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高校英語教育におけるコミュニケーション活動 : 「英作文」と「読解」の新しい展開

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(1)Title. 高校英語教育におけるコミュニケーション活動 : 「英作文」と「読解」 の新しい展開. Author(s). 森永, 正治; 竹内, 典彦. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. C, 教育科学編, 44(2): 147-158. Issue Date. 1994-03. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/5320. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) . 平成6年3月. 北海道教育大学紀要 (第1部C) 第44巻 第2号 2 1 44 Sec i i 数iucat t i ty of] on( onIC) VO lof Hokkaido Unive ls jouma ‐ ‐ ,No. M鑓r ch ,1994. ‐ COMMUN ICATIVEACTIVITIESINSENIOR HIGHSCHOOLCLASSES -Wi th SpeciaI Referenceto Free Composition and Reading-. M[asaharu M[ORINAGA. Norihiko TAKBUCHI. I.lntroduction tEn l s country, but a kind of culture which s no longer afadinthi sh conversation’i gi l ish con‐ iety. Whi l has beco・ne a biggerandbigger partofour soc [ lore Eng Lore and n e po f ion s 1 Qany students, there also are a nunQber o versat chools are opening and drawing l Engl ishlanguage pQaterials. An examLple ofthese nlaterialsincludes advertiselnentsfor ish conver- thenQf oundin nュany kindsofbooks・ whenever newspapers announce an Engl icants‐ The sanle phe‐ i i l led wi izens i i kl f ion se・ninar for ci th eager appl t sat , t s qu c y no1menon i s occurring in conversation selninars instructed by AETS appointed by local towns and c i i t es‐ ’ tEn l f ice workers, especially wo1 th of O Qen. gish conversation used to be associated wi But today students are, for examLp1e, housewives, far1mers, shopkeepers, factory work- ies and ly because today qui te a few ci t ical ly anyone else. This is part ers, and pract b i izens and townspQen abroad to prol t f i d h i t t i i t towns send ci t l コ Lo e ren s p e ween s s er c es or ion o fthe culture and industry of other advanced countries. Behind thi observat s phe‐. i felong education‐ no. エ ーenon, there see立ーs to be a keen consciousness of peop1 e toward l Another reason i tudying overseas attract our attention mLore and sthattraveling and s DQore. VVhereas ch i ldren and grown‐ups are anxious to go --- or are made to go. to. Engl ish conversation school s,junior and senior high school students go to “juku” or th schoolstud‐ n order to pass entrance exanlinations or keep up wi preparatory schoolsi ies. l luenced by the tEnglish conversation boo1m’ and do not t seenQs they are notinf ive co] have enough t in □ □ Lpetence. For one rea- 【 le to thi ヒ ュnQunicat nk ofinQproving their con son, their parents are eager to nlake thenQ succeed i n entrance exanls, behind whi chi s. l ire for higher education, a proof of whi the des s than before ch i s that mLany mLore gir t ’i lege. As a result, entrance exanlination hel l i l lther ightexpres- hope to go to col sst ion‐ sion for describing the present situat. A1so ロユany students have great di f f icul ty ,. ish classes atschool keeping pace wi th Engl . Thereis so nluch to learn fronlthe begin- i i izetheex- t ning ofjuniorhigh schooltotheend ofsenior high schoolthat we cannotcr c istence o fjuku schoolsinthatrespect.. ish,i f f icul f Therefore,from the viewpointofteachers ofEngl ic tis di tto havesuf i ent iceco] ive ac i ly occupi iv i ies. Vr t t t □ Qmunicat l l : le to pract e are busi edin teaching granQn・ar,. 147.

