Vol.64 , No.3(2016)191山中 行雄「パーリ語動詞の分析的および融合的活用形について」

NII-Electronic Library Service

Joumal

oflndian

and

Buddhist

Studies

Vol.

64,

No,

3,

March 2016

(83)

On

the

Analytic

and

Coalescent

Corljugations

in

Pali

YAMANAKA

Yukio

1.

Preamble

In

the

Middle

Indic,

including

Pali,

we

find

many examples of

the

analytic and coalescent corljugations.

The

analytic cong'ugation means

that

a

_personal

_pronoun

supplements or substitutes

the

verb ending of

the

coajugation;jahe aharp "I want

to

throw

away"

Ja

III

14,15'.

In

this

example,

jahe

is

an optative of "jahati."

As

the

character of

the

uniform optative with

its

marker

-e,

the

optative ending remains

the

same,

i.e.,

whenever

it

stands

for

the

first,

second or

third

_person

singular,

its

ending might

be

unchanged.

This

is

a contrast

to

the

optative with

-q}Iya-,

whose endings

inflect

depending

on

_persons.

Because

of

the

unifbrm ending of

-e-optative,

a

_personal

pronoun

begins

to

take

over

the

function

of

the

verb

ending,

in

order

to

indicate,

who

is

the

agent of

the

sentence;jahe 'jahe _aharp.

On

the

other

hand,

the

coalescent coniugation means

that

a

_personal

_pronoun

agglutinates after

the

verb ending, as

if

it

were a

_part

of

the

verb ending;

pucchqMyam'aharp

"I

want

to

_question,"

D

I

51,3;

nanutapepoT'aharp "I am not

_going

to

regret,"

Ja

IV

241,19',

From

the

coalescent conjugation, a new verb

form

is

_produced,

i.e,,

-haip,

_derived

_from

_{ahaTp, substitutes}

-dimi

_(paldyahaiTt

`'I

escape,"

Ja

II

340,9';

ramaharp "I rejoice,"

Ja

V

112,31";

anusdsaharri,

Ap

163,5).

The

appearances

between

these

two

coajugations

are

diffbrent,

but

they

_play

a

same

_grammatical

roll,

in

which

the

_personal

_pronoun

supplements or substitutes

the

verb ending.

2.

0verview

of

Research

History

Smith

(lg32)

fbcuses

fbr

the

first

time

on

this

_problem,

thereby

he

insists

that

ramaham, anusdsaham

the

ending

-ham

of

the

both

verbs are originated

from

the

_personal

pronoun

aharp.

NII-Electronic Library Service

(84)

On

the

Analytic

and

CoalescentConjugations

in

Pali

(YAMANAKA)

Smith

(1932,

170)

argues also

that

the

-(alham-coajugation

for

the

optative and

preterit,

instead

of

-am

or

-a'mi,

is

observed

_generally

in

the

Middle

Indic;

optative,

a'labhe-harp,

Agoka

Kalihga

Separate

Edicts,

tis,

_the-harp,

Mvu

I

sl,8;

_preterit,

ca'ri'ham,

Thi

123.

Furthermore,

Smith

(1932,

170)

claims

that

this

new verb

fbrm

corresponds

to

the

first-person

ending

-auN

ofApabhrarpga, i>

The

occurrences ofthe analytic and coalescent conjugations are

fbund

in

the

various

Middle

Indic

texts.

Consequently

it

is

_possible

that

this

fbrms

reflect

the

dialectal

_or

colloquial

language

at

that

time.

2ii

Smith

himself

categorizes

the

analyticlcoalescent coajugations more

_precisely

in

CPD,

s.v aham under

2

Morphology

A,

_p.

528.

They

are categorized

into

five,

namely

from

a

to

E:

a)aharp

is

seemingly

_pleonastic

in

asentence

(rdy'a-harn

asmi,

Sn

ss4).

