡋࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᐇ㊶㸭ᤵᴗᐇ㊶ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㌟ศࡸ⤒㦂ᖺᩘ➼ࡢ 㐪࠸㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࠊᑐ➼ࡘ࣏ࢪࢸࣈㄒࡾྜ࠼ࡿሙࢆタᐃࡋ࡚ࡣ࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋAI ࠸ ࠺ᙧᤊࢃࢀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊAI ࡢဴᏛࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓᶵࡸሙࡀᵓ㐀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࢀࡤᵓࢃ࡞࠸ࠋᏊ ࡶࡸಖㆤ⪅࡞ࡀྠᖍ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ࡞࠾ࡼ࠸ࠋࡑࡢሙ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᩍᖌࡣࠕࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡇࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ᛮ࠸ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⅼࡇࡔࢃࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ༢ඖࡸᏛ⩦⎔ቃࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇ ࡛ࠊᏊࡶࡓࡕ㨩ຊ࠶ࡿᏛࡧࢆᥦ౪ࡋࡓࡢࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᏊࡶࡓࡕࡢࡢࡼ࠺࡞ጼ ࡸゝືࡸࡾࡀ࠸ࢆぬ࠼ࠊ⮬ศࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙉࡳࡀ࠶ࡿᛮ࠼ࡓࡢࠖ࠸࠺ᮏ㡢ࢆㄒ ࡾྜ࠸㸭ᢎㄆࡋྜ࠼ࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᏊࡶ⮬㌟ࡶࠕࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫࡧࢆ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ 㸭ࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ᛮ࠸ࠊᏛࡧἐ㢌࡛ࡁࡓࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫࡧࡢሙࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⮬ศࡢᙉࡳẼ࡙ࡅࡓࡢࠖࢆㄒࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡑࡢᡂ 㛗ࢆ⚃⚟ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊಖㆤ⪅ࡣࠕࡑࡢᏊࡶࡢጼࢆぢ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺ឤࡌࡓ ࡢࠖࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࠾࠸ࡢ౯್ࢆㄆࡵྜ࠺ㄒࡾࡢ㞟⣙ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛෆᅾࡍࡿ౯್Ẽ࡙ࡁࠊࠕࡶࡗࡇ࠺࠸࠺ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠖࠕࡇ ࠺࠸࠺ࡸࡾ᪉ࡶ࠶ࡿࡼࠖࠕࡔࡗࡓࡽࡢᅜࡸᏛᰯ࡛ࡇ࠺࠸࠺ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸ࡽࠊ ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᏛᰯ࡛ࡶྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࡼࠖࠕࡶࡗࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࡼࡾⰋ࠸ᐇ㊶ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡡࠖ࡞▱ᜨࢆฟࡋྜ࠸࡞ࡀࡽඹ᥈✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᩍᖌ㞟ᅋࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ ほࢆኚ㠉ࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᐇ㊶ࢆࡾฟࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ㌿ⓗ࡞ኚࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࣅࢪࣙࣥࡢḞዴ࡛ࡶࢹࡢḞዴ࡛ࡶ࡞ ࠸ࠋឤ▱㸦ࢭࣥࢫ㸧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊ῝ࡃࠊ㗦ࡃࠊ୍⥴ぢࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᏛᰯࡢ⦾ᰤࡢ㘽ࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢእ㒊ࡽࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢩࢫ ձ ୍㒊ࡢᩍᖌࡀ୰ᚰ࡞ࡗ࡚ఱࡽࡢ⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆస ࡾࠊࡢᩍᖌఏ㐩ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⌮ゎ࣭㈶ྠࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㐍ࢇ࡛ᐇ㊶ྲྀࡾ⤌ ࢇ࡛ࡃࢀࡿࠋ ղ ༴ᶵព㆑ࢆ↽ࢀࡤᩍᖌࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣྥୖࡋࠊ⮬ࡎ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᨵၿࢆᅗࡿ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ ճ ᣦ♧ࢆ᫂☜ࡋࠊᩍᖌ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࢝ࢱࢳ࡛ࡑࢀࢆఏ㐩࣭ᚭᗏࡋࠊࢳ࢙ࢵࢡయไࢆ ཝ᱁ࡍࢀࡤࠊᩍᖌࡣࡇ࡞ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋ⤖ᯝⓗ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᨵၿࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋ մ Ꮚࡶࡀኚࢃࢀࡤࠊ⮬ࡎࡑࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢ౯್ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍ ࢀࡤࠊ㈶ྠ⪅ࡣቑ࠼ࠊᐇ㊶ࡣᨵၿࡼࡾࠊࡼࡾⰋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ࢸ࣒ࡢෆ㒊࡛Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡿࡢࢆᚅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Sharmer, 2009㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶே㛫ࡣࠕㄽ⌮ ࡢṇ☜ࡉࠖࡔࡅ࡛ࡣື࡞࠸ࠋࠕឤ㸭ឤᛶ࡛ࠖ⣡ᚓࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࠕࡶࡗࡶࡽࡋࡉࠖ ࡢඹឤࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⌮ᛶࡣᚋⓗ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Weick, 1995㸧ࠋࡑࡢඹឤ ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡢࡣࠕㄒࡾ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࠕ≀ㄒ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋᏊࡶࡶࡲࡓᏛᰯ⤌⧊ࡢᵓᡂဨ࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊᩍᖌࡽࡶ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆㄒࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞≀ㄒࢆసࡾୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࡢᢸ࠸ᡭ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄒࡾࡢඹ᭷࣭ඹឤࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᩍᖌࡸᏊࡶࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆ⮬ศࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕ࣒࣭࣮࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ࢜ࢼ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࠖࢆ㧗ࡵ ࡿࡇࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྛࠎࡢ࣏ࢪࢸࣅࢸࡸᙉࡳࢆᏑศⓎ࡛ࡁࡿሙࡸࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ ྍḞ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࢆ AI ௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ PA ࡣᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᛮ࠸㏉ࡏࡤࠊᏛᰯኚ㠉ࡸ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛኚ㠉ࡢከࡃࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛Ꮫᰯ࠸࠺⌧ሙෆᅾࡍ ࡿ㐀ຊࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊ㏆ᖺࠊᏛຊࢸࢫࢺయไ ࡀᙉࡉࢀࠊ࢝࢘ࣥࢱࣅࣜࢸࡀᙉࡃồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊᏛᰯࡣࠕ⟶⌮ࠖࢆㄒࡿഴ ྥࢆᙉࡵࠊࠕ࣐ࣟࣥࠖࢆㄒࡾྜ࠺ሙࢆኻ࠸ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ♫ࡣᏛᰯእᅽࢆຍ࠼ࡿ ࡇ࡛༴ᶵព㆑ࢆ↽ࡾࠊྛᏛᰯࡣࠕ࠶ࡿࡁጼࠖ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡢ㉁ࢆồࡵࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ⾜ື ࡢ㉁ࠊᛮ⪃ࡢ㉁ࠊ㛵ಀࡢ㉁ࢆ⟶⌮࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ᨵၿࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋPA ࡀᥦࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ ࡑࡢࢧࢡࣝࡢ㌿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⋡┤࡞ᑐヰࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᏳ࡞ሙࢆ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㛵 ಀࡢ㉁ࢆᨵၿࡋࠊᛮ⪃ࡢ㉁ࠊ⾜ືࡢ㉁ࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡁࠊࠕ࠶ࡾࡓ࠸ጼࠖ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡢ㉁ࢆᙜ ⪅ព㆑ࡢ㔊ᡂࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ㸦Kim, 2001㸧ࠋ ࡓ࠼Ꮫຊࡢࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ㐩ᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣከᵝ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡼ ࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ከᵝᛶ࣭ᰂ㌾ᛶࢆ㔜どࡍࡿᡯ⬟ᩍ⫱࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡶከᩘᥦ ၐࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࡚ࡢᏊࡶࡢᡯ⬟ࢆ㛤Ⓨ࣭ఙ㛗ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᙉࡳᚿྥࡢᐇ㊶ࣔࢹࣝࡶᵓ ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࣔࢹࣝࡣࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࠊᏛᰯ⌧ሙ᰿࡙ࡏࡿ㛤Ⓨࣉ ࣟࢭࢫ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠕ⏬ᥥ࠸ࡓ㣰ࠖ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋᏊࡶࡢከᵝ࡞ᡯ⬟ ࢆㄆࡵࠊከᵝࡘᰂ㌾࡞࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᩍᖌࡢከᵝ࡞ᡯ⬟ࡶ┠ࢆ 