අਬȆକ̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές
ᮖɹඖᅒܩय़ˁ༱ɐʳᮖ᮫य़ɹܤܩգᅎɹ᧦ɭጜɹ༥ᬏ
ᇑǵဈǵ᧷ǵ*
Land Use History of Cloud Zone and the Fate of God-mountains in
Rice-terrace Areas of Yunnan
MOMOSE Kuniyasu*
Hani people in the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan, Southwest China, cultivate rice in terraced fi elds on step slopes below the cloud line (1800 m alt.). Traditionally, the cloud-zone slopes were used in various ways, including alder forests as fuel and wood sources and primary mossy forests as sacred areas (god-mountains) and watershed areas. In the Dayuejin (great advance) period (1960s), trees of cloud zone were consumed as fuel for iron production. The alder forests and god-mountains disappeared, but canopy trees of the watershed forests were protected by villagers. In the 1980s, the government distributed sloped areas to villagers for them to re-forest and manage. Such lands are called ziliushan (self-managed forests). In ziliushan, Hani people preferred to plant familiar tree species that were components of the former alder forests, instead of the shanmu (Cunninghamia lanceolata) nursery trees distributed by the government. At the same time, villagers replanted the god-mountains and reinforced the protection of watershed forests. Here, I discuss the villagers’ incentives for vegetation management and the roles of newly replanted god-mountains.
1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵμܕីᨆɹᮖህɻ⏋ཉȦගകɴុʼʶʳඨ႒ტܕɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȦɛٙ 1986⏏ɭɄ ʸȵ⏋ගകᯆዩɻਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɛᐄഗ⏋1980 ॷȲʭʃ 1990 ॷɴɻගകុრɻԃкɹ 24 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɴȹɲȦᭁᨆ 1997a; ᮖህܩਚᑂᑻࠇڊЦ 1994⏏ඨ႒ᇕɲድˁ৺ɛɵ ʚʚᐓྙɌɩȦɤɛඨ႒ɹዛధ⏋ࣚధʢʱɌʶɲȦ⏏ɄɄɫ⏋္ᅣɴʭɤɩගകȵ༥ྙɌɛ ɲɰɭȦʼʶʳɄɭȵȡʳȵ ٙ 1986⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢᮖɴɻȡɩɻʚʰɲȦ⏏ࣅ1994ɴ* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
ʭʶɽ 1950 ॷБɴɻ္ᅣȵʛʰʶʳɹɻ⏋ɐɫɴᮖህីᨆ̲͇͡ܕޅɭᨆ͞ˠ˽ܕޅɹ ᦇޅܩय़ɴᭉʰʶʳ⏏ගകᯆዩȵਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɛɹɻ 50 ॷБГᭇɫȡʱ⏋ីᨆᨆɹᦇޅ ܩय़ɻɗɹɲȴɫჼܧɴᕸʳʚɫʢගകȵɤɩȦʳݭଘɴȡɛʳ⏏ᭁᨆ1997bȵʚɭ ʠɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋ගകȵਸ਼ཝɌɛ܍ɻకፑᇕ߉ఞɴʭʳʢɹɭᓒȭɩʭȦ⏏ೣዣɫʢ៘ʶʳ ȵ⏋ܤြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩɹϕФɻɗɹμɫʢςឹɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵᭁᨆ1997bɻ⏋ᮖɹ̜̍̾̒ɭྵˁປᥒɌ⏋ɹኜˁ୫ɦ̜̍̾̒ɻගകˁ Ɍ⏋ྵɻգᅎɫȷʳʢɹɻɐʏɩգᅎɌࣉȼɐɭȦȩࠒֳɫගകˁቑޙɌɩȷɛɭᦚʏɩ Ȧʳ⏏ɗʶɫɻ⏋ɄʶˁᏤɴΥᖔɌɩࢹధɻˏ̢͊˽̜ɫȡʳɛʠɴගകˁɌ⏋ྵ ɻ֒գςᒶᓔɫȡʳɛʠɴቑޙɌɛɭᐄᠶɧȿɩʭȦɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ගകɭɭʢɴᅊȷʳϺɴ ɭɤɩ⏋౩ʰȴɴගകɻ႒ᣒᅊ༎ˁఌȭʳȩȭɫɹลᔨˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɌ⏋зɻɗɹลᔨˁ႒ ᣒᇕ܍ഗᬠѥɭɌɩჿៗɌɩȦʳ⏏ගകቑޙˁȲɌɐɐʠʳܦɴሁᯆɌɛಁ⏋ගകɹࡱఠᇕ ɲઝᒶɧȿȵɰʶʓɰɹˁ୫ɦʢɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ගകˁቑޙɐʳȴɐȴɴɦȦɩȹʱȹʱɹ ɭɄʸɫɲɇʶʳ᧧ିɻ⏋ʞɌʸගകɹลᔨɴɦȦɩɹ႒ᣒᇕ܍ഗᬠѥɹჿៗɴݜɧȦɩȦʳ ɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ගകቑޙˁȲɌɐɐʠʳܦˁᐁᱻɌɩȷɛࢹధɭɌɩ⏋ڂ႐ᔭ ɴȲȦɩඖᅒᓚсˁɐʳ̢̩ˁɭʱȡɁɩ⏋ፀ 1 ɴɄɹဣˁද២ɐʳ⏏ɗʶɴЊ᭦Ɍ⏋Шᐏ ᇕЦᏼᑩȵቑޙɇʶɛɭȷɴзȵ෯፷ɐʳඨᅊ፬ჿɹɛʠɹล෯ɻ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲ႕ਐˁ୫ ɦɹȴˁ⏋Ԏ݀ᇕɲ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶɭປᥒɌɲȵʰද២ɐʳ⏏ ǵɗʶɫɻ⏋ගകɹࡱఠᇕઝ٢ˁɰȩᓒȭɛʰʭȦɹɞʸȩ⏏ࡱఠᇕઝ٢ȴʰගകቑޙɹ܌᧫ ˁᠦ౩ɐʳɭȦȩᠶɻೣዣɴȲȦɩوࡴɇʶʳȵ⏋ගകˁգᅎ⏋፬ჿɐʳࠒֳɭ⏋ගകɫɹ ࡱఠәিɭɹᬚɴɻɲ˃ʰȴɹᬠѥȵȡʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ኜɹзʞගˁΥౘ߉ɤɛϺɛɠȵ⏋ ɴගɫɹኢˁ༎ɇɓɩȦʳ⏏ፀ 2 ɹᠶဣɭɌɩ⏋༎ɇɓɛኢɭɻ⏋৳ʰɴɭɤɩɰ ɹʭȩɲʢɹɲɹȴˁᓒ࢘ɐʳ⏏
2ȅന౷ఝ͈ٽါ
