Ratnākara (ca. ninth century CE). 8）All the verses of the Kirātārjunīya are written in either measure meters or syllabic meters consisting of four lines, each of which contains fewer than 18 syllables. For a list of all the meters used by Bhāravi, see Kühnau 1890: 25–26. 9）Verses 4.21, 5.6, 12, 6.2, 14. 10）Lāṭānuprāsa: verses 1.15, 22, 51, 5.7, 15, 24, 6.8, 7.20; pseudo-yamaka: verses 1.5, 21, 4.10, 5.4, 6.24, 37, 42. 11）See Yamasaki 2016: 48–51.
Primary Sources
Haravijaya. The Haravijaya of Rājānaka Ratnākara. Ed. Paṇḍit Durgāprasāda and Kāśīnāth Pāṇḍurang Parab. Bombay: Nirṇaya Sāgar Press, 1890.
Kāvyālaṃkārasārasaṃgraha. Kāvyālaṃkārasārasaṃgraha of Udbhaṭa. Ed. Narayana Daso Banhatti. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1925.
Kirātārjunīya. The Kirātārjunīya of Bhāravi. Ed. Paṇḍit Durgāprasāda and Kāśīnāth Pāṇḍurang Parab. Bombay: Nirṇaya Sāgar Press, 1903.
Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa. The Mārcaṇḍeya Purāna. Ed. K. M. Banerjea. Calcutta: Bishop’s College Press, 1862.
Saptakumārikāvadāna. See Hahn 1992. Sarvāṃdadajātaka. See Handurukande 1984. Secondary Sources
Dargyay, Lobsang. 1978. Die Legende von den sieben Prinzessinnen (Saptakumārikā-avadāna). Wien: Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien.
Gerow, Edwin. 1971. A Glossary of Indian Figures of Speech. The Hague: Mouton.
Hahn, Michael. 1983. “Zur Verteilung der Versmasse in der buddhistischen Campūdichtung.” Supplement Band, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 5: 245–252.
———. 1992. Haribhaṭṭa and Gopadatta: Two Authors in the Succession of Āryaśūra. Tokyo: The Reiyukai Library.
———. 2007. “Gopadatta’s Jātakamālā: On the First Complete Edition of Its 16 Extant Legends.” IBK 55 (3): 1043–1051.
Handurukande, Ratna. 1984. Five Buddhist Legends in Campū Style: From a Collection Named Avadānasārasamuccaya. Bonn: Indica et Tibetica Verlag.
Kühnau, Richard. 1890. “Metrische Sammlungen aus Stenzler’s Nachlass.” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 44: 1–82.
Stchoupak, Nadine. 1968. Uttararāmacarita: La Dernière Aventure de Rāma. Paris: Sociêté d’édition «Les belles lettres».
Yamasaki Kazuho 山 崎 一 穂 . 2016. “Gopadattajātakamālā ni okeru hiyu hyōgen ni tsuite” Gopadattajātakamālā における比喩表現について. Tōyōgaku kenkyū 東洋学研究 53: 362–376. Key words Gopadatta, Saptakumārikāvadāna, alaṃkāra
（Research Fellow, The Nakamura Hajime Eastern Institute）
The Vinayasūtra and the Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya
Yonezawa Yoshiyasu
1. Preamble
The MSV consists of the Vinaya-vibhaṅga, the Vinaya-vastu, the Vinaya-kṣudraka, and the
Uttaragrantha.1) The present paper summarizes descriptions about the structure of the
MSV in the VSS, especially comments on the VS I-98.2) The Sanskrit text in which the
titles of several sections of the Uttaragrantha appear is noticed and emended on the
basis of the recent researches which reveal its structure and contents.3) Based on the
emended text, the present paper has as its purpose the ascertainment of the textual significance of the VS and the VSS in relation to the MSV.
2. Sanskrit Text of the VSS
Among commentaries on the VS attributed to Guṇaprabha, the VSS4) is known as an
auto-commentary circulated in Mathurā region. Two incomplete Sanskrit manuscripts are extant, i.e., VSSMSA and VSSMSB. The VSSMSA is the base text of the Pravrajyāvastu edition of the VSS_BG as well as the initial part of the Vibhaṅga edition in Nakagawa 1987, 1991, and 1996. The VSSMSB has been utilized in a series of publications by Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai『律経』「出家事」研究会. Although this MS is called an “extract version,” there are several cases in which the reconstructed Sanskrit text in the VSS_BG is retrieved therefrom. Furthermore, the Sanskrit text of the VSS is partially recovered from the interlinear notes of the VSMSB.
