17
Dickensの
作 品 に お け る 口 語 文 法
吉
動
田
孝
詞
夫
Colloquial
English
Grammar
in Dickens's
Works
VERBS
Takao
YOSHIDA
BR
ocs
BH
HT
TTC
GE
略 ・
称
Barnaby
Rudge
(1841)
The
Old Curiosity
Sんop (1841)
Bleak
House(1853)
Har〔I Times
(1854)
A
Tale
of Two
Cities
(1859)
Great
Expectations
(1861)
B
T
N
M
S
C
D
S
O
N
H
D
D
L
テ キ ス ト は す べ てThe
trated
Dickensに
拠 る 。
Sketches的Boz(1836)
0'iver
Twist
(1838)
〈Ticんolas 1>isん'eby
(1839)
Tんe Haunte(∫
Man
(1848)
Dombey
and
Son(1848)
1)αか∫(∫
Coppe7ゾie'd
(1850)
Litt'θ 'Dorrit
(1857)
New
Oxford
Illus一
1.「to
be+過
去 分 詞 」 の 用 例 は 殆 ん ど 運 動 を
示 す 変 移 自 動 詞(mutative
intransitives)に
くユ ラ限 ら れ て い る。 こ の 型 はto beが 動 詞 的 形 容 詞
(verbal adjective)の
連 結 詞(copula)と.み
な
さ れ る た め に,徐
々 に 消 滅 して い る よ う に 思 わ
く う
れ る 。.
When
I am
gone,
Judy
will
go back
to
the flower business, and you'll stick to
the law (Smallweed, BH,21) lTake a
little care of Pa while I am gone, mama!
(Caddy, BH,30) ICousin Ada, will you and Esther take care of Mr. Vholes when
I am gone? (Richard, BH,37) IThink
better of it, sir, when I am gone, …
(Varden, BR,75) IFill your glass while
I'mgone (Quilp, OCS,21) Iwhat will he
do when you are gone?(Esther, BH,61)I
Ididn't know you were gone there,s
another half-crown, Jo(Snagsby, BH,25)l
However, as he is now gone so far away,
...(Mrs. Woodcourt, BH,30)IIs he gone
(=dead)? (Mrs. Bagnet, BH,49) 1..., so I waited till he was gone(Guppy, BH,
32) 11saw your company come out, and
waited here till they were gone(the rob_
ber, BR,18) IAnd where is the lady
gone? (Esther, BH,57) 1...;but there is a time for all things, and yours is not
gone by rather, it is just now fully
come(Jarndyce, BH,24) IIam, just now
come from Newgate .(Varden, BR,75)l
I'm come here to take care of you, and see
thing(Dennis, BR,65) IWe are but this
morning come from a long distance in the
country, and know nothing of these mat-ters (Mrs。 Rudge, BR,48)IIf you are
come to talk of him, begone! (Rudge, BR,73)IMiss Summerson, I am glad you
are come (Richard, BH, 6)IIs Mr.
Tulkinghorn come? (Lady Dedlock, BH,
12)IThen Richard is not come in yet?
(Esther, BH,60)IAt last it is come, my dear! (Defarge, TTC, II,22)IThe time
is not come for your standing pledged to
one another (Jarndyce, BH, 24) I I say that I think the times is come to a end at
last (Phil, BH,34)1...,but the time's
nearly come when the Maypole and I must
part company(Joe Willet, BR,3)IIknow full well how changed I am, ...(Esther,
BH,61)1... and yet you're not change(∫, unless it's for the better (Joe Willet,
BR,72)IHe is changed(Woodcourt, BH,
45) IHe is greatly changed? (Lorry,
:rTC,1,5)IIs he (原 文,イ タ リ ッ ク)
changed?(Miss Havisham, GE,29)IThey
(ニthose times)are changed now (Mrs.
Rachael, B H, 24)ITimes are changed,
,Mr. Haredale,...(Joe Willet, BR,67)l
Times is changed, is they, mim! (Miggs,
BR,80) 1..., because you are delivered over untoe me, and are become as a pre一,
cious instrument in my hands (Chadband, ヲ
BH,
25) I am
grown
up, now,
Guppy
(Jobling,
BH,20)IHe
is grown,
up-he
is at least
as old as
I am
...
(Jarndyce,
BH,6)lIα?πbut
newly
7ごseη
from
a sick-bed,
from
which
I never
hoped
to rise again(Mrs.
Rudge,
BR,73)
2.く
だ け た 口 語 体 で は 主 節 の 時 制 が 現 在 完 了 の
時,since-clauseに
お い て 現 在 完 了 時 制 が 屡 々
くヨラ用 い られ る こ とが あ る。
過 去 に 起 こ った 状 態 ・動 作 の 現 在 との 時 間 的
くるう継続 を 話 者 が 強 く意 識 す る場 合 に 多 い 。
I have
been
a man
of business,
ever
since
Iんave
been a man(Lorry,
T7℃,III,
9)IMy
dear,
you have
not had
any
dif-ference
with
Richard
since
I have
been
so much
away?(Esther,
BH,51)IBut
two
other
persons
have
come
into
my mind
since
I have
been
anxious
(16∫(1.,44)
I I
have
known
this, night
and
day,
since
I・
have
known
you
in your
home
(Darnay,
T7℃,
II,10)IYou
have
always
adored
her, ever
since
I have
known
you(Herbert,
GE,30)IIhave
never
seen
him, for he has
always
kept
his room
overhead,
since
I
have
known
Clara
(1配(1.)ICf.
