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(1)Title. How much Can EFL Learners Self-Correct?. Author(s). 牧野, 高吉. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 43(1): 95-102. Issue Date. 1992-07. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/4246. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) . 平成4年7月. 北海道教育大学紀要 (第1部A) 第43巻 第1号 I i Sec t i t i do Uni i onIA) VO Journalof Hokka ty of]取iuca on( .I ver s .43 , NO. HOW M[uch Can EFL. Learners. ly l992 Ju. ? sel f‐Correct. Taka‐Yoshi MAKINO l i l i i Depar tment of Eng t ) s sh (Eng sh Li ngui cs i i Hokka do Uni t Kushi i ty of Educat vers ro on a i do 085 JAPAN Sh ro royama , Hokkai , Kushi. Abstract. The purpose ofthi ) nt s stoinvestigate how muchteachercues(orhi s paperi he i lpl )are more ndsofcues(orhi nts rovm errors eamerscorrectthe ,and whatki l Lco l l l f i i EFL F h EF i f f i t t i t J r t c c n n c a s s o oms a a n s e one r e s e ege n o e e c v e ‐ ‐ e g p y g ‐ students we re sa red to correct their o▽のn en ors according to ]npl ed and requi. i i teacher cues sh s paper also examines how the acquisition orders of Engl . Th ical mor l lchangethrough self‐correction wi th teacher cues. grannmat phemes wi. i l lows The results ofthes tudy are su皿mar zed as fo. 1 i l )the more deta ed. ly i i 2 lpthel teachercueshe )even rownerrors moreeas eamerstoconectthe ,and( 1 1ys ightchangesinthe acquisitionorders 1 thde tai wi edteachercues,there wereon l morphemesstudi l i i ca ed sh graEnmat ofthe Eng ‐. 1 ion . lntroduct The mostdeve loped research areain EFL/ESLi l i s acquisition orders ofEng sh gr am- ical mo hemes lys i tudi mat esarebased on an ana soferrors madeby EFL/ l 1 ) . The morphemes. ESL 1earners・. Leanユer e ing . ]ors are seen as a natura1 and i ndi spensabl e pan ofthe .eanl. i i bl i l h dt l process . ,and en「orsare nevta es nce ean・ersareencourage oexp oret etargetlanguage l h Theteacher a l b f d f h ki i i d i t so uses ean・er errors as a ass or ec ng w ere ur er wor s necessary.. Theissue ofcorrectivefeedbacki ign/second1anguage1ea i nfore . つ l ngi jor sa1 so one ofthe ma i ld oferroranalysis. How and whenshoul dlanguageteacherscorrect topi csintheresearchf e ‐ hat k lean・er errors? ▽V inds of con「ective f f i ve? ▽Vhat kinds of teacher eedback are ef ect. f l f i ioninl l i ign/second cues( )are moreef ect vei nse 「 ect orhints earni ng ofEng sh asafore ‐con language?. Errorconr ioni ect sconsideredthe mainsourceoffeedbackforforeignlanguagelearners. imstoi igate( 1 f i l f ) t - (Chaudronl988: 132 ) whatki nves spapera ndofcuesi vei nse sef ect .Thi ion i i ig]/secondlanguage and( correct 2 nl ng of Engl sh as a fore earni )how the acquisition. l l change th ; rough self-correction in Eng l i orders wi sh classrooms. Thi s study uses data of 95.