As far as the Sanskrit text of the first chapter, the Pravrajyāvastu, is concerned, these three primary sources are available. At the present, however, the VSS Sanskrit text on VS I-98 under discussion is available only in the VSSMSB.5)
2.1. Contents of the VS
(1) Pravrajyā(vastu), (2) Vibhaṅga, (3) Poṣadha(vastu), (4) Varṣā(vastu), (5) Pravāraṇā(vastu), (6) Kaṭhina(vastu), (7) Cīvara(vastu), (8) Carma(vastu), (9) Bhaiṣajya(vastu), (10) Karma(va‐
stu), (11) Pratikriyā(vastu), (12) Kālākālasaṃpad(vastu), (13) Bhūmyantarasthacaraṇa(vastu),
(14) Parikarma(vastu), (15) Karmabheda(vastu), (16) Cakrabheda(vastu), (17) Adhikaraṇa(va‐
stu), and (18) Śayanāsana(vastu). These seventeen vastu names (1, 3–18) correspond to
those in the Mvy nos. 9100–9116, but not to the vastu names preserved in the MSV
itself.7) The VSS explains the structural relationship between the VS and the MSV, in
which the Kṣudraka, etc., are dealt with not in an independent chapter of the VS but under the relevant topics.
3. Contents of the Pravrajyāvastu in the VS
According to the VSS_BG, the Pravrajyāvastu contains 647 sūtras.8) They are divided into (i) “rules for initiating [those in the] stage of novice” (śrāmaṇeratvopanayavidhi, 1–36), (ii) “rules for ordination” (upasaṃpadvidhi, 37–69), (iii) “[matters] relating to dependence [given by teachers]” (niśrayagata, 70–102), (iv) “[matters] relating to
inquiring obstructive conditions of the candidates” (*saṃgrāhyagata, 103–148),9)
(v) “[matters] relating to the Kṣudraka [Part], etc.” (kṣudrakādigata, 149–614), and (vi) “[matters] relating to the Pṛcchā [Part]” (pṛcchāgata, 615–647). Among them, sections (v) and (vi) are subdivided into four divisions respectively.10)
It is to be noted that most of the first 148 sūtras can be traced in the MSVP and
related texts.11) From the 149th sūtra onwards in the Pravrajyāvastu of the VS and the
VSS, the parallels are found in the Kṣudraka, Nidāna, Muktaka, and Kathāvastu, etc.12)
3.1. Parallels to the *Pañcaka
In the “[matters] relating to dependence” (niśrayagata), the five requisites for guiding the disciples are enumerated in sūtras 81–98. Notably textual parallels are also found in the *Pañcaka, a part of the Uttaragrantha, as is shown in the table below.
VS sūtra no. MSVP_Tib MSVP_Chi *Pañcaka (D pa)
81 174,12–175,21 1031b7–15 57a3–6 82 83 175,25–176,2 1031b17–18 (?) 57a6–7 84 176,9–12 1031b15–16 (?) 57a7 85 176,19–23 (?) 86 177,4–7 (?) 57a7–b1 87 177,25–178,2 1031b21–23 57b1–2 88 178,9–12 (?) 57b2–3 89 178,17–179,18 1031b23–28 (?) 57b3–5 90 178,22 91 179,6 92 179,15 1031b25–28 93 179,22–180,1 1031b28–c2 57b5–6 94 180,8–13 1031c2–3 57b6–7 95 180,20–22 1031c3–4 57b7 96 181,1–10 1031c4–7 57b7–58a1 97 181,11–20 (?) 98 181,24–182,1 1031c7–9 58a1–2
4. VSS ad VS I-98: Reference to the MSV
The Sanskrit text of VS I-98 runs as follows:
āpattyanāpattigurulaghutābhijñatvapravṛttaprātimokṣavistaratvaṃ ||13)
[The five requisites for guiding disciples are] knowing offences or non-offences, grave or minor, and interpreting the Prātimokṣa[sūtra] in full.
In the VSS, the term “the Prātimokṣa[sūtra] in full” (prātimokṣavistaratva) is mentioned as the referent not only to the Vibhaṅga but also to the Vinayavastu, the Kṣudraka, etc., because all of them are said to be derived from the Prātimokṣa[sūtra].
4.1. The Vinayavastu
It is well known that the Vinayavastu consists of the seventeen vastus in the Tibetan
canon and in the Gilgit MS.14) Concerning the Vinayavastu, however, the VSS
enumerates the sixteen titles, viz., (1) Pravrajyāvastu, (2) Poṣadhavastu, (3) Pravāraṇāvastu, (4) Vārṣikavastu, (5) Kaṭhinavastu, (6) Cīvaravastu, (7) Carmavastu, (8) Bhaiṣajyavastu, (9) Kauśāmbakavastu, (10) Saṅghabhedavastu, (11) Karmavastu, (12) Pāṇḍulohitakavastu, (13) Pudgalapārivāsikavastu, (14) Poṣadhasthāpanavastu, (15) Śayanāsanavastu, and (16) Adhikaraṇavastu. We notice here that the Pudgalavastu and the Pārivāsikavastu are combined into one vastu. In this respect, it is worthwhile to note that Yijing 義浄, the Chinese translator of the MSV, refers to the sixteen vastus.15)
However, it is also to be noted that the interlinear notes of the VSMSB comments that
(1) Pravrajyā(vastu), (2) Vibhaṅga, (3) Poṣadha(vastu), (4) Varṣā(vastu), (5) Pravāraṇā(vastu), (6) Kaṭhina(vastu), (7) Cīvara(vastu), (8) Carma(vastu), (9) Bhaiṣajya(vastu), (10) Karma(va‐
stu), (11) Pratikriyā(vastu), (12) Kālākālasaṃpad(vastu), (13) Bhūmyantarasthacaraṇa(vastu),
(14) Parikarma(vastu), (15) Karmabheda(vastu), (16) Cakrabheda(vastu), (17) Adhikaraṇa(va‐
stu), and (18) Śayanāsana(vastu). These seventeen vastu names (1, 3–18) correspond to
those in the Mvy nos. 9100–9116, but not to the vastu names preserved in the MSV
itself.7) The VSS explains the structural relationship between the VS and the MSV, in
which the Kṣudraka, etc., are dealt with not in an independent chapter of the VS but under the relevant topics.