There's
twice
as much
in the
newspaper,
since
I've taken
to this chair,
as there
used
to
be (Omer,
DC,51)/It
was
over
a year
since
Isabel
had scrappe(t
the old donkeys
and engines
and so on because
they
were
SO"dreadfully
sentimental"and
"so
ap-pallingly
bad
for
the
babies'
sense
of
form."
K. Mansfield,"Marriage
A La
Mode"
主 節 が 現 在 完 了 進 行 形 の 時,since-clauseに
現 在 完 了 時 制 が み ら れ る が,こ
れ は 多 分 に 主 節
の 時 制 の 牽 引 作 用 が 従 属 節 に 及 ん だ と 考 え ら れ
る 。
Since
you
have
been
out, sir, I have
been
thinking
that I unquestionably
know
the rooms
in Lincoln's
Inn Fields,
where
Bucket
took.the
lad, according
to his
ac-count(George,
BH,47)II
(have
been)
pouring
out of window?Nothing,
I swear.
Never,
since
I have
been
here!
(Gup'py,
BH,32)
動 作 が 依 然 と し て 続 行 中 の 場 合 に はsince一
くらう
clauseに
お い て 現 在 完 了 進 行 形 が 用 い ら れ る 。
Little
woman,
I was
thinking-that
is,
I have
been
thinking
since
I have
been
sitting
here-that
you
ought
to know,
of your
own
history,
all I know(Jarndyce,
BH,17)IIhave
been
thinking
since
we
Dickensの
作 品 に お け る 口 語 文 法(吉
田)
19
fender,
that
Estella
cannot
surely
be a
condition
of your
inheritance,
if she was
never
referred
to by your
guardian
(Herbert,
GE,30)「Ihave
seen'him
there
since
we have
been
walking
here(Biddy,
GE,35)IIam
not clever
at my
needle,
yet, but perhaps
I shall improve,
and since
Ihave
been
engaged
to Prince,
and have
been
(ioing
all this, I have
felt
better-tempered,
I hope,
and
more
forgiving
to
Ma(Caddy,
BH,14)
3。 現 在 完 了 時 制 が 妥 当 と 思 わ れ る と ころ に,時
々
過 去 時 制 がever,
neverと
併 用 さ れ,完
了 時
く ラ
制 の 代 わ り を す る こ と が あ る 。
Did you ever see one(原 文,イ タ リ ッ ク) before? (Tappertit, BR,39)ICf. I say,
haven't I seen you before? (16id.)「Did
you ever see a counterfeit of timidity, Mr。
Lorry? (Attorney-General) I certainly
have seen that(Lorry, TTC,11,3)IDid
you ever see such .a stupor as he falls
into, between drink and sleep?(Guppy, BH,
20)IDid you ever see me run?(Barnaby,「
BR,6)IDid you everんear tell of mer_
maids, sir?(John Willet)Certainly I have
(the parish-clerk, BR, 1)IDi(I you ever
taste beer?(Swiveller)Ihad a sip of it
once (the small servant, ocs,57)IDid
your ladyship ever happen to hear of Miss Barbary? (Guppy, BH,29)「Di(I you ever
go to church, Muster Gashford?(Dennis, BR,37)IDid you ever counterfeit extreme
ingenuousness and honest indignation?
(Chester, BR,29)IDi(i you ever.know a
prayer?(Woodcourt, BH,47) Was you ever modelled now? (Bucket,、BH,53)l
Well, you're a jolly fellow, but of all the
jolly fellows I ever saw or hear(I of, you
have the queerest and most extraordinary
way with you, upon my life you have
(Swiveller, OC8,21)「Ioccasionally meet
on my staircase here, one of the prettiest
girls, I think, that I ever saw in my life
(Miss Volumnia, BH,28)IThey(=flowers)
are the loveliest I ever saw (Caddy, BH,
17)IMy love, she's clearer than any Coun_ sel I everんeard!(Miss Flite, B∫1,35)I
Iam much obliged to you for one of the ・
pleasantest evenings、 I ever spent in my
life (Bucket, BH「,49)IIlove you dearly,
with all my heart and soul;with as much
truth and earnestness as ever man loved
woman in this「world, I do believe (Joe,
BR,31)[But, although you are the young_
est man that ever lived,... (Darnay,
TTC, II,24)「But his father and his
uncle-were the most profligate
coach-men that ever sat upon a box(Boythorn,
BH,18)IIt is the most flagrant example
of an abominable public vehicle that ever
encumろered the face of the earth (Ibi(f.) 1
..., the lightest heart that ever beat
within a human breast(Chester,.BR,28)l
I'm the best adviser that ever was,...
(Codlin, ocs,19)II'm sure she was the
beautifullest creature ever was(Barbara,
ocs,39)
Inever saw you do it yet(Carton, TTC, II,11)IHow very much you have improved
in your appearance since our last
meet-ing! I never saw you looking better
(Chester, BR, 26)II never'saw the old
girl's equal (Bagnet, BH,27) I I never saw a sight so pitiful as this before !
(Ada, BH,8)IInever saw Pa take snuff before in my life;...(Caddy, BH,38)IHe
never sa∼ 〃me in his life, to know me,...
(Smallweed, BH,33)IInever had such a night in my life! (Tony, BH,32)I I
never got a letter like this from you be_
fore, and I have been a little put about by
it this morning;...(George, BH,34)II
never んear(I of its going well yet
(Woodcourt, BH,51)IYou neverんeard of
You
never
said
a truer
word
in all your
life(Tony,
BH,33)
一 方,「ever+過
去 形 」,(never+過
去 形 」
は 話 者 の 疑 惑
・驚 愕 等 の 感 情 が 露 呈 す る 状 況 下
で 屡 々 用 い ら れ る(Cf.