(3) . Masaharu MORINAGA. Nor ihiko TAKEUcH1. l l sentence structure, vocabulary, and above a ,how to get good mLarks on exanlinations. As a mat i i fytheirdevot teroffact ionto hav ing students pass shteachersjust ,エnany Engl ions by supposing thatth isis what both students and their parents entrance exanlinat. ish. wi shtheln to accomL pl However therei i s evidence which warnsthatour Engl sfarfro]m satis‐ shteachingi , factory‐ For examーple therei f TV i i h t t t t sa a ocuses on n erna onal co]mpetition program , between several dev luding Japan・ Col lege students major ing in en- eloped countriesinc. hey construct robots. The program is broad… m Lpete against each other ast gineering co] ly dur ingthe New Year hol idays‐ ln that progranl,tealns consisting ofsev‐ cast annual fferent countries nnust co]m municate in Engl ish to cooperate in eral students fro1m di. making a robot. ln these situations, Japanese students fro]m prestigious un・versities have di f f icu1 ty expressing the江lse1ves in Eng1 ish whi 1e other students whose nat ive , tongues are not Eng l i h i t t i E l i h r m L na a e o c o 〕 m mーun ca e n ng s ‐ s g. As another example, we met a col lege studentfrom Japan at a youth host elin Eng- landlast year. Whi f d l l k i h h i i l t d df e we were a ng, e con esse t athe wasr cu e or poor En- ” thou h the ishman. lroni i ly,the man said to him, “Study hard! t sh by a Bri cal gl g , al tudi student had s ed hard to pass the entrance exam. According to a survey, even stu- dents at Tokyo Un iversi ish com municat ty thinkthatthey need toimprovetheir Engl i ve. l ikethe ones above are countless, and we often come across pub- competence. Bxamp esl l ic opln・onsin newspapers which holdthatthe Japanese should learn atschoolto com‐ i mLunicatei n Engl sh. Some people point outthati l ti sin col egethat students should acquire com muni ca- i ish‐ Thisseems reasonablein a sense underthe currentexami t ve competencein Engl - ion sys ly, weshould put much more em phasis on com muc tems,butideal icat ivecom‐ nat iereducat ion,referring tothe proverbtSt ing earl l rike whi etheironis hot‐’ petence dur Let us look in greater detai l atthe present s i ion of Engl ish teaching ・n iun・or tuat. l luenc ingthe and senior high school s. Firstofal ,theintroduction of AETs has been inf f many Engl ish teachers. So]me of us organize workshops where we can study views o how tea江. ion between AETs and -teaching ought to be conducted under the cooperat. JTEs. Furthermore,the existence of AETs prov idesjunior and senior high students F i i i l i h l t t or exampe w s mu us n var ous・ways. , somejunior high school students enjoy ies to spend one ortwo weeks staying Wi t l i iesin sister c i i th hostfan t opportuni 〔 l esin En‐. i ish before departure. tudy Engl sh speaking countries,and AETshelpthelm s gl 工n spi fthefactthatstudents facethe di te o f f i i t cul esofentrance exa・ns, so]me ]un・or ish colnmーunication, and desire to and senior high school students take interestin Engl f at al lposs ibl fthose applying to take sTEp i ly study abroadi Lber o e. The nupo ssteadi increasing, and every year qui te a f ew senior high schoolstudents go overseas to study,. f f f igni icantdi icul i lowedby even more students every year‐ t overcoming s es‐ They arefol l thas been several years sincetheexchange ofcredi tunitsf rom schools abroadto Japanese ibl the eagerness ofstudents1 l ie poss コ Qadethe schoolsand vice versa beca・ e. Supposedly, 、 ibl exchange poss e. 148.

