whichisadialectalgroupspokenintheMinyagareaofwhichthecentreisDartsendo.Thisgroupisclassifiedintotwosubgroups:northern(orarchaic)andsouthern(or Thispaperaimstoprovideacontrastivewordlist(includingca.1400entries)ofLhagangTibetan,spokeninthecentralareaofTagon

Lhagang Tibetan of Minyag Rabgang Khams:

Vocabulary of Two Sociolinguistic Varieties

Suzuki, Hiroyuki

IKOS, Universitetet i Oslo/National Museum of Ethnology

Sonam Wangmo

IKOS, Universitetet i Oslo

The Lhagang dialect is one of the dialects belonging to the Minyag Rabgang dialectal group of Khams Tibetan, spoken in Lhagang Village, Kangding County, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. Because of intense language contact between a local Khams (Lhagang Tibetan) and Amdo, pastoralist immigrants’ mother tongue, a new sociolinguistic variety of Lhagang Tibetan has been generated. This article primarily provides a contrastive word list of two sociolinguistic varieties Lhagang Tibetan, Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B. The latter is a local variety transmitted by inhabitants generation by generation, whereas the former is a dialect based on Lhagang-B, which undergoes a rapid language change because of the language contact.

A wordlist includes ca. 1400 words of both the varieties.

Keywords:Khams Tibetan, Minyag Rabgang dialectal group, sociolinguistics, dialectology

1. Introduction

2. Phonological overview of the Lhagang A and B varieties Contrastive word list of the Lhagang A and B varieties

1. Introduction

This paper aims to provide a contrastive word list (including ca. 1400 entries) of Lhagang Tibetan, spoken in the central area of Tagong Village (henceforth Lhagang Village), surrounding Lhagang Monastery, in Kangding County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. According to the claim of Suzuki (2009), Lhagang Tibetan belongs to the Minyag Rabgang group of Khams Tibetan,¹ which is a dialectal group spoken in the Minyag area of which the centre is Dartsendo.

This group is classified into two subgroups: northern (or archaic) and southern (or

Suzuki, Hiroyuki & Sonam Wangmo. 2016. “Lhagang Tibetan of Minyag Rabgang Khams: Vocabulary of two sociolinguistic varieties”. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics10: 245–286. [Permanent URL:

http://hdl.handle.net/10108/85072]

1It is called Middle Route (Zhongluin Chinese) dialects by sKal-bzang ’Gyur-med (1985). Suzuki (2009) once proposed to rename it Minyag, but because of the identical name to the Minyag language belonging to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman, Suzuki (2014) recommends the use ofMinyag RabgangorMinyak Rabganginstead.

innovative), represented by the Lhagang dialect and the Rangakha (Xinduqiao) dialect respectively. This viewpoint is also supported by a study of a native speaker of Lhagang (Lha-mo-skyid 2010). However, the linguistic situation in Lhagang Village is complicated: there are at least four varieties spoken, as reported by Suzuki & Sonam Wangmo (2014b).

Fig.1&2 Geographical position of Lhagang Village (=marked)²

Tibetan dialects spoken in Lhagang Village 1. Lhagang-A

variety of the Minyag Rabgang group of Khams heavily influenced by Amdo 2. Lhagang-B

variety of the Minyag Rabgang group of Khams transmitted by ‘Lhagang 13 households’

3. Gongrima

variety of the archaic nomadic group of Amdo, spoken in northeast of Lhagang 4. Yichang

variety of the archaic nomadic group of Amdo, spoken in northwest of Lhagang The first two dialects are a member of the Minyag Rabgang dialectal group of Khams Tibetan, whereas the last two are a member of the archaic nomadic dialectal group of Amdo Tibetan. This situation means that the inhabitants of Lhagang Village use one or more types of these varieties in one village, which is peculiar to Lhagang.

Background of Lhagang Village and the language use

In order to understand the above-mentioned linguistic situation, we shall explain a sociolinguistic background in Lhagang Village and the language use there. The description here is based on Sonam Wangmo (2013: 28–30) and Suzuki & Sonam Wangmo (2014a, 2015).

2These maps were designed with Googlemaps (https://www.google.co.jp/maps/; accessed on 25th June 2015).

In 1930, Lhagang Village was a nomadic settlement with only 13 households.

Local people call the households Lhagang Rawa bCugsum (Lha-sgang Ra-ba bCu-gsum) ‘Lhagang 13 households’. Even though they identify themselves as

’brog-pa‘pastoralist’, we assume that their descendants speak a variety of the Minyag Rabgang dialectal group of Khams Tibetan, which can be genetically close to other dialects spoken byrong-pas ‘farmer’ in such villages as Pasu and Baisang in Xinduqiao Town.

Today, this former nomadic area is a booming village compared to other villages in the vicinity, a development that was brought about by tourism, business, and government policy. One of the most dramatic changes in Lhagang village happened in 2004, under the policy of ‘The new rural construction’, which led many local pastoralists, who are Amdo-speakers, to sell their domestic animals for new houses, and they came to dwell in Lhagang village together with pastoralists from other villages. Suddenly the population of Lhagang village increased double.

The varieties Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B are not perfectly regarded as an independent dialect from each other, because Khams-speakers in Lhagang can generally use both of them; the difference between them is merely attested in the pronunciation, and the grammatical construction is highly similar; hence, we can regard them as one dialect with two sociolinguistic varieties. On the other hand, the varieties Gongrima and Yichang are originally spoken by the pastoralists living in Gongrima and Yichang hamlets respectively. Recently, a part of them has chosen to settle in the village, thus now their language can be frequently heard there. Even the nomadic variety of Amdo Tibetan has regional differences, which are so minute that we need a prudent observation to analyse them.