Did
you
ever?(Did
you ever
see
〔hear〕 the like?))。
Di(i anybody
ever
hear
of a daughter
telling
her own
mother
she has been
made
game
of!
(Mrs.
Varden,
BR,27)
Was
there
ever
such
a knowing
i'mp as that!
(Varden,
BR,
6)IWas
there
ever,
was
there
ever
such
a game
boy!
(Dennis,
BIRi,39)IWas
there
ever
such
an angel
to
talk as he is-and
such
a sweet-looking
man!(Miggs,
BR,27)
Have'you
heard
of her
good
fortune?
(Woodcourt)
Most
extraordinary!
You
never
んeard
of such
a thing,
my
dear 1
(Miss
Flite,
BH,14)IIneverんeα7d
of
such
a thing!
(Esther,
BH,13)(Miss
Volumnia,
BH,28)IWhy,
I never
heard
of
such
a thing!(Bucket,
BH,49)IAnd
in all
these
years
I never
hear〔i the step
upon
the Ghost's
Walk,
more
distinct
than it is
tb_night!(Mrs.
Rouncewell,
BH,16)1(1)
1>eversaw
such
a likeness
in my
life 1
(Bucket,
BH,49)Iwhy,
I declare,
I
never
saw
such
a wife(Esther,
BH,51)
現 在 時 制 が 現 在 完 了 時 制 の 代 用 を す る こ と が
あ る 。 一 般 に う ち と け た 会 話 で は,完
了 時 制 の
よ う な 比 重 の 重 い 時 制 は 敬 遠
さ れ
る よ う で あ
く う
る 。
My dear Dame Durden, do you ever look in the glass?(Woodcourt, BH,67)ICf.'
Do you ever practise before a glass?
(Peacock) (K. Mansfield,"Mr. Reginald
Peacock's Daジ)1...;and a moderate man
he was in all respects, as ever I come a_
cross! (Bucket, BH, 54) I I never see
such a naughty boy in all my days!(Kit,
ocs,13)IInever see a man lay flatter
nor more still-with the life in
hi』m-than you did to-day (Dennis, BR,44)1
Worse manners, I never see in this place
afore(乃 ゴ(1.,65)ISuch spirits as you was
in two, mim, but half an hour ago!Inever
see such company! (Miggs, BR,7)IOf
course I never see sich cases・with my
own eyes ho no!(1配d.,80)IAnd what
brings you here, you jade? (Quilp, ocs,
67)IAnd what wind blows you here, Pip?
(Miss Havisham, GE,44)IYou come from Doctor Manette? (Lorry) Yes. I come
from Doctor Manette (Defarge,:rτC, III,
3)lCf。 I see what's the matter with
you, ma,am (the single gentleman, OCS,
47)
4,No
sooner
had
I got
outside
than
it
く ラ
began
to rain.の
よ う に 伝 統 文 法 で はno
soonerの
節 で は 過 去 完 了 時 制 が 通 例 で あ る が,
口 語 英 語 で は 一 種 の 言 語 経 済(linguistic
econ-omy)か
ら 比 重 の 軽 い 過 去 時 制 が 用 い ら れ る こ
と が あ る 。 一 般 に 過 去 完 了 時 制 は 動 作 ・出 来 事
が 比 較 的 速 く連 続 す る よ う な 場 合 に は 避 け られ
く うる 。
...;and
she
no sooner
saw
him
than
the truth
came
out(Varden,
BR,4)ICf.
The
cast
was
made
in Newgate,
directly
after
he was
taken
down(Wemmick,
GE,
24)
no sooner...than...に
お い てno
sooner
の 節 に 過 去 時 制 を 用 い,￠
んαπ の 節 に 現 在 時
制
(Cf.`Dramatic
present')を
用 い る こ と に よ
っ て 過 去 と 現 在 を 対 比 さ せ,動
作 を 生 々 と 際 立
た せ て 描 写 す る 手 法 が あ る 。
..., and
I no sooner
wんispered
to her
what
the matter
was
as softly,
Doll,
and with nearly
as much
art as you
could
have
used
yourself
than
she
gives
a
kind
of scream
and faints
away(Varden,
BR,4)
5.過 去 時 制 は 時 間 的 な へ だ た りが あ る た め,現
在 時 制 に み られ る よ うな現 実 性 ・切 迫 感 を 欠 く。
Dickensの
作 品 に お け る 口 語 文 法(吉
田)
21
直 截 的 す ぎ て聞 え る よ うな状 況 下 にあ っ て,こ
くユのれ を緩 和 す る働 きが あ る。 相 手 の 心 情 を繊 細 に
思 いや る丁 重 で 控 え 目な婉 曲 的 手 法 で あ る と言
ロ りえ よ う 。
What
is it?What
do you
want
with
ロ ラ
me?(Tulkinghorn)Well, sir,1'was
wish-ful to say a word to you, sir(holding his
hat at the side of his head, in his
defer-ence towards his best customer)
(Snagsby, IBH,42)II only wanted to say
that we must be off early to-morrow
morning, my dear, because unless we get
the start of the dogs and the conjurer, the
villages won't be worth a penny (Short,
ocs, 19) I Is Mrs. Varden at home?