(3) . Taka ‐Yoshi MAKIN0. i limpl ions of Eng i l i t also proposes some pedagogi ca ‐ tten conect th teacher cues. l wr sh wi lass ign/secondlanguagei ionstot i rooms heteaching ofEngl nc sh as a fore cat .. 2 terat t l コ re ew ofthe Li . Revi ioni one ofthe majori s when andhow tocorrectlearnererrors ssuesinerrorconect ,and. i鱒]/second i f i i sh as a fore vei nl earn ng of Engl ect what ki nds of corrective feedback are ef f f i 1 i t to 1988 1assroom- Chaudron ( ) ment cu 1an停えage i onS that it seems extreme1y di n the c i i f f f ty tudentswantthe i f teofthi rteacherstocorrecterrors cul sdi ect ver ysuchanef ‐ lnspi ,s for d the reoccun「ence of student enors through ts to avoi and the teachers try to make ef l i i ing the i ider de the teachers i ion. Enor cat r imp ons for nput for cons conect so provi s al languageteaching. i 1988 l Chaudron( t 1 )a ngenorsare ambig sosugges sthatthe waysofcorrect lousand not ′ ly coherent tis,languageteachers have to considerleanling situations,leanュer necessari . Tha l dthenatureoferrors fl ] n rected types . vvhenand how eanlererrorsareco ,an ,purposeo essons ly ia l lated to the purpose oflanguage learni i ly re ng si s an espec ng and teachi s di rect . Thi ‐ di f f i tissueforcom municative methodsoflan罫1ageteaching whichisfocussed oncom munl cul. i ion( in t cfomns cat s or meaning)ratherthanl き犯i . i i l tuat thoughthe s lfeedback i s on in Japan i s em forteacher s a common probl ,a ,ora l ft h l d k E l i hi / d t d t i d t t t t l i a s s r o om o na n ro u o ec e n s n o n s o a s s u n s e a n o n e ma e c u a r p g . t y p , l f i f f d b t erencesin i dered tha tthere are two reasons why thi si s so: par y ecause o l s cons ly because Engl i t tu staught by gram mar-translation methods, and cul コ ral values shi , and par i l tests to enter hi t tutes ofleal rning i ns students have to take ma nly paper‐and‐penci gheri i l focus on the analysis of errors of Engl l ch 1an l sh whi tudy wi 991 (AI ss ) ‐ Therefore,thi i l l i ltests byjapaneseco tudent ‐ ng Eー塑l sh asafor eami sl eges occunedi nthe paper ‐penc ‐and ignlanguage e ‐ . ioni ideredthatenor jorsourceoffeedback lyspeaki Genera l ti sa ma correct scons ‐ ng ,i fortheleanlers. Teacherstendtocon「ectlearnererrorsas 中uch aspossible,eveniftheerrors languageand f ferencesbetweenl heynot i i ica nter ean.eri ced j [ nongleanュers whent aresystemat ,. ) thetargetlangt eczorek l991 iage N▽i ‐ ′ i i f ferencebetweenlean1er 1no 1ys i ther words,e1 ngthedi コ 「orana z sone wayofcharacter si ) lanを鶏ageandthetarge tlan圭型ageinforei chardsl971 i earning(Ri nter gl llan≦犯agel ‐ However, i fd i t f h f f i t b someresearchershaveexpresseddou to t ee ectvenesso rec errorconec on(Krashen ’ ’ “ l1983 ) earners makeerrors as a natural pro- 1982; Krashen and Terrel き担agel ,becauselan. flan罫iageleami ) ▽Vi eczorek 1991 cess o ng( . i imes notice some ofthe lnt t r errors by he process oflanguageleanュing,lean]erssome. 96.