3. Contents of the Pravrajyāvastu in the VS
According to the VSS_BG, the Pravrajyāvastu contains 647 sūtras.8) They are divided into (i) “rules for initiating [those in the] stage of novice” (śrāmaṇeratvopanayavidhi, 1–36), (ii) “rules for ordination” (upasaṃpadvidhi, 37–69), (iii) “[matters] relating to dependence [given by teachers]” (niśrayagata, 70–102), (iv) “[matters] relating to
inquiring obstructive conditions of the candidates” (*saṃgrāhyagata, 103–148),9)
(v) “[matters] relating to the Kṣudraka [Part], etc.” (kṣudrakādigata, 149–614), and (vi) “[matters] relating to the Pṛcchā [Part]” (pṛcchāgata, 615–647). Among them, sections (v) and (vi) are subdivided into four divisions respectively.10)
It is to be noted that most of the first 148 sūtras can be traced in the MSVP and
related texts.11) From the 149th sūtra onwards in the Pravrajyāvastu of the VS and the
VSS, the parallels are found in the Kṣudraka, Nidāna, Muktaka, and Kathāvastu, etc.12)
3.1. Parallels to the *Pañcaka
In the “[matters] relating to dependence” (niśrayagata), the five requisites for guiding the disciples are enumerated in sūtras 81–98. Notably textual parallels are also found in the *Pañcaka, a part of the Uttaragrantha, as is shown in the table below.
VS sūtra no. MSVP_Tib MSVP_Chi *Pañcaka (D pa)
81 174,12–175,21 1031b7–15 57a3–6 82 83 175,25–176,2 1031b17–18 (?) 57a6–7 84 176,9–12 1031b15–16 (?) 57a7 85 176,19–23 (?) 86 177,4–7 (?) 57a7–b1 87 177,25–178,2 1031b21–23 57b1–2 88 178,9–12 (?) 57b2–3 89 178,17–179,18 1031b23–28 (?) 57b3–5 90 178,22 91 179,6 92 179,15 1031b25–28 93 179,22–180,1 1031b28–c2 57b5–6 94 180,8–13 1031c2–3 57b6–7 95 180,20–22 1031c3–4 57b7 96 181,1–10 1031c4–7 57b7–58a1 97 181,11–20 (?) 98 181,24–182,1 1031c7–9 58a1–2
4. VSS ad VS I-98: Reference to the MSV
The Sanskrit text of VS I-98 runs as follows:
āpattyanāpattigurulaghutābhijñatvapravṛttaprātimokṣavistaratvaṃ ||13)
[The five requisites for guiding disciples are] knowing offences or non-offences, grave or minor, and interpreting the Prātimokṣa[sūtra] in full.
In the VSS, the term “the Prātimokṣa[sūtra] in full” (prātimokṣavistaratva) is mentioned as the referent not only to the Vibhaṅga but also to the Vinayavastu, the Kṣudraka, etc., because all of them are said to be derived from the Prātimokṣa[sūtra].