(Chester) Sir, she is. 1万(i you wish to see her?(Tappertit, BR,27)IPerhaps you
wished to speak to me, sir(Cheggs, OCS,
8)Iwhy, what do you mean?(Tulkinghorn)
Just so, sir. I was sure you・would feel it
yourself, and would excuse the reason-ableness of my(原 文,イ タ リ,ッ ク)feelings
when coupled with the known excitableness
of my little woman (Snagsby,・BH,42)II
thought I would like to take this quiet
time of saying a word to you about
my-self(Esther,、BH,43)IIthought you gave
a start like, as if you did?(the woman,
BH,46)IIthought, sir, you mightn't
ob-ject to have the goodness to accept a bun-dle (Young John, LD, II,18)IIstart
for London, Miss Havisham, to-morrow,
and I thought you would kindly not mind
my taking leave of you (Pip, GE,19)II くロの
`んought,
my
father,
that
I heard
strange
feet upon
the stairs
(Lucie,
TTC,
m,
■
7)ICf.
May
I ask
a question,
Doctor
Manette,
before
I go?
(Miss
Pross)
I
think you
may
take
that liberty(smiling)
(Dr.
Manette,
T7℃,
III,7)
6..日 常 英 語(current
English)で
は 通
例,
whatever,
whoever-4に
よ っ て 導 か れ る 譲 歩
節 に お い て,述 語 動 詞 は 助 動 詞 ηα忽を 介 在 させ
く のな い で 用 い ら れ る 。
And
mind
you
tell us the truth
here,
whatever
you do, Jo(Woodcourt,
BH,47)l
You
see,
whatever
you
do, don't
you
go
and fret yourself(Bucket,
BH,57)IWhat-ever
you
please,
have
it your
own
way,
of course(Swiveller,
OCS,34)IWhatever
he
brings,
it's halved
between
its (List,
ocs,42)IWhatever
the old girl
says,
do-do
it!
(Bagnet,
BH,27)
I But
whatever
it is, a hundred
thousand
thanks,
old fellow,...(Mrs.
Bagnet,
BH,49)II
am
quite
sure,
Mr.
Cruncher,
that
you
never
will
do
it again,
whatever
it
is,
...(Miss
Pross,
T7℃,
III,14)1...,and
I can,t
compliment
you
on your
appear-ance,
whoever
you
are,
with
your
head
tied
up
in a bundle・(Weevle,
BH,32)l
Nice
toasts
these
Redheads
will be
drink-ing, wherever
we
buy
it(Miss
Pross,
T7℃,
III, 7)IA
family
home,
however
small
it is, makes
a man like me look lone_
ly (George,
BH,27)!Cf.
Brother,
broth_
er!
Have
I ever
been
so hard
with
you
that
you
ask
(=should
ask)
me
such
a
cruel
question?(Miss
Pross,
T7℃,
III,
8)
7.く
だ け た 話 し 言 葉 で は,現
在 時 制 が 未 来 時 制
く のの 代 用 を す る。 未 来 時 制 に 比 し て 簡 潔 で 力 強
くユのく,状
況 に よ っ て は 相 手 の 決 意 を 問 う 表 現 と な
る 。
Do
you
go
with
me
to
the
Bank?
(Carton)1'll
hear
what
you
have
got
to
say. Yes,1,11
go with you(Solomon,
TTC,
III,8)IAnd
do you
really
go to-night?
(Darnay,
TTC,
II,24)IAnd
do you
施ke
no one with you?(Aid.)IDoes
madame
go
with
us?(Lorry,
T7℃,
III,3)lYou
go to
the Court
to-morrow?
(Carton,
TTC,
III,
(Darnay, TTC, II,24)IWhere do you go,
my wife? (Defarge, T7℃, II,21)IIt is
enough that you return straight to the
Conciergerie, and will know to-morrow.
You are summoned for to-morrow (one
of the'soldiers, TTC, III, 7)IWhen
does this match come off? (Jowl, ocs,
42)
8.慣
用 的 な 日 常 会 話 で は,「 進 行 形
」(progres-sive form)が
屡 々 「単 純 形 」(simple
form)よ
くロう
り 好 ん で 用 い ら れ る 。 静 的 で 観 念 的 な 単 純 形 と
異 な り,進
行 形 は 状 態
・動 作 の 反 復 を 示 し て い
る た め に,話
者 の 相 手 に よ せ る 温 情
・好 意 が 感
じ ら れ る 。 話 者 の 心 的 態 度 を 丁 重 に 示 す 手 法 と
言 え よ う 。
I am listening
to everything
you
say
(Charley,
、BH,31)IYou
wouldn,t
much
like
to tackle
him
in argeyment,1'yn
thinking,
sir (Parkes,
BR,
1)
I You
are
looking
charming,
Mr. Krook(GUPPY,
BH,20)IAnd
very
well
indeed
you
are
looking,
Mrs.
Bucket!(Bucket,
BH,53)IYour
cousin
Richar(I
has
been
loving
you as plainly
as
he
could,
for
I don't
know
how
long!
(Esther,
BH,13)
往 来 発 着 を 示 す 動 詞 に も 進 行 形 が み ら れ る 。
単 純 形 の 有 す る 朴 訥 さ は 影 を ひ そ め,表
現 が お
だ や か と な る 。
I must
be going,
sir, if you please(Kit,
ocs,38)「Constable,
my good
fellow,
We
had better
be going(Sampson,
OCS,60)I
You,11 be sure
to be stirring
early
and go
with
us?