(4) . l f 日ow M 【 -Co t? ersSe ] ばec uch Can EFL Leanl. in i hey also correct some ofthe themselves( i toring) r ovvn errors ( n other words, moni , and t forexamnpl l f i )to )give cues( ) whenotherpeopl nt s orhi e ng e( other words ‐correct ,teachers ,se L hato副 i the □ nest r errors・ The Present writer assui ylean.ers who cancorrecttheir own errors l i ly i ly act i in i ivatethe t ) s n can f rl s c knowl edge st ccompetence( ul を型i ≦猟i . Unfo出 血ate ,therei l lusethe Procedures ProPosedinthe nextsection‐ l i l t t nthi sstudy wi eresearchi s area,andthi 1977a & b)havecons Among others,Dulayand Bur 1973 t t( ruc ‐ ,1974a & b)and Krashen( l i l T h h b i i i d fE l i h t h t i s v a d i l d a n nma c a e e r n n r e r s t t mo r m e s e r e a v e e e a c s o o o ng s gr veysu e pe qu , ike ( 1983 1981 ) ) and Ko no ( tudi ject s s es focussed on JaPanese as sub . Among these , Maki fE l i h l h b l d fE i i i i i l h J d i d t t lnerso ng s tu e acqus on or ers o ng s gramma ca morP emes y apanese ea s i f i i lat 1981 l ly th )reachedas on wi cantcorre no( asaf orei容ソsecondlanを型age gni ‐ Especia ,Maki 1977b) l i i l morPhemesproposedby Krashen( t the ”naturalorder’ofEng sh gran lma ca ,. 3. Study P1an and Hypotheses lege f ing ight col Thesub i tudy tudy were forty‐e ject resh血en who had been s ss sin th. ix yearsi i i Eng l i ject njapan vehoursa week. Eachsub sh as afore gr llanー犯agefors ,threetof i l i i t nto Engl sh c was given 50 minutes to translate twenty jaPanese sentencesi ‐ ln ordertoe i i lsubject ofeach sentence was given in Printi data n Engl nning sh atthebegi 1mat ca ,the gran i t ten data whi chfocus sed on leanler en「orsi n ofthe sentence on the answersheet. Thus , wr l l i l i . h l d l i i i t h t t E l i r n ne ng s granQnna ca morp emes wa s sa工np e : a c e, aux ary, copu a, regu ar pas, i d3 d i l . Lean l l i f ‐ tyofse i ・erabi rregularpast,Possessive,plural ,progress ve, an r …person‐s ngu ar ical ici ion wa tdata,each granunat conr ect sexannined andinvestigated‐ lnthe Procedurestoel igator ive orsix ob1 l r 1orpheme hadf ↑ 1 ゾ occunences ‐. l l i i lows: The procedure to e tda ta was asfo c 1 i tcoPy withoutcuestothestudents‐ Thestudents were rstcoPy: Toretuln thef rs ‐ Fi. i temsof whi supposed to determine the ]ばors and to n ned to be e r own errors ori chthey assuj i hem bythemselves asfar as Possible. 1nthiscase,thestudentshadtof d ndenors 鑓I correctt ider wha tki al so cons ndsoferrorsthey werei n orderto correctthem‐ 2 inning ofthe th (X) marks at the beg etum the second copy wi ‐ Second copy: To r. i i inthes i tudentshadtof sentences wh ammat cal nde ー .orsandcoーnectthem ch were 皿 容「 ‐ Aga f i i h d t f i d bythemse lves l h i t t t i t rs sthanthoseinthef ‐ nt scase, waseaser or es u ents o n error heteachers had markedthesentences wi th errors‐ copy,becauset 3. Th i i lerrors ththecue )wherethegrammat ( rd copy: To returnthethi rdcopy wi ca s Th d h h dt h i l i t t t tt theerrors wereunder e n s n a es u e r r e c e rowne rrors were( nedthi stime) oc o ‐ ‐. lnth i i i derwhatki scase,thestudentsdidnothavetof ndtheerrors ndsoferrors ,buthadtocons they werei n order to correctthem‐ Thesub ject r own errorsbythi s Procedure,andthistask was given to shadto correctthei 97.

(5) . Taka ‐Yoshi MAKIN0. i ions werefocussed on the nine gr鑓鎚matical i i t ted comPos thesub t jec c s every other week‐ E1 lows ia was asfol i ter : 宝norpher 〕 Qes r ‐ The actua1scoring c .wmbus wasAdner i a ca . Co . ica. A i b. Colwmbus di I I 1er v r n sco e g L ica. l c 1 1 ler u民nbus was discover AL . Co i d ca scover Amer umnbusdi , . Col AL ica d i C l b v r 1 1 l r s c e s e o u m n s e o u - ‐ f lumnbusd i d discover ALI I 1erica. . Co i l scovered Amer ca umnbusdiddi g ‐ Co ica・ h l 1 1 ler umnbusdi scovered AL ・ Co. ’ diddi ialpoi 5 i ia wasthatpart ) were givento’ ter scover” or A characteristic ofthi nt s(. scr ”diddi ikethese. scovered” andthe