S)aharp

is

put

after

the

finite

verb, and seems

to

be

more or

less

united with

the

verb

(pucchc}{yam'aha,Ti

D I

51,3).

y)

aharp

is

used twice

in

one sentence, as

_pronoun

and as adherence tothe verb ending

(aharp

tenasamayena

,

.

.

issercini

vattayam' ahaTTi,Bv 26,19).

5)

the

beginning

of

the

analytic optative,

in

which aharp adheres

directly

to

the

coajugated

optative with

the

sandhi, or with

the

elision ofa vowel

ijahe

aharp,Ja

III

14,15';

_yadi

'harp

labhe,

Cp

131;

karq){y'aham,

Cp

218).

E)

-ahairi

replaces

-a-mi

(tasrnd

ta-ta

_{paldyaharrt,Ja}

II

340,9').

Judging

from

this

CPD's

scheme,

Smith

seems

to

have

enlarged

his

_{concept of}

the

analytic and coalescent corijugations after

his

article

in

lg32.

And

Smith's

categorization appears

that

this

could

be

a

description

of

the

"chronological"

order,

how

the

analytic and coalescent conjugations

developed.

But

we stillneed

to

collect

their

examples

and

to

re-examine

them.

We

here

want

to

handle

Smith's

categorization

independently

from

the

chronology ofthe

language.

As

Smith

(1932,

170)

already suggests,

the

_gap

in

the

corijugation could

be

the

main

reason

for

this

analyticlcoalescent corljugation.

For

example,

because

of

the

uniform

optative

likejahe,

the

_paradigm

is

more or

less

broken:

1

sg.jahe

1

3

sg.jahe.

Therefore

it

appears

to

be

unavoidable

that

the

_personal

_pronoun

takes

over

the

roll of verb ending

in

order

to

make

it

clear,who utters a sentence:

1

sg.jahe

1

3

sg.jahe .

1

sg.jahe aharp

1

3

sg.jahe.

This

idea

of

the

compensation ofthe

broken

_paradigm

is

certainly convincing,

-1126-NII-Electronic Library Service

On

the

Analytic

andCoalescent

Coajugations

in

Pali

(YAMANAKA)

(85)

Nevertheless

we can

find

so many examples ofthe analytic and coalescent corgugations of

the

indicative

_present,

whose

paradigm

does

not

have

a

_gap.

If

the

compensation of

the

broken

_paradigm

should

be

the

one

and only reason,

then

the

indicative

_present

would not need

the

analytic and coalescent coajugations.

Consequently

it

seems

that

there

should

be

another reason

for

the

analytic and coalescent coajugations

than

the

compensation of

the

broken

paradigm.

3)

3.

Analysis

ofthe

Coalescent

Corljugation

in

Pali

Hereafter

we examine

the

syntactic roll of

the

coalescent and analytic conjugations,

Because

the

word order

in

the

verse-text

is

very

free,

so only

the

_prosetext

can

be

"syntactically"

examined.

Generally

the

coalescent corljugation occurs

in

the

fbllowing

context.

Question-Answer

D

II

234,20-21

6

Ksatriyas:

sarati

bhavan

tarrivacanaTTi?

King

Rerpu:

saram' aharrt

bho

tarpvacanaiTi.

t`Does

my

lord

remember

_your

word?"

"Gentlemen,

Iremember my word."

(Walshe:

D

trans.

30s.)

In

this

example,

6

Ksatriyas

ask specially

to

the

King

Rerpu,

"Do

_you

remember?"

Then

the

King

Rerpu

answers "I

do

remernber."

The

emphasis

is

lied

on

the

act of rernembering,

but,

because

the

King

Rerpu

is

asked

_personally

he

wants

to

indicate

that

he

himself

remembers

the

_promise.

A

I

230,22-23

Buddha:

sakkhasi

_panna

tvarri

bhikkhu

tisusikkha'susikkhiturTi?

A

Bhikkhu:

sakkornaham

bhante

tisusikkhdsu sikkhitum

,

,

,

"`can

you

train

in

the three trainings,

bhiklchu

..?"