(4) . COM MUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES IN S日NIOR HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES. l lintroduce 〈oral co】m- .n addi ion,the new course ofstudy beginning next year wi t fthethree he senior high schoolcurriculul ion A B and C’tot l l. Atleast one o mーunicat , , ial lyin oraI Co1m mLunication C are speech and de‐ igatoryfor every student. Espec isobl i iesin senior h ivi igh schooIEngl t bate beco〕 sh classes. Theintroduction of α 1ing mLain act i l ty Bn- fectthe so‐cal ed Univers oraI Co1m mーunication B focusing on tListening’ m ay af ’ t T ideexa]minees wi ion Cent th a Listening est inthe trance Exa1minat er, which mーayprov d h t f h i h h li f i A 一 t n c e r n e e new course ofstudy has a1 near u ure. s ar asjun or g sc oo s co , fferent ion, are qui te di m LPhasize co]m mLunicat ready begun. The new textbooks, which el. f ti ish teachers who are to bla ′ i 1mei fro]m theo ld ones‐ 帆 ththis curriculull l,i s we Engl ’ igni f i cantprogressin students co]m municative comーpetence‐ we cannot achieve s icabl Wre mLustth ink of activities whi eto classes fro〕m the viewpoints both ch are appl ish of entrance exa江.s and co〕m munication. To be brief, students should acquire Eng1 ic ized by those who think highly of co]m munication or those i t co1m Lpetence and not be cr ibi l i ion as i ty to n 〔 : 1eet such a エ ユinat 工 エ コ ーportant・ l sthere any poss who regard entrance exaエ f f i di t delmand? Yes now is the tinQe when our wi sdom and efforts have been being cul ,. l lfocus on examLples of activitiesin senior high school l l cha enged. The next chapters wi thatsatisfy both require〕 広 lents.. n.Free Co1mLposition f ici lti iv i ies are aptto beinef t entin large classes such s often saidthatspeaking act si s because when wethink ofinteraction between teach- asthose of40to45students. Thi i letiヱnei t t s given for a studentto speakin a 1esson. onthe other ers and students,veryl ibl tposs i i hand,act 【 lakei t efortheln to speak mLore often. Howev- vi es between students n f f i ti tto supervise students satis- cul nust prepare the lesson andi s very di er teachers l 1 ,. factor i ly. Consequently, even the teachers who are aware ofthe co]mnQunicative aspect tendto avoidspeaking activities. i i i ion’ clearly d led tFree C0mLposi f fers frolm speaking act t So‐cal t i es in that every v taneously andi ti s easy for a teacher to prepare a student works on a certain task siDQul. i ing topic and supervise wha ttakes a1otoftin t thoughi [ le t tand how students wr e. A1 wri i i h h t t i l lh t tt ions and i f t t t a e a c v to read students’ comLposi r e en l s a s n e c e s a r o c o r c s y y, , , fbenefits. numLber o ive act ivi Free co1 ioni ty because students conロロquni ‐ 【 nlnunicat □ o Lposit s apparently a co] ’ low students to read l al l th their teachers‐ Son 〔 le teachers lnethods wi cate at least wi ’ ] ’ i i d i ly unique be‐ i i l t T h t t t t h i n r e 〔 P L o o s a ndi t er c asslna es co1 vidual 0 0 lpos ons. e s u en s co p s. fvi lythesap teexact l ・that pointo 〔 lethi ew too,commu ng‐ Frol cause nobody else can wri ioni nicat sinteresting to students, and theythink of whatto write asearnestly asthey write ion can presentstudents wi ish lettersto so1 t ththe pleasure ofEngl o Lposi 0 Qebody‐ Free con ion‐ ゴ ロunicat co1ml ion ・nay bel ln one sense,free con t o Lposi ooked upon as imLpro〕mptu speech aslong as 149.

(5) . Masaharu MORINAGA. Nor ihiko TAKEUcH1. the 1 i ing ti江Ie is comLparative・y short. F○r exa工 t ength of wr te ] Qp1e, when students wri aboutthet i opic(sports,’they can write abouttheirfavor iv i i te sports ortheirclub act t es;. they can write as freely as i fthey were speaking which they could not expectto doin , the case oftranslating Japanese sentencesinto Engl ish. l f七he students are given plenty i ing t inne, they are l ikely to trans t lat ish what they are thinking ln of wr e into Engl Japanese. Thereforei fteachersinstructthe i rstudentsto write as much asthey canin a i h br f t t i i i l i d t t dt h i ish withouttranslating. ln other . n e a e e e nkin Engl y r nc ne o wr e an , ioni t words,f [ ・posi reecon s a written for1m ofspeaking‐. Explainedin a di f ferent way,free comーposition can bethoughtof astheintroduct ion t ’ l f students write in Engl ish. ish fro.n the beginning wi of Thinking in Engl thoutthe ftranslation in 江. ind,they wi l lbethinkingin Engl ish of whatto write,.Some process o tThinkin in En l ’ l l i h i h i t t t d f m L a i f i l f e o e c t ・ n o o a a s y cu or a senior high schoolstu‐ p p g g s dentto process. l ti s not so unrealistic, however, for a senior high studenttothink of ll ike basebal l best’ ort l play soccer every day’ withoutthe transla- sentences such as t ion step. l t tis true that so11 l ined to bel i le students are i nc evethatthey do not under- l ish no ・natter how easyi stand Eng ti s. They are not accustonned to understanding En‐ ish wi thoutthe assistance ofJapanesetrans lat ion, which 口Qeansthatthey do nottry to gl l ish as i t is. understand Eng. Thus Engl ish teachers mLust t igni f i each students the s ‐ , t f Thinkingin Engl i cance o sh’sothatthey may overco江ーethis obstac1e tolearning. Keeping a d iary in Engl ish is a good l i ゴ ロethod for learning to tThink in Engl sh’ . Though i f f icul tis di t for Japanese to translate our language into English every day. , ly one startstot hinkin Engl eventual ish and beginsto write sentencesin Engl ish.Begin‐. iket l got up at seven this mLorning,, or t ning fro〕m easy and short sentences l lstudied Engl i sh for two hours today’, the students will see how mLuch vocabulary they know l l lprobablyenjoy seeingpersonalprogressinterms whi ekeeping a diary. A1 so,they wi i ofEngl sh over tinle‐ Undoubtedl 、 y keeping a diaryis an extrenle exa・nple offree conQ- ion‐ t posi. Theexan・ple procedure offreecon・positionin alessonis asfol lows : I. Teacher presents Students wi f f ththree di erenttopics.. 2. studentsごhoose one ofthem,orcan write aboutthei rowninterests-. 3. They are giventwo α・inutestothinkbefore starting to write. They are given ten 11 inutes to wri te and are instructed to wri te as nQany words as ・. 4. ibl e. poss 5. 1n ten .ninutes, Teacherinstructs theヱn to countthe numLber of words and sentences. 6. they wrote, and to di videtheforαーer bythe1atter one. Students write the results ofthe calculation on pieces of paper provided by Teacher he beginning. a七t. 7. Teacherinquires oral ly asto who wrotethe mLost words andthelongest average sen構 tences.. 8 150. Teachercollectsthe papers and mLoves on to other ac iv i i t t es..

(6) . COM MUN工CATIVB ACT工V工TIES IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES 1t takes approxinQately twenty ・ninutes to colnplete the whole procedure.. VVhat. Teacher does af terthe classi lows: s asfol 1 ←. He/She evaluates the papers arranging the] ive levels wi thout correct ing : n into f ,. n 4. theln‐ He/she chooses four good colnposi ions and in the next class shows then t 【 l to st u‐ , , dents.. He/she also returns Students’ papers on which their brief con・nnents are. t ten‐ wri. He/she asks af l written co・npositions‐ ew students whattheythink ofthe wel So・ne notes 。nthefree colnposi ion processf low: t ol. .. Teacher may categorize topics into three types: topics of one,s memories (e g ... tMemor i ion, , ion (e・g‐tMy Fami ly , and topi esof My Sum mer Vacat csofdescript t , topics o fsupposi ion (e-g・ 1 f1 had one mi l l ion yen ). Each t ime, he/she provides t Students wi th one ofeach category so thatthey can choosethe 。ne mLostinteresting to then・.. M[oreover he/she al lows theln to wri te about so]mething other than the. three topicsi fthey preferto do so.. 2. 1 f Students have poor Engl i l ls, Teacher perα.its theln to write son 【 : le parts in sh ski Japanese because parts that are too d i f f h f i icul t preventt e1n r。1 □ n go ng 。n and they i lyloseinterest. nュay eas. 3. Student ionar i l i ing, butthey are ad‐ t s are asked.notto consultthei r dict es whi e wr i l vised t。 ask Teacherinstead‐ Atthe sa江ーet lne Teacherinstructs theーm t。 usef anni ‐. fthey cannotthink ofthe Engl i ・ar express1onsi sh expression they want. However, they areencouraged to consul ionary latertof t a dict indtheexactexpression. 4. Solne students prefer to wri ical ly correct sentences rather than to write te gram mLat. ib1 as nnany sentences as poss e with a 1ot of nnistakes. Teacher shou1d raccepttheir i t tudebutadvisetheー鮭 to writeln。re and mーore,explaining thatthey wi 1 lbeabl at et。 te bet ter Eng l ishi fthey can mLonitor the irown Engl ish as they study‐ Perhaps wri Students can correctthe i rown comーpositions‐. 5. Students are instructed to keep a record ofthei r grades and figures in order that they nQay see personalprogress.. 6 7. Students aretold notto write shortsentences‐ Teacher shoul ions because t d evaluate the conc t hi lposi s nn。tivates Students to write betteri n general‐. 8. Teacher does not necessari ly correctthe i ions(part ly becausei t ttakes too rcomposi. ime) buthe/she may underl ine some consp・cuous mistakesto draw Students’ mucht ion to thenn. Howev attent is- er,he/sheshould be careful notto p。int outtoo nnany n 〔 l takes, becausethi s often discourages Students.. 9. Teachershould makebr ion or a i t l low opportunitiesfor 1 nposi efconn・nents on each co1 ions because t then・ to exchange their colnposi t he pleasure of connlnunicati。n nnoti‐ 151.

