Evaluation of a Real‑Time Control System for Combined Sewer Networks
著者 Wada Yasuhiko, Ozaki Taira, Muraoka Motoi journal or
publication title
関西大学工学研究報告 = Technology reports of the Kansai University
volume 49
page range 61‑68
year 2007‑03‑20
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10112/12451
T e c h n o l o g y R e p o r t s o f K a n s a i U n i v e r s i t y N o . 4 9 , 2 0 0 7
E v a l u a t i o n o f a Real‑Time C o n t r o l System f o r Combined Sewer Networks
Y a s u h i k o WADA*, T a i r a OZAKI* and M o t o i MURAOKA**
( R e c e i v e d O c t o b e r 2 , 2 0 0 6 )
Abstract
I n t h i s s t u d y , we e v a l u a t e d t h e amount o f r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c o m b i n e d s e w e r o v e r f l o w ( C S O ) l o a d u s i n g r e a l ‑ t i m e c o n t r o l ( R T C ) f o r a combined sewer s y s t e m r e g i o n where a s t o r a g e b a s i n had b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d . R e d u c t i o n o f t h e l o a d i s e s p e c i a l l y h i g h when t h e amount o f r a i n f a l l i s 10mm. M o r e o v e r , t h e amount o f BOD l o a d was r e d u c e d by 1 8 ‑2 6 % , and t h e o v e r f l o w f r e q u e n c y by 1 4 ‑29% u s i n g on RTC s y s t e m b a s e d o n a n n u a l a n a l y s i s . I n a d d i t i o n , i t was c l a r i f i e d t h a t t h e e f f e c t o f t h e r e d u c t i o n i n c o s t o f t h e RTC s y s t e m was h i g h a s a r e s u l t o f c o s t ‑ e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n a l y s i s . I t was c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n i n RTC s y s t e m was e f f e c t i v e f o r r e d u c i n g t h e C S O .
I . Introduction
6 1
When storms b r i n g heavy r a i n f a l l t h a t exceeds t h e t h r e s h o l d c a p a c i t y o f t h e combined sewage s y s t e m s , u n t r e a t e d sewage f l o w s i n t o p u b l i c b o d i e s o f w a t e r , n o t o n l y c a u s i n g an u g l y s c e n e , but a l s o c a u s i n g a d v e r s e e f f e c t s t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , i n c l u d i n g water p o l l u t i o n and a t h r e a t t o p u b l i c h e a l t h l l .
2l.Measures t o combat such combined sewer o v e r f l o w s ( C S O s ) i n c l u d e s o l u t i o n s such a s b u i l d i n g s t o r m ‑ w a t e r r e t e n t i o n t a n k s and underground a c c u m u l a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , but t h e s e s o l u t i o n s e n t a i l h i g h c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s , t h e need t o s e c u r e t h e r e q u i r e d l a n d i n urban a r e a s , and l o n g ‑ t e r m maintenance o f t h e f a c i l i t i e s . I n some c o u n t r i e s , a s measures a g a i n s t CSOs, r e a l t i m e c o n t r o l (RTC) systems a r e implemented t o c o n t r o l e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s i n such a way a s t o u t i l i z e t h e c a p a c i t y t o t h e f u 1 1 3 > ‑ 5 > ̲ The u s e o f RTC i s a l s o i n t h e p l a n n i n g s t a g e i n some p a r t s o f J a p a n , w i t h e x p e c t a t i o n s f o r p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s . The main advantage o f a d o p t i n g RTC o v e r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new w a t e r ‑ r e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t i e s i s t h a t i t can be implemented a t a l o w e r c o s t by i n s t a l l i n g and o p e r a t i n g w e i r s , g a t e s and m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s i n c o n j u n c t i o n with e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s . An a d d i t i o n a l b e n e f i t i s t h a t t h e equipment can be i n s t a l l e d much more q u i c k l y than i t t a k e s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new f a c i l i t i e s , such a s r e t e n t i o n t a n k s , o f f e r i n g a r a p i d o p t i o n f o r r e d u c i n g t h e e
祖u e n tl o a d .
I n t h i s s t u d y , we i n v e s t i g a t e t h e volume and p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e water d i s c h a r g e d d u r i n g wet weather a t a c t u a l pumping s t a t i o n s and sewage p r o c e s s i n g c e n t r e s , and s t u d i e d t h e o p e r a t i n g method and e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f RTC u s i n g a n a l y t i c m o d e l s .
* D e p a r t m e n t o f C i v i l a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l E n g i n e e r i n g
* * K y o k u t o G i k o u C o n s u l t a n t s C O . , L t d .
62 Y a s u h i k o WADA, T a i r a OZAKI and M o t o i MURAOKA
2 . The Subject Drainage D i s t r i c t and t h e RTC Method 2 . 1 Overview o f the s u b j e c t drainage d i s t r i c t and the f l o w o f sewage water
I n o u r r e s e a r c h , we s t u d i e d t h e u s e o f RTC i n two d r a i n a g e d i s t r i c t s , " D i s t r i c t l " ( 3 8 9 h a ) and " D i s t r i c t 2 " ( 4 7 2 h a ) , b o t h o f which a r e equipped with combined sewer s y s t e m s . F i g . 1 shows an o u t l i n e o f t h e s u b j e c t d r a i n a g e d i s t r i c t .