"I

can,

Bhante,"

(Bhikkhu

Bodhi:

A

trans.

316.)

Like

the

D-example,

the

_question

is

asked

to

a certain monk

_personally.

The

asked monk uses

the

coalescent cobjugation, sakkomaharp.

For

a comparison, an example with

interrogative

_pronoun

is

_given:

Vin

I

55,31-34

NII-Electronic Library Service

(86)

On

the

Analytic

and

Coalescent

Corijugations

in

Pali

(YAMANAKA)

Buddha:

Ko

nu

kho

bhikkhave

tassa

brahmanassa

adhikuram sarati?

- 4

Sariputta:

aham

kho,

lohante,

tassa

bra-hma4assa

adhikararp _sara-mi.

"who remembers a service

done

by

this

brahman?"

"I,

Lord,

rernernber a service

done

by

this

brahman."

(Horner:

Vin

trans,

IV

72)

In

this

vin-example,

the

Buddha

asks several monks

indefinitely,

"Who remembers

.

.

.

?"

Then

Sariputta

answers "I remember."

ln

this

case

the

analytic or coalescent coajugation

does

not occur.

Consequently

the

difference

becomes

clear:

When

a speaker

is

asked

_personatly

whether shelhe undertakes a certain action, or not,

then

shelhe answers with

the

coalescent coajugation.

On

the

contrary, when shelhe

is

asked with

interrogative

pronoun

"who

.

.

.

?,"

i.e.,

the

agent

itselfis

unknown,

then

the

coalescent coajugation

is

not

used.

Expression

ofthe

Intension

Vin

I

32,38-33,1

Uruvelakassapa:

iccham'aham

bho

mahasamape

brahmacarlyarp

cariturp.

`'I want,

_good

sirs,

to

fare

the

Brahrna-faring

under

the

_great

recluse"

(Horner:

Vin

trans.

IV

43)

This

sentence

is

uttered

by

Uruvelakassapa

on

the

occasion of

his

conversion

to

Buddhism.

He,

using

the

coalescent corijugation, expresses more apparently

that

he

himselfwishes

to

fare

the

brahma-faring,

i.e.,

to

convert

to

Buddhism.

Vin

IV

292,9

Bhadda

Kapilani:

saceme cDcya

Thullananda-

upctssayarp

dadc)lya,

agacchqMyarn

'aharp

Savatthirrt.

"Ifthe

lady

Thullananda

would

_give

me

_quarters,

I

would come

to

Savatthi"

(Horner:

Vin

trans,

III

311)

The

example

indicates

that

the

nun

Bhadda

Kapilani

expresses

her

own wish

to

_go

to

Savatthi,

because

of

her

business

in

Savatthi.

And

thus,

she, using

the

coalescent

coni

ugation,

indicates

that

she

herselfis

wishing.

For

a comparison, another example

from

vin

without coalescent corijugation

is

glven:

Vin I139,29

Buddha:

so ce

bhikkhanar!t

santike

datam

_pahipq>ly

_¢ "agacchantu

bhaddanta

icchami

danafi

ca

datum

... n

ti.

.

-1128-NII-Electionic

NII-Electronic Library Service

On

the

Analytic

and

Coalescent

Corljugations

in

P51i

(YAMANAKA)

(87)

"Ifhe

(=

a

layfbllower)

should send a message

to

monks, saying: `Let

the

revered sirscome,

I

want

to

_give

a

_gift."'

(Horner:

Vin

trans,

IV

186)

This

is

uttered

by

the

Buddha

on

the

occasion,

that,

if

a

building

has

been

built

by

a

layfo11ower

in

order

to

invite

monks, and

if

the

business

there

can

be

done

in

seven

days,

they

can visit

this

layfbllower.

So,

the

subject

in

this

sentence

is

a supposed

person

in

a supposed situation

In

this

case

the

Buddha

does

not use

the

coalescent cong'ugation,

for

he

does

not need

to

indicate

that

especially

this

supposed

layfo11ower

is

wishing.