㓄ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᏛᰯࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ࡚ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀࠊ⮬ࡢᙉࡳࡸ⎔ቃࡢᙉࡳࡢ౯್ ࢆㄆࡵࠊᙅࡳࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᙉࡳࡢ㒊ศࡶࠊྠ➼ࡢ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢᩗពࢆᡶ࠺ࡇ࡛ ౯್ࢆ㧗ࡵྜ࠼ࡿ㛵ಀ࡙ࡃࡾ࣭⤌⧊࡙ࡃࡾࡀ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲㄽࡋ ࡚ࠊPA ࡣ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㝿⏝࡛ࡁࡿㄒᙡࢆ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡣ⏝ពࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᣮᡓࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊࢺࢵࣉࡢ࣒࣭࣮࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࡀồ ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ Ꮫᰯࡣಶேࡸ♫ࡢ⦾ᰤ㸦Flourish㸧ࡢࡓࡵᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊWell-being ࠸ ࠺ほⅬࡽࠊᏛᰯࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ࡚ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࡗ࡚ࠊᏛᰯ࠸࠺⏕άࡢሙࡢ㉁ࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿ࠺ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᖖၥ࠸ṇࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋSeligman㸦2011㸧ࡼ ࢀࡤࠊ⦾ᰤࡣࠕ࣏ࢪࢸࣈឤࠖࠕⰋዲ࡞㛵ಀࠖࠕ㐩ᡂࠖࠕ✚ᴟⓗ㛵㸭⊩㌟ⓗ㈉⊩ࠖࠕព ࡢᐇឤࠖࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ᰿ᗏ⨨࡙ࡃࡢࡀࠕᙉࡳࡢㄆ㆑࣭ά⏝࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊPA
ࡣࡑࢀࡽࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ᪉ἲㄽࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᚋࡣࠊᮏ✏࡛ㄽ✲ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ PA ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᪥ᮏᆺᡯ⬟ᩍ⫱࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᐇ㊶ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ
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㸯 ࠼ࡤ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊAI㸦Appreciative Inquiry㸧ࠊFS㸦Future Search㸧ࠊ SC㸦Search
Conference㸧ࠊWC㸦World Cafe㸧ࠊOST㸦Open Space Technology㸧ࠊPF㸦Preferred Futuring㸧ࠊSP㸦Scenario Planning㸧࡞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ≉ AI ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ⌮⏤ ࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ 㸰 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⓎࡢ㌿ࡀకࢃ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ≉ูᨭᩍ⫱㸦㞀ᐖඣࡸ㐺ᛂඣࡢᩍ⫱ᡯ⬟ ඣࡢᩍ⫱ࡢ᪉ࢆྵࡴᗈ⩏ࡢព㸧ࡔࡅࢆᐇࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ゎỴࡣ⮳ ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ≉ูᨭᩍ⫱ࡣ㏻ᖖᏛ⣭ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡎࡶ ࡗ࡚㏻ᖖᏛ⣭࠾ࡅࡿ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢከᵝࢆᅗࡾࠊಶࠎࡢᏊࡶࡢㄆ▱ⓗಶᛶࢆఙ㛗 ࡍࡿ୰࡛≉ูᨭᩍ⫱ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆᵓࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ู࡞ᩍ⫱ⓗᨭࡀ ࡇࡲ࡛ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡣ㏻ᖖᏛ⣭ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ḟ➨࡛ኚࢃࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞ ࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᙜ㠃ࡣ≉ูᨭᩍ⫱ࡢࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ▱ぢࡽ㏻ᖖᏛ⣭ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆぢ┤ࡍ సᴗࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊㄆ▱ⓗಶᛶࢆఙ㛗ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ほⅬ❧࡚ࡤࠊᗈ ⩏ࡢᡯ⬟ᩍ⫱ࡽ✚ᴟⓗᏛࡿࡇࡣከ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ 㸱 AI ࡣ 1980 ᖺ⡿ᅜ࢜ࣁ࢜ᕞ࠶ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ࣭࢙࢘ࢫࢱ࣭ࣥࣜࢨ࣮ࣈᏛࡢᏛ㝔༤ኈ ㄢ⛬ᅾ⡠ࡍࡿᏛ⏕࡛࠶ࡗࡓ David Cooperrider ࡀᆅඖࢡ࣮ࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻ࣭ࢡࣜࢽࢵࢡ ࠾ࡅࡿㄪᰝࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡽᚓࡓ▱ぢࢆᏛㄽᩥࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࡇࡀ㉳※ࡔࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࡶࢡࢩࣙࣥࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢࡼ࠺࡞◊✲࣭ᐇ㊶ࢆ⤒࡚⢭⦓ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ⌧ሙ࠾ࡅࡿᐇຠᛶࡣ☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸲 ࣏ࢪࢸࣈᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢ∗⛠ࡉࢀࡿ Seligman ࡣࠊ⌮㸭Ḟ㝗ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗㄝ᫂ࡀ࡞ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ་ Ꮫ ⓗ 㸭 ᚰ ⌮ Ꮫ ⓗ ࡞ ㄒ ᙡ ࡀ ࠕ ⢭ ⚄ 㞀 ᐖ ࡢ デ ᩿ ⤫ ィ ࡢ ᡭ ᘬ ࡁ ࠖ 㸦Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders㸹DSM㸧࡞ࡢࡼ࠺㇏ᐩ ᩚഛࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊே㛫ࡢᙉࡳ㸭ྍ⬟ᛶ࠸ࡗࡓᗣ࡞㒊ศࢆ⛉Ꮫⓗㄝ ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢㄒᙡࡀ㠀ᖖஈࡋ࠸ࡇࢆᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋVIA-IS ࡣࠊDSM ࡢ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ ᚰ⌮Ꮫ∧ࢆసᡂࡍࡿ࠸࠺᫂☜࡞ពᅗ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚ࠊே㛫ࡢ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆศ㢮࣭ ᐃ ࡍࡿᯟ⤌ࡳࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓࠋ 㸳 CAPP ♫ࡣゝືࡸ⾲ࢆᡭࡀࡾࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᙉࡳࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࢶ࣮ࣝࡋ࡚ࠕStrength Spottingࠖࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⪅ࡀ┦ᡭࡢᙉࡳࢆぢᢤࡃ㝿ᙺ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ 㸴 ࠼ࡤࠕឡࠖࡣேࡸ࿘ᅖᑐࡋ࡚ࡢὀពࢆᗈࡆࠊே⤒㦂ࡋࠊ㐟ࡧࠊ᥈⣴ࡍࡿ⾜ືࢆ⏕ ࡴࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊேࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࠸࠺♫ⓗ㈨※ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊឤㅰ࡛࠶
ࢀࡤࠊ㐣ཤࡢయ㦂ࡢぢ᪉ࡀᗈࡀࡾෆ┬ࢆಁࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ពࢆぢฟࡍ⾜ືࢆ⏕ࡴࠋࡑࡢ ⤖ᯝࠊ⮬ᕫ⌮ゎຊ࠸࠺ᚰ⌮ⓗ㈨※ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡶࠊᕼᮃࡢሙྜࠊ ᑗ᮶ᒎᮃࡀᗈࡀࡾࠊᨵၿࡍࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡞ࡾࠊྍ⬟ᛶࢆಙࡌ࡚⾜ືࡍࡿຊࡀᗈࡀࡿࠋࡑ ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ┠ᶆ㐩ᡂຊ࠸࠺ᚰ⌮ⓗ㈨※ࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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ࡢ▐㛫ࠖࢆᘬࡁࡔࡍ⤌⧊㛤Ⓨ࠘㸪PHP ◊✲ᡤ㸧
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࣭࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊ಟ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ➼㛤Ⓨ㆟㸦2004㸧ࠗᏛᰯ⤌⧊࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊ಟࢸ࢟ࢫ ࢺ㸦ᖹᡂ 15 ᖺᗘ∧ᨵゞ∧㸧࠘㸪ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬
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࣭୰␃Ṋ㸦2003㸧ࠕ࣒࣐࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢࢹࢨࣥࢆࡿ㸫⥲ྜⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ࡢ࢝ࣜ ࣒࢟ࣗࣛ㛤Ⓨ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚࡚㸫ࠖ୰␃Ṋ࣭ㄽᩥ⦅㞟ጤဨ ⦅ࠗ21 ୡ⣖ࡢᏛᰯᨵၿ࠘㸪 ➨୍ἲつ㸪pp.146-164
࣭୰␃Ṋ㸦2005㸧࣒࣐ࠗ࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢᐃ╔㐣⛬㸫ᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬⾜ᨻࡢ㔞
ࢃࡗ࡚࠘㸪ᩍ⫱㛤Ⓨ◊✲ᡤ
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࣭ఫⳁᅄ㑻㸦2012㸧࣏ࠗࢫࢺࣔࢲࣥࡢ⤌⧊࣭ᆅᇦ㛤Ⓨ㸸࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࣭ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢᐇ㊶࠘㸪
᪥ᮏホㄽ♫
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ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺ฟ∧♫㸧
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࣭▮㔝⿱ಇ࣭ᮌཎಇ⾜࣭᳃ஂె㸦2010㸧ࠕ࣒࣭࣮࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࣜࢲ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࡢ ᵓ㐀ⓗᢕᥱࡢヨࡳ㸫PLC(Professional Learning Community)ࡢ᥋Ⅼὀ┠ࡋ࡚㸫ࠖ㸪 ᪥ᮏ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᏛ➨ 21 ᅇ㸦బ㈡Ꮫ㸧