4.1. The Vinayavastu
It is well known that the Vinayavastu consists of the seventeen vastus in the Tibetan
canon and in the Gilgit MS.14) Concerning the Vinayavastu, however, the VSS
enumerates the sixteen titles, viz., (1) Pravrajyāvastu, (2) Poṣadhavastu, (3) Pravāraṇāvastu, (4) Vārṣikavastu, (5) Kaṭhinavastu, (6) Cīvaravastu, (7) Carmavastu, (8) Bhaiṣajyavastu, (9) Kauśāmbakavastu, (10) Saṅghabhedavastu, (11) Karmavastu, (12) Pāṇḍulohitakavastu, (13) Pudgalapārivāsikavastu, (14) Poṣadhasthāpanavastu, (15) Śayanāsanavastu, and (16) Adhikaraṇavastu. We notice here that the Pudgalavastu and the Pārivāsikavastu are combined into one vastu. In this respect, it is worthwhile to note that Yijing 義浄, the Chinese translator of the MSV, refers to the sixteen vastus.15)
However, it is also to be noted that the interlinear notes of the VSMSB comments that
When enumerating the Vinayavastus, the VSS cites the relevant passages from the
Prātimokṣasūtra. Although these passages are able to be traced in the extant Sanskrit Prātimokṣasūtra, this problem is left untouched in the present paper.17)
4.2. The Kṣudraka and the Uttaragrantha
The VSS Sanskrit text referring to the Kṣudraka and the Uttaragrantha runs as follows:
parikarabhūtam uktasya tajjātīyaṃ vṛttāntaram iti dviprakāro, vastūnāṃ prātimokṣasya ca śeṣaḥ | Kṣudrakāni Mātṛkagatañ ca kiñcid, vastūnāṃ Nidāna-Muktakāni vibhāvanaṃ Pṛcchā | sāñcaritrottānānāṃ vibhāvanaṃ Vinītakāni, Carmavastvādīnāṃ Māṇavikā ‹|›18)
The Tibetan translation runs as follows:
brjod pa’i yan lag tu gyur pa de’i rigs can tshul khrims gzhan bya ba rnam pa gnyis yin na so sor thar pa dang gzhi rnams kyi lhag ma’o|| phran tshegs rnams dang ma mo la brten pa’i gzhi rnams kyi rgyu cung zad gsungs pa la sogs pa rnams kyi rnam par mtshon pa ni dri ba ste| spyod pa rnam par mtshon pa ni dri ba dul bar byed pa rnams so|| (…ko lpags kyi gzhi la sogs pa rnams ni khye’u la’o||…19) (D zhu 18a1–2; P ’u 21a6–7)
As is shown above, the Tibetan rendering ma mo la brten pa’i gzhi rnams kyi rgyu cung
zad gsungs pa la sogs pa rnams has no counterpart in the Sanskrit text. A tentative
translation from the Sanskrit might be given as follows:
The appendices to what has been stated are of the same sorts and the other matters, therefore [there are] two kinds, i.e., the supplements to the vastus and the Prātimokṣa[sūtra]. [They are] the Kṣudrakas and some [parts] consisting of the Mātṛkā?, Nidāna[s] and Muktakas, Pṛcchā an elucidation of vastus; (…the Vinītakas are an elucidation (vibhāvana) of [the rules] up to [the fifth saṅghāvaśeṣa] concerning go-betweens (sāñcaritra)…20); The Māṇavikā is [an elucidation of] the
Carmavastu, etc.21)
Here we find several titles of the Uttaragrantha,22) viz., Kṣudraka, Mātṛka, Nidāna,
Muktaka, Vinītaka, and Māṇavikā. In the other parts of the VSS, moreover, we find
references to the Kathāvastu.23)
5. In Place of a Conclusion
Notably most of the Sanskrit titles of the Uttaragrantha sections are confirmed from the Sanskrit text of the VSS cited above. Although the present paper does not investigate the entire text of the VS and the VSS, it is to be ascertained that the Pravrajyāvastu of the VS and the VSS is based upon not only the MSVP but also the other parts of the
MSV.
Notes
1）They are enumerated in the Mvy nos. 1425–1428. Concerning the textual corpus of the MSV and the Uttaragrantha in particular, see Clarke 2001, 2002, 2004, 2015, 2016, unpublished; Kishino 2006, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2016.
2）The Sanskrit text and a Japanese translation are published in Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2007: (44)–(46) and (61)–(63) respectively.
3）See Kishino 2013: 21, n. 65; Clarke 2016: 58, n. 25.
4）Concerning bibliographical information about the VS and VSS, see Yonezawa 2016.
5）No VSS text is found in the interlinear notes of the VSMSB on VS I-98. Although the folio including the text under discussion must be extant in the VSSMSA, it was not photographed. Concerning the photos of the VSSMSA in detail, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2012.
6）Concerning the Sanskrit text, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2003: (61)–(64). See also Yonezawa 2002.
7）See Hu von Hinüber 1997.
8）Although the sūtras are to be carefully numbered based upon comparison with the other source materials, the present paper follows the numbering of the VSS_BG for convenience. Concerning the sūtra numbering in the Pravrajyāvastu of the VS, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2009: (85)–(86); 2010: (49)–(50).
9）This is not a literal translation of the bsdu bar bya ba’i skabs but a summary of the contents. 10）See the table of contents of the VSS_BG: xiii., viz., (v) (a) niśritapratipad, (b) paścācchramaṇa, (c) kulopasaṃkrābhībhikṣugata, (d) bhikṣuṇīgata; (vi) (a) saṃvarāsaṃvara, (b) ākṣiptatva, (c) anujñā, and (d) saṃkīrṇam.
11）See the notes in the Japanese translation in Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009.
12）See Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2010: (49)–(51); 2011: (66)–(70); 2013: (21)–(25); 2014: (40)– (42); Clarke 2016: 80–85; Kishino 2013: 21–23 (nn. 65–72), 40 (n. 5), 41 (n. 6).
13）Concerning the Sanskrit text and its commentary, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2007: (44)–(45).
14）See Clarke 2014.
15）See Kishino 2013: 44, n. 24. In the Vinayakārikā, however, Yijing refers unambiguously to the seventeen vastus (although it is possible that he is including the Kṣudrakavastu also): 下明於十七跋 窣覩等中述其要事 (T vol. 24, no. 1459, 646a24).
16）In the interlinear notes of the VSMSB we read: sarve vinaya saptadaśavastu [sic]. 17）Cf. Hu-von Hinüber 2003.