(Short,
ocs,19)ILet
us be
stirring,
Nell(Nell's
grandfather,
OC∫,
15)
一 方,次
例 の よ う に,通
常,進
行 形 が 用 い ら
れ そ う な 状 況 下 で 単 純 形 が 用 い ら れ る こ と が あ
る が,こ
れ は 一 種 の 言 語 経 済 と み な す こ と が で
くき よ う 。
Say,
then, my
Gaspard,
what
do you
do
there?
(Defarge,
TTC,
1,5)
9.許
可 の 陳 述 に お い て はmayは
多 少,厳
し く 形
式 ぼ っ て 聞 え る た め (Cf. You
may
go
up-stairs,
Esther!
(Esther's
godmother,
BH,
ロ ラ
3)),日
常 英 語 で は 一 般 にcanが
用 い ら れ る 。ま
た ηα㌢は 時 々it is permissibleに
み ら れ る よ
う に 漠 然 と 権 威 の 存 在 を 暗 示 す る の に 反 し,
canは
話 者 ま た は 筆 者 の 社 会 的 地 位 の 優 越 性 を
無 視 して 可 能 性 の 見 地 の み か ら 事 態 を 述 べ る の
で,許
可 を 与 え た り禁 じた りす る よ う な 場 合 に
く うはcanの
方 が 好 ま れ る 。
You
can sit down
(Lady
Dedlock,
BH,
33)IIf
either
of you two
gentlemen
likes
to go out and
see what's
the matter,
you
can(John
Willet,
BR,33)IJerry,
if you
wish
to take
something
to eat, you
can
(Lorry,
T:τ℃, II,3)ICf.
Y)u
can come
and
see our
doll's
house
if you
want
to
(Kezia)(K.
Mansfield,
"The
Doll's
House")
吻 は ゆ 有す る丁零
にを
炊 け るが・ 許
可 を 求 め る 時 に 用 い ら れ る 。
Can
I.come
in, Richard?
(Esther,
BH,
45) ICould
I speak
to you
alone
for
a
moment?(16id.,38)IMr.
Guppy,
could
I
have
a word
with
you?(Tulkinghorn,
BH,
39)
lC:ould
I say
a
few
words
with
you
in the
next
box?
(Squeers,
ハrハ
ろ
4)
10.く だ け た 文 体 で は,感 情 的 効 果 を ね ら うた め
く うに,間
接 性(indirectness)を
有 す る 仮 定 法 が
時 々 用 い ら れ,皮
肉 の 色 調 を 帯 び る こ と が あ
く る 。How could you be so very imprudent as to come from Newgate! (Chester, BR,
75) Icoul(in't you have done something
less 1 couldn't you have done what you
had to do, without appearing in your
fa-vourite part of the crocodile, you minx?
(Quilp, ocs,6)IMeaning me?Quilp is く の
my
name.
You
might
remember.
It's not a
I
Dickensの
作 品 に お け る 口 語 文 法(吉
田)
I ask
you
to do me
the
favour
not
to
approach
any
nearer?
(Chester,
BR,
75)
,
11.`to
wisん'の
意 味 合 い で 単 独 に 用
い
ら れ
る
く らう
wouldは
古 文 体 に 属 す る 。
Iwould
th。 ・Ih。d
been
my。w。
mi、,ress
too, before I had ever entertained a
thought of you (Dick, OCS, 8)II woul(1
that Grip and I could frisk like that!
(Barnaby, BR,10)IIwould I knew where
gold was buried(1配d.,45)IIwould I had never seen that dark face of hers, ...
(Chester, BR,75)IAnd I would that you
could take your leave, and we. could all
take our leave, Mr. Vholes, of a Cause
you know of(Jarndyce, BH,45) I wouldn,t for a light guinea that he should never go
・w・ ・i・g・g・ln・ …(B・ ・n・by・BR・3)11
woul(I rather you told, Joe(Pip, GE,18)l I would rather we were dead an〔11aid
down in our graves, than you should ever
come to love it(ニgold)(Mrs. Rudge, BR,
45)
12.付 加 疑 問 に:お い て,助 動 詞mustはmayと 呼 く の
応 ず る こ と が あ る 。
Youη
㍑8加't marry
more
than one person
at a time,
may
you,. Peggotty?
(Master
David,
DC,2)
13.う
ち と け た 談 話 で は,三
人 称 単 数 直 接 法 現 在
に お い てdon'tが`doesn't'の
代 わ
り に 頻 用
さ
ご の
れ る。
He don't notice me, but I notice'him
(Krook, BH,5)1...;but he(lon't
care- he's a child! (Jarndyce, BH, 6) 1..._
he don't buy (Krook, BH,10) 1... 一
though he don't know it . ...(Skimpole,
BH,18)「No he don'言!(Mrs. Snagsby,
BH,19) But he don,ε, I suppose?
(Jarndyce, BH, 24) I But I don't know
him, and he don't know me(George, BH,
23
27) IHow can I know without seeing
them, when he(lon't know himself?(Tony,
BH,32)IHe(原 文,イ タ リ ッ ク)don't know
(1ゐ ∫(1.)IAh, but I don't know as he(lon'ε
(原 文,イ タ リ ッ ク)hear(Jo, BH,46)IAh!
you are so white, George for you
and look so shocked. Now (lon't he,
Lignum?(Mrs. Bagnet, BH,49)1...
