中央学術研究所紀要　第46号 009西　康友「カナダ・トロント大学出張報告 ―第18回国際仏教学会・トロント会議における研究発表― 」

１．目　的

 本出張では、標記の国際学会に出席し、下記事項⑴−⑶を行った。

⑴  西康友“Research on krīd4āpanaka-, krīd4anaka- in the Saddharmapund44arīka Manuscripts” の研究発表

⑵  中央学術研究所（CARI）は、2017年度に英国パーリ文献協会（The Pali Text Society, PTS）・仙台高等専門学校（Sendai National College of Technology, SNCT）国際共同 研究事業（英緬日三カ国連携事業）「ミャンマー僧院の仏教貝葉古写本・絵画資料 のデジタル化研究」（ミャンマー写本研究）に助成を行なっている。同事業は2013 年度に開始されたが、当初より SNCT は諸種の助成金＊を獲得し、同事業を効率 的に遂行している。写本カタログを検討・精査し、貝葉写本を撮影した。撮影デー タから PDF 形式のデジタル本を作成している。全デジタル本は千冊近くにのぼ り、そのサイズは約300GB になる。PTS・SNCT はその最終成果の大規模なデー タベースをトロント大学（カナダ）のウェブに掲載準備中であり、その動向を伺 うことができた。

  ＊ 1. Theravāda Studies assisted by ICT and data release on web, The KDDI Foundation

―第18回国際仏教学会・トロント会議における研究発表―

(Presentation at the XVIIIth _{Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies}

(IABS), to Be Hosted by the Department for the Study of Religion, at the University of Toronto, Canada, August 20 − 25, 2017)

西   康 友

１．目 的 ２．出張者 ３．期 間 ４．行 程

５．Research on krīd4āpanaka-, krīd4anaka- in the Saddharmapund44arīka Manuscripts  【謝 辞】

Buddhism in Myanmar: Research Grants in the Humanities, The Mitsubishi Foundation (Oct. 2013 - Sep. 2015). 3. Field work and research on palm-leaf manuscripts in Pāli and parabaik (folding paper) manuscripts in Myanmar, A grant-in-aid for challenging exploratory research from JSPS Kakenhi (Apr. 2013 - Mar. 2015, No. 25580010). 4. ICT-aided fieldwork and research for old manuscripts of South Asian Buddhism in Myanmar and database construction, A grant-in-aid for scientific research (B) from JSPS Kakenhi (Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2019, No. 16H03353). (15.04.2016), Chuo Academic Research Institute of Rissho Kosei-kai (2017) (Head Investigator : Dr William Pruitt of the PTS. Assosiate Director Dr Yasutomo Nishi of CARI helped very much to get this funding.) etc.

⑶  中央学術研究所は2014−2016年度の３年間、マーク＝アロン博士（豪国シドニー 大学南アジア仏教研究学科長）を研究代表者とする「クドードゥ・パゴダ石碑修 復・保存事業助成、および碑文仏典研究」（KPI Project）に助成を行った。その成 果の研究発表を聴講し、今後の動向を確認した。

２．出張者

 西康友（中央学術研究所学術研究室主査）

３．期　間

 平成29年８月19日㈯∼26日㈯（８日間）

４．行　程

日 時 内   容 19日㈯ 18：40 羽田国際空港発（AC006便） 17：45 トロント・レスター・ピアソン空港着 →チェルシートロントホテル（８泊滞在） トロント大学にて国際仏教学会（IABS）参加事前登録チェックイン （時差は日本時間から−13時間） 20日㈰ 開会式、レセプションへの出席 ◆  アンソニー・スコット1_{と初対面、クリストフ・エムリック氏}2_{（トロント大学准教} 授／トロント会議実行委員長）の大学院生で、『ミリンダパンハ』の注釈・翻訳研 究をしている。 ◆ マーク・アロン博士に会い、KPI Project の動向3_{を聞くことができた。} ◆ ジーン・リーヴス先生が本会議へ出席していた4_。

21日㈪

以下の研究発表に出席：

⑴  Wiles Royce （Nan Tien Institute） ［Ditrich, Tamara （University of Sydney）; Clark, Chris （University of Sydney）］: Research on the Kuthodaw Pagoda Marble-stelae Recension of the Pali Canon in Mandalay, Myanmarに出席し、以下のコメント（謝辞）を述べた： “I am Yasutomo Nishi of Chuo Academic Research Institute of Rissho Kosei-kai. Nice to meet you and I heard of your Kuthodaw Pagoda project. I believe that we were able to cooperate and support the protection of human intellectual heritage, and indeed I am grateful that CARI / RK s grant funds are effectively used. I hope you proceed your project. Thank you so much for your presentation. I appreciate it.”

