• 検索結果がありません。

Study on Drag Force Acting on Tandem Car Models

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

シェア "Study on Drag Force Acting on Tandem Car Models"

Copied!
6
0
0

読み込み中.... (全文を見る)

全文

(1)

6WXG\RQ'UDJ)RUFH$FWLQJRQ7DQGHP&DU0RGHOV  <XWD.8526$:$+LGHDNL021-,6\RXWD6212.,7DNHVKL$6$,DQG6XQJFKDQ+21* 'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJLQHHULQJ0HFKDQLFVDQG(QHUJ\7VXNXED8QLYHUVLW\7VXNXED-DSDQ ,QVWLWXWHRI+HDOWKDQG6SRUWV6FLHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI7VXNXED7VXNXED-DSDQ 

Received 29 January 2020; received in revised form 18 May 2020; accepted 21 May 2020   $EVWUDFW,QRUGHUWRGHYHORSDQDXWRPDWLFGULYLQJV\VWHPLWQHHGVWRH[DPLQHWKHHIIHFWRIFDUVLQDOLQHRQWKHIORZDURXQGD FDU,QWKHVWXG\WKHGUDJIRUFHDFWLQJRQFDUPRGHOVZDVVWXGLHGZKHUHWKHWZRFDUPRGHOVZHUHDUUDQJHGOLQHDUO\DWDFHUWDLQ LQWHUYDOLQDZLQGWXQQHO'UDJIRUFHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUPRGHOZDVREVHUYHG7KHVOLSVWUHDPHIIHFWZDVFOHDURQO\IRU DYHU\VKRUWLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHXQGHU5H îDQGWKHHIIHFWGLVDSSHDUHGIRUWKHPLGGOHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQFDUPRGHOV  .H\ZRUGV&DU'UDJIRUFH:LQGWXQQHO6OLSVWUHDP%DFNVWUHDP   ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDXWRQRPRXVGULYLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ FDXVHV WKH YHKLFOH SODWRRQLQJ LH WUXFNV RQ KLJKZD\V DQG VPDOO FRPPXWHUV PDQDJHG DV SXEOLF LQVWLWXWLRQLQXUEDQDUHDV$OWKRXJKSODWRRQLQJWHFKQRORJ\ LVH[SHFWHGWRUHGXFHGULYHU¶VVWUHVVDQGVDYHFDUHQHUJ\>@ WKH HIIHFWRIYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH RQ DHURG\QDPLFV UHVLVWDQFH KDVQRWEHHQUHYHDOHGZHOO7KHUHIRUHWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRI WKH DSSURSULDWH LQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH LQ WKH SODWRRQLQJ YHKLFOHLVQHHGHGIRUDYRLGLQJXQIRUHVHHQDFFLGHQWV,QWKH SODWRRQLQJFRQGLWLRQWKHGUDJUHGXFWLRQRQWKHIROORZLQJ YHKLFOH LV FDXVHGE\ WKHZDNH RI WKH OHDGLQJYHKLFOH >@ 7KLVHIIHFWLVFDOOHGDV³VOLSVWUHDP´DQGLWLVRIWHQXVHGLQ PRWRUVSRUWVDVWKH)RUPXOD

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¶V GUDJ LQFUHDVHG ZKHQ WKH LQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH ZDV OHVV WKDQ RQH YHKLFOH OHQJWK LQ WKH VFDOH PRGH H[SHULPHQWV XVLQJ D ZLQG WXQQHO DQG $KPHG ERGLHV >@ 5HFHQWO\DFRPSDFWFDUEHFRPHVSRSXODUDQGWKHSODWRRQLQJ FRPSDFWFDUVZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKHVWXG\

:HKDYHWULHGWRFODULI\KRZWKHGUDJRQWKHFDUFKDQJHG ZKHQ WKH LQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH RI SODWRRQLQJ FKDQJHG LQ WKHYHU\ZLGHUDQJHRI5H\QROGVQXPEHU 5H îWR î  > @ (VSHFLDOO\ WKH PD[LPXP VSHHG RI D FDU PRGHOLQRXUH[SHULPHQWFRUUHVSRQGHGWRWKDWRIWKHDFWXDO YHKLFOHRIDSXEOLFFRPPXWHUUXQQLQJLQSODWRRQZKLFKKDV UHFHQWO\EHHQWHVWHGLQ6LQJDSRUHDQG'XEDL>@

