インドネシアにおける村落会議と村落議会 ――植民地期20世紀初頭における村落集会の形成と 村落協議会の試み―― [The Emergence of Village Meetings and the Introduction of Village Assemblies in Early Twentieth Century Colonial Indonesia]
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(5) ῍῍ῌ. !. ". #ῌῌ. The Emergence of Village Meetings and the Introduction of Village Assemblies in Early Twentieth Century Colonial Indonesia* M>OJCD Kosuke**. Although almost no stipulation was made by Indonesia’s Acts on Local Administration, village meetings played an important role in creating consensus among villagers during the Soekarno era and after the step-down of President Soeharto and the implementation of the decentralization policy. This paper traces the origins and characteristics of village meetings and the attempt to introduce village assemblies using colonial Residents’ reports on the Village Autonomy survey conducted in ῍῎ῒ῎῎ in Java and Madoera. The village meeting was firstly stipulated by the Village Ordinance of ῍ῌῑ, but meetings were seldom held until the ῍῍ῌs in Central and East Java. In ῍῎ΐ, in almost all villages surveyed, meetings were held by village heads to consult on important issues with villagers who had the right to choose the village head. Yearly and monthly meetings as well as hamlet meetings were held in many areas. Participants were mainly those villagers who owned agricultural lands and were obliged to perform compulsory herendienst service. Although some widows had the right to attend, they exercised their rights only to choose the village head. Consensus was reached through unanimous agreement without voting. Attempts to introduce village assemblies failed because of conflicts between the assembly and village heads. Similar conflicts appeared in ῎ῌῌ῎῎ῌ῏ after the introduction of village assemblies designed to check the performance of village administration. Keywords: Decision-making, village assembly, village administration, Indonesia, Nederlandsch-Indië, village meeting, village authonomy, musyawarah mufakat ῑῌΐῌῒ῏$%&'(
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(452) 7efZ ῐΐO῏R: ΐῒ῍῍῍D ῌῌῌῌD ῍ῌD E£L´HIJ®¯5µ¶/PQ° W·¸¹Z +;²³mV W7Z ΐ῏O῍R: ΐ῏῍ ῍ῌῐ. ῌῌῌῌD ῍ΐD WFº»¼#HIJ½ Z ab῎¢oD Angelino, A. D. A. De Kat. ῍῏῍. Staatkundig Beleid en Bestuurzorg in Nederlandsch-Indië, Tweed Deel. s’ Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. Boeke, J. H. ῍῏ῐ. Dorp en Desa. Leiden, Amsterdam: H. E. Steneeft Kroese’s Uitgevers-Maatschappij. Djajadiningrat, R. Hasan. ῍῎ῌ. Schets eener Besluitsrichting voor Nederladsh-Indië. Kolonial Studien, Tijdschrift van De Vereeniging Voor Studie van Koloniaal Maatschappelijke Vraagstukken. Vierde Jaargang, Tweede deel, pp. ῍῍ῐ῍. Fokkens, F. ῍ῌ῍. Eindresume van Het bij Besluit Van den Gouverneur-General van Nederlandsch-indië van 24 Juli 1888 no. 8 bevolen Onderzoek naar De Verplichte Diensten der Inlandsche Bevolking op Java en Madoera Tweede Gedeelte: Gemeentelijke Diensten. Batavia: Jav. Boekh. En Drakkerij Rijswijk. Gonggryp, G. F. E. n. d. Geillustreede Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië. Leiden: Leidsche Uitgersmaatschappij. Hofsteede, W. M. F. ῍ΐ῍. Decision Making Processes in Four West Javanese Villages. Doctoral Thesis, De Katholiek Universiteit te Nijmegen. Jay, Robert R. ῍ῒ. Javanese Villagers: Social Relations in Rural Modjokuto. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. Kansil, C. S. T.; and Kansil, Christine S. T. ῎ῌῌ῎. Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia, Hukum Administrasi Daerah 1903῍2001. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika. Koentjaraningrat. ῍ῒῐ. Masjarakat Desa di Indonesia Masa Ini. Djakarta: Jajasan Badan Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia. Laceulle, E. A. E. ῍῎. Eindverslag van het Desa-Autonomie Onderzoek op Java en Madoera samengesteld ingevolge het Gouvernementsbesluit van 8 Mei 1926 No. 3. Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij. Ranneft, Meijer. ῍῍. Grondslagen en voorwaarden voor de hervorming van de desa. Koloniale Studien, Derde Jaargaan, Eerste deel, pp.῍῍ῐ῎. Regentschapsverslagen Behoorende bij het Eindverslag over het Desa-Autonomie Onderzoek. ῍῎. Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij. Surianingrat, Bayu. ῍῍. Pemerintah dan Administrasi Desa. Jakarta: Aksara Baru. Vollenhoven, Van, C. ῍῍. Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indië. Leiden: Boekhandel en Drukkerij Voorheen E. J. Brill. 183.
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