which he don't complain of,.。.(Guppy,
BH,55)IHe doガtusually cuthis time so
fine as that(Bucket, BH,57)1...,who
travels a road he don't know,...(Joe,
BR,2)IIf he(lon't come in five minutes,
I shall have supper without him (John
Willet, BR,33)IIhope he don't get'em
to make their wills, and then knock 'em
on the head (Tappertit, BR,39)IIhope
he (lon't think there's nothing to be done,
...(Dennis, BR,49)IHe don't understand
your way (Hugh, BR,49)lI'm a Turk if he don,t give me a warmer welcome
al-ways than any man of sense (Ibid.,53)I
I'dhold half a guinea that he(原 文,イ タ
リ ッ ク)don't get no law-work to do. Don'ε
look like the sort of one to、get any, do
he? (Cruncher, TTC, II,3)IBut I don't
say he don't refer to it within himself
(Miss Pross, TTC, II,6)IHe don't send me here for this (Pancks,.LD, II,13)l
Don't call him names that he don't deserve
(Meagles, LD, II,34)1...,she don't take
kindly to it (the keeper, BH,18)IShe's
in an・excited state to-night, and (lon,直
know when she,s well off(Tappertit, BR,
59) IShe don't know what she means
(Flintwinch, LD,1,30)IWhy don't she
change it 'melt down the brass, and
take another name? (Quilp, ocs,33) l
Don't say it don't do good (Slum, OCS,
28)IIf he has any soul at all, sir, it must be such a very small one that it don,ε
signify what he does or doesn't in that
who has 'em, Joe?(Varden, BR,13)1...
it don't matter much to me what the
end is! (Hugh, BR,40)IIf he didn't, It
don't signify(John Willet, BR,56)1...,
that it don't make no distinction between
men and women(Dennis, BR,59)IIdidn't
mean to say all this, but it(lon't much
signify (Gridley, BH,15)IBut O, it don'ε
matter! (Richard, BH,17)IIt don't pay
(Smallweed, BH,21) 「It don't suit me
(George, BH,26)1...,but it don't matter
(Smallweed, BH,34)IIt don't matter(the woman, BH,46)IWhy, George, you ought
to know it don't(Mrs. Bagnet, BH,52)1
...,till it don't know itself;...(George,
BH, 52) 1... .It (foπ,t take a rover,
...(Aid.)IIt don,t matter what it is;...
(Bucket, BH,53)IIt(lon't come out
alto-gether so plain as to please me, but it's
on the cards(Aid.,57)ICf. Well, well 1
1t(lon't matter what Joe said in answer,
but he said a great deal;...(地 の 文)(BR,
78)IThat don't seem very far out of the
way now, do it?(Mrs. Nubbles, ocs,20)l
George, the old girl-can't do anything
that(lon,t do her credit(Bagnet, BH, 34)IBut that don't signify any more, SO
I'11not go into it (Bucket, BH,54)1...,
if that don't seem too strong a word,...
(Dennis, BR,74)1...,and Joe don't want
to hear about them, I dare say (Varden)
Idare say he does not,...(Mrs. Varden,
BR,13) I But the Gallery (lon't quite do
what was expected of it,...(George, BH,
34)IJenny don't know her at all, if you
please, miss (Charley, BH,35)IMiss
Dedlock don,t speak of my eldest son, Sir
Leicester, but my youngest (Mrs.
Rouncewell, BH,58)IIshall die of'em,
if Jeremiah don't strangle. me first(Mrs.
Flintwinch, LD, II, 23) I Cf. Besides
which, Mercury don't like it(地 の 文)(BH,
53)1...,and Ma don't care about any一
thing,...(Miss Jellyby, BH,14)・I The
young man don't seem inclined to keep his word,...(the constable, BH,19)1...
if your ladyship don't happen, by any
chance, to know already ...(Guppy,
BH,29)1...,if my master don,t fall out
with me,...(Jo's mother, BH,31)IWe
never have a servant who don,t drink
(Caddy, BH,30)IHis room-don't look
rich (Krook, BH,11) 1..., and grass
don't grow under his(原 文・,イ タ リ ッ ク)
feet, I can tell ye(Smallweed, BH,33)II
. know so much about so many characters,
high and low, that a piece of information
more or less, don't signify a straw
(Bucket, B月 「,54)
次 例 は,三 人 称 単 数 現 在 の 一 般 動 詞 の 語 尾 一(e)8,助 動 詞doesが 用 い ら れ て い る 同 一 文 脈
で,don'君 が 併 用 さ れ た も の で あ る 。
Your father breaks horses, don't he?
(Gradgrind, H:r,1,2)IHe wants to see some fragment in Captain Hawdon's
writ-ing. He(lon't want to keep it(Smallweed,
BH,26)IHe never does that!(Smallweed)
1)on,t he?(George,、BH,34)1...,he(lon'孟
see me, don't hear me passes me on
to Melchisedech's in Clifford,s Inn,...
(George, BH,47)IAnd she sits down
a-smilin so quiet, and don't pass a word nor
yit a look upon me for having done it,
she don'ε, and I turns agin the wall, I
doos, Mr. Sangsby(Jo, BH,47)IGoes out
pretty well every day, don't she?(Bucket, BH,53)ILooks as if she knew all about
It, don't she? (Guppy, BH,39)IThis is
my Sentiment daughter, Laura plays a
little but(lon,t sing. This is my Comedy
daughter, Kitty-sings a little but don'置
play (Skimpole, BH,43)ISeems a Fate in it,(lon't there? (Snagsby)There does
(Weevle, BH,32)ILooks pretty, don't it?
(Wemmick, GE,25)IIt tells the man thla
Dickensの
作 品 に お け る 口 語 文 法(吉
田)
25
38)IYour
fishing-rod
gets
rayther
rusty;
don't
it, father?