ǵᮖህᨆɹᏞໜɭೱЋຽɴ୳ʚʶɛڂ႐ᔭɹฌᲞ 800 m ȴʰ 1,800 m ɹహᯆɻ⏋إȼȴ ʰ߂ඖᅒܩय़ɭɲɤɩȦʳإा 1997⏏ᮒ࡚ɻ 6 ȴʰࠃʚʱ⏋ܩ০ᇕИɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳ ȵ 3-12Ͷᐚȼ⏏ʢᭇອᩄȵࢹɲȦɹȵ 2 ⏋ྂȵжȦɹɻ 3 ɞȵ⏋ໜाɹອᩄȵࢹɲ Ȧɹɻᮒ࡚ሁմɹ 5 ɫȡʳ⏏ຩཧɻ 5-7 ɴʢᲞȼ⏋12-2 ɴжȦල 1980⏏ฌᲞȵȡ ȵʳɴɦʶɩຩཧɻжȼ⏋၇ಁᬚɻቁȼ⏋ϗ࡚ɻቁȼȡʳȦɻέ౩ርɴɲʳ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏Ʉʶ ˁʈʚȭɩڂ႐ᔭɹܤܩգᅎɹܽሁՕ॒ɹෙᅭˁᦚʏʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏ ǵฌᲞ 800 m Гάɻ⏋ၖय़͐Ͳ˽ͻͲຩҌɫ⏋ϗ࡚ȵᬏȼ؏ɌȦ⏏ςɴ̊˓ȵᢆঈॶᩃɫອ ᅒᓚсˁɌɩȦʳ⏏Ϻɹ៷ៜ⏃ӯ᭞ላᱛᨉɹອ̊˓⏆ɴʭʳɭ⏋Ꮭ 50 ॷմʚɫɻ⏋హ ᯆɻകɴុʼʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ᩮˁᦶʳɛʠɹܤြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩɐʏɩФʰʶɩɌʚɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ჼܧɻ⏋హᯆɻ˵̜˗˥̲ᅣȴ⏋ఔ႑ܩɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ӯ᭞ላᶅᗳळᨉɴɇʶɛጜ ⏃ጜɹзʞග⏆ȴʰՠుɐʳɭɗɹകɻ Bombax malabaricum, Terminaria myriocarpa, Adina
cordinaria ɲɰȵӦװɐʳၖय़࡚፲കɫȡɤɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ᦚɐʳ̢̩ɭؾɴ̊˓ʢ Ʌɭɴጜˁኢʳ⏏ɗɹጜȵзʞɭɇʶ⏋ኢነȵʼʶʳᦲ।ధˏͻ͡ɹകȵጜɫȡʳ⏏ʓ ɭ˃ɰɹɫጜɻԗᅊകɞȵ⏋Ʌȼዎɴᅊകɭਲ਼ʼʶʳʢɹʢȡʱ⏋࿃ܧඨᅊˁሾʳଝȵ ȴʱɴɲʳ⏏ ǵฌᲞȵȡȵʳɴɦʶɩᮖ᮫ʦܩ০ᮒȵᇍᅊɌʦɐȼɲʱ⏋ϗ࡚ɻቁȼɲʳ⏏ȏᮖɹඨ႒ȑ ٙ 1986ɹ៨ᦚɴʭʳɭ 1,800 m ʚɫɻܩ০ɴਝɍɩϗਸ।ᐶঃᘽปകʚɛɻྂਸ।ᐶঃ ນ 1 ȁՓჄ५ྤ̤̫ͥͅດࣞ͂ܨ ฌᲞ⏃m⏆ ॷॶܯຩཧ⏃ŝ⏆၇ಁᬚ⏃ಁᬚ⏆ ॷᮨೝ⏃⏆ ඨᅊ ฌᲞय़ؿ 200 25 2,430 0 ၖय़࡚፲ക ໜᢆय़ 1,200 18 2,020 0 ၇ᘽปകǵ ඖᅒय़ 1,600 15 1,630 1.2 ၇ᘽปകǵ ඖᅒय़ 2,000 12 1,000 1.7 ᮖ᮫കǵǵ ᮖ᮫य़ ǵՏԎ⏧ᮖህӯ᭞ላਚᑂᑻࠇڊЦ 1990: 45 ນ 2 ȁධજՓჄ५ྤ͈ুட͂ാ౷၌ဥ ȲʭɗɹฌᲞ ⏃m⏆ ᕶးඨᅊ ܤܩգᅎ ⏃ςឹ⏆ ጓܩ Ӧװዛɹё 200-800 ၖय़࡚፲ക ⏃̊˓⏆ Bombax malabaricum, Terminaria myriocarpa ᅣ హᯆ ˵̜˗˥̲ ఔ႑ܩ హᯆ Cynodon dactylon ອᅒ ᢆঈॶᩃ ዝ 800-1,800 ၇ᘽปക ⏃̢̩⏆ Quercus glauca, Castanopsis hystrix ඖᅒ ࡴɌɛహᯆɭ ǵπ࣊ ዝ गޙᬿඨᅊ ᢆ ጭ 1,800-2,500 ᮖ᮫ക ⏃̢̩⏆ Castanopsis remotidenticulata ອ྇ക ᅎອᤉɹᮃອݖ Castanopsis remotidenticulata ᚩᅎೳക (-1950s) ঃ፴ܑ Alnus nepalensis, A. fernandi-coburgii ᕶᅥ (1980s-) ࣊Ϋɴȡʳ ǵᘺɹٞᦇ Alnus nepalensis, A. fernandi-coburgii ጜ ᘺɹΫ Castanopsis (-1950s), Choerospondias (1980s-) ᅣ ঃ፴ܑ ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋ ˻͑ˤ˓͐⏋ᗮ ఔ႑ܩ ࣊Ϋ Zoysia matrella
ᘽปക⏋ܩᮒകȵଁጓɌ⏋Ȧɑʶʢ।ᐶɹ̸̠ዀʦ˪˽̨˥ዀȵӦװɐʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɻ၇ᘽ ปകɭᐵዌɫȷʳ⏏ɛɞɌ߂ඖᅒܩय़ɭɌɩᬖᇍɌɦȼɇʶ⏋ჼܧɫɻʓɭ˃ɰᅊകˁʛʳ ɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ᢆፉɲɰహᯆȵगʶʦɐȦඖᅒέ᧟ܩɴɻጭ ⏃Bambusa ʚɛɻᦏᑉࣚ⏋ೡؾ ࡴ⏆ȵඨȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ1,800 m ГΫɫɻϗ࡚ȵέ౩ርɴɲʱ⏋ᮖ᮫കȵଁጓɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏Ӧװೠɻʦɻʱዛ ɹ।ᐶɹ̸̠ዀʦ˪˽̨˥ዀɫ⏋ࠃᇕࡎඨ႒ɹࡷঐɭȦʼʶʳ⏏ዷμྂȵᲞȦɄɭˁؙ Ɍ⏋ഘʦॻɻ˱˭ɴុʼʶ⏋መᅊඨ႒ɴʞ⏏ᮖ᮫കɹଁጓɐʳܩय़ɐɲʼɠᮖ᮫य़ɴɻ⏋ ඖᅒᕶкɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ɗɹȴʼʱɴᮖ᮫കɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲඨᅊɴ᥊ழɇʶ⏋ȡʳȦ ɻᅊɹʚʚɇʶ⏋߂ඖᅒܩय़ˁఌȭʳعዛɹลᔨˁɤɩȦɛ⏏ ǵ๖ɴ⏋ඖᅒᓚсˁȩɴȲȿʳගക⏋ᘺ⏋ඖᅒɹɦɲȵʱɴɦȦɩᦚʏʳ⏏ᠭീܩɹӯ ᭞ላ֯ᨉ⏃23°05’ N, 102°46’ E⏋ܒ 1⏆ɫɻ⏋ฌᲞ 1,800 m մɴإȦ̢̩ɹᕶးȵဣܧɌ ɩȦʳ⏏Гάɫɻᕶးˁȋȍɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ჼܧɹకᅎɫɻȋᏼȍɴ⏋ᮃ ᦅȵʼʶɩȦɛ 1980 ॷГմɹ٧ዌɫɻȋࢸ᭢ȍɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏Ȧȼɦȴɹᕶးˁȼȼɤ ɩȋకȍ⏃ᮃᦅಁБɹᅎɫɻȋ߂᭢ȍ⏆ɭȦȩеȵȿʰʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ೣዣɫɻɗ ʶˁህᅭɌɩȋȍɭʭʉɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ 1 ȁऔ౷͈պ౾ ⏃μܕᮖህᏞໜिӯ᭞ላ֯ᨉ⏧23°05’ N, 102°46’ E⏆
ǵඖᅒɻᘺɹάɴঃȵʱ⏋ᘺʭʱΫɴගകȵȼʳ⏏ᅎອᤉȵගകɴុʼʶɛᢆाȴʰ ৄȴʶ⏋ᘺˁɭȲɤɩȴʰഘՕȴʶɌɩඖᅒˁဌྰɌɩȦʳ⏏ᅎອᤉȵᘺˁɭȲʳჿᅓɻ ʈɛɦȡʳ⏏ʁɭɦɻတပ༥တᅎɫȡʳ⏏ʢȩʁɭɦɻГάɫᦚʏʳʭȩɴ؊ᔋˁඖᅒɴ༑Ɍ ᦉʞɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ ǵᘺɫɻອႌ⏋ᢑ⏋ᵋ⏋ˏ̯͡ȵᰲʼʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ඖᅒɫ˱˓ɭ̶̠ȵຂɇʶʳ⏏ອႌɻ ੲ߃ಁˁ᭑ȷຘఔ႑ɴᦹʶՏɇʶʳȵ⏋ᬚɻϺࢃɹܤᬚɴԂʶʰʶዝᚱȵήȭʰʶʳ⏏ᢑ ɻ⏋ᬚɻອႌɭؾɴϺࢃɹܤᬚɴԂʶʰʶ⏋౾ɻᘺԒɴఔɌᰲȦɴɲʳ⏏ᢑɴɻʈɐʚ ɭගകȴʰᮃɌɩȷɛᰲȦᘽȵɭɌɩήȭʰʶʳʓȴ⏋ᘺԒɫϺᏎʦᮊᗳˁᰩʏʳ⏏ᮒ ࡚ɴɻᘺԒɴతϕɌɛອႌɭᢑɹᏎɻᅎອᤉɴ༑ʶᦉʛ⏋ඖᅒɴњᐌɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋؊ᖇɴ ᙢዩɌɛᏎɻԫೝɴʚɭʠɩඖᅒɴ༑Ɍᦉʚʶʳ⏏؊ᔋɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ᅎອᤉˁɭȲɤɩ༑Ɍᦉ ʚʶʳɛʠɴᚱɲɰɻཌྷɕᦉʚʶɲȦ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ̦͊͞͡ɻάɹඖᅒɭΫɹᘺɭɹᬚˁ ᄩɌɩȦʳ⏏ᘺȴʰඖᅒʍɻ⏋؊ᔋɹ০ɫᅎອᤉˁɭȲɤɩɽʶ⏋ඖᅒȴʰᘺʍɻ⏋ ອႌȵᰩȩዝᚱ⏋ᢑȵᰩȩʈɐʚ⏋ϺȵᰩȩᎦʦɭȦȩ০ɫʃȡɁʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ꮩʍ༑ Տɐʳ̦͊͞͡ɻ⏋ఔ႑ܩʦගകȴʰອႌʦᢑɹɭɌɩជӱɇʶʳ⏏ ǵඖᅒɴɻΥॷμဌྰອȵњᐌɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ฌᲞ 800-1,800 m ɹඖᅒܩय़ɫɻϗ࡚ȵ౩ርɲɛ ʠ⏋ᘺʭʱΫɹᮖ᮫കȴʰອɹњᐌȵɲȿʶɽΥॷμဌྰອˁʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ɫɻ⏋ ɲɕΥॷμဌྰອȵњᐌɇʶʳਖឹȵȡʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏Гάɫɗɹჿᅓˁᦚʏʳ⏏ ǵອᤉˁьɤɩ؊ᔋˁ༑Ɍᦉʞɴɻ⏋ᇍᨥɇɓɑɴϗၥႥɫѳ፬Ɍ⏋ܔ০ɹʚʚ༑Ɍᦉʞɹ ȵ༑߉ȵࢹɲȼ֟რᇕɫȡʳ⏏ܔ০؊ᔋɻᧆ֟ਸɲɹɫԫೝɴ༑Ɍᦉ˃ɫȲȴɲȿʶɽɲʰɲ Ȧ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ϗ࡚ɫȡʳԫೝɴʢᅎອȵӱՕɴɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏մᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋ɹɛ ʠɴʢ⏋တပ༥တᅎɭɌɩʢϗ࡚ɹອɻᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ϗ࡚ɹဌྰȵਖឹɭɲʳჿᅓɻʓȴɴʢ ȡʳ⏏ᮖɫɻ⏋ϗ࡚ೢɹ᭖ಪ 4 ȴʰ 5 ȵᲞཧೝɴȡɛʳɛʠ⏋ฌᲞɹᲞȦɭɄʸɫɻ⏋ ᅒඨȭಁೝ⏃᭖ಪ 4 ⏆ɹᧆʶɻᕹ٨ᇕɞ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩϗ࡚ɹဌྰȵਖឹɭɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅒˁ ϗȴɌɩɌʚȩɭȡɕȵगʶʦɐȼɲʳɹʢჿᅓɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌᦏɫɻжฌᲞܩɫ ɻϗ࡚ɴອɹɲȦϗᅒ݀ɹඖᅒȵވȭɩȦʳ⏏ᔋషɹکᰍɻᔋషɫៗໆɌ⏋ᛯᇐ྇ɻᣘԂ ᰩೳȴʰ⏋တϟɻᘶᙏȷȴʰᄲ࣒ɴȭʳɄɭɫཝࢹɇɓ,गʶɛȡɕɻቄ݄ˁዩ˃ɫជ ѹɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌᅒඨȭಁೝɞȿɻៗໆɹɌʭȩȵɲȼ⏋ڂ႐ᔭɹ 1,400 m ГΫɫɻʓɭ ˃ɰɹඖᅒɫԫɫʢອȵʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋жฌᲞܩɫɻ⏋ჼܧɫɻਖɑɌʢᮖ᮫ക ȴʰອɹњᐌˁਖឹɭɌɲȦȵ⏋1,400 m ГΫɫɻᮖ᮫കȴʰΥॷμဌྰອȵњᐌɇʶɲȿʶ ɽɲʰɲȦɹɫȡʳ⏏
3ȅഥൡഎ̈́ྮఝ͈ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵӴɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ֯ᨉɹ̢̩ɹإȦɻᮖ᮫य़ɹάᭉɫȡʳ 1,800 m Њᦏɴဣܧɐʳ⏏ᘺʭʱάɻඖᅒɭɌɩ⏋ᘺʭʱΫɹᮖ᮫य़ɻɄʶȴʰᦚʏʳɇʚɊʚɲ০ɫգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ ኽɻ 1998 ॷ 12 ȴʰ 1999 ॷ 9 ɹᬚɴ֯ᨉˁᑵʱᦐɌکɌɛ⏏ɗɹȩɠɹԃክ߂ݼ ɭȦȩᕶး⏃ᠭീಁဣɫ 58 କ⏋222 Ϻ⏆ɫɛϺɹ៷ៜɴݜɧȷ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ɹܤܩգᅎɹ ᧦ˁԗჼɐʳ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏Гάɹ̢̩ɹˏ̶͡ˎ̜̾̒ᝠ៨ɻ⏋μܕɹ̴Ͳ˓Ͳɴྈɑʳ ⏃ɛɭȭɽ qi ɻȋ̍ȍɴᦏȦᇍᯭɴ⏋xi ɻȋ˹ȍɴᦏȦᇍᯭɴɲʳ⏆⏏ȷȷɭʱɫɻ⏋ᮖू ߂ɹ᭘ল౩ᡙढ़ɭ৳ȵఠȭɩȦʳᅊᡉລɴμܕᮖៜɹᦲ៱ˁȲᰔȦɌ⏋ਖឹɴਝ ɍɩፆᠰɫԗተ᠗Ɍɛ⏏ፆᠰȲʭʃᦲ៱ˁᦲɍɩμܕɫ˱̢͖͊˭ͻ˹͚ͲˁɭʶʳᲞᶲɹ Ϻɻࢹɲȼ⏋ςɛʳݬɻ 1 ϺɹᓑϺȴʰɛ⏏Јɴ 3 Ϻɹ 4-50 БɹᅖਸɴʢႶጓɴؑ ɹܤܩգᅎɴɦȦɩుႅᇕɲᣒکˁɌɛ⏏ɇʰɴϺȴʰɛݬɹȩɠ⏋ςɴకፑ᥊ழɴᬠ ѥɐʳϟɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ГάɫৄᅎɌɩȦʳయɴȲȿʳ៨ᦚɭሺሄȵɲȦȴˁተ᠗Ɍɛ⏏ ǵӯ᭞ላɫܤܩఒᯊȵʼʶɛɹɻ 1955 ॷȴʰ 56 ॷɴȴȿɩɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶГմɻᦅܩɴɻᥐ ɹܤܩᮃμȵʛʰʶ⏋Ꮮໜڇࣈ˓ᕶिෙᑂԠᏼ1986: 64ɴʭʳɭϺؤɹ 7.5⎾ȵ 36.9⎾ɹᦅܩˁଘɌɩȦɛ⏏ནɹಁБɴɻྃɹέܧܩςʢȦɛȵ⏋μᘠܕɹಁБɴɻ ᦅ⏃ᕶсܩς⏆ɭᢩᦅ⏃ᕶࢸс⏆ɹປᥒᇕᦹᐚɌɛ 2 ᭥Ꮹȵȡɤɛᮖህӯ᭞ላਚᑂᑻࠇ ڊЦ 1990: 95⏏കɹܤܩଘɻʢɤɭᮃμȵɐɐ˃ɫȲʱ⏋Υᨆɹ୫ɠȵኽകˁװ Ɍ⏋ʱɹᦅɻԊകˁգᅎɌɩȦɛ⏏ ນ 3 ȁධજՓჄ५ྤ͈ྮఝ͈শయ༆ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵؿዌ ⏃ᚩ⑺ᅎೳക⏆azo zoma lamamaniza/amazo⏃ጜ⏆ obeduohei azo⏃ອ྇ക⏆ hatahotian⏃ᗷ⏆ ⏃ᗞᗳܩ⏆ujidoxia ܤܩఒᯊГմ⏃1956 ॷГմ⏆
ǵඨᅊ̊˓̺ Alnus ፈɹ߂৹ೠɹക ᅊᮖ᮫ക ᅊᮖ᮫ക Zoysia ᗳܩ Imperataᗳܩ ǵςɲգᅎ ᚩ⏋ᅎೳɹ ኢ⏧ngamatu ᚫᗳʦᢑɹᰲȦ
ǵᘽɹ
ఔ႑ ᗞݭ
ǵଘᓔ ʚɛɻ҅Ϻ ɲɌ ʚɛɻ҅Ϻ
ǵ፬ჿᓔ qiza ʚɛɻଘᓔ miku qiza ɲɌ ujidoxiatu ʚɛɻ ǵଘᓔ ߂ᤲᦽȴʰయᯊ⏃1958 ȴʰ 78 ॷ⏆ ǵඨᅊɹ ᅣܩ ᅣܩ Castanopsis ɹᆂ ǵകɴ ᗳܩɹʚʚ ᗮܟɴ᥊ழ ǵςɲգᅎ ᅣс ᅣс ᚩ⏋ᅎೳɹ ఔ႑ ᗮൕݛ ǵ፬ჿᓔ ࢸ᭢ᬏ ࢸ᭢ᬏ qiza ɲɌ ࢸ᭢ᬏ ΪࡴϟГ⏃1981 ॷГ⏆ ǵඨᅊɹ Alnus ፈɹඨക/ᅣܩ ඨปɭᕶးೃృ ǵɴʭʳගക ᨆՕᇕɴෑሂᇕ ǵകՕȵ܌ ᗳܩɹʚʚ ᗮܟ ǵςɲգᅎ ᚩ⏋ᅎೳɹ/ᅣс ኢ⏧ngamatu ᢑᰲȦᘽ⏋ᗳೣ ǵၚషɹ ఔ႑ ᗮൕݛ ǵ፬ჿᓔ عඨക⏃ᓚс⏆ᠱᢦᓔ miku qiza ɲɌ ᓚсᠱᢦᓔ
ǵᮖ᮫य़ɹʢঃȦᯆዩˁװʠɩȦɛɹɻ⏋ᚩᅎೳകɫȡɤɛ⏏ሁ৹ 1 m ˁᣳȭʳ Alnus
nepalensis ⏃kanizo; μܕᮖៜɫɻອԫᄮ⏆ɹ߂৹ೠȴʰɲʳകɫ⏋azo zoma ɭʭɽʶɩȦ
ɛ⏏ؑɹඨᅊˁគЊȿʳ႒ᇕ៷ɭɌɩ⏋ЁɫʢԒɫɻ⏋kanizo ɹ߂৹ೠɹΥഖɫᦶʰ ʶɛࢃᢧ᧑ԍ⏃ʚɲ⏋൫⏋ᇮɲɰ⏆ˁʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᚩᅎೳകɴɻኽɭɹʢ ɹȵȡʱ⏋ኽകɻ୫ɠςȵ⏋കɻ qiza ⏃μܕɫᮾᬏ qingzhang⏆ɭȦȩ৲ᓷɹϺȵ፬ჿ ɌɩȦɛ⏏ኽകɹݭغɫʢ⏋୫ɠςГʢ୫ɠςɹ៰خˁʶɽᚩˁʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏ കɫɻຘॷ⏋ᦅᬘೝɫȡʳ᭖ಪ 12 ȴʰ 3 ɹȩɠɴΥȴϠ⏋ᐵՏɫᚩɭʱˁɤɩ Ȧɛ⏏Ʉɹɭȷ kanizo ˁ᧧ିᇕɴɐɄɭɫ⏋kanizo ɹ߂৹ೠȴʰɲʳകˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦɛɭ ᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏kanizo Гɫɻ⏋Alnus fernandi-coburgii⏃dorozo; μܕᮖៜɫɻԫᄮ⏧Ʉ ɹμܕؿɻɇʚɊʚɲؿɴࢪਝɐʳȵ⏋Ʉɹɫɻ dorozo ɹμܕ៱ɭჿៗɇʶɩȦʳ⏆⏋