18）The text in Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2007: (45)–(46) is emended. See note 3 above. 19）Missing in D.
When enumerating the Vinayavastus, the VSS cites the relevant passages from the
Prātimokṣasūtra. Although these passages are able to be traced in the extant Sanskrit Prātimokṣasūtra, this problem is left untouched in the present paper.17)
4.2. The Kṣudraka and the Uttaragrantha
The VSS Sanskrit text referring to the Kṣudraka and the Uttaragrantha runs as follows:
parikarabhūtam uktasya tajjātīyaṃ vṛttāntaram iti dviprakāro, vastūnāṃ prātimokṣasya ca śeṣaḥ | Kṣudrakāni Mātṛkagatañ ca kiñcid, vastūnāṃ Nidāna-Muktakāni vibhāvanaṃ Pṛcchā | sāñcaritrottānānāṃ vibhāvanaṃ Vinītakāni, Carmavastvādīnāṃ Māṇavikā ‹|›18)
The Tibetan translation runs as follows:
brjod pa’i yan lag tu gyur pa de’i rigs can tshul khrims gzhan bya ba rnam pa gnyis yin na so sor thar pa dang gzhi rnams kyi lhag ma’o|| phran tshegs rnams dang ma mo la brten pa’i gzhi rnams kyi rgyu cung zad gsungs pa la sogs pa rnams kyi rnam par mtshon pa ni dri ba ste| spyod pa rnam par mtshon pa ni dri ba dul bar byed pa rnams so|| (…ko lpags kyi gzhi la sogs pa rnams ni khye’u la’o||…19) (D zhu 18a1–2; P ’u 21a6–7)
As is shown above, the Tibetan rendering ma mo la brten pa’i gzhi rnams kyi rgyu cung
zad gsungs pa la sogs pa rnams has no counterpart in the Sanskrit text. A tentative
translation from the Sanskrit might be given as follows:
The appendices to what has been stated are of the same sorts and the other matters, therefore [there are] two kinds, i.e., the supplements to the vastus and the Prātimokṣa[sūtra]. [They are] the Kṣudrakas and some [parts] consisting of the Mātṛkā?, Nidāna[s] and Muktakas, Pṛcchā an elucidation of vastus; (…the Vinītakas are an elucidation (vibhāvana) of [the rules] up to [the fifth saṅghāvaśeṣa] concerning go-betweens (sāñcaritra)…20); The Māṇavikā is [an elucidation of] the
Carmavastu, etc.21)
Here we find several titles of the Uttaragrantha,22) viz., Kṣudraka, Mātṛka, Nidāna,
Muktaka, Vinītaka, and Māṇavikā. In the other parts of the VSS, moreover, we find
references to the Kathāvastu.23)
5. In Place of a Conclusion
Notably most of the Sanskrit titles of the Uttaragrantha sections are confirmed from the Sanskrit text of the VSS cited above. Although the present paper does not investigate the entire text of the VS and the VSS, it is to be ascertained that the Pravrajyāvastu of the VS and the VSS is based upon not only the MSVP but also the other parts of the
MSV.
Notes
1）They are enumerated in the Mvy nos. 1425–1428. Concerning the textual corpus of the MSV and the Uttaragrantha in particular, see Clarke 2001, 2002, 2004, 2015, 2016, unpublished; Kishino 2006, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2016.
2）The Sanskrit text and a Japanese translation are published in Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2007: (44)–(46) and (61)–(63) respectively.
3）See Kishino 2013: 21, n. 65; Clarke 2016: 58, n. 25.
4）Concerning bibliographical information about the VS and VSS, see Yonezawa 2016.
5）No VSS text is found in the interlinear notes of the VSMSB on VS I-98. Although the folio including the text under discussion must be extant in the VSSMSA, it was not photographed. Concerning the photos of the VSSMSA in detail, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2012.
6）Concerning the Sanskrit text, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2003: (61)–(64). See also Yonezawa 2002.
7）See Hu von Hinüber 1997.
8）Although the sūtras are to be carefully numbered based upon comparison with the other source materials, the present paper follows the numbering of the VSS_BG for convenience. Concerning the sūtra numbering in the Pravrajyāvastu of the VS, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2009: (85)–(86); 2010: (49)–(50).
9）This is not a literal translation of the bsdu bar bya ba’i skabs but a summary of the contents. 10）See the table of contents of the VSS_BG: xiii., viz., (v) (a) niśritapratipad, (b) paścācchramaṇa, (c) kulopasaṃkrābhībhikṣugata, (d) bhikṣuṇīgata; (vi) (a) saṃvarāsaṃvara, (b) ākṣiptatva, (c) anujñā, and (d) saṃkīrṇam.
11）See the notes in the Japanese translation in Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009.
12）See Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2010: (49)–(51); 2011: (66)–(70); 2013: (21)–(25); 2014: (40)– (42); Clarke 2016: 80–85; Kishino 2013: 21–23 (nn. 65–72), 40 (n. 5), 41 (n. 6).