⑵ Kasamatsu, Sunao: On the Jinālan4

kāra and Its t4īkā

⑶  McCrabb, Ian（KPI プロジェクト共同研究者）：READ Workbench − A Collaborative Corpus Development Framework

22日㈫ ⑴  日本印度学仏教学会第68回学術大会投稿原稿、および本出張報告書・旅費精算書 作成 ⑵  アンソニー＝スコット・トロント大学院生（博士課程）と PTS ミャンマー写本研 究プロジェクトについての打合せ 23日㈬ ⑴ 研究発表準備 ⑵ 日本印度学仏教学会第68回学術大会投稿原稿作成 ⑶ 以下の研究発表に出席：

  Launch of Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Reception

⑷ 望月海慧・身延山大学国際日蓮学研究所長と科研費申請打合せ 24日㈭

⑴  Allon, Mark: Accounts of the Buddha s life in the Senior Kharost4 4hī に出席。今年12月の 庭野会長・KPI 訪問予定をアロン氏へ打診・助成プレート設置打合せ。

⑵  西康友：Research on krīd4āpanaka-, krīd4anaka- in the Saddharmapund44arīka Manuscripts の研究発表（口頭発表内容は下記５参照）

⑶ 帰国準備

25日㈮ 13：45 トロント・レスター・ピアソン空港発（AC005；機中泊） 26日㈯ 15：35 羽田国際空港着

1 _{Philosophica Asiatica Vol. II『梵文維摩経索引』の共著者。現在、トロント大学博士課程（Candidate）}

に在籍。今回の国際仏教学会トロント会議の事務局長でもある。来月（今年９月中旬）に来日予定 である。

2 _{Dr. Christoph Emmrich：ウイリアム・プルット氏（PTS 出版担当理事）・逢坂雄美（SNCT 名誉教}

授）等が作成したミャンマー写本電子化 DB をトロント大 Web サイトに構築する責任者である。プ ルット氏は来年の４月にトロント大学を訪問し、同氏と Web サイトの打合せ（詳細は本紀要、およ びPhilosophica Asiatica Vol. IV に掲載予定）、トロント大学院生とワークショップを開催予定とのこ

とである。

3 _{現在、ビルマ文字のローマ字転写を20人のミャンマー僧侶に依頼しているが、進捗がとても遅く、}

READに反映させるまでにはかなりの時間が見込まれるとのこと。ミャンマー僧侶の賃金代をCARI 助成から支出しているが十分間に合う助成をいただいたと感謝された。

５．Researchon

krīd

4

āpanaka-,krīd

4

anaka-intheSaddharmapund

4 4

arīka

Manuscripts

I．Introduction

 I present my Research on krīd4āpanaka-, krīd4anaka- in Saddharmapund44arīka (Saddhp). In this presentation, I will discuss that Saddhp were originally compiled under the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) and show one evidence that supports the hypothesis of Kern and Edgerton5_.

 The Saddhp is located as one of the oldest early Mahayana Buddhist texts. The first discovery of Saddhp manuscript was in 1821 by the English minister to Nepal, B. H. Hodgson. Since then, many Saddhp manuscripts have been found at different places.

II．

Saddharmapund

44

arīka

manuscripts

 There are many different Saddhp manuscripts, and these can generally be classified into two recensions as shown in this figure: the Central Asia recension in Kashgar manuscript (O6_{), romanized}

transcription of O revised edition (Th7₎

and the recension from Gilgit-Nepal, romanized transcription of Kern-Nanjio (KN8_{) and its revised edition except O}

(KN*) (see fig. 1).

 Regarding vocabulary, word forms, and grammar, it is expected that there are similarities and differences in

Saddhp manuscripts belonging to different groups; however, there are also similarities and differences in manuscripts even within the same group.

III． Kern and Edgerton’s thesis of the origins / beginnings of the

Saddharmapund

44

arīka

 This suggests that various changes in the process of formation and transmission of Saddhp. In other words, the language used in Saddhp is a mixture of MIA and Classical Sanskrit.  In the Central Asian recension of the Saddhp, word formations and syntax of MIA-like are very prevalent. Many scholars, including Hendrik Kern and Franklin Edgerton, advocate the hypothesis that, its original form of the Saddhp manuscripts was in MIA, and that it was changed to Classical Sanskrit during the process of compilation and editing (see fig. 2).  We note that this hypothesis is based on the assertion that the manuscripts in MIA is older than that of in classical Skt. Because the Central Asian manuscripts have not been scrutinized

Fig 1. Saddharmapund44arīka manuscripts recension

5 _{H. Kern, “Preface”, H. Kern and B. Nanjio eds., Saddharmapund}

44arīka, Bibliotheca Buddhica X, St. Pétersbourg 1908-12 (KN), I-XII; F. Edgerton, “Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit”, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit

Grammar, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi 1953, §1.33ff. and etc.