Choerospondias axillaris ⏃qiemezo; μܕᮖៜɫɻϤሗೠ⏆ȵɇʶɩᅎೳɭɌɩգᅎɇʶ
ɛ⏏ᅎೳȵਖឹɲɭȷɻᬏɴᅕɌԂʶ⏋ɗʶˁȩȿɛ qiza ȵФೠˁໆࡴɌɛ⏏ ǵകˁ፬ჿɐʳ qiza ɻ⏋ɹɲࢃᏙɹμȴʰ֦ణɲᓔˁ᧧˃ɫᬏȵ୭ؿɌɛ⏏մ ᦚɹɭȲʱ⏋ܤܩఒᯊմɹμܕɫɻകɹܤܩᮃμȵɐɐ˃ɫȲʱ⏋Υᨆɹ୫ɠȵኽക ˁଘɌ⏋ʱɹᦅɻകˁգᅎɌɩȦɛ⏏qiza ɻኽകˁʢɦࢃᏙȴʰ᧧ɽʶʳɹɫ⏋ Јɹȼɹᦅɭ᧓ȦകˁգᅎɐʳਖឹȵɲȦϺɞɤɛ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩɄɹಁБɹ qiza ɻ⏋ കˁᅙᇕɴգᅎɇɓʳɄɭɫ⏋കˁଘɌɲȦϺɛɠȵኽകˁᗷʰɐɄɭɹɲȦʭ ȩɴɌɩȦɛʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɦʚʱয়ಁɻያʦȴɲȵʰປᥒᇕఌᨗᇕɲࢃᏙɭఌᨗᇕɲ ࢃᏙȵȡʱ⏋qiza ɴʭʳගക፬ჿɴɻ⏋մᓔȵᓔɹගകգᅎˁըਉɐʳɭȦȩᇿᇕȵيʚʶ ɩȦɛ⏏ɲȲ⏋য়ಁɹගകգᅎɹᒟհៀࡴɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ჼܧᅊȷɩȦʳϺɻ౩ተɴ៨ૡɌɩ Ȳʰɑ⏋ԂଝخᔨɲయȴʰʢʛɦȿՏɐɄɭɻɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ ǵɹɐȽΫɴጜȵȡʱ⏋lamamaniza ʚɛɻ amazo ɭʭɽʶʳ⏏ɄʶɻˁࡪɤɩȦʳጜ ȵзʞᅊᮖ᮫കɫȡʳ⏏য়ಁɹጜɹঃɇɻ 50Ì150 m ʓɰɹঃɇɫ⏋ܑٞɻᚩᅎೳക ɞɤɛ⏏᭖ಪ 2 ɴጜɫ ngamatu ɭȦȩኢȵȡʱ⏋ᢑȵȦȿɴȭɭɌɩጜɴɁʰʶʳ⏏ኢ صɫȡʳ miku ɻ⏋ጜɹ፬ჿɴʢКˁᢦɤɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ጜˁᗷʰɐᓔȵȡɤɛݭغ ɻ⏋qiza ɫɻɲȼ miku ȵٚᇍɌࢪՃɌɛ⏏ɴɻʢȩʁɭɦኢȵȡʳ⏏᭖ಪ 6 ɴʼʶʳ kezaza ɭȦȩኢɫ⏋Ԓɴȡʳ aqiao ɭȦȩኢޘɫອႌˁȦȿɴȭɴɌ⏋߃ΫኜɴɁʰʶʳ⏏ ǵɄɄɫȦȩጜɭɻ⏋߃Ϋኜɭࢪˁଁɐܩɹኜɫȡʳ⏏߃ΫኜɻɰɹɴɭɤɩʢԊᦲɞȵ⏋ ጜɻɅɭɴ࣎ʳ⏏ྵȵȦயȼጜɭ̢̩ɹኢʳጜɻᣱ྇ȵؾΥȴɰȩȴέ౩ɞȵ⏋ჼܧ ɹ̢̩ɹϺɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɻྵɭؾɍʢɹˁѵߑɌɩȦʳɭჿៗɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵմጟɫᦚʏɛʭȩɴᅎອᤉɻϗ࡚ɴʢອˁњᐌɌɦɧȿʳɄɭȵਖឹɭɇʶʳ⏏ɗɹᮃອݖ ɻᅊᮖ᮫കɹʚʚອ྇ക⏋obeduohei azo ɭɌɩѳᡸɇʶ⏋qiza ȵѳᡸ⏋ᇺែɴКˁᢦɤɩ Ȧɛ⏏য়း obeduohei azo Гɹඨᅊɴʢອ྇༱ลᔨɻȡʳȵ⏋Ϻɻᅎອᤉɹᮃອݖˁ႕
ɴᩂែɌɩѳᡸɌɛɹɫ⏋ɗɹᨆՕˁȋອ྇കȍɭᝠ៨ɐʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ̢̩ɹሁ៱ ɫȡʱ⏋Ϻȵμܕɫᠦ౩ɐʳɭȷɴʢɄɹៜᘽˁьȩ⏏ອ྇കɫɻॾೠ⏋ࡸᅊˁيʠೠˁ ɭʳɄɭȵኧɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɛɞɌᗳೣɻɞʶɫʢᕶᅓɴᮃɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʢɤɭʢᰈ ᑢɴɭʰʶʳɹɻᢑɹɫ⏋႕ɴ Rubus, Elatostema, Reynoutria, Begonia ȵ߫˃ɫᅎȦʰʶʳ⏏ ɴɻ beima ɭȦȩכढ़ȵȲʱ⏋ᚫᗳʢɇʶɛ⏏
ǵ࣊Ϋɻອႌɹఔ႑ܩɭɌɩьʼʶ⏋hatahotian ⏃μܕɫᗷ⏆ɭʭɽʶʳ⏏ඨᅊ̊˓̺ɻ ჼܧɭؾɫȡɤɛ⏏ჼܧɻ⏋Zoysia matrella ˁςкɭɌ⏋ອႌȵ߫˃ɫɻᰩʼɲȦ Pteridium
aquilinum, Dicranopteris ampla, ȡʳȦɻԃȼᰩʼɲȦ Lycopodium cernuum ȵ̮̒̍ႥɴՕ॒Ɍ
ɩȦʳ⏏҅ϺɴʢɴʢࣚɇɲȦᕶᅓܩɫ⏋ᠨʢȵອႌˁఔ႑ɫȷʳ⏏႕աɲ፬ჿɻʼʶ ɑ⏋፬ჿᓔʢȦɲȦ⏏
ǵ࣒ᙏȷᅎɹᗞˁተѳɐʳɛʠɹ Imperata cylindrica ᗳܩɻ⏋ujidoxia ⏃μܕɫᗞᗳܩ⏆ɭ ٧ɽʶʳ⏏ອႌȵിɫக᭑ɇʶ⏋ຘॷʱˁȩɄɭɫᗳܩȵᐣ୫ɇʶʳ⏏တԂʶɻʼɲ Ȧ⏏ujidoxia ɻ⏋ኽɭȵȡʱ⏋ɹʢɹɻ ujidoxiatu ȵ፬ჿɹКˁᢦȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᐁཕ ᇕɴᩂឹɞɤɛʢɹɭɌɩ˭˹ᅣȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˭˹ൕݛɹࡸɴɦȦɩɻݬˁʳɄɭ ȵɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏
4ȅఱૺশయ͈ྮఝ͈ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵӯ᭞ላɹඖᅒܩय़ɫܤܩఒᯊȵʼʶɛɹɻ 1955 ȴʰ 56 ॷɫμ߈ʭʱᧆʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹɹ ᦅᮃɭ߂ᤲᦽ֪ɹಔؖɻෑʠɩਸ਼ᦵɫ⏋ᧆྡྷɲȼ 1958 ॷȴʰࠃʚɤɩȦʳᮖህ ӯ᭞ላਚᑂᑻࠇڊЦ 1990: 96-97⏏Ʉʶȴʰඖᅒܩय़ɹᮖ᮫य़ɹܤܩգᅎɴ߂ȷɲ᥊ลȵʶ ʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏߂ᤲᦽಁБɴᩮˁᦶʳɛʠɹܤြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩ߂ᩄɹೠೳȵФʰʶ⏋μ ܕԃܤȵថɴɲɤɩɌʚɤɛɄɭɻ⏋ᭁᨆ1997bȵయɴȡʰʼʶɛ៨ᥔˁЂɌɩȦʳ⏏ ֯ᨉʢёɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ ǵᅙᅊᅋɹᇿฌғɻჼܧɹᨉɴሂয়ɐʳϺԇȵໆࡴɐʳ⏏ɗɹᇿฌˁ᧒ଁɐʳɛʠɹс ᅙɻ⏋ع⏃য়ಁɹకᅎɫɻࢸ᭢⏆ɹᬏȵɛɩ⏋Ϻɴ୭ኍɌɛ⏏ඖᅒܩय़ɫɻ⏋Ё ʢ౬ʢᎦɹоրᅊᅋɻՏɲȦ⏏عɴȲȦɩᮃɫᅊᅋɇʶɛᎦɻԒɫՕᨗɇʶ⏋Ϻԇ ɴɻᏢʠʰʶɲȦ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩϺԇȵᅙᅊᅋɹᇿฌғˁኍɌɩ⏃ࢸ᭢⏆ɴឹິɐʳɹ ɻ⏋ܤြ᪦ဗɹɛʠɹၚషೠɞɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴԒɹɰɄɹകˁФʳɹȴˁໆࡴɐ ʳɹɻࢸ᭢ᬏɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ60 ॷБմץɹȩɠɴ⏋kanizo ɲɰȴʰɲʳᚩᅎೳകɻ⏋ܤြ᪦ဗɹၚషɭɌɩɐʏɩФ ʰʶɩɌʚɤɛ⏏ᅊᮖ᮫കɫȡʳጜʢФʰʶ⏋ngamatu ɹኢʢʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ᚩ ᅎೳകȲʭʃጜɹᤄܩɻ⏋ຍˁՖɤɩᅣɴ᥊ழɇʶ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ȵсʰʶʳ ʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏2 ዛɹኢɹȩɠ⏋ጜȵФʰʶɩ ngamatu ȵȭɲȼɲʳɹɻয়းɞȵ⏋ගകɭɻᬠѥɹɲȦ kezaza ʢʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ᦅᮃɴЫȦȋܤѯѵЖȍʢኧɇʶɛ ɄɭɻμܕԃкɫԊᦲɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ኧܦȵɰɹʭȩɴȴȿʰʶɛɹȴɴɦȦɩ⏋ᓬȷՏɐ Ʉɭɻɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋នᩮၚషɹɛʠɴອ྇കȵФʰʶʳɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏Ϻɻ⏋ອ྇കˁФʶɽອȵ ഞʶᎦȵɫȷɲȼɲɤɩɌʚȩ⏋ɭȦȩȴʰ⏋ອ྇കȵɹᅊ٨ᐻɫȡʳɄɭȵמՕჿៗɇʶ ɩȦɛɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ⏏ኽɻ⏋ගകቑޙɹᐄഗɭɌɩɻ⏋ਸ਼ɲވອʦܤቆ༑Տȵᘺʦ ඖᅒɴήȭʳੲ৯ᯱɹʓȩȵཉխɫɻɲȦȴɭϟմɴᓒȭɩȦɛȵ⏋Ϻȴʰɻɗɹʭȩɲ୭ ɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ᘺɻπ࣊Ϋɴȡʱ⏋ඖᅒʢπ࣊ȴܩ০ɹࡴɌɛహᯆΫɴȡʳ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ ਸ਼ɲވອʦΫᨆహᯆȴʰɹܤቆ༑ՏɻɰɹಁБɴʢᇍᅊɌɛȵ⏃ᰈɹɴɦȦɩɹϺ ɹᦐፐɻȡȦʚȦɫ⏋ɗʶʓɰᩂែɌɩȦɲȦʭȩɫȡʳ⏆⏋߂ອɭܤቆɻᢆˁ༑ʶάʳɹɫ⏋ ᘺʦඖᅒɴɻࢀȵؖɽɲȦ⏏ඖᅒܩय़ɹᢆፉɴɻ⏋ɐɫɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴጭȵඨȭʰʶహᯆ गޙˁϜᬿɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ጭɻؚߥɹࢪᢒɭɻɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏ ǵϺԇʢ⏋ອ྇കˁФɤɩʚɫ⏃ࢸ᭢⏆ɴၚషೠˁؚߥɇɓʳɄɭɻɲȼ⏋ೠೳᣂ྇ȵ ഞཔɌɛɻ⏋ԇɴᏢʠʳʏȷᅊᅋ႒ɭɌɩᗮɹൕݛˁߣ֜ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ගകቑޙȵ ອ྇കɴʚɫؖʉɄɭˁᭀɫȷɛɹɻ⏋ϺԇɹɄɹໆࡴɴʭɤɩɫȡʳ⏏Ꮮໜिɻ ᕶिɫȡʱ⏋Ϻԇɹ፬ჿᓷɻඖᅒᓚсᦅՏ᤹ɹ̢̩⏃Υᨆɻжܩɹ̊˓⏆ȵֵʠ ʳ⏏Ϻԇɹໆࡴɴ⏋ΥᖔɹϺɹઝឿȵɰɹዐؙɇʶɩȦɛɹȴˁද២ɐʳɄɭɻɫ ȷɲȴɤɛȵ⏋ԇ፬ჿᓷˁيʠɛඖᅒᓚсᦅɹ⏋ගകɹลᔨɴᬠɐʳჿៗȵ⏋ອ྇കɹቑ ޙˁȹʱȹʱɹɭɄʸɫᭀɌɛɭȦȩɄɭɻȦȭʳɞʸȩ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋Ϻԇɹໆࡴɫɐʏ ɩȵៗໆɐʳʼȿɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ᘺʭʱΫɹహᯆɹඨᅊɻȴɲʱᗷʰɇʶɩɌʚɤɛɹɫ⏋ ϺɻɄʶɴࢪՃɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵᚩᅎೳകȵɲȼɲʳɭ⏋ᚩɻອ྇കɴᰉʰɊʳˁȭɲȼɲʱ⏋ອ྇കɹೠɻɭʰɲȦɭȦ ȩៀհɻࣞέخᔨɴɲɤɛ⏏য়ಁ⏋Ϻɻࢸ᭢ᬏɹ୭ஸɹάɫᅊᅋ༎֪ɴਃϟɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ ᅊ༎ɹɛʠɹᚩɹᮃɻࣃ֝ಁГɹಁᬚɴ҅ϺȵɤɩȦɛ⏏ԇȴʰࢸ᭢෯ଁڊɹɛʠɹ ᰩᏒᅊᅋɴКˁᢦʼɇʶɩȦɛࢸ᭢ᬏɻ⏋ອ྇കɹകԢೠɻФʰɲȦʭȩϺˁȋ୭ࢷȍɌ ɛ⏏ࢸ᭢ᬏȵК٨ɐʳ qiza ɭȦȩႶᕶɹ৲ᓷɻࡔᐚɌ⏋കԢೠɹѳᡸ⏋ᇺែɹ৲ւˁɤ ɛ⏏ΫɫᦚʏɛʭȩɴϺɻອ྇കȵɹᅊ٨ᐻɫȡʳɄɭˁჿៗɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹȋ୭ࢷȍɻ Ϻɴয়းɹɄɭɭɌɩ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɛ⏏ɦʚʱয়ಁɹకล෯ɴݜɧȿɽ⏋Ʉʶɻȋࢸ᭢ᬏ Ȳʭʃ qiza ɴʭʳϺɹ୭ࢷȍɭᝠჼɇʶʳȵ⏋ອ྇കɹѳᡸɻ⏋Ϻɹᐵઝɫȡʳ⏏Ϻ ɻ୭ࢷᓔȵ٨ɍɛȴʰອ྇കˁѳᡸɌɛɭȦȩៜȦɻɌɲȦ⏏ອ྇കȵਖឹɞȴʰѳᡸɌɛ ɭ౩ៜɐʳ⏏ ǵГΫɹʭȩɴອ྇കɻȴʸȩɍɩࡪʰʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌᘺʭʱΫɹహᯆɹອ྇༱ลᔨɻжά Ɍ⏋ඖᅒάᨆɹᅒɻ⏋ဌྰɹȷ࣑ȴɲȦ߃ອᅒɭɲɤɛ⏏ອႌɹఔ႑ܩɫȡʳᗷɻɗɹ
ʚʚࡔᐚɌɛ⏏ᗞᗳܩɻ 60 ॷБɴ༥ྙɌ⏋ςɴᗮᅣɴ᥊ழɇʶɛ⏏Гলɩʰʶʳࢃɻᄲᙏ ȷɴɲɤɛ⏏˭˹ൕݛɻኧɇʶ⏋ᩂឹɲழᩆс႒ˁ߉ɤɛ⏏ȴɦɩɹെᘠɻ⏋ខɹ᪃ ᰴʱȴʰ࢘ɓʰʶʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏˭˹ᅣʢᗮᅣɴ᥊ழɇʶɛ⏏ ǵ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶHardin 1968; Ostrom 1990ɴʭʶɽ⏋ອ྇കɹѳᡸȵϺɹᐵઝɫȡɤɛɭɌ ɩʢ⏋ɗʶȵѳᡸɇʶʳѳ៷ɻɲȦ⏏҅ϺɹᇿӴɹգᇰɻ⏋ᅊࡔɴᬠʼʳʓɰᩂឹɲᮃɹգ ࢀʭʱʢӦӴɇʶɩɌʚȩȴʰɞ⏏Υ⏋ᮃɹ෯ଁڊɻ⏋ᕶՕɹᇿӴɹգᇰɹʛȵըᭉɇʶ ʳɄɭɴɻୄɐʳȵ⏋ᕶՕˁيʞԃڊɹᇿӴɹգᇰȵըᭉɇʶɩᮃɹᅊࡔˁخᔨɴɐʳɹ ɫȡʶɽ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲըˁᦎɐʳ⏏ɄɄɫɹ qiza ɴʭʳᇺែɭȦȩըɻʚɇɴɗɹʭ ȩɲ৲ւˁȩɛʠɴ⏋Ϻɴ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ගക፬ჿɴɦȦɩ႕ɴԒɴᒟհៀ ࡴɻɲȴɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋҅Ϻɴʭʳອ྇കɹቑޙɻ⏋ᰩᏒᅊᅋˁߺࢀɐʳɄɭɴʓȴɲ ʰɲȦȴʰ⏋ʢɌΫᨆᏼᑩɴٚᇍɇʶʶɽ؏ᒟȵዀɓʰʶʳੇʶȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ͠˽˪ˁ ԛɐᓔɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴᦅᮃГɹගക፬ჿɻ⏋ᇺែɻȵႶᕶɴȩȵ⏋᧓ ؙଵɹɛʠɹᒟհьɹخᔨਸˁɹᏼᑩɴࠇɷʳဣɫ⏋ȴɦɩɹШᐏᇕ፬ჿɭᅵɲʳ⏏ ǵᣂ྇ʦᄩޅɴɦȦɩɹ҅ϺɴʭʳᇿӴɹգᇰɹᦠິȵ⏋ᅊࡔˁृزɐʳʓɰɴᩂឹɲᮃ ɹգࢀʭʱʢӦӴɇʶɩɌʚȩɄɭˁ⏋౩ተɴςɌɛɹɻ Gordon 1954ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ Hardin 1968ɻ⏋Ʉʶˁȋ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ȍɭؿɧȿ⏋ᄩޅکᰍɹμਕᇕឹᏬɭɌɩঃȼ᠗ ሾɇʶʳȷɤȴȿˁсɤɛ⏏Ostrom 1990ɻ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ȵ܌᧫ɇʶɩȦʳёˁȡɁ⏋ɗ ʶʰɹёɫɻ҅ϺɴʭʳᇿӴɹգᇰɹᦠິˁኧɑʳล෯ȵࡔܧɐʳɄɭˁ୭Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹʭ ȩɲล෯ɴݜɧȼඨᅊʦᅊᣂ྇ɹ፬ჿɹɄɭˁ CBRM (community-based