13）Concerning the Sanskrit text and its commentary, see Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2007: (44)–(45).
14）See Clarke 2014.
15）See Kishino 2013: 44, n. 24. In the Vinayakārikā, however, Yijing refers unambiguously to the seventeen vastus (although it is possible that he is including the Kṣudrakavastu also): 下明於十七跋 窣覩等中述其要事 (T vol. 24, no. 1459, 646a24).
16）In the interlinear notes of the VSMSB we read: sarve vinaya saptadaśavastu [sic]. 17）Cf. Hu-von Hinüber 2003.
18）The text in Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai 2007: (45)–(46) is emended. See note 3 above. 19）Missing in D.
21）It is to be noted that these section names appear in plural form. Plurality of the section names is discussed in part in Clarke 2001: 82–83 (in relation to the Muktaka) and in Kishino 2013: 44, n. 23. 22）Concerning an overview of the Uttaragrantha, see Kishino 2013: 21–24; Clarke 2016: 55, table 1; unpublished: appendix two.
23）See Clarke unpublished. Abbreviations
MSV Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya.
MSVP Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya Pravrajyāvastu. MSVP_Chi See T no. 1444.
MSVP_Tib See Eimer 1983.
Mvy Mahāvyutpatti. See Sakaki 1916.
VS Vinayasūtra.
VSMSB See Luo 2011.
VSS Vinayasūtravṛtty-abhidhāna-svavyākhyāna. VSS_BG See Bapat and Gokhale 1982.
VSSMSA See Luo 2011. VSSMSB See Luo 2011. Bibliography
Primary Sources
Bapat, P[urushottam] V[ishvanath], and Gokhale V[asudeo] V[ishwanath], eds. 1982. Vinaya-Sūtra and Auto-Commentary on the Same by Guṇaprabha. Chapter 1, Pravrajyā-Vastu. Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
Clarke, Shayne, ed. 2014. Vinaya Texts. Gilgit Manuscripts in the National Archives of India: Facsimile Edition, vol. 1. New Delhi: National Archives of India; Tokyo: International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University.
Eimer, Helmut, ed. 1983. Rab tu ’byuṅ ba’i gži: Die tibetische Übersetzung des Pravrajyāvastu im Vinaya der Mūlasarvāstivādins. Teil 2, Text. Asiatische Forschungen, Band 82. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Nakagawa, Masanori. 1987. “Vinayasūtravṛtti of Guṇaprabha: Pārājikam (1).” Nanto Bukkyō 南都仏 教 57: 50–69.
———. 1991. “Vinayasūtravṛtti of Guṇaprabha: Pārājikam (2).” In Ihara Shōren hakushi koki kinen ronbunshū 伊原照蓮博士古稀記念論文集, edited by Ihara Shōren Hakushi Koki Kinenkai 伊原 照蓮博士古稀記念会, 251–274. Fukuoka: Ihara Shōren Hakushi Koki Kinenkai.
———. 1996. “The Text of the Adattādāna-pārājikam in the Vinayasūtravṛtti.” Chikushi Jogakuen Tankidaigaku kiyō 筑紫女学園短期大学紀要 31: 19–26.
Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai『律経』「出家事」研究会. 2003. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (1)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（1）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 25: (44)–(93).
———. 2004. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (2)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（2）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 26: (54)–(73).
———. 2005. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (3)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（3）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 27: (50)–(76).
———. 2007. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (4)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（4）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 29: (26)–(65).
———. 2009. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (5)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（5）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 31: (83)–(125).
———. 2010. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (6)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（6）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 32: (48)–(84).
———. 2011. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (7)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（7）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 33: (65)–(104).
———. 2013. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (9)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（9）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 35: (20)–(64).
———. 2014. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (10)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（10）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 36: (33)–(69).
Sakaki Ryōzaburō 榊亮三郎. 1916. Hon’yaku myōgi daishū: Bon Zō Kan Wa yonʼyaku taikō 飜訳名義大 集: 梵蔵漢和四訳対校. Kyoto: Shingonshū Kyōto Daigaku.
Secondary Literatures
Clarke, Shayne. 2001. “The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya Muktaka 根本説一切有部目得迦.” Bukkyō kenkyū 仏教研究 30: 81–107.
———. 2002. “The Mūlasarvāstivādin Vinaya: A Brief Reconnaissance Report.” In Sakurabe Hajime hakushi kiju kinen ronshū: Shoki Bukkyō kara Abidaruma e 櫻部建博士喜寿記念論集: 初期仏教か らアビダルマへ, edited by Sakurabe Hajime Hakushi Kiju Kinen Ronshū Kankōkai 櫻部建博士 喜寿記念論集刊行会, 45–63. Kyoto: Heirakuji Shoten.
———. 2004. “Vinaya Mātṛkā—Mother of the Monastic Codes, or Just Another Set of Lists? A Response to Frauwallnerʼs Handling of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya.” Indo-Iranian Journal 47 (2): 77–120.
———. 2015. “Vinayas.” In vol. 1 of Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, edited by Jonathan A. Silk, 60– 87. Leiden: Brill.