I n dry weather, sewage water from t h e drainage d i s t r i c t f l o w s over the r e s p e c t i v e d i v e r s i o n w e i r s and i n t o P r o c e s s i n g P l a n t B . When t h e r e i s p r e c i p i t a t i o n , sewage water o f up t o 3Qs f l o w s i n t o t h e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t ( Q s i s t h e peak h o u r l y d r y ‑ w e a t h e r f l o w ) . Of t h i s v o l u m e , up t o lQs i s g i v e n advanced t r e a t m e n t , and a n y t h i n g beyond t h i s i s g i v e n o n l y p r e l i m i n a r y t r e a t m e n t b e f o r e b e i n g d i s c h a r g e d . Overflow sewage water from t h e d i v e r s i o n w e i r s ( i . e . i n e x c e s s o f 3 Q s ) heads f o r Pumping S t a t i o n A v i a t h e i n f l o w c u l v e r t p i p e s . The r a t e o f i n f l o w a t Pumping S t a t i o n A i s c o n t r o l l e d by a g a t e l o c a t e d i n f r o n t o f t h e g r i t chamber. The g a t e , i n t u r n , i s c o n t r o l l e d by a water gauge i n s t a l l e d i n t h e i n l e t w e l l , and t h e g a t e opens when t h e water r e a c h e s a c e r t a i n l e v e l . Sewage water t h a t f l o w s i n t o t h e g r i t chamber i s pumped i n t o t h e s t o r m ‑ w a t e r r e t e n t i o n t a n k s i t u a t e d i n s i d e Pumping S t a t i o n A u s i n g two pumps. When t h e s t o r m ‑ w a t e r r e t e n t i o n t a n k i s f u l l , t h e r e i s a changeover i n t h e pumping o p e r a t i o n , and t h e sewage water i s s i m p l y d i s c h a r g e d i n t o t h e r i v e r s . Sewage water h e l d i n t h e s t o r m ‑ w a t e r r e t e n t i o n t a n k i s s e n t t o Treatment P l a n t B f o r advanced t r e a t m e n t a f t e r t h e r a i n s t o p s .
D r a i n a g e a r e a ( A )
w e i r
D r a i n a g e a r e a ( B )
P r i m a r y t r e a t m e n t Wastewater t r e a t m e n t p l a n t
Gate
G r i t chamber
Storm w a t e r t a n k
F i g . 1 O u t l i n e o f s u b j e c t d r a i n a g e d i s t r i c t
E v a l u a t i o n o f a R e a l ‑ T i m e C o n t r o l S y s t e m f o r Combined S e w e r N e t w o r k s 63
2 . 2 The RTC method
The components r e q u i r e d f o r implementing RTC i n t h e s u b j e c t d r a i n a g e d i s t r i c t s a r e summarized b e l o w :
( A ) Data monitored i n c l u d e s volume o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n , water l e v e l w i t h i n t h e c u l v e r t p i p e s , water l e v e l w i t h i n t h e s t o r m ‑ w a t e r r e t e n t i o n t a n k , and t h e 3 ‑ h o u r r a i n f o r e c a s t .
( B ) Water f l u x a t c o n t r o l p o i n t s a r e p r e d i c t e d u s i n g a d i s t r i b u t e d a n a l y s i s m o d e l .
( C ) The f a c i l i t i e s c o n t r o l l e d by t h e RTC method a r e t h e g a t e s i n f r o n t o f t h e d i v e r s i o n w e i r s and t h o s e a t t h e pumping s t a t i o n . Using i n f o r m a t i o n ( A ) and ( B ) c i t e d a b o v e , t h e g a t e s a r e c o n t r o l l e d i n such a way a s t o t a k e maximum advantage o f t h e s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y o f t h e s t o r m ‑ w a t e r r e t e n t i o n tank and i n f l o w c u l v e r t p i p e s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e pumping s t a t i o n . The c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m based on t h e above p r e m i s e s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 b e l o w .
Retaining tank water level data
Diversion weir height initially set to I Qs
Yes No
Increase weir height to 3Qs after retention tank becomes full, and close gate in front of pumping station
Update data every 10mins
Yes
Close gate and retain storm‑water
Water level in culvert pipes will exceed pipe capacity
according to simulation
o r
Rain forecast predicts precipitation greater
than 20mm/hr
No
Store the entire rainwater in culvert pipes
F i g . 2 RTC method
Pump water to treatment plant. 1 Qs given advanced treatment. 2Qs given preliminary treatment.
3 . Quantifying the reduction i n e f f l u e n t l o a d a s a r e s u l t o f implementing RTC
I n t h i s s t u d y , we computed t h e r e d u c t i o n e f f e c t s i n e f f l u e n t l o a d by c o n d u c t i n g v a r i o u s
s i m u l a t i o n s on a d i s t r i b u t i o n model c r e a t e d u s i n g I n f o Works CS s o f t w a r e .