The

difference

is

somehow readable,

although

less

obviously

than

the

question-answer

examples:

when

aspeaker express

her/his

_personal

intension,

then

she!he uses

the

coalescent coajugation.

On

the

contrary; a speaker

describing

a supposed

intension

ofa supposed

_person,

then

he

does

not use

the

coalescent cobjugation.

4.

Topic

and

Topicalization

From

all

the

examples, we can observe

the

fo11owing:

When

a

speaker

is

describing

herlhis

own

_personal

circumstance,

i.e.,

shelhe

is

talking

about

herselflhimsel

£

then

shelhe uses

the

coalescent

form.

In

other words,

the

speaker uses

the

coalescent

cong'ugation

in

order

to

make

it

clear

that

shelhe

is

describing

herselffhimself

in

a certain

limited

and

_personal

situation,

Le.,

shelhe

is

making

herselcrhimself

a '`topic" of

the

sentence,

Consequently

we can

define

this

_phenomenon

as

L`topicalization"

of

the

first

_pronoun.

The

words, `ttopic" and "topicalization" are used

here

in

the

linguistic

sense;`)

the

topic

means what

is

being

described

in

a sentence ofa speaker.

That

is,

the

object of

the

description

in

a sentence

(not

in

a

discourse).

And

the

topicalization

means

the

attempt of

the

speaker

to

make a certain wordlphrase

the

topic

of

hislher

sentence.

The

topicalization

is

possible

in

various

means.

One

example

in

English

is

as

follows:

The

dog

bit

the

little

girl.

n'.

As

for

the

little

girl,

the

dog

bit

her.

In

this

case,

the

object of

the

first

sentence,

the

little

_girl,

is

topicalized

in

the

second.

In

this

manner,

the

speaker

make

it

clear

that

he

is

describing

the

little

_girl.

Generally

each word or

_phrase

in

a sentence can

be

topicalized.

with

the

help

of

the

-1129-NII-Electronic Library Service

(88)

On

the

Analytic

and

Coalescent

Corijugations

in

Pali

(YAMANAKA)

"topicalization,"

a speaker _{can exactly}

depict

what

does

shelhe concern

in

herlhis

sentence.

On

this

linguistic

point

of view,

the

aforementioned examples can

be

syntactically

re-analyzed;

the

first

_person

as subject,

i.e.,

the

speaker

for

herselfrhimselC

is

topicalized.

In

other words, shelhe makes

it

clear

that

shelhe

is

describing

herselfrhimself

under

herlhis

_personal

situation,

like

answering a

_persona]]y

asked

_question

or

describing

a

personal

intension.

To

sum up,

it

is

very

likely

that

the

analytic and coalescent corijugations

in

Pali

have

the

function

of

the

`'topicalization," which allows a speaker

to

make

it

clear whom

shelhe

is

describing

in

asentence.

Furthermore,

it

is

also

very

likely

that

this

topicalizing

function

is

_possibly

fbrgotten

in

a course oftime.

When

the

_origin

falls

into

_oblivien,

_the

_{speakers ofthe}

_Middle

_Indic

do

not

hesitate

to

treat

the

analytic and coalescent coru'ugations, especially

fbr

the

first

person,

as alternative coaj ugation

to

the

_{grammatically}

"regular"

coaj ugation.

The

syntactic

_point

ofview can

help

us

to

re-examine

the

_{origin ofthe analytic and}

coalescent conjugations.

It,

howeveg

is

very

diMcult

to

analyze examples

in

verse,

for

the

conditions

of

the

_prosody

(metre,

the

number of syllables, word order and so on),

obstruct

the

syntactic

investigation.

5.

Conclusion

As

we

investigate

mainly

the

coalescent cooj ugation

in

Pali

_prose,

The

fbllowing

is

to

be

observed:

When

a speaker wants

to

make

herselffhimself

"topic"

in

a sentence,

i.e.,

to

indicate

more apparently

that

she/he

is

describing

herselfrhimselC

then

shelhe uses

the

coalescent corljugation.