2. Phonological overview of the Lhagang A and B varieties

This paper deals with a description of the vocabulary of the Lhagang dialect of Khams Tibetan, including two sociolinguistic varieties, A and B.³ Lhagang-B is the most traditional local variety transmitted by the inhabitants (Lha-sgang Ra-ba bCu-gsum), and Lhagang-A is regarded as a variety developed with great influence by Amdo-speaking people through everyday communications mentioned above.

The main difference between Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B is attested in word forms as well as their phonetic realisation (see the word list in the end of the paper);

however, almost all the features attested in the phonological system, including consonants, vowels, and suprasegmentals, are common to Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B.

2.1. Phonemes and suprasegmentals

The basic description of the phonology of Lhagang-A is provided by Suzuki (2006, 2007a: 134–140). The phonemic inventory (consonants and vowels) as well as tones of

3A preliminary description of word forms of Lhagang-A was included in Suzuki (2007b:123-152).

the Lhagang Tibetan is as follows:

Consonantism

labial alveolar retroflex palatal velar glottal pre- post-

plosive asp. p^h t^h

ú

^h c^h k^h

vl. p t

ú

c k

P

vd. b d

ã é

g

affricate asp. ts^h t

C

^h

vl. ts t

C

vd. dz d

ý

fricative asp. s^h

ù

^h

C

^h x^h

vl.

F

s

ù C

x h

vd. z

ý , H

nasal vd. m n

ő N

vl. m

˚ ˚

ⁿ

˚ ő ˚ N

liquid vd. l r

vl. l

semivowel vd. w

˚

j

(asp.: voiceless aspirated; vl.: voiceless non-aspirated; vd.: voiced)

Lhagang-B lacks /c^h, c,

é

_/; the others are common to B. The principal difference between A and B is found in the system of initial consonant clusters.

Vocalism

i

0 W

u

e

@ 8

o

 

E



O

  a

A

The contrasts short/long and plain/nasalised are attested.

No difference between A and B.

Suprasegmentals

A four-way pitch distinction in word tone functions. The following phonemic signs precede a word form:

¯

: high level [^55/44] ´ : rising [^24/35] ` : falling [^53/31] ˆ : rising-falling [¹³²] For monosyllabic words, the tonal contrast is only two-way: high and low. It is evident only at the beginning of a syllable, and a tone-falling at the end of a syllable does not function as a phonological contrast.

No difference between A and B is attested; however, the representation of tones is

quite different between them, and this is one of the phonetic features with which native speakers distinguish the one from the other. See the word list at the end of the paper.

2.2. Phonotactics

The phonotactics in a syllable of Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B is basically common to each other, described by using the manner of Suzuki (2005) as follows:

CCiGVC

However, phonemes which are able to appear at a preinitial (^C) and a final (C) position are different depending on the variety (A or B). Lhagang-B has a more limited choice on them than Lhagang-A. In Lhagang-B, only preaspirations and prenasals can appear at a preinitial (^C), whereas various oral consonants other than them also appear in Lhagang- A. Note that Lhagang-A allows two preinitials to appear simultaneously in a few cases.

Regarding the final (C), Lhagang-A allows some oral consonants and nasals as well as a glottal stop to appear, while Lhagang-B only has a glottal stop.

Suprasegmentals appear as a word-tone, not as a syllable-tone.

References

Hua, Kan (ed.). 2002.Zangyu Anduo Fangyan Cihui. Lanzhou: Gansu Minzu Chubanshe.

sKal-bzang ’Gyur-med. 1985. “Zangyu Batanghua de yuyin fenxi”.Minzu Yuwen2. pp.16–27.

Lha-mo-skyid. 2010.Mi-nyag sa-khul-gyi kha-skad-kyi khyad-chos-la rags-tsam gleng-pa. Lanzhou: Northwest University of Nationalities, Graduate Thesis.

Sonam Wangmo. 2013.Lhagang Monastery in Myth, History and Contemporary Society. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, M.Phil. Thesis.

Suzuki, Hiroyuki. 2005. “Tibettogo onsetu koozoo no kenkyuu”.Journal of Asian and African Studies69. pp.1–23.

———. 2006. “Tibetto-go Tagong [Lhagang] hoogen no tokutyoo to hoogen bunrui”.Nidaba35. pp.39–47.

———. 2007a.Sensei Minzoku Sooroo Tibetto-go Hoogen Kenkyuu. Kyoto: Kyoto University, doctoral disserta- tion.

———. 2007b.Sensei Minzoku Sooroo Tibettogo Hoogen Kenkyuu: Tibettogo Hoogen Bunruigoi Siryoosyuu. Ky- oto: Kyoto University, reference material of the doctoral dissertation.

———. 2009. “Introduction to the method of the Tibetan linguistic geography — a case study in the Ethnic Corridor of West Sichuan —”. In Yasuhiko Nagano (ed.)Linguistic Substratum in Tibet — New Perspective towards Historical Methodology (No.16102001) ReportVol.3. Suita: National Museum of Ethnology. pp.15–34.

———. 2014. “Brief introduction to the endangerment of Tibetic languages: special reference to the the language situation in Eastern Tibetan cultural area”.The Journal of Linguistic StudiesVol.19 No.3. pp.281–301.

Suzuki, Hiroyuki & Sonam Wangmo. 2014a. Lhagang [Tagong] Tibetan as a member of the Minyag Rabgang group of Khams — a sociolinguistic description —. Paper presented at 47th International Conference of Sino- Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (Kunming).

———. 2014b.Language evolution and vitality of Lhagang Tibetan, a Tibetic language as a minority in Minyag Rabgang. Paper presented at the workshop on the linguistic minorities of the Chinese Tibetosphere (Uppsala).