resource management) ɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹ⏋᧟Ֆɲล෯ȵɲȿʶɽ҅ϺɻᇿӴɹգᇰˁᦠິɐʳɭȦȩ CBRM ɹݜೣմ ரˁਛʶ⏋ШᐏᇕԊؾкᣊᒭɴᏺࠃɐʳ͇ͦͲ̘ˑ̒˪˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶȵดɌɛ⏏ʢɠʸ˃ ͇ͦͲ̘ˑ̒˪˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶɻᑵʱᦐɌଫՠɇʶɩȦʳOstrom 1990; Goldman 1998; McCay 2001⏏ɌȴɌ⏋҅ϺɭᮃɹգࢀࢪጓˁᡴᠶɹՏᇍဣɭɐʳᐏɲ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶʢ⏋Шᐏȵݛɤ ɛ CBRM ȵЦࢅɴʭɤɩगޙɐʳɭȦȩܒিˁݜೣɴȲȦɩȦʳMcCay and Jentoft 1998; Agrawal 2002; Hayama 2003⏏ɲȲ⏋ਃഀɹ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶɴȲȿʳЦࢅɹݜೣܒিɭೣϟё ɹሂ᧓ဣɴɦȦɩɻȋ6⏏ᐄʃȍɫᦚʏʳ⏏
5ȅ٨ڟٳ༶শయ͈ྮఝ͈ാ౷၌ဥ
ǵᮖɫɻ 1978 ॷȴʰɻɍʚʳఒᯊᬖఔకፑμԊᮖህࠇӾرድࡻ 1998: 3ɫ⏋ᮃᦅ ɻঘɇʶ⏋ᓚсᠱᢦըᦅ⏋ࡸᣒᇕɴɻಔᦲɹᕶсᦅɴఒʠʰʶɛ⏏ɗɌɩ 1981 ॷ⏋ග കԗᅊʢ⏋ᦅɭؾɴ⏋ւʱয়ɩɛܤܩɫɹ҅ϺᠱᢦըˁࢷԂɐʳɄɭɫ᧒ଁɌʭȩɭȦ ȩ⏋കΪࡴϟȵିɇʶɛృᑂᮖህᑂࠇЦ 1996: 94⏏ᦅɻւʱয়ɩʰʶɛᕶᅥ ɴȲȦɩ⏋കˁᔒଁ⏋ᐣ୫ɐʳᒶ֭ˁᢦȦ⏋കᅋ႒ˁգᅎʚɛɻެɐʳณգˁɐʳ⏏ГμܕԃܤɫගകԗᅊȵɐɐʠʰʶɩȦȼ⏏
ǵʭʱΫɴʁʸȵɤɩȦɛᅣɹȩɠ⏋ςɭɌɩɴ᭰ஞɌɛܩݖɻ⏋ᕶᅥɭɌɩϺɴւ ʱয়ɩʰʶɛ⏏ւয়ɩɻ 1 Ϻȡɛʱ 0.5 ᅩ⏃1 ᅩɻ 1/15 ha⏆ɫȡʱ⏋1 କȡɛʱ 2 ᅩմɹᕶᅥ ˁʢɦ⏏ᨉకঌȴʰ Cunninghamia lanceolata ⏃˱˗͜˗˸Ͳ⏋μܕɫೠ⏆ɹᗈȵ॒ᨗɇ ʶɛȵ⏋Ϻɻଁᬏȵᦵȼ⏋ШᐏᇕɴգᅎɌɩȷɛ kanizo, dorozo, qiemezo ɹዛࡎˁᮃʠ⏋ᗈআ ɫᔒɩɩඨകɐʳɄɭȵȴɤɛ⏏ ǵᕶᅥɻᅣɞɤɛܤܩɫȡʱ⏋ຍȵՖɤɩȡʳɄɭȵȦ⏏ᬚсɻ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫ⏋ ᗮ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ˁᔒɩɛ⏏ɌȴɌೠȵᔒɦɴɦʶᬚсɻཝࢹɌ⏋ჼܧɻఔᒞɇ ʶɛʚʚɹᗮˁʛʳዐɫȡʳ⏏ᦵȼ߄ʳ dorozo, qiemezo ɻᅎೳɹɛʠɴᔒɩʰʶ⏋ᘭᗂɹ Ȧ kanizo ɻᚩɹɛʠɴᔒɩʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴᕶᅥɻȴɦɩɹ kanizo ߂৹ೠȴʰɲʳᚩ ᅎೳകɭؾɹลᔨˁɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵᅣɴɇʶɩȦɛȴɦɩɹጜɹȩɠ⏋μਕᨆɹ 30 mÌ80 m ɹᨆՕɻ⏋ᕶᅥɫɻɲȼ⏋ ፬ჿകɭɌɩ miku ȵμਕɭɲʱඨകȵɐɐʠʰʶɛ⏏ؾಁɴኢȵ༎Ɍɛ⏏ඨകɇʶɛɹ ɻଁᬏɹᦵȦᘺᘽปɫȡʳ qiemezo ɭ oku (Stylax tonkinensis) ɫȡʳ⏏ჼܧɫɻ 20 m ʓɰɴᔒɠ⏋ άࣝɴዛɹ।ᐶปȵԗᅊɌɩȦʳ⏏ࡸᅊೃృȵɐɐ˃ɫȦʳɹɻ।ᐶปɽȴʱɫȡʱ⏋ࢰഀ ɻǾɴ।ᐶปകɴȲȷȴʼɤɩȦȼ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ອ྇കɲɰʓȴɹ।ᐶകɭɻዷᬚᇕɴ᭧ᮐɇ ʶɩȦʳɛʠృɛɲปዛȵውԂɐʳลЦȵᭉʰʶ⏋෯ଁዛధȵȴɦɩɹᅊᮖ᮫കɴ᧒ɐʳɹ ɻܐᮑɞʸȩ⏏ ǵᚩᅎೳകɹ༎ɴʭʱ⏋ອ྇കɹФܦɻཝࢹɌɛ⏏ອ྇കɻʦɻʱ qiza ɹᇺែɴʭʱ⏋ ɹᅊ٨ᐻɭɌɩѳᡸɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᕶᅥГɫɹගകФɻ৾ɫኧɇʶɩᒟհȵࡴʠʰ ʶɩȲʱ 1997: 156⏋᧓ؙଵɹɛʠɹᒟհьɹخᔨਸˁɹᏼᑩɴࠇɷʳဣɻ߂ᤲ ᦽಁБɭʼɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋కࡲɴʭʳᇺែɻȷ࣑ȦɩȲʰɑ⏋ඖᅒܩय़Гɫɻ ᕶᅥГɫɹ᧓ɲගകФˁᇿɴɐʳɄɭɻȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩඖᅒܩय़ɴȲȦɩອ྇കɹ ФˁᬿȦɫȦʳɹɻ⏋ʦɻʱ qiza ɴʭʳᇺែɭȦȩ⏋Ϻɹᐵઝɴݜɧȼගക፬ჿ˹˽̘ ͌ɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵອ྇കɹႥȵఒڵɌɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᦏధॷɫ⏋ʭȩʦȼμɹᅒɴဌྰȵȦȷʼɛ ʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ඖᅒʍɹဌྰອɹњᐌɻອ྇കɹѳԃႥɭࢌஞɴᐄ ʃɦȦɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ʚɛϺȵɻɤȷʱɗɹ܍ഗᬠѥˁ᠗ᡫɌɩȦʳɄɭȵៗʳ⏏ȴɦɩɭؾ ɴ⏋ೠɻɭʶɲȦȵ⏋ᗳɻᕶᅓɴգᅎɫȷʳ⏏ᢑɹȭɇɭɌɩմɹధዛȵɭʰʶʳʓȴ⏋ Eupatorium adenophorum ȵᗳೣၚషɭɌɩᇵ˃ɴᮃɇʶʳ⏏ ǵEupatorium adenophorum ɻᲞɇ 1 m ʓɰɹᗳೣɫ⏋70 ॷБɴѢԂɌɛॠඨ႒ɫȡʳ⏏ອ྇ കɹകআɴ Eupatorium adenophorum ȵᗛʳȴɰȩȴɻ⏋കԢೠȵɰɹዐɇʶɩȦɛȴɴ ʭʳ⏏കԢೠȵʓʖᬔɐʳʓɰɴɇʶɩȦʶɽ⏋Eupatorium adenophorum ɻകԒɴѢԂɓ
ɑ⏋കԢೠɹॾೠˁيʞȼɹปዛȵകআɴʛʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲݭଘɫɻകɹೃృɻࡴᇕ ɴɐɐ˃ɫȦʳ⏏ȴɦɩɹᅊᮖ᮫കɴປʏʶɽ෯ଁዛధɻȴɲʱཝࢹɌɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ ȵ⏋കɹ˵˓̀෯ᦶɭɌɩɻෑሂകɴᦏȦ⏏ ǵകԢೠȵᆂʰɴɌȴɇʶɩȦɲȿʶɽ⏋കআɴ Eupatorium adenophorum ȵᗛʳ⏏Ϻɻ ɄʶˁɄɗȹɭʳɛʠകআȵᗷʶ⏋ปೠɹೃృȵᭀࢀɇʶʳ⏏ᐄഗɭɌɩອ྇കɻǾɴ ᦡɐʳ᭝ȵȡʳ⏏ϺʢɄɹɄɭɻ᠗ᡫɌɩȲʱ⏋ΥᨆՕɫɻȡʳȵ kanizo ˁඨകɌɩȦ ʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩࢰഀ⏋ອ྇കɹΥᨆɻ⏋ʚɑ kanizo ȵ߂৹ೠɴᔒɠ⏋ɴǾɴ।ᐶปɴȲ ȷȴʼɤɩʪȼɭȦȩඨᅊ᧦ውˁᐁɩȦȼɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏
6ȅ͍ࠫȇന౷ఝ̤̫ͥͅ૩ႅ͈ி͂ठ
