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Fukushima Medical University

福島県立医科大学 学術機関リポジトリ

This document is downloaded at: 2021-11-07T23:48:23Z

Title Feasibility of gamma camera-based GFR measurement using renal depth evaluated by lateral scan of 99mTc-DTPA renography( 本文 )

Author(s) 菅原, 茂耕

Citation

Issue Date 2020-03-24

URL http://ir.fmu.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/1081

Rights Fulltext: Modified from "Ann Nucl Med. 2020 May;34(5):349- 357. doi: 10.1007/s12149-020-01455-w. © 2020, The Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine"

DOI

Text Version ETD

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参照

関連したドキュメント

静岡大学 静岡キャンパス 静岡大学 浜松キャンパス 静岡県立大学 静岡県立大学短期大学部 東海大学 清水キャンパス

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