———. 2015. Quelques remarques linguistiques sur le tibétain de Lhagang, «l’endroit préféré par le Bodhisattva».

Revue d’études tibétainesVol.32. pp.153–175.

Contrastive word list of the Lhagang A and B varieties

The entries of vocabulary are ordered following Hua ed. (2002), in which selected items are described here, as: Nouns (classified into several semantic categories, such as Astrology & Geology, Body, Person, Animals, Plants, Food, Clothings, Housing, Instrumentals, Cultural objects, Space & Time), Numbers, Pronouns, Adjectives, and Verbs. Evident loanwords are indicated by^†following a word with a footnote.

Astrology & Geology

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

sky

¯

nã^˚Nk^ha

¯

n

@

sun ´

ő

i ma ´

ő

i ma

light ´wo ze ´

H

o

P

moon ˆ^Hda wa

¯

^Hda wa

star `^hka

H

ma

¯

^hka

:

ma

weather `nã

C

i

¯

n

@ N

o

cloud `^h

ú

˜ı k^ha

¯

^h

ú

˜ı

thunder ˆ^m

ã0P

^H

ã

a ´^ï

ã

u

P

wind `^wlõ k^ha

¯

^Hl

˜ O

rain ˆt

C

^h

E

^Hba

¯

t

C

^h

W

rainbow ˆ^őd

ý

a

H

˚^mts^ho ´^őd

ý

a

snow `k^ha wa ´k^ha wa

hail `s^he wa

¯

s^he

:

ra

frost ˆpa mu ´pa mo

dew ˆzi ma ´zi

:

t

C

^h

W

fog `^hm

˚

^u

P

pa

¯

m

˚

^u

P

pa

ice ˆ^˚őt

C

^ha ra

¯

t

C

^ha ro

fire ˆme ´me

smoke ˆtu mu ´tu mu

air `<sup>w</sup>lõ `k^ha^Hwu

P

steam `^wl

˜ O

pa

¯

^Hl

˜ O

pa

drought ˆt^h

˜ E

pa `s^ha ts^hi

P

flood `t

C

^h

W

lo

P

`t

C

^h

W C

^h

AP

world ˆⁿdza^Hli ˆⁿdzã li

earth  `s^ha t

C

^ha

¯

s^ha

mountain ˆr

@

´r

@

valley ˆlõ pa ´lõ^mba

cliff ´k

E:P

pa ´

úAP

rock ˆ^p

úAP

_/´^p

úAP

^Hdo ´

úAP

r

@

mountain cave ˆ^p

úAP

k^hõ ´

úA:

k^hõ

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

cave `tõ

¯

po

H

õ

river  `t

C

^h

W

wo

¯

t

C

^h

W

lake  `^m˚ts^ho

¯

˚ⁿts^ho

sea  ˆ^H

é

a^m˚ts^ho ´^Hd

ý

a˚ⁿts^ho

pond ˆ^Hdzi wo `t

C

^h

W

k^h

OP

ditch 

¯

t

C

^h

W

ri

¯

t

C

^h

W

r

AP

well  `t

C

^h

W

tõ

¯

t

C

^h

W

tõ

road  ˆl

A

m ´lã

flatland ˆⁿde t^h

A ˜ ¯

^htsa t^h

˜ A

soil  `s^ha

¯

s^ha

field 

¯

s^ha

ý

i

¯

s^ha

ý˜ @

farming area ˆro

N

pa ´

ý

˜ı^mba

pastoral area ˆ^m

ã

ok pa ´^ï

ã

õ s^ha

farming and pastoral area ´rõ ma^m

ã

o

P

´

ý

˜ı^ï

ã

õ ma

stone `^Hdo

¯

^Hdo

sand ˆt

C

i ma ´t

C@

ma

dust `t^h

E:

wa ´t^h

E H

a

mud ˆⁿdam ba

P

´ⁿdã^mba

water

¯

t

C

^h

W ¯

t

C

^h

W

wave ˆ^Hba

:

^Hl

@

p `^Hba^Hl

AP

spring `t

C

^h

W

mi

P ¯

t

C

^h

W

mi

P

hot spring `ts^ha t

C

^h

W ¯

ts^ha t

C

^h

W

forest ˆn

A:P

wu

P

´n

A:

wo

grassland `^hp

ON ¯

^htsa

mineral `<sup>h</sup>te<sup>H</sup>do `^hte

P

gold  `<sup>x</sup>s<sup>h</sup>e `^hse

P

silver  `^H

NW

`^H

N

u

:

copper  ˆz

AN

´z

˜ A

iron  `^ht

CAP ¯

^ht

CAP

diamond

¯

^Hdo ˆp^ha lam

¯

^Hdo^Hd

ý

e p^ha lã

lead  ˆ

ý

a

ő

i ˆ

ý

a

ő

u

rust  `^xtsa

H ¯

^htsa

aluminum `ha j

AN ¯

ha j

˜ A

agate ˆ^Hz

@ ¯

^Hz

@

brass ˆr

AP

´r

AP

pig iron `

ú

^ho

¯ú

^ho

coal  ˆ^Hdo s^ho ´^Hdo

:

s^hu

charcoal `s^hi wa

¯

s^he

:

wa

place `s^ha ni

¯

s^ha t

C

^ha

city `^m˚k^har

ú

o

N

´^Hdzõ

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

street ˆd

ý

a

ù@N

´lã

village ˆ

ú

o

N

ts^ho ˆ

ú

õ^mba

bridge ˆzam pa ˆzã^mba

homeland `p^ha ju

¯

p^ha ju

:

Body

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

body  ˆl

0

p^hõ ´^Hzu

:

po

head  ˆ^mgo wo ´^Ngo

hair  `^h

ú

a

¯

^h

ú

a

forehead `t^ho

P

pa

¯

t^ho

:

ba

eyebrow

¯ij

mi

P

^hp

W ¯

mi

P

^hp

W

eye 

¯ij

mi

P

^Hdo

¯

mi

P

nose  `^hn

˚

^{a `n}

˚

^a

nostril `^hn

˚

^{a k}

ho

N ¯

n

˚

^{a k}

hõ

ear  ´^Hna ´^Hna^őd

ý

o

P

face  `k^ha^Hmu

¯

k^ha

N

o

cheek  ˆ^ï

ã

am pa

¯

^ï

ã

ã^Hdo/

¯P

a ts^hu ´^mbo ro

mouth  `k^ha

¯

k^ha

lip  `k^ha pa

¯

^˚őt

C

^h

W

^hpa/`k^ha^hpa

moustache `k^ha^hp

W

`k^ha^hp

W

jaw ˆma ni ´^őd

ý

ã^mba

neck ˆ^md

ý

i

N

pa

¯

^hke^mb

W

shoulder `^p

ú

^ha pa `

ú

^h

A:

pa

back `^H

é

a ˆ^Hd

ýA: ý

o

chest ˆ^p

úAN

k^ho

P

´

ú˜ O

t^ho

P

breast ˆn

W

ma

¯

n

W

ma

milk  ˆwo ma ´

H

o ma

belly  `p^ho wa

¯

p^ho wa

waist  `^hke

P

pa

¯

^hke

:

pa

buttocks `^hk

W

^m˚p^ho

¯

^hk

W

^m˚p^ho

P

thigh `^wla

¯

^Hla

knee  `p

W

mu

¯

pu

:

mu

foot `^hk

AN

pa

¯

^hk

˜ O

^mba

arm  `po

N

pa ´l

AP

pa/´l

A N

a

elbow  ˆ^k

úW

mu ´

úW

^őd

ýOP

hand  ˆla

,

_{pa ´l}

A ,

_a

wrist  ˆla

:

ts^hi

P

´l

AP

^hke

finger ˆ^mdz

W

k

W

´ⁿdz

W , W

palm ´la

:

^m˚t^hi ´l

AP

^ht

C

u/´l

AP

˚ⁿt^hi

:

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

thumb `^m˚t^he prõ

¯

˚ⁿt^he mo

wound  ˆ

ij

ma

H

k^ha

¯

^Hma k^ha

blood  `^k

ú

^h

AP

`

ú

^h

AP

pulse  `^htsa

¯

^htsa wa

brain ´^xl

EP

pa

¯

^Hl

E:

pa

bone  ˆr

W

^hpa ´r

W

^hpa

rib  `^hts

@P

ma

¯

^hts

@

ma

tooth  `s^ho

¯

s^ho

cuspid  `^m_˚t

C

^hi wa

¯

^˚őt

C

^he wa

tongue `^ht

C

i

¯

^ht

C

e

palate `^hke ´ja^hk

E

throat ˆ

P

o^ht

C

o

P ¯

^hk

E

^mb

W

lung ˆ^Hlo

:

wa

¯

^Hlo wa

heart `

˚ ő

˜ı/`

˚ ő

i

¯˚ ő

i

liver `^m˚t

C

^h

@

m^mba

¯

^˚őt

C

^h˜ı^mba

kidney `^m_˚k^h

E:

ma

¯

^˚Nk^ha

:

ma

gall bladder `^m_˚

ú

^hi^hpa

¯

^˚ï

ú

^hi^hpa

stomach ˆ

ú

o

N

t^ho

P

´

ú

õ˚ⁿt^ho

intestine ˆ^H

éW

ma ´^Hd

ýW

ma

excrement `^hc

AP

pa

¯

^ht

CA ,

_a

urine `^ht

C

˜ı

¯

^ht

C

i

fart  ˆ^htu

:P ú@ ¯

^ht

CA:

s^h

@

sweat `

ijNW

t

C

^h

W ¯

^H

N

u

:

t

C

^h

W

sputum `l

WP

pa ´l

WP

pa

saliva `k^ha t

C

^h

W ¯

k^ha t

C

^h

W

nasal mucus `n

˚

^{a t}

C

^h

W ¯

n

˚

^{a t}

C

^h

W

tear `

ij

mi

P

t

C

^h

W ¯

mi

P

t

C

^h

W

pus `^Hn

AP

`^Hn

A:

t^hja

dirt ˆ

ú@P

ma ´

ú@

ma^őd

ý

e t^hi

voice  `^hk

EP

^H

ã

a `^hk

EP

corpse `p^hom po ´ro

life  `

ù

^ho

P

´m

@

ts^he

life span

¯

ts^he ´m

@

ts^he ´r

˜ O

t^hõ

Person

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

person ˆm

@ ¯

m

@

people ˆm

@

m

AN

ˆm

@

s^he

:

Tibetan ˆpo

P

ba ´po

:

ba

Han Chinese ´^H

é

a^Hge

P ¯

^Hd

ý

a

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

Mongolian ˆs^ho

P

po

¯

s^ho

P

po

Hui `k^ha t

C

^he

¯

k^ha t

C

^he

Chinese-Tibetan ´^H

é

a ma po

P ¯

^Hd

ý

a ma po

P

foreigner `

C

^h

@

^H

é

a `

C

^h

@

^Hd

ý

a

adult ˆ

ý

u

N

pa

¯

m

@

´t

C

^h

@

bo

child `^p

ú

^h

W

k

W ¯őA: ő

o

P

baby

¯

^p

ú

^h

W

k

W

ˆ^Hmã^md

ý

a

¯őA: ő

o

P

_/

¯őA: ő

o

P

´t

C

^hõ t

C

^hõ

old man ˆ^Hgi pu

¯

m

@

ˆ^Hg

E:

po

old woman ˆ^Hgi mu

¯

m

@

ˆ^Hg

E:

mo

male  ˆ^hce

ý@

`^ht

C

e

:

^hpa

female  ˆp

W

mo ˆ^Hg

E:

mo

boy  `p^ho s^har

¯

p^ho^hsa

:

´lo t

C

^hõ

girl  ˆwo mo ´p

W

mu

merchant `ts^ho

N

ba

¯

ts^hõ^mba

doctor `m

˚ E

n ba

¯

m

˚ ˜ E

^mba

farmer ˆ

ý

i

N

pa ´rõ^mba

soldier

¯

ma

:

mu

¯

^Hm

A:

mi

pastoralist ˆ^m

ã

ok pa ´^ï

ã

o^hpa

herdsman ˆ^Hdz

@

k

@

´^ï

ã

o^hpa

carpenter

¯C

i

:

zo

¯C

^h˜ı^Hzu

blacksmith ˆ^mga

:

ra

¯

^Nga wa

hunter ´r

@

t

AP

pa

¯

^H

N

õ^mba

cook ˆt

CE

ma ´t

C

a ma

hero  `^hp

AH

wo `^hpa wo

heroine `^hp

AH

mo ´p

W

mu `^hpa wo

unmarried person ˆm

@

^hc

AN ¯

k^h

E:

r

@

ma scholar

¯

^hpe t

C

^ha wa ´ji

,

_iⁿ_do^˚N_k^h

E

translator ´lo^htsa wa

¯

^hk

EP

^Hd

ýW

x

E

beggar `^h

ú@

ma `^h

ú@

ma

thief `^hk

W

ma `^hk

W

ma

robber ˆt

CA ,

_{pa ˆt}

CA:

pa

sick person ˆn

AP

pa ´na^hpa

personal enemy ˆ^H

ã

a ´^H

ã

a

king ˆ^H

é

a^hpo ˆ^Hd

ý

a

:

bo

emperor ˆko

N

ma ˆ^Hd

ý

a

:

bo

officer ˆ^h

úAN

^Ngi `^hpõ^mbo

local leader ˆ^mgo pa ˆ^Ngo

ú

^hi

P

friend ˆro

P

pa ´ro

:

pa

fellow ˆ^őd

ý

o ro

P ¯

^H

ő@

^mbu ˆ^ï

ã

o^˚Nk^h

E

teacher ´ge^Hg˜e

¯

^Hge^Hg

E

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

tailor ˆ^wzo pa

¯

^Hzo wa

shoemaker `l

˚

^am

nde

P ¯

x

E:

ts

@

l

E:

^˚Nk^h

E

stonemason ´^Hdo^wzo wa `^Hdo^Hzo^˚Nk^h

E

blind `lo

N

pa ´

ý

a

:

^Hgo

deaf ˆw˜u^mba ´

H

õ^mba

fool `l

WP

^Hgo `^Hl

EP

^Hgo

lunatic person `^m˚

ő

õ pa

¯˚ ő

õ^mba

mute `^hku

P

pa

¯

^hku

P

pa

host  ˆ^Hd

AP

po ´^Hd

A:

po

guest  ˆ^m

ã

on po

¯

^ï

ã

õ^mbo

acquaintance ˆ

N

u

C

i

:

pa ´

N

o ´

C

^he

:

^˚Nk^h

E

stranger ˆt

C

^ha me

P

´

N

o ´m

@ C

^he

:

x

E

servant `

ij

jo

P

pu `^Hjo

P

po

maid  `

ij

jo

P

mu `^Hjo

P

mo

grandfather

¯P

a wu

P ¯P

a wu

grandmother ´ma ma ´ma ma

father  ´

P

a p^ha

¯P

a p^ha

mother 

¯P

a ma

¯P

a ma

parents  `p^ha ma

¯

p^ha ma

son  ˆp

W ýW

´p

W ý@

daughter-in-law `^mna

H

ma

¯

^Hna ma

daughter  ˆp

W

mo ´p

W

mo

son-in-law  ˆm

AP

pa ´p

W

t^h

˜ O

grandson `ts^ha wu

¯

ts^ha wo

granddaughter `ts^ha mu

¯

ts^ha mo

elder brother

¯P

a^H

é

a

¯P

a^Hd

ý

a

elder sister ˆ

P

a t

C

e

¯P

a t

C

e

younger brother ´ti ti^†4 ´ti ti^†5

younger sister ´mej mej^†6

¯

me me^†7

father’s brother `

P

a k^h

W

`

P

a k^h

W

father’s brother’s wife `

P

a ne

¯P

a ne

nephew `ts^ha wu

¯

ts^ha wo

sibling

¯

^hp

W

n^ï

ã

i

¯

^hp

W ˜

^ï

ã

i

mother’s brother `

P

a

ýAN

`

P

a

ý˜ O

mother’s brother’s wife ˆ

P

a l

AP

´

P

a t

C

e

father-in-law

¯P

a

ýAN ¯P

a

ý˜ O

_/

¯P

a k^h

W

4<Sichuan Mandarindi di‘younger brother’.

5Ditto.

6<Sichuan Mandarinmei mei‘younger sister’.

7Ditto.