6 _{L. Chandra ed., SADDHARMA-PUND}

44ARĪKA-SŪTRA Kashgar Manuscript, Śata-pit4aka Series 229, Tokyo 1976, rpt. The Reiyukai 1977 (Central Asian Kashgar Saddhp manuscript, photographic edition).

7 _{H. Toda ed., Saddharmapund}

44arīkasūtra, Central Asian Manuscripts, Romanized Text Part One Kashgar

Manuscript, Tokushima 1981 (＝romanized transcription of O revised edition).

with subject to a strict word-by-word analysis. There was shown no concrete basis for Kern and Edgerton s hypothesis was not based on any substantic based so far, but I found a variant example that supports of their thesis. We note that this hypothesis is based o n t h e a s s e r t i o n t h a t t h e manuscripts in MIA is older than that of in classical Skt. Because the Central Asian manuscripts have not been scrutinized with subject to a strict word-by-word analysis. There was shown no concrete basis

for Kern and Edgerton s hypothesis was not based on any substantic based so far, but I found a variant example that supports of their thesis.

IV． Researching the origins / beginnings of the

Saddharmapund

44

arīka

－ Kern

and Edgerton’s thesis －

 Kern, Naoshiro Tsuji and Kobun Toda pointed out two synonyms change between the MIA form, krīd4āpanaka-, in the Central Asian r e c e n s i o n a n d t h e C l a s s i c a l Sanskrit form, krīd4anaka-, in the Gilgit-Nepal recension.

 Please note that the character p exists in the MIA form but does not exist in the Classical Sanskrit (see Table 1).

 I have created this table with my collaborators, by searching all

usages inclusive of these words, based on a variety of indexes. However, in the Central Asia recension, MIA language forms are common even in prose.

V． To organize the two variants MIA

krīd

4

āpana

(

ka

)- / Classical Skt.

krīd

4

ana

(

ka

)-

in the following five cases

 I can organize the two variations of the word, krīd4āpana(ka)- / krīd4ana(ka)-, in their corresponding parts as the following five cases: (1) where krīd4āpana(ka)- appears in both Th and KN; (2) where krīd4āpana(ka)- in Th and krīd4ana(ka)- in KN; (3) where krīd4āpanaka- appears in Th but nothing appears in KN; (4) where krīd4ana(ka)- appears in both Th and KN; (5) where krīd4āpita- appears in KN, but is lacking in Th.

 (1) Where krīd4āpana(ka)- appears in both Th and KN in their corresponding parts  This can be seen only in the verses below:

 (1a) Th 92b3f. śrnoti ca eti te a tra aurasā · krrīdāpanai · krrīdaratīsu mattā ·

Fig 2. Kern and Edgerton s thesis of the origins / beginnings of the

Saddharmapund44arīka: based on the assertion that the manuscripts in MIA is older than that in classical Skt.

te atra krrīd4am4ti ramam4ti paricārayam4ti cā

[5]_{pi yathā 'pi bālā avijānakāś ca (2)5(＝63)}

  “He hears and comes. ‘Here, my beloved sons, they are intoxicated with the joy of playing with [their own] playthings. They, here, play, rejoice, and take delight―without knowing [things], like little boys’.”

 (1b) KN 86, 5f. śrn44oti cāsau svake atra putrān krīd4āpanaih4 krīd4anasaktabuddhīn /

ramanti te krīd4anakapramattā

9 _{yathāpi bālā avijānamānāh}

4 //63//   “and, he, here, hears that his sons, by [their own] playthings, their minds have become

captivated. ‘They rejoice, engrossed with playthings―just as little boys not knowing [things]’.”

 For your understanding, I marked three arrows which show the word correspond between Th and KN.

 (2) where krīd4āpana(ka)- in Th and krīd4ana(ka)- in KN in their corresponding parts

 The case (2) in which the word is krīd4āpana(ka)- in Th and krīd4ana(ka)- in KN in their corresponding parts:

 (2a) Th 79a4f. yāni yāni ca tes4ām4 kumārakānām4

[5]_krrīd

4āpanakāni bhaveyur

  “And, there are to be (bhaveyur) playthings (krīd4āpanakāni) respectively (yāni yāni) for those boys”.