(7) . Masaharu MORINAGA. Nor ihiko TAKBUCH1. te again. vatesthe・n to wri. 1O. l f f i Topi t and chal enging to Students Step by e mLore di cul cs are expected to bec0αー step‐. ion. t According to 。ur quest ionnaire ln。St students react pos i ively to free cono t LPosi. They claim thatthey can enjoythe pleasure ofEngl ish co]m mLunication thatthey d。 not ion classes. on the other hand a few Students react translat experience in gra・n mar‐ , ively because they are afraid to wri ish Sentences which mLay be wrong. te Engl negat Teachers mLustexpl ffree comーpositionin orderto getr id ofthis anxiety. コ os o ainthe ail Soαーe peop1 ion, buti t tis n。t extre1 ゴ ロely Lposi e worry about how to evaluate free cono troub1esoばIe. Teachers 1 ook through the Students’ paperS and pi ck the best work, the. ls. l lbeplaced on or between thesethreel worst,and 。nei eve n between. The rest wi ion as a parto ln recent years solne col legeS haveint t fthe i LPosi ree cono r en‐ roducedf ion. l l studentS can co trance exalninat hatthey intend to see how wel t seel ゴ ロs t 1mmuni ‐. ish. Thetrendis quite we1co]me fro] hestandpointofco]m munication. 〔 nt catei n Eng1. iv i i 皿. Reading Act t es i Reading act ivi ies are considered a major partofEng1 t sh c1assesin Japan because 1 1as entrance exa江ーs consist ofreading tasks the mーain parts ofschoo1tern 【 lexa江IS as we ing into Japanes fyingthe 江ーeanings of pronouns, answer.ng varI… i such as translat e,c1ar ions on the contents o ftexts, and suln marizing texts. ln generalteacherS ex‐ ous quest. exicalite]msin sentences, and translate the1駐 plain sentence Structures, gram m ar, and l into Japanese. l low thi t Seems thatthe ma i i ty ofEngl jor shteachersfol s method, more t thouti orless, and cannotdo wi . Everyone adl 1ed s。 fthey nQay beca1 i iv i ies 一一一i tsthatthose reading act t l ・. are. ive because students are bus ively co〕mlnunicat i ly engagedin translating sentences not act. lude ing notes on im portant points on the blackboard. Gi ven that we cannot exc or tak i ies fr。nQ the curriculum because oftheirown ain[ t t ls, how can we comLP・etely those ac vi ive ones? transf。rln thepo int。 l p Lore coln municat. For exa・nple, we lnay have Students. di extbook because the author has a lnessage to share. scussthe topic of a lesson in a t Another examLple is that, after reading a text, Students may betold to write their′own i ible to connect a reading task wi ish. Thus,i th a Speaking tis poss ・ P Lpressions i n Engl i ing task. However, those exalnples may soon be obsolete, for they are seldo t or wr 1m inat ions. foundin exalI I. i tiSin order to overco江Le to- VVeShouldtakethevi sh should beread asi ew thatEng1 day’s d lat inginto l i i sh. ln other words, weshould restricttrans elnmainteaching Engl Japanese as .nuch as we can, and de velop not onlytheintensive reading co]mLpetence 。f. l l d reading colnpetence as we sthat Japanese Students butextensive andrapi . our pointi ing competence, notto mention speaking heirreading and wri t Students need toimprovet 152.