———. 2016. “The ʼDul bar byed pa (Vinītaka) Case-Law Section of the Mūlasarvāstivādin Uttaragrantha: Sources for Guṇaprabhaʼs Vinayasūtra and Indian Buddhist Attitudes towards Sex and Sexuality.” Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku kenkyū kiyō 国際仏教学大学院大学研究 紀要 20: 49–196.
21）It is to be noted that these section names appear in plural form. Plurality of the section names is discussed in part in Clarke 2001: 82–83 (in relation to the Muktaka) and in Kishino 2013: 44, n. 23. 22）Concerning an overview of the Uttaragrantha, see Kishino 2013: 21–24; Clarke 2016: 55, table 1; unpublished: appendix two.
23）See Clarke unpublished. Abbreviations
MSV Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya.
MSVP Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya Pravrajyāvastu. MSVP_Chi See T no. 1444.
MSVP_Tib See Eimer 1983.
Mvy Mahāvyutpatti. See Sakaki 1916.
VS Vinayasūtra.
VSMSB See Luo 2011.
VSS Vinayasūtravṛtty-abhidhāna-svavyākhyāna. VSS_BG See Bapat and Gokhale 1982.
VSSMSA See Luo 2011. VSSMSB See Luo 2011. Bibliography
Primary Sources
Bapat, P[urushottam] V[ishvanath], and Gokhale V[asudeo] V[ishwanath], eds. 1982. Vinaya-Sūtra and Auto-Commentary on the Same by Guṇaprabha. Chapter 1, Pravrajyā-Vastu. Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
Clarke, Shayne, ed. 2014. Vinaya Texts. Gilgit Manuscripts in the National Archives of India: Facsimile Edition, vol. 1. New Delhi: National Archives of India; Tokyo: International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University.
Eimer, Helmut, ed. 1983. Rab tu ’byuṅ ba’i gži: Die tibetische Übersetzung des Pravrajyāvastu im Vinaya der Mūlasarvāstivādins. Teil 2, Text. Asiatische Forschungen, Band 82. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Nakagawa, Masanori. 1987. “Vinayasūtravṛtti of Guṇaprabha: Pārājikam (1).” Nanto Bukkyō 南都仏 教 57: 50–69.
———. 1991. “Vinayasūtravṛtti of Guṇaprabha: Pārājikam (2).” In Ihara Shōren hakushi koki kinen ronbunshū 伊原照蓮博士古稀記念論文集, edited by Ihara Shōren Hakushi Koki Kinenkai 伊原 照蓮博士古稀記念会, 251–274. Fukuoka: Ihara Shōren Hakushi Koki Kinenkai.
———. 1996. “The Text of the Adattādāna-pārājikam in the Vinayasūtravṛtti.” Chikushi Jogakuen Tankidaigaku kiyō 筑紫女学園短期大学紀要 31: 19–26.
Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai『律経』「出家事」研究会. 2003. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (1)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（1）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 25: (44)–(93).
———. 2004. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (2)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（2）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 26: (54)–(73).
———. 2005. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (3)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（3）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 27: (50)–(76).
———. 2007. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (4)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（4）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 29: (26)–(65).
———. 2009. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (5)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（5）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 31: (83)–(125).
———. 2010. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (6)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（6）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 32: (48)–(84).
———. 2011. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (7)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（7）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 33: (65)–(104).
———. 2013. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (9)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（9）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 35: (20)–(64).
———. 2014. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (10)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（10）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 36: (33)–(69).
Sakaki Ryōzaburō 榊亮三郎. 1916. Hon’yaku myōgi daishū: Bon Zō Kan Wa yonʼyaku taikō 飜訳名義大 集: 梵蔵漢和四訳対校. Kyoto: Shingonshū Kyōto Daigaku.
Secondary Literatures
Clarke, Shayne. 2001. “The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya Muktaka 根本説一切有部目得迦.” Bukkyō kenkyū 仏教研究 30: 81–107.
———. 2002. “The Mūlasarvāstivādin Vinaya: A Brief Reconnaissance Report.” In Sakurabe Hajime hakushi kiju kinen ronshū: Shoki Bukkyō kara Abidaruma e 櫻部建博士喜寿記念論集: 初期仏教か らアビダルマへ, edited by Sakurabe Hajime Hakushi Kiju Kinen Ronshū Kankōkai 櫻部建博士 喜寿記念論集刊行会, 45–63. Kyoto: Heirakuji Shoten.
———. 2004. “Vinaya Mātṛkā—Mother of the Monastic Codes, or Just Another Set of Lists? A Response to Frauwallnerʼs Handling of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya.” Indo-Iranian Journal 47 (2): 77–120.
———. 2015. “Vinayas.” In vol. 1 of Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, edited by Jonathan A. Silk, 60– 87. Leiden: Brill.
———. 2016. “The ʼDul bar byed pa (Vinītaka) Case-Law Section of the Mūlasarvāstivādin Uttaragrantha: Sources for Guṇaprabhaʼs Vinayasūtra and Indian Buddhist Attitudes towards Sex and Sexuality.” Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku kenkyū kiyō 国際仏教学大学院大学研究 紀要 20: 49–196.