(Young
Jerry,
TTC,
II,
14)IThat
concerns
me, if it don't concern
Sir
Leicester
Dedlock
(Smallweed,
BH,
54)IHere!
never
mind
the bill, or what
it says,
or what
it don't say
(Hugh,
BR,
年8)IDoes
he teach?
(Ada)
No, he don'ε
teach
anything
in particular
(Caddy,
BH,
14)ICf.
Walks
by
night,
does
she?
(Bucket,
BH,53)/That
don't
seem
very
far out of the way,
do it?(Mrs.
Nubbles,
OCS,20)
以 下 は,doが`does'の
代 わ り に 用 い ら れ
た
例 。
But, oh upon
my word
and honour,
young
Joseph
Willet
is a brave
one;and
he do
deserve
her, that he do(Miggs,
BR,.22)l
Well,
she
do(原
文,イ
タ リ ッ ク)look
like
It, that she
do(16昭.,27)IWhat
do Sir
Leicester
care
for. that, you
think,
my
angel?(Mademoiselle
Hortense,
BH,54)l
It do ache
a little, sir (the woman,
BH,
46)ICf.
The
persevering
manner
in which
he
follows
up
that business,
and
gives
himself
no rest from
it it really(iO,
...(Mrs.
Plornish
(=Fanny),
LD,
II,
27)
14.伝 達 部 が 被 伝 達 部 の前 に お か れ,被 伝 達 部 が
疑 問 文 の 時,時 制 が 伝 達 部 の 時 制 と呼 応 して,
接 続 詞`if',`whether'が
介 在 し な い こ とが あ
る。 語 順 は 直 接 法 の ま ま で 疑 問 符 が 用 い られ な
い こと もあ る。 一 種 の 簡 略 化 で あ り,19世 紀 以
後 の 日 常 会 話 な ど で 盛 ん に 用 い ら れ て い
く のる 。
Mr.
Jaggers
left word
would
you
wait
碗 ん∫8 700ηL∼ (the clerk,
GE,20)
I
I said,
C・ 磁
η'診 ㌢・udescribe
the kind・
∫sh・e,
for
monsieur's
information∼
(Defarge,
T7℃,1,6)IOh
if you please,
miss,
Mr.
Carstone
says
would
you come
up-stairs
to Mr・ Skimpole's
room
(the maid,
BH,
6)IHe
sent
me
to say
would
you
come
direct'〃,
... (the
small
servant,
OCS,
65)IWhen
she
saw
me coming
in at the
door,
she called
me back,
and said(五
ゴ1
'ive んere∼and
I said yes,
... (Guster,
BH,59)!And
so she
said
to me,
did I
know
the
way
to
the
burying-ground∼
(1ゐ`(ま.)ISo
she said, coul(i I te〃herんow
to/ind
it, and I said yes,...(16ゴ
〔2.)
l
you
know,
you
said
to me,
was
￠
んis tんe
mis-tress
o∫
置
んe Bleak
House.?
(Esther,
BH,
62)ICf.
Had
Isabel
the same
crowd
with
her
this
week-end,
wondered
William?
K.
Mansfield,"Marriage
A
La
Mode"
15.陥
碗,Howで
は じ ま る 疑 問 文 で は,助
動 詞
`d
o(es)',`did'を
介 在 さ せ な いvsの
語 順 が
み ら れ る(Cf.
There
came
a knock
at the
door.')
What
say
you, Gashford?
(Gordon,
BR,
35)IHa
ha ha!
Courage,
bold
Barnaby,
what
care
we?
(Hugh,
BR,76)IAnd
what
says
he?What
does
he send
me?(Lorry,
:rTC,
III,3)
How
say
you,
friend?
(Gordon,
BR,35)
How
say you, Jacques?
(Jacques
One,
TTC,
II, 15) I How
goes
it,
Jacques?(one
of the customers,τ7℃,1,
5)(the
man,
TTC,
II,23)INow
goes
the
world
with
you,
George,
at the
present
moment?(Bucket,
BH,49)IHow
came
you
there?
(Stag9,
BR,
62) I How
came
we
together?
(Haredale,
BR,66)IHow
carne
it there?(Varden,
BR,3)Ihow
come
you
to be so late?
(Tappertit's
follower,
BR,
8)IMy
good
fellow,
how
come
you to
in- trudein-
yourself
in this extraordinary
man_
ner
upon
the
privacy
of a gentleman?
く
(Chester,
BR,75)IHow
comes
he to be
here?
(Chester,
jBR, 10) I How
came
you
to be so ill informed? (Gashford, BR,
48)1...んow came itto be that man;んow
comes んe to have this influence over her;
from me;and, more than all, how came
sんe not to say it was a sudden fright,
and nothing more? (Varden, BR,6)I
Simon,んow comes it that you return home
at this time of night, and in.this
condi-tion? (16id.,51)
16.助
動 詞`do(es)'を
用 い な い で,一
般 動 詞
の
後 にnotを
添 加 す る 古 風 な 否 定 形 が あ る 。
...'
come
to I know
not what
harm
...(Defarge,
TTC,
1,5)1...,and
Iknow
not what(Stagg,
BR,69)IIknow
not where
to look,..。It
matters
not!
I
go,
in this
instant
of time!
(Baptist,
LD,
II,22)IOnce
again,
I say it matters
not(1δ
ε(1.,13)IIsay
not a word
(Lady
Dedlock,
BH,41)【...