6.1ȁന౷ఝ͈་ً͈අಭ ǵ߂ᤲᦽಁБɴගകˁ߉Ȧ⏋ఒᯊಁБɴගകˁԗᅊɐʳɭȦȩɹɻ⏋μ߈కঌɹకፑɴɤɛ ʢɹɫȡʱ⏋μܕԃܤɫʓʖιɌɛჼᢒɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᮖɹμɞȿˁʛɩʢ⏋ᨆܩ ɹඖᅒܩय़ɴȲȿʳകɹۅ߉⏋ԗᅊɹዐɻ⏋ᭁᨆ1997bȵЂɌɩȦʳμᨆɹᇮܩٞ ᦇɫɹዐɭɻ⏋ʦʦᅵɲɤɛ႕ਐˁ୫ɤɩȦʳ⏏ʁɭɦɹ႕ਐɻගകȵঈᇕɴɻቑޙɇʶ ɲȴɤɛɄɭɫȡʱ⏋ʢȩʁɭɦɻ⏋ԗᅊȵШᐏˁᅊȴɌɛႶᕶɹ෯ɫɐɐʠʰʶɛɄɭɫ ȡʳ⏏ ǵ߂ᤲᦽಁБɹၚషೠФɻ⏋ঈɌɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ᩮˁᅊᅋɓʭɭȦȩμ߈కঌȴʰɹ ୭ኍˁᧅɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ɹ߂ᨆՕˁװʠɩȦɛ kanizo ߂৹ೠɹගകɻɐʏɩФʰʶɛ⏏ ɗɹɲȴɫອ྇കɻ⏋ᦡɌɲȵʰʢȩɍɩࡪʰʶɛɭȦȩɄɭɻᇿɴғɐʳ⏏ɛɞɌɗ ʶˁගകɴࢪɐʳࡱఠᇕɲઝᒶɧȿɴॠɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ɹࡪᡸኜȵз˃ɫȦʳɻɑɹ ጜʢ⏋ФʰʶɩၚషɭɇʶɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ඖᅒܩय़ɹອ྇കɻลᔨˁ୫ɦගകɞȴʰ ɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ံᠶ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ɹЈɹඨᅊʢɗʶəʶลᔨˁɤɩȦɛȵ⏋కᇕܦɹμ⏋ ȼˁᡀʠ⏋ɰȩɌɩʢᡶʶɲȦᨆՕɞȿȵɇʶɛ⏏ගകȵȡȼʚɫʢᣂ྇ɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶ ɩȦɛɭȦȩဣɫɻ⏋ᭁᨆ1997bȵЂɌɩȦʳᇮܩɴзʞྵɫʢ⏋ඖᅒܩय़ɹ̢̩ ɫʢؾɍɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ߂ȷɲ᧓Ȧȵȡʳ⏏մᓔɫɻගകɻ༥ᢹᢧ⏃ɛɭȭɽᭁᨆ1997b⏆ ɭɌɩʼʶ⏋ᓔɫɻᓘχᢧ⏃ѳԃɇʶɩອ྇༱ɭȦɤɛลᔨˁȩඨᅊ⏆ɭɌɩʼʶ ɛ⏏Ʉʶɻጓܩɹ᧓Ȧ⏋ȡʳȦɻᅊɹᅊᇕݜᇻɹ᧓Ȧȴʰᠦ౩ȵخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ ǵගകɹѳອลᔨ⏋ɐɲʼɠ༑Տອᩄɹ࡚፲ˁॶܯɐʳсᅎɻ⏋ගകȵ߉ʼʶɩʢྊʠ ⏃ອঐ⏆ɴʭɤɩជȩɄɭȵɫȷʳݭغʢȡʳ⏏ᇮܩɻອȵᮃʚʳ෯ᦶɫȡʱ⏋ᇮܩٞᦇɴ ɻ߂ៀฐɲྊʠˁᦶʱʦɐȦ⏏Υڂ႐ᔭɹᮖ᮫य़ɹʭȩɲܩɹΫᨆɻອȵతᧀɐʳ ෯ᦶɫȡʳɛʠ⏋കɹѳອˁྊʠɫᔌБʼʱɇɓʭȩɭਲ਼ɤɛʰ⏋ࢸɇɲ໘ˁȦɛʳɭɄ ʸɫɓȷʠɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋፬ჿជѹʚɫᓒȭʳɭࡸέخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴ⏋ԃክ߂ݼɹອ྇കˁ༑ʶʳᢆाɴɻ⏋ఒᯊᬖఔೝʭʱմ⏃ተɲॷБˁ႕ࡴɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏆ ɴɦȼʰʶɛࢸɇɲ̋͌ȵ 5 ɦȡʳ⏏Ϻԇɹ୭ኍɫဌྰᅎɴɦȼʰʶɛʢɹɞȵ⏋ဌྰᅎ ɭɌɩɻʓɭ˃ɰลᔨɌɲȴɤɛ⏏ჼܧϺɻɄɹ̋͌ˁɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ֓ȭɩ⏋ԫೝɴɻᮖ᮫കɻѳອГΫɹӈȷˁɐʳ⏏ԫೝɴɻᭇອɻࢹɲȦȵ⏋ᮖ᮫ȵᰈᑢɴ ᇍᅊɐʳ⏏˱˭ɹʚɭʼʱɦȼᮖ᮫കɻᝠᯆዩȵ߂ȷȼ⏋ዷμɹᮖ᮫ˁȭɩปॻ༑ɭɌɩອ ˁകআɴȲʸɐ⏏ГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋ᮖ᮫കɻϺूేɴʭɤɩᔌБʼʱɫȷɲȦลᔨˁ୫ɦ⏏Ɍ ɛȵɤɩᮖ᮫य़ɹሁάɴঃȵʳహᯆɫඖᅒᓚсˁɐʳɹɫȡʶɽ⏋ອ྇കˁɐГɹ᧧ିɻ ɲȦ⏏ ǵɌȴɌᚩ⏋ᅎೳകȵ༥߉ɌɛɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ອ྇കɻɗɹลᔨʚɫˁᔘᢦʼɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤ ɛ⏏ອ྇കɹᗷঘɴʠȵȴȴʱ⏋܌ȵࠃʚʳɹɻ⏋ᕶᅥɹՏჼȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ᕶᅥɹ ০ɴɻ⏋ីؘႆᏢɹ̊˓ɴʭʳᩮՒೠ (Cassia siamea) ᚩသകɹʭȩɴ⏋Шᐏᇕɲিȵɗ ɹʚʚ୫ᐚɌɩȦʳݭغᨇ 1997ɭ⏋ྵȵໞష⏋ᚩᅎɴ Eucalyptus globulus ˁඨകɌɩȦ ʳёᭁᨆ 1997bɹʭȩɴకঌɹ୭ࢷɴਃɤɩඨകˁɌɛݭغȵȡʳ⏏ȦɑʶɴɌɩʢ⏋ക ȴʰᐙᐚᇕɴᅊᅋ႒ȵʰʶʳɭȦȩɄɭȵໆࡴᇕɴᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻඨകɹ֪ลɧȿɴɲ ʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɄɹɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ܑٞɹᕶးകʦకঌȵඨകɌɛക (Pinus yunnanensis ˁᰧ ลɫዛࡎత॒ɌɛʢɹȵȦ) ɹϕФʢᬿȦɫȦʳ⏏ ǵඖᅒܩय़ɹᕶᅥɹݭغ⏋Шᐏᇕɲিȵɗɹʚʚ୫ᐚɌɩȦʳɭɻȦȦȵɛȦ⏏ȴɭȦɤ ɩ⏋కঌɹ୭ࢷɴɛɞਃɤɛɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ܤܩˁւʱয়ɩʰʶɛɭȷ⏋ඖᅒᓚсɻ⏋ᕶ ʰɹ෯ɴݜɧȦɩകсʱˁɤɛ⏏ήȭʰʶɛೠʭʱɻ⏋౬ȴʰɲɍʛɹȡʳ kanizo, dorozo, qiemezo ˁ߫˃ɫඨȭɛ⏏ܤܩȵ⏋зɴʭʳᕶςᇕɲ፬ჿɴʚȴɇʶɛɭȦȩɄɭɻ⏋ ඖᅒܩय़ɹගകɹԗᅊɴ߂ȷȼᢨɌɩȦʳ⏏ʢɌʢ⏋зˁѵᰉɓɑɴ⏋కঌȵೠΥᦇ ҉ɹඨകˁɐɐʠɩȦɛʰ⏋ϺɻȦʚɞᚩέɴੱʛ⏋ອ྇കɹᗷঘɻʚʰɲȴɤɛɞʸ ȩ⏏ගകˁԗᅊɇɓʳɴɻ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ˁգᅎ⏋፬ჿɐʳณգˁзɴଖɐɄɭȵᩂឹɞɤɛɹɫ ȡʳ⏏ 6.2ȁਲြ͈κϋΒა͈֑̞͂ ǵմຍɫኽɻ⏋ඨᅊ፬ჿɴɦȦɩɹμ߈ᐏըˁوࡴɐʳςˁɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ံИ ɴȦɦɫʢɰɄɫʢɐʏɩˁзɴࠇɷʶɽʭȦɭȦȩઝ٢ɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɑඨᅊ፬ჿȵзɴ лʰȴɹգᇰˁʢɛʰɌ⏋зȵʭȼɗʶˁჿៗɌɩȦʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋зȵ⏋˱͐Ͳ ̀ɹੳ։ˁ᧫ȿʰʶʳʭȩɲล෯⏋ɄɄɫɹёɫɻ qiza ɴʭʳᇺែ⏋ˁ෯፷ɫȷɲȿʶɽɲ ʰɲȦ⏏ɄʶʰȵྃɛɇʶʳᭉʱɴȲȦɩ⏋Шᐏȴʰɹᧀᔵȵȡɤɩʢ⏋ʚɛࡱఠᇕɲគɧȿ ȵ߉ʼʶɩʢ⏋зɴʭʳගകѳԃɻ֟ɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ҅ϺɭᮃɹգࢀࢪጓˁᡴᠶɹՏᇍဣɭɐʳᐏɲ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶᓔȵЦࢅˁȩɭȷ⏋Ԏ ݀ᇕɴயȷՏɇʶɩȷɛܒিɻ⏋Шᐏȵݛɤɩȷɛ CBRM ȵЦࢅɴʭɤɩगޙɐʳ⏋ɭ