———. Unpublished. “Studies in the Structure of the Uttaragrantha (1): Kathāvastu: A Preliminary Survey.”
Hu-von Hinüber, Haiyan. 1997. “The 17 Titles of the Vinayavastu in the Mahāvyutpatti: Contribution to Indo-Tibetan Lexicography II.” In Bauddhavidyāsudhākaraḥ: Studies in Honour of Heinz Bechert on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, edited by Petra Kieffer-Pülz and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 339–345. Indica et Tibetica 30. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica.
———. 2003. “Das Bhikṣu-Prātimokṣasūtra der Mūlasarvāstivādins.” https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/9535?. Accessed September 1, 2016.
Kishino Ryōji 岸野亮示. 2006. “Futatsu no Uttaraguranta (ʻUpāri mondōʼ no kōsatsu)” 2 つの『ウッ タラグランタ』（「ウパーリ問答」の考察）. IBK 55 (1): 128–131.
———. 2008. “Satsubatabu bini matoroka wa Jūjuritsu no chūshakusho ka?” 『薩婆多部毘尼摩得勒 伽』は『十誦律』の注釈書か？IBK 56 (2): 183–186.
Kishino, Ryoji. 2013. “A Study of the Nidāna: An Underrated Canonical Text of the Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya.” PhD diss., UCLA.
Kishino Ryōji. 2015. “The Concept of sdom pa in the Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya: On Possible Misunderstandings of the Brahmacaryopasthāna-saṃvṛti.” Bukkyō Daigaku Bukkyō Gakkai kiyō 佛 教大学仏教学会紀要 20: 147–192.
———. 2016. “A Further Study of the Muktaka of the Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya: A Table of Contents and Parallels.” Bukkyō Daigaku Bukkyōgakkai kiyō 佛教大学仏教学会紀要 21: 227–283.
Luo Hong. 2011. “The Recensions of Guṇaprabha’s Vinayasūtra: Towards an Editorial Policy for the Critical Edition of the Sanskrit Text.” Annali dell’Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” 67 (1– 4): 171–186.
Ritsukyō “Shukkeji” Kenkyūkai『律経』「出家事」研究会. 2012. “Ritsukyō ‘Shukkeji’ no kenkyū (8)”『律経』「出家事」の研究（8）. Sōgō Bukkyō Kenkyūjo nenpō 綜合佛教研究所年報 34: (29)–(44).
Yonezawa Yoshiyasu 米 澤 嘉 康 . 2002. “Umeji Bonbun shahon no Vinayasūtra oyobi Vinayasūtravṛtti” ウメ字梵文写本の Vinayasūtra 及び Vinayasūtravṛtti. IBK 50 (2): 251–255. Yonezawa Yoshiyasu. 2016. “sTeng lo tsā ba Tshul khrims ’byung gnas: Tibetan Translator of the
Vinayasūtravṛtty-abhidhāna-svavyākhyāna.” IBK 63 (3): 1147–1154.
(This research was supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), JP26370055.) Key words Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya, Vinayavastu, Kṣudraka, Uttaragrantha, Mātṛkā, Nidāna,
Muktaka, Vinītaka, Māṇavikā, Kathāvastu, Vinayasūtra, Vinayasūtravṛttyabhidhānasvavyākhyāna
（Lecturer, Taisho University）
Sugar in the Vinayas
Inoue Ayase
1. Introduction
It is commonly said that Sugar cane1) (cultivated species of origin, Saccharum of
ficinarum) was originated around the present New Guinea Island and that it was spread to India and Southeast Asia around 6000 BCE. Another theory is that the sugar refining originated in India. In the Vinaya literature, there are descriptive regulations concerning sugar. By looking at the description of sugar in the Vinaya literature I will try to confirm what kind of sugar was used in Indian Buddhism.
In the Chinese translations of the Vinaya texts shimi 石蜜 (stone honey) or tang 糖 (sugar) is often used as an equivalent of sugar but in the Pāli Vinaya Piṭaka, phāṇita and
guḷa are given as types of sugar. Sugar in ancient India has been researched by Ji Xianlin
季羨林, Kenneth G. Zysk, and Oskar von Hinüber. They pointed out the ambiguity of the Chinese translations of Vinaya terms for sugar. Therefore, by comparing the types and the methods of producing sugar that are mentioned in the Vinaya literature, I shall indicate that there are multiple meanings in the Chinese terms shimi and tang. Furthermore, I will collect and translate several Sanskrit words related to sugar. In doing thus, it can be concluded that the sugar that had been used in Indian Buddhism, is different from the sugar that we know today.
2. Types and Methods of Producing Sugar in the Vinaya Literature
Within the Vinaya Piṭaka sugar is mentioned as one of the medicines which are permitted to take for seven days when bhikkus are ill (qiri yao 七日薬). They are sappi (butter oil, shusu 熟酥), navanīta (butter, shengsu 生酥), tela (vegetable and animal oils,
you 油), madhu (honey, mi 蜜), and phāṇita (sugar, shatang 砂糖). When sugar is shown