(8) . COM MUNICATIVE ACTIV工TIES IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES. i i l l earn a good rePutation on international occa‐ stening, so thattheir Engl sh wi andl ing en‐ i S h E l i h i t t hold strong even on the occasion of s t t n s c L e e n c e n Q u s s ons‐ uc om p g ish asi trance exanQs,andt heessenceis, we believe,to understand Engl tis‐ lows: The procedure ofan examLple ofa reading activityfol I. As a pre‐reading act irst sentence of each paragraph of ivi ty, Students read the f. reading material and understand the topic andthefralnework ofthetext. Through fthe irknowl thistaskStudents are requiredtol l lake use o edgeofthetopi cand make o Qthecontext‐ quickinferencesfro〕 2. VVhi le they read once again fronn the beginning they put slashes between each ,. f a phrase. Thi to ethod of reading s is a 江L phrase to grasp the content by the uni ing t thoutthe he lp oftranslation, and once they are used to it,they l 1 Qay stop put wi i d S d t t down slashes because by then they wi l lbe abl t d i l na l n n s u e n s e o o so n y . lesson study‐ iceth istechnique athol ・ ・e as a pre- preferto pract. 3. ish. When Af i terthis they write a sunQmary ofthe text e ther in Japanese or Engl Teacher focuses on i t in te i 1 ゴ ロ LProving their reading co1mpetence alone, they wri l they are ing co1 Japanese. l t f he/she ail・ ls ati lnproving their wri 0 npetence as wel , instructed to wri tei ish‐ Sooner orlater, of course,they should practice sunn‐ n Engl. l i nnarizingin Eng sh‐ 4. Teacher col lectst heir sumlnaries and chooses exceptional ones to l etthe class read ih the next period.. H [ f f icul t vocabulary and answers any e/she 司i so points out di. ionsfroロロ Students aboutt hecontent‐ quest. So. low: ing activitiesfol エ ーe notes asto read. .. fthey are too Thereading texts shou1d becoーme no i f f icu1 tby degrees, because i Lore d f f i he content, and consequently, di tfor Students,they d コ Lprehend t eto col cul .are unabl students putdown slashesinappropriately‐. isten to Teacher read‐ 2 1nst □ Qselves, Students mLayl ead ofputting down slashes bythe]. 3. ice) ing atextaloud.(Reading and Li st ening Pract Students may be given two kindsofreading texts‐ Those who have read Text A ex- を un the plot to the next student who has read Text B, and vice versa‐ (Reading, pl Speaking and Li ice) t stening Prac ,. 4. 1n addi ion to sunomar・z・ng, Students lnay prepare their i・P f a text and t Lpressions o ly so t discussi hatthey may understand the topic more deeply‐(Read- t occasional ,. 5. ing Wr i ing,Speaking,and Listening Pract i t ce) , Vocabulary bui l i l i d l ingis a so an essent a act vity and Students are recon・nnended to. l ish‐Engl ish di ionary as wel l as an Engl ish‐Japanese dict ionary to ex‐ use an Eng ct l ish as pouch as possible. posethe・nselvesto Eng ln Engl ike Japanese,the f i ish,unl rstsentence ofeach paragraph is usually a topic 153.