 ,Q WKH VWXG\ ZH REVHUYHG WKH GUDJ IRUFH DFWLQJ RQ VLPSOLILHGVFDOHFDUPRGHOVE\FKDQJLQJWKHLQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFHVXQGHUWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKH5H\QROGVQXPEHUOHVV WKDQ5H î FRUUHVSRQGLQJVSHHGRIWKHUHDOFDULV NPK ,QWKHH[SHULPHQWRIWKHVOLSVWUHDPZHIRXQGWKDW WKHGUDJIRUFHLQFUHDVHGDQGWKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHDWWKH SHDN YDOXH DOVR LQFUHDVHG XQGHU WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI 5H îRUPRUH,QRUGHUWRFOHDUVXFKPHFKDQLVPRI WKHGUDJFKDQJHWKHIORZYHORFLW\ILHOGPHDVXUHGE\3,9 DQGREWDLQHGE\&)'  ([SHULPHQWDO6HWXS :LQGWXQQHO )LJXUHVKRZVDQH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSIRUPHDVXUHPHQWRI WKHGUDJIRUFHDFWLQJRQWKHFDUPRGHOV,QWKHH[SHULPHQW WKHZLGWKDQGWKHKHLJKWRIWKHWHVWVHFWLRQLVHDFKPDQG LWVOHQJWKLVP$XQLIRUPIORZFDQEHREWDLQHGDWWKHWHVW VHFWLRQRIWKHZLQGWXQQHO7KHPD[LPXPIORZVSHHGLV PV

7ZR FDU PRGHOV ZHUH LQ WDQGHP ZLWK WKH GLVWDQFH e EHWZHHQWKHEDFNRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUPRGHODQGWKHIURQWRI WKH IROORZLQJ FDU PRGHO 7KH GLVWDQFH e LV FDOOHG DV WKH LQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHLLVWKHOHQJWKRIHDFKVFDOHPRGHOV DQGWKHQRQGLPHQVLRQDOLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHe/LLVXVHG WRH[SUHVVWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHFDUPRGHOV    )LJ  6FKHPDWLF VLGH YLHZ RI WKH WHVW VHFWLRQ LQ ZLQG WXQQHO )LJ&DUVFDOHPRGHOVDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHOHQJWKL PRGHO$ VFDOH l P PRGHO% VFDOH l P PRGHO& VFDOH l P PRGHO$ PRGHO% PRGHO&

̿  ̿

(2)

&DUPRGHO

)LJXUHVKRZVWKHSLFWXUHVRIWKHVFDOHPRGHOVXVHGLQWKH H[SHULPHQW7KUHHNLQGVRIVFDOHPRGHOVZHUHXVHGLH  DQG  VFDOH PROHV QDPHG DV PRGHO $ % DQG & UHVSHFWLYHO\WRUHDOL]HDZLGHUDQJHRI5H\QROGVQXPEHUV 7KH 5H\QROGV QXPEHU LV FDOFXODWHG E\ (T   7KH FKDUDFWHULVWLFOHQJWKZDVWDNHQDVWKHHTXLYDOHQWGLDPHWHUl RIDFDUPRGHOLQ(T  ZKLFKZDVVLPLODULQVROLGOLTXLG WZRSKDVHIORZ7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFOHQJWKFDQEHWUDQVODWHG EHFDXVHWKHPRGHOVL]HZDVFOHDULQWKHVWXG\  ݈ ൌ Ͷ݄ܾ ʹሺ݄ ൅ ܾሻ ݄㸸+HLJKWRIPRGHO>P@ ܾ㸸:LGHOHQJWKRIPRGHO>P@   ܴ݁㸻ߩܷ଴݈ ߤ    ߩ㸸'HQVLW\RIIOXLG>NJP@ ܷ଴㸸9HORFLW\RIXQLIRUPJORZ>PV@ ݈(TXLYDOHQWGLDPHWHU>P@ ߤ㸸9LVFRVLW\>PV@ 