64 Y a s u h i k o WADA, T a i r a OZAKI a n d M o t o i MURAOKA
3 . 1 Reference p r e c i p i t a t i o n
We a n a l y z e d t h e d a t a f o r a o n e ‑ y e a r p e r i o d , i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f RTC a s a measure f o r p r e v e n t i n g o v e r f l o w s i n combined sewer s y s t e m s . As t h e computed a n n u a l e f f l u e n t l o a d v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n p a t t e r n , we c r e a t e d t h r e e m o d e l s . S i n c e a t y p i c a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n p a t t e r n was r e c o r d e d i n t h e s u b j e c t d r a i n a g e d i s t r i c t i n t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 , we used t h e d a t a from 2 0 0 0 a s average p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( t o t a l r a i n f a l l ; 1 , 3 1 0 . 5 m m ) , and used d a t a from 1 9 9 0 a s heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n year ( t o t a l r a i n f a l l ; 1 , 7 2 5 . 0 m m ) , and used d a t a from 1 9 9 4 a s l i g h t p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( t o t a l r a i n f a l l ; 772.0mm) Then we q u a n t i f i e d t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f RTC on t h e e f f l u e n t l o a d and compared t h e r e s u l t s f o r v a r i o u s p r e c i p i t a t i o n v o l u m e s . T a b l e 1 shows t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e r a i n f a l l .
T a b l e 1 . O u t l i n e o f s u b j e c t r a i n f a l l s
Y e a r T o t a l r a i n f a l l F r e q u e n c y o f r a i n f a l l s (mm) ( n o . o f t i m e s ) Heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( 1 9 9 0 ) 1 , 7 2 5 . 0 9 5 L i g h t p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( 1 9 9 4 ) 7 7 2 . 0 8 5 Average p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( 2 0 0 0 ) 1 , 3 1 0 . 5 7 6 3 . 2 The e f f e c t o f RTC on the combined sewer overflows
As a r e s u l t o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n s , we found t h a t w i t h a t o t a l volume o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f around 10mm, t h e e n t i r e sewage volume can be r e t a i n e d i n t h e i n f l o w c u l v e r t p i p e s , making i t p o s s i b l e t o r e d u c e b o t h t h e number o f o v e r f l o w s and t h e e f f l u e n t l o a d . However, when t h e t o t a l volume o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n r e a c h e s around 20mm, t h e water l e v e l i n s i d e t h e c u l v e r t p i p e s i n c r e a s e s , making d i s c h a r g e n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t f l o o d i n g , and t h e r e f o r e t h e p o l l u t i o n ‑ r e d u c i n g e f f e c t i s l e s s e n e d . The f o l l o w i n g a r e o b s e r v a t i o n s from t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f o v e r f l o w f r e q u e n c y and e f f l u e n t l o a d .
3 . 2 . 1 Frequency o f overflows
F i g . 3 shows f r e q u e n c y o f o v e r f l o w s . By u s i n g RTC, t h e frequency o f o v e r f l o w s can be reduced by 14% f o r an average p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r , 19% f o r a heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r , and
Heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( 1 9 9 0 )
L i g h t p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( 1 9 9 4 )
A v e r a g e p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r ( 2 0 0 0 )
゜ F r 1 0 e q u e n c y o 2 0 f o v e r f l o 3 w 0 s ( t i m e / y 4 e 0 a r )
F i g . 3 F r e q u e n c y o f o v e r f l o w s
5 0
E v a l u a t i o n o f a R e a l ‑ T i m e C o n t r o l S y s t e m f o r Combined S e w e r N e t w o r k s 65
by 29% f o r a l i g h t p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r . T h i s can be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t a p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f a b o u t 10mm, i s t h e most f r e q u e n t o f r a i n f a l l p a t t e r n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . I n such a c a s e , t h e e n t i r e volume o f s t o r m ‑ w a t e r can be r e t a i n e d i n s i d e t h e c u l v e r t p i p e s .
I n a d d i t i o n , we f o u n d t h a t RTC i s most e f f e c t i v e i n l i g h t p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s , n e x t most e f f e c t i v e i n heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s , and l e a s t e f f e c t i v e f o r average p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e f r e q u e n c y o f 10mm r a i n f a l l t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r i s g r e a t e s t d u r i n g l i g h t p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s , f o l l o w e d by heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s , and l e a s t i n a v e r a g e p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s . Overflow frequency i n c r e a s e s a s t h e t o t a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n c r e a s e s , but RTC i s most e f f e c t i v e i n r e d u c i n g t h e f r e q u e n c y o f o v e r f l o w i n y e a r s when p r e c i p i t a t i o n a v e r a g e s around 10mm each t i m e i t r a i n s .
3 . 2 . 2 E f f l u e n t l o a d
F i g . 4 shows e
祖u e n tl o a d . And Table 2 shows t h e e f f l u e n t l o a d o f each r a i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . By i n t r o d u c i n g RTC, t h e e f f l u e n t l o a d can be reduced by 18% f o r a v e r a g e p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s , 22% f o r heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s , and 26% f o r l i g h t p r e c i p i t a t i o n y e a r s a s compared t o t h e
■ S e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t ( W T P ) □ S e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t ( S T )
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