expressionsl l lows Thehypothesestestedi nthi sstudy are asfo l f ‐ i ledthe cues( ta )to the errors, the hi l. The more de nts or hi gher the ratio ofse ion wi 1 1be co ] n ↑ ect . l i ion orders ofEng i 2. St t s sh udentself‐correction does not cause changesintheacqui ica1lnorphe 】nes 】誼mat g宝a .. l ln Hypo i )totheerror i ti nt s sl eadto thes edcues( orhi sl sassunnedthatthe moredeta ,i f f lydi i ti tforthestudents igherrate ofstudentself-correction. ln mostcases,i ah cul se×treme tor or cone to n 【 : loni r own errors. ctthei. However the present wri fthe hati ter assumed t ,. i lp( inthi ) etocorrectthem. rerrors students havesomehe softhe scase ,they maybeabl ,hint i i ti ingui ln other words,they have to activate thei t s2 s c competence. For Hypothes s r1 ,i i l lnotchange i ion order ofEngl t sh morphemes wi regardedthattheacqui s . Thepresent writer l i i ionorderi i t hateveni fstudents correctthe thsome he s s assu j 訂 nst rown errors wi p ,theacqu l ingui i i tytocorrecttheenorsatthesa1ne i t tratethe rl cabi s notchanged ,becausetheydemons rate .. l 民 l 4 tsand Discuss1on . Res i igina l( 0 1 f tcopy( ) Theda l lass i i l ) rs taco :or edintofourgroups ected wasc ,f ,secondcopy ly,78s tudentsin 3 2 ) Idthi rd copy( ( )al ‐ Thenumnberoftheanswersheetsscored was48(actual l l i tendeda tudy tudent i t the Engl sat ci sh course ofthe university par patedinthes ,butonly48s lassper i ) ods ofthefow c . io(%)ofcorrectanswers Tabl n stabl e also showsthe changesi elshowstherat ‐ Thi l lt h b l G l l k i i l t f Engl i e su jecs coud error rates o sh granlmatca morphemes ‐ enera y spea ng ,a. 98.

(6) H o w. M u c h C a n E F L L e a m e r s S elf‐ C o r r e ct ?. c o r r e c t t h e ir e r r o r s t o s o m e e x t e n t, e v e n if n o C u e w a s 惇 v e n t o t h e e r r o r s‐ T h e m o r e d e t a il e d c u e s l e d t o h i g h e r r a t i o s o f e r r o r c o r r e c t i o n i s v e r i fi e d t h a t t h e c u e s g i v e n m a d e t h e s t u d e n t s u s e t h e i r o w n li n g u i s t i c c o m p e t e n c e . T h e r e f o r e , H y p o t h e s i s l i n t h i s s t u d y i s s u p p o r t e d ‐. A r ti c l e A u x i1i a .r y C o p ula R e g ula r P a st l n 「e g u l a r P a s t. P 1u r al P o ss e ssiv e P r o g て e s siv e. 3r d - S in g ‐ P r es T a ble 1. 1. 2. 3. 7 1.1. 6 8 .1. 8 4.4. ‘ VC. 0. 7 十7. 十. 7 十7. 十. r 7o. f. に リo. o. ハ D。. X. 「. ﹇へへ. りり. O Xだ. nU. に り亡. 3. 7 9‐7. 8 3 .0. 8 5‐5. 7 6‐0. 8 2 .2. 9 3‐4. 7 4.6. 6 4.1. 7 0.1. 5 9.9. 6 2.9. 6 8.4. 6 2‐3. 6 6 .1 6 9 .0. 7 2.1. 8 9‐0. 9 4‐3. 6 5‐8. 7 5‐5. U. 6 9‐5 U. 8 4‐3 5 7. 8. 7 7‐8. T h e r a ti o ( % ) o f c o r r e c t a n s w e r s o f E n g li s h g 1r a m m a t i c a l m o r P h e l m e s. N e x t a s f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o r d e r s o f t h e n i n e E n g li s h g r a m m a t i c a l m o r p h e m e s T a b l e 2 , ,. s h o w s t h e a c q u i s iti o n o r d e r s o f m o r p h e ー n e s f r o m. e a s i e r t o m o r e d i f fi c u lt o n e s . T h e o r d e r s i n e a c h g r o u p w e r e q u i t e s i m il a r , a n d a lt h o u g h t h e r e w e r e s li g h t d i f f e r e n c e s a E n o n g g r o u p s , t h e d e g r e e o f d i ff e r e n c e w a s n o t g r e a t. l n T a b l e 2, K a n d ハ な i n d i c a t e t h e a c q u i s it i o n o r d e r s b y. K r a s h e n (1 9 7 7 b ) a n d M a k i n o ( 1 9 8 1 ) r e s p e c t i v e l y . 