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ౕLVWKHUDWLRRIGUDJ IRUH DFWLQJ RQ WKH PHDVXUHG SODWRRQLQJ FDU PRGHO WR WKH GUDJIRUFHDFWLQJRQDQVLQJOHFDUPRGHOORFDWHGDWVDPH SRVLWLRQ RI WKH URDG PRGHO XQGHU WKH VDPH 5H\QROGV QXPEHU7KHXSVWUHDPYHORFLW\RIWKHIROORZLQJFDUPRGHO ZDV DIIHFWHG E\ WKH OHDGLQJ FDU PRGHO 6R WKH GUDJ FRHIILFLHQWLVGLIILFXOWWREHHVWLPDWHGEHFDXVHWKHXQLIRUP UHODWLYHYHORFLW\FDQQRWEHGHILQHG,IWKHUHODWLYHYHORFLW\ LVWDNHQDVWKHXSVWUHDPYHORFLW\RIWKHOHDGLQJFDUWKHGUDJ IRUFH FRHIILFLHQW UDWLR RI WKH FDU PRGHO WR WKH VLQJOH FDU PRGHOLVVDPHDVWKHGUDJIRUFHUDWLR7KHD[LVRIDEVFLVH e/LLVWKHUDWLRRIWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQFDUPRGHOVWRWKH OHQJWKRIWKHFDUPRGHOLLVWKHOHQJWKRIHDFKVFDOHPRGHOV DQGeLVWKHJDSRIPRGHOVRUWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHEDFN SDQHO RI WKH OHDGLQJ FDU PRGHO DQG WKH IURQW IDFH RI WKH IROORZLQJFDUPRGHO

5HJDUGLQJWRWKHUHVXOWRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUFZDVOHVVWKDQ GUDJ Fౕ LQ WKH DOO RI PRGHOV ,Q WKLV H[SHULPHQW WKH SODWRRQLQJFRXOGUHGXFHWKHGUDJRIOHDGLQJFDUPRGHOVDQG WKLVHIIHFWLVFDOOHGDVbackslipZKLFKDSSOLHGLQVSRUWVUDFH 7KLV UHVXOW LV VLPLODU WR VWXGLHV WKDW XVHG $KPHG ERGLHV *QDWRZVNDHWDO >@)XUWKHUPRUHZHREWDLQHGWKH VLPLODUWHQGHQF\RIWKHGUDJIRUFHUDWLRFKDQJHGZLWKLQWHU YHKLFOH GLVWDQFH 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LQ WKH FDVH RI WKH IROORZLQJFDUPRGHOWKHWHQGHQF\RIWKHGUDJFKDQJHGRQWKH 5H\QROGVQXPEHUZDVPXFKGLIIHUHQFHIURPWKHFDVHRIWKH OHDGLQJFDUPRGHO(YHQLIWKHVFDOHRIWKHFDUPRGHOZDV GLIIHUHQW WKH GUDJ RQ WKH IROORZLQJ FDU PRGHO VKRZHG D VLPLODU WHQGHQF\ DV IROORZV  :KHUH WKH LQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFHZDVOHVVWKDQe/L WKHGUDJZDVUHGXFHGYHU\ PXFK VHH)LJ  WR    7KHGUDJRIWKHIROORZLQJFDU PRGHOLQFUHDVHGZLWKWKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHDQGILQDOO\ UHDFKHGWRWKDWDURXQGYDOXHRIWKHVLQJOHFDUPRGHO,QWKH VWXG\WKHGUDJIRUFHUDWLRGLGQRWUHDFKWRRQHLQVRPHFDVHV EHFDXVHWKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHZDVQ¶WODUJHHQRXJK $OVRLQUDQJHRI5H\QROGVQXPEHUZDVîRUPRUH WKHGUDJRIWKHIROORZLQJFDUPRGHOKDGFOHDUO\DSHDNRIGUDJ DWDURXQGe/L 7KHKLJKHU5H\QROGVQXPEHULWZDVWKH PRUH FOHDUO\ SHDN RI GUDJ ZHUH VHHQ :KHQ WKH 5H\QROGV QXPEHUZDVîDQGPRUH )LJ  WKHSODWRRQLQJ GUDJ F ZDV ODUJHU WKDQ  DORQH YDOXH F΁ DW e/L   :KHQe/LEHFDPHDURXQGLWUHGXFHGWRF/F΁ 

,QWKHVWXG\E\*QDWRZVNDHWDO>@ZKLFKXVHG$KPHG ERGLHVWKHSHDNZDVREVHUYHGDWWKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHRI WKH KDOIOHQJWK RI WKH YHKLFOH $KPHG ERGLHV KDG VORSH DW EDFNRIFDUPRGHO%DVHGRQWKHVHIDFWVZHFRQVLGHUWKHSHDN RIWKHGUDJRQWKHIROORZLQJFDUPRGHOGHSHQGVRQWKHZDNH RIWKHOHDGLQJFDUPRGHODQGWKHVKDSHRIIURQWRIIROORZLQJ )LJ6FKHPDWLFRIFDUPRGHO VFDOH 