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

mother-in-law

¯P

a ne

¯P

a ne

family ˆ^wza

H

pa

¯

t

C

^h

˜ @

ts^ho

relative ˆ

ő

e wa `

ő

e wa/

¯ő

e

H

a

husband `^hci pa ´^Hg

E:

po

wife ˆna mu `^Hg

E:

mo

stepmother ˆma

ij

ja ˆma^Hja

P

stepfather `p^ha

ij

ja ˆp^ha^Hja

P

twins ˆ^m˚ts^he

:

ma `˚ⁿts^he

: ú

^hu

P

Animals

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

domestic animals ˆ^H

éW

zo

P ¯

k^h

E:

ma

cattle

¯

k^h

E:

ma

¯

^Hl

˜ O

ox  ˆ^Hl

AN

pi

¯

^Hl

˜ O

buffalo ˆma xe ˆma he

yak `

ij

ja

P

^Hgen

¯

k^h

E:

ma/

¯

^Hj

AP

^Hg

E

female yak ˆ^m

ã@

ma ´^ï

ã@

barren yak `^hkã ma

¯

^hkã ma

mdzo⁸  ˆ^mdzo^Hgen `ⁿdzo

female mdzo ˆ^mdzo mo ´ⁿdzo mo

calf  ˆpi li ´pi

:

li

bull `p^ho zo

, ¯

^Hj

AP

^Hg

E

cow ˆmo zo

P

´^ï

ã@

^Hg

E

milk cow ˆ^w

ý

un pa

¯

^H

ý

o

:

_/´^ï

ã@

´jo

P

^˚Nk^h

E ¯

k^h

E:

ma pack animal `k^h

E:

ma `^Hd

ýAP

^hk

E:

´

ő

e

:

^˚Nk^h

E ¯

k^h

E:

ma

cow dung `^ht

C

u wa `^ht

C@

wa

dried cow dung `

P

o

N

ko

N

`^ht

C@

wa

horn  ˆr

A ú

o

P

´ra t

C

o

P

hoof `

ij

mi

P

pa

¯

^H

ő@:

ka

skin  `^hpa

P

pa

¯

^hp

AP

pa

body hair `^hp

W ¯

^hp

W

hair colour `^hp

W

k^ha

¯

^hp

W

k^ha

tail  `

ijN

a ma

¯

^H

N

a ma

horse `^hta^Hgen

¯

^hta

pony 

¯

^hti

: H

u `^hti

:

ts^hi

stallion `^hta p^ho

¯

^hta^Hg

E

mare ˆ^Hg

8:P

ma

¯

^Hgu

:

ma

horse mane `

ijN

o

:P

ma

¯

ze

8A hybrid between the yak and the cow.

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

horse dung `^hti li

P ¯

^hti li

P

sheep `lu

P

`lu

P

ewe ˆlu

P

^Hgen `lu

P

goat  ˆra ˆra ma

kid ˆri

, W

ˆra ma

lamb ˆl

W , W

`lu

:

wool  ´p

E: ¯

p

E:

goat dung ˆri ma ´ri

:

ma

mule  ˆ

ú

im pa ˆ

ú

e

:

donkey ˆpo

N

wo ´po

N

o

camel `

ijN

a mo

¯

^H

N

a mo

pig  `p^h

AP

^Hgen ´p^h

AP

^Hg

E

sow ´mo p^h

AP

´p^h

AP

^Hg

E

boar `p^ho p^h

AP

´p^h

AP

^Hg

E

piglet ˆp^h

AP ú

^hu

P ¯

p^h

AP ú

^hu

P

dog  ˆt

C

^h

@

^Hg˜e

¯

t

C

^h

@

bitch ˆmu

:

t

C

^h

@ ¯

t

C

^h

@

^Hg

E

cat   ˆmo

N

zi

P

´mõ dzi

P

rabbit ˆri ko

N ¯

r

@ ,

_õ

chicken `^F

C

ja ´ko^Ngo

cock `

C

ja p^ho/

¯

p^ho

C

ja ´ko^Ngo

hen `

C

ja mo/

¯

mo

C

ja ´ko^Ngo

chick

¯C

ja

ú

^hu

P

´ko^Ngo

wing  ˆ

C

ox pa

¯

^h

C

o

P

pa

feather ˆ^ï

ã

o ma ´

C

a^hp

W

duck  `t

C

^h

W C

ja ´j

A:

ts

@

goose ˆ

NAN

pa ´

N˜ O

^mba

herbivore ˆr

@

t

AP

´r

@

t

AP

carnivore `^ht

C

in z

@

n

¯

^ht

C˜ E

z

E

tiger  `^ht

AP ¯

^ht

AP

lion  `s^he

N

^Nge

¯

s^h˜ı^Ngi

dragon `^m

ã0P

´^ï

ã

u

P

claw  ˆ^Hda

H

mo ˆ^Hba

:

mo

monkey ´

P@

^H

é

i

P

^h

ú

u

¯P

a^Hgi^h

ú

u

:

elephant

¯

^Hl

AN

po t

C

^hin

¯

^Hl

˜ O

^mb

W

t

C

^he

wild ox `^mb

ã

o

N ¯

^ï

ã

o

leopard `zi

P

´^Hzi

P

bear ˆt

A

m ´to

:

brown bear ˆ

ú

i

P

mo ´

ú

e

:

mu

wild boar ˆp^h

AP

^Hgo

P ¯

p^h

AP

^Hgo

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

deer  `

C

^ha wa ´

C

^ha wa

gazelle ˆ^Hgo wa ´^Hgo wa

wild horse `^hc

AN

`^ht

C˜ O

otter `

ù

^h

@

m `^hsa

porcupine ˆp^h

AP

^Hgo

P ¯

p^h

AP

^Hgo

mouse ˆtsi ki ´tsi

,

_i

mole `

P

a ra ´

P

a ra

jackal ˆ^m˚p^har `^m˚p^ha r

@

wolf  `^ht

CAN

k

W ¯

^ht

C˜ O

k

W

fox  ˆwa ˆwa mo

bird  ˆ^F

C

i

, W ¯C

i

:

tsi

bird’s nest ˆ^F

C

ja ts^h

AN ¯C

i

:

ts^h

˜ O

eagle  ˆ^Hgo

P

`^Hgo

H˜ A

vulture `^Hl

AP ¯

^hl

˚ A:

owl ˆwu

P

pa `

H

u

P

pa

bat ˆwu

P

pa

¯

p^h

˜ A

wu mu ko

magpie `^hca

H

ka

¯

^ht

C

a

,

_{a t}

C

^ha mo

crow ˆp^ho ro

P ¯

p^ho ro

pheasant ˆr

@ C

ja ´ko^Ngo

parrot

¯PO

wu ne tso

¯P

a wu ne tso

cuckoo ˆk^hu

C

u

P ¯

k^h

W C

u

P

peacock `

ij

ma

C

ja

¯

^Hma

C

a

tortoise ˆr

W

^Hb

E

´r

W

^Hba

:

snake  `^H

ã

i

:

´^H

ã

i

:

frog  ´^Hb

E:

ba ´^Hb

E:

^Hba

tadpole ˆ^H

é

a m˜u ˆ^Hgo

P

^Hdo

P ¯

^ht

C

a mõ^Ngo

:

^Hdo

fish  ˆ

ő

ja ´

ő

a

insect  ˆ^mb

W

´^mb

W

flea  ˆ^Hd

ý0

wa

¯

^Hd

ý@

wa

louse `

C

^hi

:P

ma

¯C

^hi

:

ma

nit  ˆ

ù

o ma

¯

^hso ma

fly  ˆ

ãAN

n

AP

`^Hd

ý

a

:

p^h

W

_/`^hk˜u t

C

^h

W

mosquito ˆ^mb

W

lo

N

´wu

:

za/`^Hd

ý

a

:

p^h

W

spider ˆ^Hd˜u/ˆ^Hdum ´

ú

o

:

´ka

:

ra/´^Hd

ýE:

´ka

:

ra centipede `^hk

AN

^w

é

a ˆl

AP

^w

é

a

¯

^hk

˜ O

^Hd

ý

a ´l

AP

^Hd

ý

a earthworm `s^ha^őd

ý

u

N

ˆ^mb

W

^őd

ý

a

¯

s^ha^őd

ý@

´m

@

^Hd

ý

a

ant  ˆ

ú

o

P

ma ´

ú

õ ma

¯

^mb

W

bee

¯

^H

ã

o

N

^mb

W ¯

^mb

W

^H

㘠O

butterfly

¯

^p

úAP

´p^he p^he `ta p^he

:

p^he

:

Plants

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

tree  ˆ^Hdo

N

po

¯

^ht

C˜ O

ma

trunk  ˆ^Hdo

N

^hpu

¯

^Hdõ^hkã^mbo

root  `^htsa wa

¯

^htsa wa

leaf  ˆlo ma ´lo ma

flower ˆme to

P

ˆme to

P

pit  `ts^h

@

k

W

´n

˜ O

ts^hi

P

willow ˆ^H

é

a^ht

CAN

`^Hd

ý

a^ht

CO

cypress `

C

^hu

P

pa

¯C

^hu

P

pa

pine `<sup>h</sup>so ma/`^hsop ma `t^h

˜ O C

^hi

resin  ˆt^h

AN

t

C

^h

W

ˆ^H

ã

õ

C˜ O

birch ˆ^ht

AP

pa `^ht

AP

ma

bamboo `^m˚

ő

u

P

ma

¯˚ ő

u

:

ma

thorn `ts^he

:

ma

¯

ts^he

:

ma

fruit ˆ

C

^hi^hto

P

ˆ

ù

wi ko^†9

peach ˆk^ham p

W

´t^h

O

ts

@

^†10

pear ˆl

@

´li

:

ts

@

^†11

tangerine

¯

ts^ha l

W

ma ˆt

C0:

ts

@

^†12

grape ˆ^Hg

W

n^m

ãW

ˆp^hu

:

t^h

A

w^†13

lotus

¯

p

E:

ma ˆme to

P ¯

p

E:

ma

caterpillar fungus

¯ij

ja^htsa ˆ^Hg

W

n^mb

W ¯

^Hja^htsa^Hg

W ˜

^mb

W

saffron ˆk

W

^hk

W

m

¯

k^ha t

C

^he ˆ

C

a^hkã

sugarcane ˆw

W:

ˆram

C

i ˆ

C

i

:

^H

㘠O

walnut `^hta^Hga

¯

^hta^Hga

tamarisk `^hp

8

n pa

¯

^hpe

:

ma

crops ˆlo to

P

ˆlo to

P

grain ˆ^m

ã

o ri

P

´za^Hd

ýW

_/ˆ^ï

ãW

ri

P

rice  ˆ^m

ãE:

´^ï

ãE:

seed  `s<sup>h</sup>a wo `s^ha wu

wheat ˆ

ú

u ˆ

ú

o

barley `so wa ˆ

ú

o

oat ˆj

W

k

W

ˆju^hpu

highland barley ˆne

:

ˆn

E:

corn ˆma^Hmu ˆlo to

P

´j

0

mi

vegetable `ts^ho

P

ma

¯˚ N

o ts^h

E:

9<Mandarinshui guo‘fruit’.

10<Mandarintao zi‘peach’.

11<Mandarinli zi‘pear’.

12<Mandarinju zi‘orange’.

13<Mandarinpu tao‘grape’.