1 n t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c o P i e s t h e o r d e r s o f , , t h e p o s s e s s i v e a n d 3 r d ‐ p e r s o n - s i n g u l a r w e r e h i g h e r, b e c a u s e t h e o r d e r o f r e g u l a r p a s t w a s l o w e r t h a n t h a t i n t h e fi r s t c o p y ‐. T h e r e w e r e s o】 m e d if f e r e n c e t h e d if f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n ハ 4 a k i n o , n. V. 1. 2. 3. ハ4. K. P r o g r e s si v e. l. I. I. I. I. I. A u x i1i a r y. 2‐5. 2. 2. 3. 6. 4. 2 ‐5. 3. 3. 2. 4. 3. C o p ul a A r ti c l e. 4. 5. 5. 4. 2. 5. P 1u r a1. 5. 7. 6. 7. 3. 2. P o ss e ssiv e. 6. 6. 4. 5. 5. 9. R e g ular P a st. 7. 4. 8. 8. 7. 7. 3r d - S in g ‐ P res. 8. 9. 7. 6. 8. 8. 1r r e g ul a r P a st. 9. 8. 9. 9. 9. 6. T a ble 2. C o i n p a r i s o n o f a c q u i s iti o n o r d e r s. o f E n g li s h g r a m m a t i c a i m 。 r p h e m e s. (1 9 8 1). a lI d t h i s s t u d y i n t h e o r d e r s o f a u x ili a I γ , a r t i c l e a n d p l u r a l. T h e 。 可 y r e a s o n s t h a t t h e. 99.

(7) . . i MAKIN0 Taka ‐Yosh. 1s tudent 1981 s )werej tmiorhi f ferarethatthesub ject tercan o ghschoo sof Makino( present wri f f l lege students, and that there were di erences between the tudy were co n thi ss andthose i tudi fdatae l i i ionforthetwos es tat c i res o procedu . i ion ordersi t f i i e2 n Tabl s c entofacqui Tabl ‐ e3showsthe Spearman Rank order Coef i h l t h i i a r e d fE l t e m s l u r e e h c a mo h T b l 3 i r s amma q p Accordingto a e , ti sc eart att e or e o ng s gr. o 1 2 3 M. I ** ‐867. 2 ** .929 本* ‐783. K. 3. . ** .913 * .750. ** .804 .550. * ‐763 * .667. ** ‐950. * ‐683 * ‐683. .533 ‐517. * .667 **P < 01 . *p < 05 ‐ f i i Tabl c ent e3 Spearman Rank order C0ef h l morP elnes i l i t ca amma 1 ofEng sh g 「. d iii lat ion hattherei lar ai i sahi n nong subgrouPs andt 1 1 ghcorre s” . Adoreover ,the acqu st on or er i l ted,that sosuppor s2i sa lateshighly wi ththem. Therefore 1981 )corre of Makino( ,Hypothes. l ves fthesub r errors bythemse ject i ion order does not change even i s correctthei t the acqui s 1 d ft h i d i t r ate i i c o r e h h 1 r t h 1 dt e s ssu y o att e acqus on or saso note ththe cues by teac ers. ti wi l l i fai l ththe ”natural order” as we r ghly wi ‐ y軸. 5. i ions l Conc 1 m L cat call onsand Pedagogi usi pl. rning nl ea i rown errorsi Thi t tudy hasi nves ss gated how much studentscan co]ばectthei d dtreat stu ent errors. ignlanguagei l Eng i nthe classroom,and how teachersshoul sh as a fore ld be nds of e I Torsshou There have been several s tudi es on how to correct errors, what ki 1wr i 1975 f )poi ionalef nted s ect hepurposeoferrorcorrection andtheeducat ght( corrected t . AI. , thout tthe right answers wi vejus hati outt n rnost cases teachers tend to spot errors and gi. 1977 )al i so ques” i d not havecoherence ions hatthe r error treatment d explanat . Long( ,andt i l i i l rnng or not ーproves anguage ea i nenorcorrect on lロ ‐ t oned whetherthelack ofcoherencei i f i ia lenviron‐ t c i imi tat ofcourse,there maybel onsimposedbythelack ofcoherenceinthear l i i bi ty oflearner self‐cor‐ s flanguage classroom to some extent. Therefore nnent o ,the pos i ion wasf nth sstudy rect ocussed oni . l i tytocorrect tudent twasprovedthats shavesomeabi Ascanbeseenin Tabl es2and3 ,i i it i tence i t th i l bi l i t t h i the s ・ r own errors:that i ,they ave some a ty o ac vae er ngus c compe 100.