 (2b) KN 73, 15f. tes4ām4 ca kumārakān4ām4 anekavidhāny anekāni

[74,1]_krīd

4anakāni bhaveyur   “And, just as there are many and various toys for those boys.”

We note that this case is limited in the prose. It should be stressed that krīd4āpana(ka)- is almost consistently used in Th, and krīd4ana(ka)- is used in KN. There is one exception; however, this will be discussed later in (4).

 (3) where krīd4āpanaka- appears in Th but nothing appears in KN in their corresponding parts  The case (3) in which krīd4āpanaka- appears in Th but nothing appears in KN in their corresponding parts:

 (3a) Th 79b4f. yān yusmākam ist4 4āni kāntāni priyā＝

[5]_n

4i manāpāni sarvān4i tāni

krrīd4āpanakāni mayā bahir niveśanadvāre upasthāpitāni

  “All playthings that you long for, love and favor, and that are satisfying, are placed ousitde the gate of the mansion by me.”

 (3b) KN 74, 5f. yāni bhavatām ist4 4āni kāntāni priyān4i manaāpāni tāni ca mayā

[6]_sarvān

4i bahir

niveśanadvāre sthāpitāni

  “Everythin “Everything that your honors wish for, love and favor, and that are satisfying, are placed ousitde the gate of the mansion by me.”

There is only one such case in the prose of Th 79b4f. Furthermore, krīd4āpanakāni does not appear in the corresponding parts of the revised edition of KN. That is, krīd4āpanakāni appears only in the above part of O (＝Th).

 (4) where krīd4ana(ka)- appears in both Th and KN in KN in their corresponding parts  The case (4) in which the word is krīd4ana(ka)- in both Th and KN in their corresponding parts:

 (4a) Th 93a3f. te codayam4tā iti bālabuddhayah4 kumārakāh4 krrīd4anakaih4 pramattāh4   na [4]_centayam

4ti pitaram4 bhan4antam4 na ca tes4a tam4 duh4kha manasmi bhoti · (30)(＝68)   “They were being instructed, however their minds were childish. The boys are absorbed in the

playthings. They do not pay attention to what the father says. And, to them, the difficulty

does not occur in their minds.”

 (4b) KN III 87, 1f. te codyamānās tatha bālabuddhayah4 kumārakāh4 krīd4anake pramattāh4 /

  [2]_{na cintayante pitaram}

4 bhan4antam4 na cāpi tes4ām4 manasīkaronti //68//   “They are being instructed; even so, their minds are childish. The boys are absorbed in the

playthings. They do not pay attention to what the father says nor do they become conscious of it.”

Such cases only occurred in the (4a) Th III 93a3f and (4b) KN III 87, 1f. This is the only part in which Th verse uses the Classical Sanskrit form krīd4anaka-, and it is worth investigation as to why this particular part does not use the MIA-like form krīd4āpanaka-.

 (5) where krīd4āpita- appears in KN, but is lacking in Th in their corresponding parts  In KN, krīd4āpita- is confirmed only in the following part:

 Th 337b7f. ime khalu sa(    lacking    ) ramāpitāh4 sukham4 jīvā＝

[6]_pitāh

4 /  KN 347, 5f. ime khalu sattvāh4 sarve mayā krīd4āpitā ramāpitāh4 sukham4 jīvā＝

[6]_pitāh

4 /  “These living beings, I have let them all play, rejoice, and live in ease.”

There is nothing of the word in Th that corresponds to this in KN; this is a unique element of KN. It indicates that the compilation were perhaps executed under MIA-like linguistic circumstances that may be similar to Pāli.

VI．Conclusion

 The last line in table 2 shows the number of occurrences of krīd4āpana(ka)- / krīd4ana(ka)-, and it becomes obvious that Th gradually evolved to KN. I summarized these obtained data into this table. This table is so small. Please see the handout in d e t a i l . T h i s t a b l e h a s t h e characteristics as: from the W blocks, O is mainly in MIA; and from the X blocks, KN is mainly in Classical Skt.; from the Y blocks, MIA characteristics remain in the verses; from the Z b l o c k s , C l a s s i c a l S k t . characteristic hardly appears in O.

 It can be said that I found a variant example supporting the Kern and Edgerton s hypothesis that, its original form of the Saddhp manuscripts was in MIA, and that it was changed to Classical Sanskrit during the process of compilation and editing.

【謝 辞】

 本稿作成にあたって、逢坂雄美・仙台高等専門学校名誉教授より助言・指導を頂き Table 2. A number of krīd4āp°- / krīd4ana(ka)- in O and KN* in detail

X

Y

Z