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

radish ´l

A:

pu

P

´la pu

P

chili `

F

u tsa

¯F

u ts^ha

onion `tso

N ¯

^Hgo

:

pa

garlic ˆ^Hgox pa

¯

^Hgo

:

pa

ginger

¯

^ht

C

a^Hga

¯

s˜e d

ý˜ A

^†14

Chinese chive `ke

HW

`t

C

ju ts^haj^†15

potato ´j

˜ A

j

0

^†16 ´j

A ˜

j

0

^†17

dried seed `ka ´kwa kwa

bean

¯ù

r˜e ma/

¯

se

:

ma

¯

^hs

E:

ma

soybean

¯ù

r˜e ma `s^he^Hbu

¯

^hs

E:

ma

broad bean ˆ^H

é

a se ma ´^Hd

ý

a^hs

E:

pea

¯ù

r˜e ma

¯

^hs

E:

ma

peanut ˆwa tam ´xwa

ù

˜e^†18

sesame ˆti

N

^ï

ãW

`

ú@

ma^†19

grass `^htsa

¯

^htsa

mushroom `

C

^ha mu

¯C

^ha mo

root of pteridophyte ˆ

ú

o ma ´

ú

o ma

sunflower ´

ő

i ma ˆme to

P

´

ő

i ma me to

P

Food

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

food `t^hu

P

pa ´za^Hd

ýW

_/´^ï

ãE:

porridge ˆ^m

ãE:

ts^ha

H

´^ï

ãE:

ts^ha

flour ˆ

ú

o^H

é

e ´

ú

o^Hd

ý

e/`^htsa

ú

u

P

bean flower `

ù

r˜e

C

je `^htsa

ú

u

P

momo²⁰ ´ko^őd

ý

a ˆmã t^hu^†21

noodle ˆ^H

é

a t^hu

P

´ka mi

steamed stuffed bun `

C

ja ˆmo

P

mo

P

´p

A

w ts

@

^†22

dumpling `

C

ja ˆmo

P

mo

P

´t

CA

w ts

@

^†23

breakfast ˆn

AN

t

C

a

¯˚ N

a t

C

a

lunch ˆ^Hgo

N

t

C

a ´ta za

14<Sichuan Mandarinsen jiang‘ginger’. Cf. Mandarinsheng jiang.

15<Mandarinjiu cai‘Chinese chive’.

16<Sichuan Mandarinyang yu‘potato’. Cf. Mandarintu dou.

17Ditto.

18<Mandarinhua sheng‘peanut’.

19<Mandarinzhi ma‘sesame’.

20A kind of steamed bun.

21<Mandarinman tou‘steamed bun’.

22<Mandarinbao zi‘steamed stuffed bun’.

23<Mandarinjiao zi‘dumpling’.

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

dinner `^Hg

˜ O

z

E

´^Hgõ ze

milk tea ˆwo t

C

a/ˆ

H

o t

C

a ´

H

o t

C

a

meat  `

C

ja `

C

^ha

lean meat `

C

ja ma `

C

^ha^hkã

oil

¯

n

˚ W ¯

n

˚ W

vegetable oil `n

˚ AP

mo

¯

n

˚ W

fat oil `ts^h

@

l

¯

ts^hi

:

butter ˆm

A:

´ma

:

yoghurt ˆ

ý

o ´

ý

o

cheese

¯

t

CW

lo

P

ˆt

C

^h

W

ra

cream `^p

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`^h

ú

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milk skin ˆwo k^ha ´

H

o k^ha/`^h

ú

i ma

cheese cake `t^h

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`t^h

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tsampa²⁴ `<sup>h</sup>tsam pa `^htsã^mba

beef  `

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sausage ˆn

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salt  `ts<sup>h</sup>a `ts^ha

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crystal sugar `

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vinegar ˆts^he

, W

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egg  ˆ^Hgu

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soup `k^h

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tobacco ˆtu wa ´tu wa

medicine `m

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pig feed ˆp^h

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horse feed `^hta t

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snuff `n

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Clothings

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

thread `^hk

WP

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cloth ˆr

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silk ˆta^hk

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satin ˆku

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t

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24Roasted highland barley flour.

Item   Lhagang-A   Lhagang-B

cloth coat ˆr

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: ko ´r

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monk’s cloth ˆ^Hze

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woolen cloth ˆt^her ma ´^Ngo n

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cloths ˆko

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Tibetan robe ˆwo t

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collar ˆk

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wa ˆkõ wa

sleeve `p^h

W

t^ho

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`p^h

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t^hõ

button ˆ^ï

ãW

k

W

´^H

ã

o

, W

trousers ˆtor ma ´to

:

ma

skirt `m

˚ ˜ EP ij

jo

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´t

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0 ˜

ts

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skarf ˆ^mgo^h

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hat  ˆ

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ja mo/

¯ý

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belt `^hke

:

r

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`^Hdu

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t^hi

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puttee ˆ

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őE:

ji^Hd

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socks `

PW

s^hu

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shoes

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j ts

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boots ˆ^ñ

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^hta

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shirt `ts^hil len

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ts^h

˜ @

ji^†27

fur-lined jacket ˆ

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we su

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`^hts

AP

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handkerchief ˆl

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comb `^h

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curtain ˆjol wa `

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ornament ˆ^H

é

en t

C

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t

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treasure ˆnor b

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coral `^F

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r

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r

W

turquoise `

ij

j

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W

pearl ˆm

W

^hti

P

´m

W

ti

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ivory ˆpa s^ho ´pa s^hu

amber `^hpu

: C

e

:

`^hpu

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earrings ˆlo

N

t^hu

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necklace `^hke^h

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i ´^hke^Hd

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i

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ring  `

P

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a lõ/´l

AP

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ú

i

:

bracelet ˆl

A

x^h

ú

i ´l

AP

^h

ú

i

:

25<Mandarinqun zi‘skirt’.

26<Sichuan Mandarinhai zi‘shoes’.

27<Mandarinchen yi‘shirt’.

28<Mandarinchuang lian‘curtain’.