(3)

  5H îaî    5H îaî    5H îaî  )LJ5DWLRWKHGUDJIRUFHRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUPRGHOF0'UDJ IRUFHPHDVXUHGE\DORQHFDUPRGHOeGLVWDQFHRIEHWZHHQ PRGHOVL/HQJWKRIFDUPRGHO   5H îaî    5H îaî     5H îaî  )LJ5DWLRRIWKHGUDJIRUFHRIWKHIROORZLQJFDUPRGHO   5H\QROGV1XPEHUV 5H\QROGV1XPEHUV 5H\QROGV1XPEHUV 5H\QROGV1XPEHUV 5H\QROGV1XPEHUV 5H\QROGV1XPEHUV

̿  ̿

(4)

FDU PRGHO EHFDXVH LW LV JHQHUDOO\ DVVXPHG WKDW WKH GUDJ FKDQJH RI WKH IROORZLQJ FDU LV GRPLQDWHG E\ WKH IORZ EHWZHHQ WKH EDFN RI WKH OHDGLQJ FDU DQG WKH IURQW RI WKH IROORZLQJ YHKLFOH LQ FDVH RI UHDO VFDOH FDUV >@ 2XU H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV VXSSRUW WKLV WKHRU\ 7KH IDFWRUV WKDW PDNHWKHGUDJFODJHUWKDQF0ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQWKHQH[W

VHFWLRQE\XVLQJQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQV

7KH WHQGHQF\ RI WKH LQFOLQDWLRQ RI WKH GUDJ IRUFH UDWLR F/F0 ZLWK WKH QRQGLPHQVLRQDO LQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH e/L

ZHUHVLPLODUDPRQJWKHGLIIHUHQWPRGHOV$WR&'HVSLWHZH PHDVXUHGWKHGUDJIRUFHE\FKDQJLQJWKH5H\QROGVQXPEHU ILQHO\WKHUHZDVWKHJDSRIGUDJUDWLREHWZHHQ5H î DQG5H î )LJ  ,QWKHFDVHRIPRGHOV%DQG& ZKHQe/LZDVORZHUWKDQWKHUHVXOWVRIGUDJUDWLRRIWKH OHDGLQJ FDU PRGHO ZDV DERXW   GLIIHUHQW EHWZHHQ 5H î PRGHO$ DQG5H î PRGHO% 7KHUHIRUH LWFDQQRWUXOHRXWWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDWWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV PD\GHSHQGRQWKHFDUPRGHO  7KHIDFWRUFKDQJLQJGUDJIRUFH



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

6WRNHV HTXDWLRQV ZLWK WKH VWDQGDUG Nİ PRGHO 7KH LQOHW FRQGLWLRQZDVJLYHQE\WKHXQLIRUPYHORFLW\DQGWKHRXWOHW FRQGLWLRQZDVGHILQHGDVWKHDPELHQWVWDWLFSUHVVXUH,QWKH VLPXODWLRQWKHWULPPHVKZDVXVHG,QDGGLWLRQWKHSULVP OD\HUPHVKZDVXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHIORZSKHQRPHQDQHDU WKH FDU PRGHOV 7KH DPRXQW RI FHOOV ZDV îWR  GHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQ7KH VLPXODWLRQ RI WKH H[SHULPHQW LQ WKH ZLQG WXQQHO ZDV SHUIRUPHG,QWKHVLPXODWLRQZHHYDOXDWHGWKHGUDJUDWLRDV VDPHDVWKHH[SHULPHQW   )LJ&)'PRGHO 

)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH GUDJ UDWLR LQ WKH H[SHULPHQW DQG WKH VLPXODWLRQ XQGHU WKH VDPH FRQGLWLRQ ,Q FDVH RI WKH IROORZLQJFDUWHQGHQFLHVRILQFUHDVLQJGUDJUDWLREXWOHVV WKDQ RQH DW D VKRUW LQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH e/L  ZHUH VLPLODU EHWZHHQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO DQG WKH QXPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV 7KH HIIHFW RI ZDNH RI WKH OHDGLQJ FDU PRGHO LQ WKH QXPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQ ZDV ZLGH UDQJH FRPSDULQJZLWKWKDWLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWEHFDXVHWKH SHDNORFDWLRQRIWKHGUDJUDWLRZDVODUJHe/LDQGLWGLGQRW DSSURDFK WR RQH VRRQ ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ e/L $ERXW WKH OHDGLQJFDUPRGHOWKHGUDJUDWLRDSSURDFKHGWRRQHZLWK WKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHZKLFKZDVVHHQLQWKHQXPHULFDO DQGH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV



 )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH GUDJ UDWLR RI WKH OHDGLQJ DQG WKH IROORZLQJFDUPRGHOVREWDLQHGE\WKHVLPXODWLRQXQGHUWKH FRQGLWLRQV RI 5H  î DQG î 7KH SHDN YDOXH ODUJHUWKDQRQHRIWKHGUDJIRUFHUDWLRF/FౕZDVQRWVHHQ ZKHQ5H\QROGVQXPEHUZDVOHVVWKDQ5H î7KHGUDJ

 )LJ  &RPSDULVRQ RI GUDJ UDWLR RI H[SHULPHQWV DQG VLPXODWLRQV

(5)

IRUFH UDWLRQ F/Fౕ RI WKH IROORZLQJ PRGHO UHDFKHG  DW e/L  LQ WKH FDVH RI 5H î  ,Q WKH FDVH RI 5H î WKH GUDJ IRUFH UDWLRQ RI WKH IROORZLQJ PRGHO ZDVOHVVWKDQDWe/L DQGOHDFKHGDWDORQJLQWHU YHKLFOHGLVWDQFHe/L2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHGUDJIRUFHUDWLRQ RIWKHIROORZLQJPRGHOUHDFKHGDWe/L LQWKHFDVHRI 5H î )LJ    7KHUHIRUH WKH VOLSVWUHDP HIIHFW IRU ORQJGLVWDQFHLQORZ5H\QROGVQXPEHU



 )LJ&DOFXODWHGGUDJUDWLRRIVLPXODWLRQ 

)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH YHORFLW\ ILHOG DURXQG FDU PRGHOV DW 5H îREWDLQHGLQWKHVLPXODWLRQ$VVXPLQJWKHVLPLODU IORZVWUXFWXUHWRWKHZDNHRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUPRGHODW5H   VHH)LJ WKHSUHVHQFHRIDYRUWH[LVHVWLPDWHGLQWKH ZDNHRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUPRGHO7KHUHIRUHWKHYHORFLW\ZDV KLJKDWWKHFHQWUHRIWKHYRUWH[LQ)LJ7KLVIUHHYRUWH[ GHFUHDVHGWKHVWDWLFSUHVVXUHLQWKHZDNHUHJLRQ:KHQWKH IROORZLQJFDUDSSURDFKHGWRWKHYRUWH[WKHJURZWKRIYRUWH[ ZDV VXSSUHVVHG DQG WKH SUHVVXUH RI WKH EDFN VLGH RI WKH OHDGLQJFDUPRGHOEHFDPHKLJK$OVRZKHQWKHLQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH ZDV ODUJHU WKDQ e/L  WKH YRUWH[ GHYHORSHG HQRXJKLQWKHZDNHRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUPRGHO   )LJ9HORFLW\ILHOGREWDLQHGE\VLPXODWLRQ 5H î   )LJXUHVKRZVWKHSUHVVXUHGLVWULEXWLRQRQWKHEDFNIDFHRI OHDGLQJ FDU PRGHO VHH )LJ  D  DQG WKH IURQW IDFH RI IROORZLQJFDUPRGHO VHH)LJ E 7KHSUHVVXUHZDVWKH JDXJHSUHVVXUH,QWKHFDVHRIWKHEDFNIDFHRIWKHOHDGLQJFDU PRGHO )LJ D WKHPD[LPXPSUHVVXUHZDVRQWKHFHQWUH RIIDFHDQGLWZDVFOHDULQWKHFDVHRIWKHVKRUWLQWHUYHKLFOH GLVWDQFH FRPSDULQJ ZLWK WKH FDVH RI WKH VLQJOH FDU PRGHO 7KHWHQGHQF\ZDVVLPLODUWRWKHORZ5H\QROGVQXPEHUFDVH VHFWLRQ   ,Q WKH FDVH RI e/L  WKH SUHVVXUH GLVWULEXWLRQZDVXQLTXHDQGZHJXHVVWKHZDNHVWUXFWXUHZDV

YHU\FRPSOH[WRVXSSUHVVWKHYRUWH[JURZWK

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î  

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³IURQWVXUIDFH´LQWKHILJXUH7KH D[LVRIDEVFLVVDVKRZVWKHFDVHRIWKHVLPXODWLRQLHDVLQJOH FDUPRGHORUWKHWDQGHPDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHFDUPRGHOZLWK WKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHe/L,QFDVHRIWKHVLQJOHFDUPRGHO WKHGUDJIRUFHRQWKHFRUQHUIDFHLVQHJDWLYHDQGLWVDEVROXWH YDOXHEHFRPHVODUJHZLWKWKH5H\QROGVQXPEHU 5H\QROGV1XPEHU    

̿  ̿

(6)

$W WKH FRUQHU WKH IORZ LV DFFHOHUDWHG DQG WKH SUHVVXUH GHFUHDVHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH GUDJ IRUFH PD\ EH QHJDWLYH DW WKH FRUQHU,QWKHFDVHRIWDQGHPDUUDQJHPHQWWKHDEVROXWHYDOXH RIWKHGUDJIRUFHRQWKHFRUQHUIDFHLVYHU\VPDOOEHFDXVHWKH IORZLQIURQWRIWKHIROORZLQJFDUPRGHOLVZHDN7KHUHIRUWKH WRWDOGUDJRUWKHGUDJIRUFHRQWKHIURQWIDFHLQFUHDVHVDQGPD\ WDNHWKHODUJHUYDOXHWKDQWKDWRIWKHVLQJOHFDUPRGHOFDVH     &RQFOXVLRQ 7KLVSDSHUGHVFULEHVWKHH[SHULPHQWVRIPHDVXULQJGUDJIRUFH DFWLQJRQFDUPRGHOVDUUDQJHGLQDOLQHDQGQXPHULFDOUHVXOWRI WKHHIIHFWRILQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHDQG5H\QROGVQXPEHU7KH PDLQ DWWHQWLRQ ZDV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI WKH GUDJ UDWLRZLWKUDQJHRIVFDOHDQG5H\QROGVQXPEHU7KHILQGLQJV IURPWKLVVWXG\DUHDVIROORZV

 6OLSVWUHDP HIIHFW LV REVHUYHG $W WKH ORZ 5H\QROGV QXPEHU 5H   WKH GUDJ UDWLR RI WKH IROORZLQJ FDU PRGHOLVOHVVWKDQRQHLQWKHVKRUWLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFH,W LQFUHDVHVZLWKWKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHDQGUHDFKHVWRRQH $WWKH5H\QROGVQXPEHURIîRUPRUHWKHGUDJUDWLR LQFUHDVHVDOVRZLWKWKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHEXWKDVDSHDN DURXQGe/L ,WVSHDNYDOXHH[FHHGVRQHZKLFKPHDQV WKHVOLSVWUHDPHIIHFWGRHVQRWDSSHDUDWWKHFRQGLWLRQ7KH GUDJUDWLRGHFUHDVHVZLWKWKHLQWHUYHKLFOHGLVWDQFHPRUH WKDQe/L DQGUHDFKHVWRRQH7KHUHDVRQZK\WKHHIIHFW RIWKHVOLSVWUHDPGLVDSSHDUVLVFRQVLGHUHGWKDWWKHSUHVVXUH UHVLVWDQFHRQWKHFRUQHURIWKHVLQJOHFDUPRGHOHIIHFWVYHU\ PXFK EXW WKDW RI WKH IROORZLQJ FDU PRGHO HIIHFWV QRW VR PXFK7KHQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQVKRZVWKDWWKHGUDJIRUFH DFWLQJRQWKHIURQWRIWKHIROORZLQJFDUPRGHOKDVPXFK HIIHFWDWKLJK5H\QROGVQXPEHU

 7KH GUDJ IRUFH RI WKH OHDGLQJ FDU PRGHO LV UHGXFHG EHFDXVH WKH ZDNH IORZ VWUXFWXUH LV DIIHFWHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJFDUPRGHO:KHQWKHIROORZLQJFDUPRGHOLVLQ WKH ZDNH RI WKH OHDGLQJ FDU WKH JURZWK RI YRUWH[ LV VXSSUHVVHGDQGWKHSUHVVXUHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHIURQW DQGWKHEDFNRIWKHOHDGLQJFDUGHFUHDVHV7KHFKDQJHRI WKHIORZVWUXFWXUHE\WKHIROORZLQJFDUZDVFRQILUPHGE\ WKHIORZILHOGPHDVXUHPHQWE\3,9GRQHE\WKHSHUYLRXV VWXG\DQGDOVRQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQLQWKHVWXG\  5HIHUHQFHV