(9) . Masaharu MORINAGA. Nor ihiko TAKEUcH1. i ishisof great helpin understanding passages‐ As sentence‐ Th s characterestic ofEngl for slashes,they are usually placed before a preposition, conjunction, verb, relative pro- fore and after an adverbial phrase. Teachers should teach these reading noun, and be hints to their students, so thatthey wi l l be capable of unders tanding the structure of both a sentence and a paragraph. Atf irststudents may putdown too lnany slashes be ‐ hey are not accustolned to i ly there wi l l lbe fewer‐ The students t cause t , buteventua 1 1 becoα1e ab1 id stu‐ wi eto perceive re1ations between phrases. Teachers shou1d try to r dents o fthe ir anxietyinreading wi thoutdepending on translating.. Asfor sunnmーarlzlng,thisi fortto understandthe 江ーessages of writers. There s an ef fchecking students’co1 false or・ are other co]mnQon wayso 〔 P Lprehension, such as true- 1 【 コ Lul - ipl ly do not have enough ti・ne to pre‐ t e‐choice questions. However, mLostteachers usual he irown questions andt end to depend on questions nnade by others. As a result, paret ikely to focus on how to f ind correct answers rather than on the content ofthe we are l text i f tsel t is a pi ty that we are neglecting to take and discuss the n: iessages fro1 0 n . l ing on gett ions. By al ing a ‘ l technique’ to answer quest writers and are concentrat ’ h d f ld have stu ents readthe ir classlnates ilnpressions o texts sothat 立Ieans teac ers shou they can ‘conlmunicate, wi l as wi th one another, as wel th wri ters, through reading texts.. N‐.Someldeasfor Com municat i ivi ies t ve Act 〈F ’ i ion’andtReading Act i i ishl t t tabl ree Compos vi es’aresui eforthesubjectst蔓ngl , ’ t tEn l ’ (Wr ’ and t0raI Com municat ’in the new course of i h R d i i i C i t 虹 e s a n n o n g g, g, , study.. Let us consider some other act ion A’ and (oraI ivi ies for toraI Com municat t. Co1m mーunicat ion C’ . I. C1assroo]m Bng l i sh C1assroom Engl ish is obviously crucial to the success of toraI Com municat ion’. igni f icanceinthat l lbe exposed to classes andtherei s mLuch s . For examLple, students wi l lbe mLotivated to learn at lnospheres conducive to f oreign1anguagelearning andthey wi Engl ish.. Secondly Teacher can be conf ident in his/her co]m municat ive co1mpetence , ,. hav ing mLany opportunitiesto speak Engl ishin classes;itisl ike lythathe/she wi l lbe re‐ i led ”appetizer” spected by hi s/herstudents. Thirdly,classroo 1m Engl sh mLay be a so‐cal for Studentsto speakin Engl i i sh,and ofcourse,itisalso an activity fori・口 LProving the r l i st ening conQpetence‐ 2. lnterview. ・nthi stasktw。 students co.ne to Teacher,s deskin front of a classroonQ, one asin‐ terviewer andthe other as interviewee. They are des ignated beforethe lesson, and the ions and answers are pr i IStudents become ac‐ epared (preferably by them) unt quest. 154.

(10) . COM MUNICAT工VE ACTIVITIES IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES. ies of custol l ーed to the task‐ For examLple, an interviewer asks aboutthe persona1 hobb terthey spend f ive α1inutes havingtheinterview, Teacher may ask an interviewee, and af. ly an activity of the audience so]me questions based ron the conversation. Thisisevident istening. 工n add i ion, when thetwo students write down on pieces of pa‐ t speaking and l. i ing practice as forehandthe t tis wri r questions and answers for theint erview,i per be l wel . 3. Se l flntroduction ivi ish This is ad江. i ive act ies in Eng1 ted1y one of the l t t l コ Lost coーmnoon co]mnounicat. ish i i f i t classes. There are various waysto acco1mpl ,for examーp e, a tertwo persons ntro-. “ “ duce each other, wh ich should be de] : 1 【 ・onstrated by Teacher ,they play janken andthe forehand‐ The person holdingthe winner obtains fro〕m the loser a card provided each be i i ted tilneisthe chamーpion ofthistask. ofcourse to becon mーost cardsi 【 le a cha江1 - n ai l エ ー ice is the ivi istening pract ty, rather, speaking and l pion is not the purpose of this act. lpful wi ththe assistance ofan AET. t mーay be mLore he goai ‐l 4. Ddaking a ski t. A whole classis divided into several groups and each. ts own stories‐ 1 【 lakes i group ・. Teacher may present t he groups wi th some objec ts wi th which they have to perform.. Students can practice writing whi l istening t ーaking a ski em , and practice speaking andl le perfor. ike ing. Furtherlnore they wi l llearn son ion i whi ば l [ : .e non‐verbal co.nlnunicat ,. fac ia1andbody. ] 【 〕 Love立lents. 5. Describing a Picture. Students are d i vided into pairs, and onei s given Picture A andthe other Picture B. They explainthe ir own picture to the partner, who hasto draw i t correctly by listening to h i ti 〔 エ ーe drawing expressions, and i ln/her‐ They learn so] s aiso a good speaking and. l istening exercise which requires accuracy and concentration‐ 6. Passing A1 ong a Sentence Teacher・ fstudentsin each row is equal, and tellsthe o Lber o ] 【 lakes sure thatthe nun. front students to co]me up to hin : 1/her‐. Then he/she secret ly whispers a sentence to. theln andthey have to wh ispertothe nextstudent‐ Accuracy and speed are essentialto , k h f i inishes mLore quickly and precisely than thetas ,t ere orethe w nneristhe row whi chf. ist the other rows. Thi si s a goodtaskforl ening and pronunciation practice. 7. Crazy Story Teacher separates Students into several groups and each group produces a story , ,. i ヒ nes very f adding one sentence to the iast one‐ The story often beco1 unny. Thef rstsen“ ‘ ’ tence may be g i i tudent ven by Teacher,for exanQpie, Taro arr vedin New York‐ Each s i is/herown sentence aloud and wrtesi tdown on a piece ofpaper‐ When,each stu‐ says h 155.