I care
not what
...(Haredale,
BR,12)ISay
not
an-other
syllable(Swiveller,
ocs,2)Isay
nottome
it is not(原
文,イ
タ リ ッ ク)the
lamp
of lamps
(Chadband,
BH,25)ICa〃
it not kindness(Flora,
LD,
II,34)ITempt
not the woman
that doth
incline
her
ear
to thee,
but
hearken
to the
voice
of
him
that
calleth
(the
preacher,
ocs,
41)
17.う ち と け た 話 し 言 葉 で は,oughtは
時 々 一 種
の 語 幹(stem)と
解 さ れ, did notを
用 い て 否
く
定 文 が つ く ら れ る 。
Howsever
they
come,
they
(∫
ピ
伽't ought
to come,
and
they
come
from
the father
of lies, and work
round
to the same(Joe,
GE,9)
18.Shan't
I give you a piece
of anything
at
all, miss?(Guppy,
BH,9)/Haven't
I seen
you
in the Fleet
over
and over
again,
for
contempt?(Bucket,
BH,24)'に
み ら れ る よ う
に 口 語 英 語 で は,否
定 語 が 文 の は じ め の 方 に 好
ん で 用 い ら れ る(Cf.
I didn't
use
to like
こ り
him)。
hadゐ
就 陀7,'碗
に お い て も こ れ と 同 様 の 現 象
が み ら れ る 。to letは
一 般 に,実
動 詞(full
verb)
く う の よ う に と り あ っ か わ れ て い る 。
Ha(ln't you better say two fifty?(B'ucket,' BH, 54) I Ha(ln't you better go to bed?
(George,、BH,58)IHa(ln't you better see
whether he had any papers that may
en-lighten you? (Tulkinghorn, BH, 11) I Cf.
But you had better notbe seen about here
(Guppy, BH,20)/There are strings in the human heart that had better not be
wibrated(Tappertit,、BR,22)/Ithink we
had best not speak to him just now, or at
all disturb him (Miss Pross,:FTC, II,
18)
Don't let's have any wrangling (Miss Sally, ocs,51)ICome, Dolly, dear Dolly,
don't let us part like this (Joe, 、BjR,31) I
Come, Martha, my dear, let us have tea,
and(ton't let us talk about sots (Varden,
BR,13)INay, Martha, don'彦let us bear
too hard upon him (1占 ∫(∫.,41)ICf. Oh well, don't let us quarrel(Peacock)(K.
Mansfield,"Mr. Reginald Peacock's Day")!
Don't let me interrupt you, sir(Swiveller,
ocs,66)IDon't let me hear no more of
you, or you shall feel some more of me (Cruncher, TTC, II,14)IBut don't let me
interrupt you (Haredale, BR,12)IDon't
let me see where you put it either
(Chester, RR,23)1...,and don,ε (∫oガ 孟
let me die because of a mistake
(Dennis, BR,77)1...,(ion't let me see
your hand go nigh'em (the guard, TTC, 1,2)IDon't let my brother know(George,
BH,55)IThen, fetch me a pint of warm ale, and (lon't let nobody bring into the
room even so much as a biscuit till the
time arrives (Codlin, oc∫, 18) Don,置
let your sober face elate you, however;...
(Carton, T7℃, II, 4)INow, (ton,t let
my'announcement of the name make you
uncomfortable, Sidney,...(Stryver, TTC,
Dickensの
作 品 に お け る 口語 文 法(吉
田)
27
(Bucket, BH,54)IAnd harkee, my dear
young gentleman, the next time you dream,
don't let it be of me, but of some dog or
horse with whom you are better acquaint_
ed(Chester, BR,28)ID・n't let there be.
words on my account, mim (Miggs, BR,
41)'IIdidn't let George see what I thought
about it, you know, miss,...(Mrs, Bagnet,
BH,52)
19,二 人 称 ・三 人 称 単 数 直 接 法 現 在 の 動 詞 の 語 尾
に 一(e)部,一(e)此
を つ け る 古 い 手 法 が 厳 粛 な
くヨの
散 文 に 残 存 し て い る 。
Thou
seest
how
much
of an idiot he is,
book_learner
(the
gentleman,、BR,47)lI
know
what
thou
want'8孟
...(16ご(∫.)I
The
captain
joketh(Stagg,
BR,8)IMY
captain
breaketh
hearts
as other
bache- lors
break
eggs
at breakfast
(16`〔1.,
18)
dost,舳8置
が そ れ ぞ れ,主
語 がthouの
時,
`d
o',`have'の
古 語 と し て 用 い ら れ る 。
Where
dost come
from?(the
gentleman,
BR,47)IAnd
how
long
hast thou been
an
idiot?(1配d.)IWhoんast
thou
got here?
(Ibid.)IWhat
hast got in that basket,
lazy
hound?
(Aid.)IOh
Thou,
who
hast taught
me
such
deep
love
for this one
remnant
of the promise
of a happy
life,...(Mrs.
Rudge一
一 →God,
BR,17)
20.to go, to comeの
次 に 前 置 詞 ま た は 副 詞 が
く る 場 合 に は,動
詞 が 省 略 さ れ る こ と が あ る 。
く ラ
to letの
後 で は こ の 省 略 は 珍 し く な い 。
Let
us to supper
(Barnaby,
BR,17)
[
Cf, He
will
then
let you
in(one
of the
oldest
of clerks,
TTC,
II, 2)II'm
away
to Lincolnshire,
to bring
that
old lady
here
(Mrs.
Bagnet,
BH,52)INow,1'm
away
into
Lincolnshire
after
George's
mother!
(Ibid.)
the
board
have
determined
to have
くヨの