ȦȩʢɹɫȡʳMcCay and Jentoft 1998; Agrawal 2002; Hayama 2003⏏ɗɹ܍ɻ⏋Шᐏˁ߉ɤ ɛЦȵ҅ϺɹᇿӴɹգᇰᦠິˁ৾Ɍȷʶɲȼɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌೣϟёɻɗɹԎ݀ᇕ ɲܒিɴɻؚʚʰɲȦ⏏ɐɫɴ୭Ɍɛʭȩɴ⏋qiza ɹᇺែɴʭʱ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ˁ܌᧫ɐʳ ล෯ɻ⏋ʢɭɻകˁଘɐʳఌᨗᇕࢃᏙȵ⏋ఌᨗᇕࢃᏙɴʭʳඨᅊգᅎˁըਉɐʳล෯ɫ ȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹШᐏɻ⏋ᦅᮃɴЫȦԃɴቑޙɇʶɛ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴШᐏᇕЦᏼᑩ ȵɴʭɤɩ߂ȷȼࢅɌɩʢ⏋CBRM ɻԗ෯፷ɇʶȩʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɗʶɫɻ˱͐Ͳ̀ᠶᓔȵயȷՏɌɩȷɛԎ݀ᇕɲ CBRM ɹगޙዐɭೣϟёɹሂ᧓ɻɰɄ ɴᅓഀɐʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ೣϟёɫɻ⏋ඨᅊɹลᔨɴᬠɐʳჿៗˁᮃ෯ଁڊȵԊɌɩȦʳ Ʉɭɹʓȴɴ⏋ᒟհьɹخᔨਸɭȦȩᮃԒɫɻ෯፷ܐᮑɲ CBRM ɹឹᏬˁ⏋ᨆɹᏼᑩ ɴࠇɷʳɄɭȵɫȷɛဣɴ⏋ኽɻᇿɌɛȦ⏏Ԏ݀ᇕɲ CBRM ɹगޙዐɫɻ⏋కณȵ ᬚᨆɴ༡ᦩɐʳմɴ॑ݭᐁཕʦϺؤܦɴʭɤɩЦࢅȵʁȷȲɄɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɴࢪ Ɍ⏋ᮖɹඖᅒܩय़ɫɻ⏋॑ݭᐁཕʦϺؤܦɹ৯ᯱˁʳմɴ⏋కณˁᏼʛԂʶɛ০ɫ CBRM ˁ෯፷ɐʳɄɭɴଁ֒Ɍɛ⏏߂ᤲᦽಁБɹకܦɻܦ҉ᇕɴගകቑޙɹكɴӈȦɛ ؙᯆ⏋CBRM ɹ෯፷ɴ᭬Ɍɩɻ⏋ᒟհьɹخᔨਸɭȦȩᩂឹɲឹᏬˁரњɌɩȦɛɄɭˁឿ ᦣɌɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ਃഀሾʰʶɩȦɛԎ݀ᇕɲ CBRM गޙɹ܍ɻ⏋Шᐏˁ߉ɤɛЦȵ҅ ϺɹᇿӴɹգᇰᦠິˁ৾ɌȷʶɲȼɲʳɄɭɞɤɛ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋μܕɴȲȦɩᦍᦵɴᬚᨆ ɴʚɫ༡ᦩɌɛకณɻ⏋҅ϺȵᇿӴɹգᇰˁᦠິɌɩ˱͐Ͳ̀ɹੳ։ˁʁȷȲɄɐɄɭɴ ᬠɌɩɻ߂ȷɲଵɴɲɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 6.3ȁऱႛ͈໘ڰ ǵ߂ᤲᦽಁБɹඖᅒܩय़ɫɻ⏋ගകɴኜȵзʞȴʰගകȵɇʶɛɭȦȩᡴᠶɻଁጓɌɲȦɭ Ӵɴᦚʏɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ගകɴࢪɐʳȵ⏋ගകɹࡱఠᇕɲઝᒶɧȿɭɌɩჼʼʶɩȦʳɭȦ ȩឿɻଁጓɌȩʳ⏏Ϻɻ 2 ዛᰖɹኜˁኢʳ⏏ɗɹʁɭɦɫȡʳጜɻගɴзʞɹࡪᡸኜɫ ȡʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋ʢȩʁɭɦɹ߃Ϋኜɻಔኜɫȡʱ⏋ගകɭɹᐄʃɦȷˁ୫ɛɲȦ⏏ඖᅒˁ༱ ɐʳອɻ⏋߃ȴʰɹᭇᮒȵගകɴᙢȭʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳȴʰ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹɻɍʠɴ߃ˁ⏋ϗ࡚ɹ ሁμɴගകˁኢʳɭȦȩɄɭɻʭȼჿៗɫȷʳ⏏ ǵ৳ʰɻ⏋ܦɴʭɤɩΥಁᇕɴኜˁఔඉɌɛɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋߂ᤲᦽಁБɴጜȵФ ʰʶ⏋ኢȵʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᮖ᮫य़ˁᕶςᇕɴգᅎ⏋፬ჿɐʳณգˁʱଖɌɛ ɭȷ⏋ៜȦȴȭʶɽගകˁʱଖɌɛɭȷ⏋ጜˁ༎ɇɓ⏋ኢˁ༎ɇɓɛ⏃̊˓ɹጜ ɴɦȦɩɻإा1997ɹᓒ࢘ȵȡʳ⏆⏏య߂ᯊ٨ȵᏺʼʱ⏋ࡱఠˁኧɍʳΫȴʰɹ ܦȵɲȼɲɤɛɄɭɻ⏋ኢ༎ɹሁஞɹჿᅓɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɛɭȭɽីؘႆᏢɹ္ᅣ ɴኢɴɦȦɩᓬȼɭ⏋ȋɗʶɻ౬ɹɄɭɞ⏋ЁɻᲿኜˁኢʰɲȦȍɭፐȭʳ⏏ኧܦȵɲ ȼɲɤɛȴʰɭȦɤɩ⏋ȴɦɩɹኢȵ༎ɐʳɭɻᭉʰɲȦɹɞ⏏ጜȵ༎ɌࡪʰʶɩȦ ʳჿᅓɭɌɩ⏋ʦɻʱኢȵϺɴήȭɩȼʶʳൔաɹھʃ⏋ɗʶʢᅊ༎ɴɊɌɛھʃȵ⏋ȡ
ʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ኽɻϺɹᇍៜˁʢɭɴ⏋༎Ɍɛኢȵ৳ʰɴήȭɩȼʶʳھʃɭɻɰɹʭ ȩɲʢɹɲɹȴˁ⏋Гάɹʭȩɴᓒ࢘Ɍɛ⏏ ǵԗᅊɌɛጜɻ⏋౬ɹᅊᮖ᮫കȴʰɲʳጜɴປʏʶɽ⏋ឿʳɴɛȭɲȦʓɰᢩሂɲʢ ɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɫʢϺɻɄɹጜˁࡪʱᔒɩɩȦʳ⏏ϺȵθᕀˁȦɤɿȦɴঃɁɩጜɴ ɦȦɩʳ⏏ ǵȋ౬ɻɄ˃ɲɴ߂ȷɲೠȵȡɤɛ⏏ЁɻɄ˃ɲ⏃θଝɫࢸɇɲᥢˁсʱ⏆ೠɌȴɲȦ⏏ɫʢ Ȧɦȴɻ౬ɹጜɴଖʳȍ ǵȴɦɩᅊᮖ᮫കɫʼʶɩȦɛኢ ngamatu ˁሾʳᓔɴɭɤɩɻ⏋ჼࡔɹԗᅊጜɫ ʼʶʳ ngamatu ɻ૭ౙɴྃɠɛʢɹɞ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ॷˁᦠȦ⏋ᅊᣚɭɇʶɛᢑɹᰄᲓȵዩʛΫ Ɂʰʶʳɴɦʶɩ⏋ጜɻଁᬏɌɩʪȼ⏏ϺɻɗɄɴھʃˁឿՏɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵȋqiemezo ɭ oku ˁඨȭɛɭȷɴປʏ⏋ᦏɻೣഀɹ ngamatu ɴᦏɧȦɩȷɛȍ
ǵϺˁᏄኜᇕɴఌȭʳ⏋ࢸɇȼᢩሂɲɄɹጜɹ৲ւɻ⏋౬ɴʢވɌɩ߂ȷȦʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ԗᅊጜɴɻ⏋ȴɦɩɹʭȩɲ੭χɹᅊകɹߡཉɇɻɲȦȵ⏋ᗐǾɌȦϠ๖കɹ܌ȵȡ ʳ⏏Ʉɹ܌ɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɻගകɲɌɫᅊȷɩȦȿɲȦɄɭˁၓሾɌɩȦʳϺɴɭɤɩ⏋ ɰʶʓɰᰉʢɌȦʢɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ ৫ȁৃ ǵᮖህӯ᭞ላ֯ᨉɹᇖɲʰʃɴ⏋ϴᨊ߂ɹإाχᮁؿ᠕ఠஐ⏃য়ಁ⏋ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀఠஐ⏆⏋ᮖ႒᱅ɹࣅϵտ᱅ᬏ⏋ᮖू߂ɹ᭘ল౩Ӵᅊɴɻ⏋ድ ˁɐɐʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ߂ɲתˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ܕጓ႒᱅ɹᭁᨆҫΥ֖ఠஐɻ⏋ڂ႐ᔭ ɹඖᅒȲʭʃጜɭȦȩ᳄ᇕɲ̘ͻ͇ɹࡔܧˁఠȭɩȼɞɇʱ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲݬˁήȭɩȼɞɇɤɛ⏏ ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀጭᅒಅϓ֖ఠஐɴɻೣዣˁʚɭʠʳɴȡɛɤɩᇰɲ֖ ៜˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ɇʰɴלؿീᠧᓔɹઝឿɻ⏋ᗳዣˁఒڵɐʳȩȭɫ߂Ȧɴ֖ȿɴɲɤɛ⏏μܕዀ ౩ඨ႒ድଘɹฌೣ᱅ɴȲȦɩؾࡴсˁɐʳɴȡɛʱ⏋ᖒ᱅ᬏɴȲγ᠌ɴɲɤɛ⏏Ϋ៨ɹǾɴȲ ˁᅕɌΫɁʚɐ⏏Ʉɹድɻዀድᢹជ֖ᩆȋᅵᅊᏙஞ៘ɴᬠʼʳϺؤው֪ɭᣂ྇գᅎ˹˽̘͌ɹ ᢟȍ⏃إाχᮁБᝠ⏆ɹ֖ଁˁȩȿɛ⏏ ֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ ᭁᨆҫΥ⏏1997a⏏ȋᮖɹගകر (I)̆μᅗᇮܩɹኜȍȏആˏ˻ˏድȑ35(3): 422-444⏏ ⏏1997b⏏ȋᮖɹගകر (II)̆μฌᲞᇮܩɹගകቑޙɭ͘ͻˡ͠ඨകȍȏആˏ˻ˏድȑ35(3): 445-464⏏
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