At

now)

the

origin of

the

analytic and coalescent coajugations

is

discussed

oniy on

the

morphological

Ievel,

i.e.,

they

are

created

in

order

to

bridge

the

_gaps

in

the

verb

paradigm.

But

we need

to

reconsider

this

_problem

from

the

syntactic

_point

of view.

Notes

1)

See

also

Bloch

1932.

0n

the

other

hand,

Pisani

(1952)

criticizes

that

the

way of

Smith's

argument could reverse the

linguistic

chronology} _and

_that

_this

_phenomenon

_in

_Pali

should

be

regarded as

the

origin of

the

ending of

the

first-person

of

the

Apabhrarpga.

But

Pisani

(lgs2)

criticizes only

the

way of

Smith's

argument and admits

_that

_the

_personal

_pronoun

_of

_the

-1130-NII-Electronic Library Service

On

the

Analytic

and

Coalescent

coajugations

in

Pali(YAMANAKA)

(89)

person

is

used

for

the

verb ending.

2)

Bechert

₍₁₉₅₈₎

reports

further

forrns

ofthe analyticlcoalescent corljugations

in

Ap.

3)

Concerning

the

overview ofthe analytic and coalescent coojugation, see also

Uberblick

9

421;

434;

441.

4) On the terms, topic and topicalization,the author

depends

on:

Giv6n

19s3.

Abbreviations

A

Ap

Agoka

Bhikl{hu

Bodhi:

A

trans.

Bv

cp

CPD

D

Horner:

Vin

trans.

JaMvu

vin

Sn

Thi

Uberblick

Walshe:

D

trans.

Afigutraranikliya.

Morris,

Richard,

and

Edmund

HardM

eds.

TheAriguttara-Nikdya. 6vols, London:

Pali

Text

Society

1885-1910,

Apadana.

Lilley;

Mary

E,,

ed.

The

Apadana

ofthe

Khuddaka

Nikdya,

London:

Pali

Text

Society;

192S-1927.

Inscriptions

of

Agoka.

Bloch,

Jules,

ed.

Les

fnscriptions

dLASoka.

Paris:

Les

BellesLettres,1950.

Bhukkhu

Bodhi,

trans.

The

Numerical

Discourses

ofthe

Buddha:

A

Translation

oj'the

Afiguttara

Nikdya,

Boston:

Wisdom

Publication,

2012.

BuddhavarTisa.

_{Jayawickrama,}

Nicholas Abedheera, ed. Buddhavamsa and

Cartyapi,taka.

London:

Pali

Text

Society;

1974.

Cariyapitaka,

_{Jayawickrama,}

Nicholas

Abedheera,

ed.

Buddhovarrisa

and

Cartyapilaka.

London:

Pali

Text

Society;

1974.

Trenckner,

Vilhelm

et al.,eds.

A

Critical

Pali

Dictionary.

Copenhagen:

Munksgaard,1924-2011.

Dighanikaya.

Davids,

Thomas

William

Rhys,

and

_Joseph

EstlinCarpente4

eds,

TheDigha

Nikdya,

London:

Pali

Text

Society

by

Luzac,

1890-1911.

Horner, IsalineBlew, trans,The

Book

of

the

Discipline.

6vols,

London:

Pali

Text

Society;

1938-1966.

Jataka.

FausbelL

Viggo, ed,TheJataka. Londen:

TrUbner,

1877-1897.

Mahavastu. Senart,

Emile,

ed. Le Mahavastu, 3 vols.

Paris:

Imprimerie

nationale,

1882-1897,

Oldenberg,

Hermann,

ed.

The

Vinaya

Pit,aka.

5

vols.

London:

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aus

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1932."Survivance

de

skr, asiten

indien

moderne."

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de

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ed.1983.

fopic

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Amsterdam:

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vittore.19s2.`tNoterelle

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dell

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scienze e

lettere

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de

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de

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de

paris

33:

169-172.

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