(8) . HOW M [ l f ‐Co t? uch Can EFL Leanl sse er 1 ec M oreover i fcues(orhi i l l lbe )aregi ty wi s also provedthati nts ventotheerrors sabi , t wa ,thi ivated mor f i l f i i ly Therefore as Anwr ight( 1975 1977 ) and Long ( act ) e ef ve ect c ent y and ef. . , i ly ti ver simportantforteachersnottogi orcorrectthem)immediate ghtanswers( pointedout,i , bu l ll ivat i in≦塑i i tto givesomecues(orhints t )to correcttheerrors whi t ch wi eadtoac ngthel s c ld not give r i idedly in teaching languages,but competence ght answers one-s ‐ Teachers shou f‐di should develop methods to correct errors which help students sel scover , and provide. f i l l -di methodsi n whi scover ng ean・thelanguage whi e they are se ch studentsl ng so, . ln doi 1earners wi 1 1 activate 1inguistic creativity which is the nature of1anguage 1earning in any i ion. tuat s. l l l(or uni i ion order of Engl t has been proved that there i i )acqui t s a natura versa s sh ical l r ーorphe ー 1 ー es graEn庄ーat ,. Thi i i ion order ty in the acqui t s means that there i s universal s. f student age or learning experience. l ti regardless o s also clear that the anangement of i lmorphemesini IEngl i i lmat ca tmiorhighschoo shtextbookspubl nJapani shedi snotbased gran i i f i on s c ent cevidence sstudy has demonstratedthatsome morphemes are always easier . Thi f f i l than other morphernesandthatsome are moredi tthanothersforany kind oflearnersof cu l ldl Eng i ly ike to emphasize that textbook writers shou ld sh - Final ,the present writer wou l ing Eng i l i consider andkeepi n mindthi sf ndi ngin compi sh textbooks‐. Fu l lbenecessaryi four purposei therresearch on thesei i r ssues wi sto understand andto. in how leamersacqui i l l i惇I/secondlan罫]age exla re/ eam ski sand knowl edgein a fore . Con‐ h i b i h l d d l i h i i t t t t f d b k i l r e s e a c e xam l l f ‐ r s ou ne a r nue ea ons p e ween correc ve ee ac ( especa y,se ion)ar l l ly. t tudi correc Id acquisition orders of morphemesbothlongi na y and cross‐sectional. References. AI 1an idging the Gap Between Com munication and Conection‐ ‐ Tape joul・lals: Br , D.1991 E工T 入彰γ“〆 45:1 ‐ ,61-6 AI 1wr ight emsi ntheStudyofthe Lan主犯age Teachers TreatmentofLealner - Probl ,R.L‐1975 Error l B D l t d 25‐ 96-109 L’ n r ) I u an uay( eds n啓on,D‐C‐ . ‐ ‐ 0れ てESO ‐ TESOL: Wrashi Brov idge vn, R‐ 1973 ard University Press :Cannbr ‐ Hanr . A FZおZ 乙α“gz”zgg ‐ , M[ass Burt M K and 日 C Du l d 1 9 7 5 0 7 ) ay( es 2 ZESO乙 5. TESOL: Wrashin啓on D.C‐ ‐ ‐ , .‐ ‐ . ‐ 7. , Chaudron 9 C 1 8 S 8 〆 L C函$ α 尺 姦 Z 廟 L e c o ” α “ 加 E Z “の 吻 α 7 2 γ 7 22%g ′ 8 s 8 α冗 o ” e α c e α jn- “ 卵 野 g . - Ca , - br i i i P dge Unversty ress: Cannbr idge . Du lay ld 汎r ldren Syntax? Lαれ卵郡 t e Teach Chi z ge 乙eのり““g .1973 ‐ Shou , H.C‐and M‐K‐Bmr 23:2 ‐ ,245-58 Du lay 4a ISequencesi ldSecond Lan i ・d M.K‐ Bmrt ion t n Chi s ‐197 ≦犯age Acqui . Natura , H‐C‐ar . Lα 3 7 5 3 2L8 ‐ 7 2拶姻gE αγ“Z“g 24:1 ‐ , Du lay i i l ve Constn・ctionin Ch d .1974b . A New perspective onthe Creat , 日.C.and M.K.Burt Second Language Acqui i i 乙 乙 t 2 2 4 2 2 5 3 7 8 ‐ s on α 7 2 雄 z e α γ 7 e 2 “ ; g g g ‐ . , Du lay ) eds “な o 7 2五7 2g蕨た 餌 α 秘 の7 2〆 Lα 7 2 g脚8B ‐ .1977 . 隣gwかぎ ,H‐C.and M‐Finocchiaro( . 152- 101.