>@ %HUJHQKHLP & 6KODGRYHU 6 &RHOLQJK ( HW DO 2YHUYLHZ RI SODWRRQLQJ V\VWHPV Proc. 19th ITS World Congress  

KWWSSXEOLFDWLRQVOLEFKDOPHUVVHUHFRUGVIXOOWH[W ORFDOBSGI

>@8HGD6DQG0RQML+([SHULPHQWRQGUDJIRUFHRIFDU PRGHOVDUUDQJHGLQDOLQHAEM   >@ =DEDW 0 HW DO 7KH DHURG\QDPLF SHUIRUPDQFH RI

SODWRRQV$ILQDOUHSRUW&DOLIRUQLD3DUWQHUVIRU$GYDQFHG 7UDQVLWDQG+LJKZD\V  

>@6FKLWR3DQG%UDJKLQ31XPHULFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ YHKLFOHV LQ SODWRRQ SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles   

>@ 7DGDNXPD . 'RL 7 6KLGD 0 DQG 0DHGD . $HURG\QDPLF GUDJ UHGXFWLRQ LQ YHKLFOHSODWRRQ GULYLQJ Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan   ±

>@$OWLQLVLN$<HPHQLFL2DQG8PXU+$HURG\QDPLF DQDO\VLVRIDSDVVHQJHUFDUDW\DZDQJOHDQGWZRYHKLFOH SODWRRQJournal of Fluids Engineering   >@ *QDWRZVND 5 DQG 6RVQRZVNL 0 7KH LQIOXHQFH RI

GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ YHKLFOHV LQ SODWRRQ RQ DHURG\QDPLF SDUDPHWHUVEPJ Web of Conferences, Experimental Fluid Mechanics 2017  

>@-RQJ..XURVDZD<0RQML+$VDL7DQG+RQJ 6 6WXG\ RQ GUDJ IRUFH UHGXFWLRQ E\ D FDU OLQH LQ -DSDQHVH 2018 JSEM Ann. Conf. on Exp. Mech.   

>@ 1JX\HQ 7 ;LH 0 /LX ; HW DO 3ODWRRQLQJ RI DXWRQRPRXV SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW YHKLFOHV 7KH LQIOXHQFH RI ULGHFRPIRUWRQWUDYHOGHOD\Sustainability   KWWSVGRLRUJVX  )LJ6HSDUDWLRQRIIURQWIDFHRIFDUPRGHO    D 5H î  E 5H î  F 5H î )LJ3UHVVXUHUHVLVWDQFHDWSDUWVRIWKHIROORZLQJFDU PRGHO

̿  ̿

参照

関連したドキュメント

Since LANNATE® LV is a fast acting contact insecticide, best results follow direct spraying of the target pest and the use of the highest labeled rate.use sufficient water

The irri gation system used for applicatirn of LANNATE® LV must provide for uniform distribution of LANNATE® LV treated water. Non-uniform distribution might result

( ** ) Chemigation: NUDRIN LV INSECTICIDE may be applied via overhead sprinkler irrigation in ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, &amp; WA at the rate of 3 pints of product per acre.. Use of

The irrigation system used for application of LEMUR LV must provide for uniform distribution of LEMUR LV treated water.. Non-uniform distribution might result in crop injury,

* 1   $ PDQXVFULSW SUHVHUYHG LQ WKH 1LHGHUVlFKVLVFKH 6WDDWV XQG 8QLYHUVLWlWVELEOLRWKHN *|WWLQJHQ &amp;RG 0V 6DQVNU 0X , 95. C6āUDGā3DSHU,QFRPSOHWHII1Y24U5%HJLQVRP

マンダナはクマーリラの二重 bhāvanā 説 ― bhāvanā のツインタワー説

2003 Helmut Krasser: “On the Ascertainment of Validity in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition.” Journal of Indian Philosophy: Proceedings of the International Seminar

'di ltar śiṅ mthoṅ ba las byuṅ ba'i rnam par rtog pa gcig gis don ci 'dra ba sgro btags pa de 'dra bar gźan gyis kyaṅ yin pa'i phyir śiṅ mthoṅ bas byas pa'i rnam par rtog pa