(11) . M [asaharu MORINAGA. Nor ihiko TAKEUcH1. i del tf ini ini l r sf shed and a gr0up repreSentative readSthe shesthisthree tiInes,thetaski ing andbeing creative‐ loudtothe class. They are abl t story a eto practice wri 8. Direc ion Ga鶏ー t e. i t Students are given one oftwo maps ofthe downtowns ofcertain ci eson which are f f i th di tal erent・naps pair up and one asks schools, hosp s, banks, etc‐ Two persons wi the other how to go to the train station and other places indi cated‐ The other answers is tening task, and ions, and vice versa. Thi t s is a speaking and l ln/her di rec giving hi “ Teacher can teach Student ion expressions, such as W←alktwo blocks and s so1me di rect 1 1II ight“ and waysofaskingthe way,forexamーple, ”Excuse 江ーe, butcould you te turn r Ie the waytothe station?” 9. Speech A student nnakes a speechin frontofthe class, andthe audience asks hin 〔Vher ques-. l ions‐ Student i t t ignated when to n 【 lake a speech, and they select a t e and pre‐ s are des i ing and speaking colnpetence ofthe speaker‐ Asfor t t staskinnproves wr ori paref . Thi lthe Students l l i i d k i ter al t the audi 【 ・petence i enged. Af s chal ence, sen ng an spea ng con irhard work. vetheirspeeches, Teacher may nnake a bookletofthenn asevidence ofthe gi 1o. sunq・nar・z・ng a Tex t. i Thi ening practice‐ Students pair up and stask connbines reading,speaking andl st f ferenttext and sunnnnarizei t inds ofreading texts‐ They read a di each pair hastwo k , ly l lthe sunnnnary to each other and ask any questionsthey nnay have‐ C1ear andthente tabl thistaskissui eforinternnediate or upperlevels. 11 公厘aking a Radio N「ews Program ing,speaking andl ist i Thi t ening. Teacher s task enables Students to practice wr div ides Studentsinto groups, and each group cooperates to make a radio news program ife and a weather including politics, the econonny, sports, entertainnnent, accidents, l , forecast 【 l on a tape or exannple. After preparing forit,each group records the progran ,f i i lthe studentsl l l. recorder,andthen a stento each progral. 12 Engl l ly C1ass ish‐oi i 1owed to ish classin which on1y Bngi i i im . t ty,buts ti shisai v Lpiy an Engl s not an ac ish speaking country where greeting, f i icial iy an Engl be spoken. The classroo]m is art ing, discussion, ga江Ies, pretended shopping, and everything else are conducted in t chat Engl ish‐ lndiv iduals who speak Japanese receivesoα1e kind of penalty‐ ible. oneofthe ion’ classes shoul dbe as realas poss Act ivi iesin‘oraI Comn t [ lunicat ・ ssubjectiscertainly to have students experience the pleasure of En- main purposes ofthi ish com工nunication・ when ajunior high schoolteacher asks “How are you?,“ his/her gi. 156.

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