(9) . Taka i MAKIN0 ‐Yosh. 61 : New York. s .Regent i Zねo“. oxford Univers ty Press: oxford R 1 5 び EI 1 i 9 8 2 S 2de鷲加“燐”g seの“d Lα2 g””ge Acq”Z s . . 7 , . ford B 1 k l l 0 A 訪 わ 乙 声 S 〆 9 9 0 正 α EI R 1 か Z z a c w e : x 1 i 2 ” c α 7 2 雄 E 7 2 ’ ” e の“ s e q 夢 琴 s . . ‐ , . ‘勿α川 物γ彰Z sfmZ Z SZ egg s 物 α Koike γ鑑 勿だs 鰯〆 尺8 .1983 . Acq“競 加“ qf Cm粥mα海α ,1 i Seの7 ng Company: Tokyo shi shukan Publ 2〆 Lα 7 2g z α z ga Tai . lfor Ad山tSecondLan罫lagePerformance i torM[ode K ; rashen .ln Dulayand ・ The M[on ,S.1977a S: New 7 2g粥g8 Finocchiaro( 2α Lα ) 2g互紡 餌 α SBの7 ”Z so 7 2 β7 e閉めoZ eds .Regent . 15 61 . . VZ York. ioandCrymes l lat tor Mode ingtothe Moni Krashen . ln Brown ,Yor . Somelssues Re ,S.1977b ’ i ng;on SO乙 77 ( ) 2 て五 eds . TESOL: Washi ,D.C‐ . 144‐58 . . 07 Z Z Krashen 7 2 “ Seの“d Lα sα 7 2d Pmc c 8Z g g躍増g Acq“声訪わ“‐ Pergamon Press: ‐ P“”cめ‘ ,S.1982 oxford . l l Krashen l non Press: oxford ◇αじカ . ー Perga .1983 - 入たの““〆 APの〆 ,S.and C. Tene Brown Yo l io i C i i M [ her Feedback on Learner Er t n r ル 1 1 9 7 7 n o n s Long T a o r : e a c r o g n P P g ‐ , ‐ , ‐ ’ D C W r h i TE S OL i …罫on SO工 77 : as n ) and CねれPe 2 z五 s( eds ・ 278‐93 ・ , .・ - ‐ 〇7 Makino ‐ , T‐Y. 1981. Acq“観“◇〃 ○〆deγ qf β“g猿ね 肌のめれの喝g g s”“ぁ‐ e A ぬ‘ s ay 超 蹴れβ s. Shinozakishor in Press: Tokyo . i N i - APProachto Error Ana s t t “g 1 9 7 1 2g応え乙α 7 2g粥z d A n r v e s Ri h o n c o a s 丁 g8乙如γ“Z c ar s . . E7 ‐ ,. 2 4 ‐ 1 25:3 0 9 . , P i i h i language Anal luat ion s 訳′ i ys eczorek, j , and the retert n t e , lnter .A. 1991 ‐ Error Eva ゴ ロ i SPa U 47:3 2 z 7 2 乙α7 7 2αd放れ ルイ odeγ sh L2 C1assroom‐ Cα g躍増β Re諺8 . ,498‐511 i i l (Professor ofEng t ) ngui cs sh Li s. 102.

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