A Study on the Process of Formation of
Intimate Spatial Realations Between the City and Universities in Helsinki
著者 Tanaka Sakiko, Marumo Hiroyuki, Kinoshita Hikaru
journal or
publication title
関西大学工学研究報告 = Technology reports of the Kansai University
volume 48
page range 87‑100
year 2006‑03‑21
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10112/11827
T e c h n o l o g y R e p o r t s o f K a n s a i U n i v e r s i t y N o . 4 8 , 2006
A STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF INTIMATE SP A TIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CITY AND
UNIVERSITIES IN HELSINKI
S a k i k o TANAKA*, H i r o y u k i MARUMO** a n d H i k a r u K I N O S H I T A * *
( R e c e i v e d S e p t e m b e r 1 2 , 2 0 0 5 ) ( A c c e p t e d J a n u a r y 3 0 , 2 0 0 6 )
A b s t r a c t
T h i s p a p e r a i m s t o c l a r i f y how i n t i m a t e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n f o r m e d b e t w e e n t h e c i t y a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s i n H e l s i n k i d u r i n g t h e i r p r o c e s s o f g r o w t h . T h i s i s d o n e t h r o u g h a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l p r o c e s s o f l o c a t i n g u n i v e r s i t y campuses and c o m p a r i n g i t w i t h c i t y g r o w t h . We f o c u s o n t h r e e p o i n t s : 1 ) how a n d why t h e c i t y c e n t e r campus was s i t u a t e d a n d how i t was a b l e t o s t a y i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e c i t y ; 2 ) how a n d why t h e i n t i m a t e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n s u b u r b a n c a m p u s e s a n d t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s were r e a l i z e d ; a n d 3 ) how a n d why some o f t h e c a m p u s e s were r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e i n n e r c i t y o r r e t u r n e d t o t h e i n n e r c i t y .
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n I . I Background and purpose o f study
8 7
F i n l a n d , a country with l e s s than s i x m i l l i o n p e o p l e , had her c o m p e t i t i v e power, e d u c a t i o n l e v e l , and c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y r a t e d very h i g h l y i n t h e some o f t h e l a t e s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u r v e y s . ' 1 T h i s h a s a t t r a c t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t . The Master P l a n ( 1 9 9 2 ) o f H e l s i n k i l a i d o u t a s i t s p r i n c i p l e s t r a t e g i c f a c t o r s " t o d e v e l o p i t s s t r e n g t h s ‑n a m e l y , s c i e n c e and a r t and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t ‑and a l s o t o improve where i t s w e a k n e s s e s ‑such a s c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s and a v i b r a n t urban c u l t u r e and t o improve t h e c i t y ' s a t t r a c t i v e n e s s and open i t up t o new o p p o r t u n i t i e s . l ) F i g . I shows a t r i a n g l e c o n n e c t i n g t h e c i t y c e n t e r w i t h two s u b u r b s . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s i n t e r a c t i o n between c o r p o r a t e t e c h n i c a l e x p e r t i s e ( k n o w ‑ h o w ) , i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n and o f r e s e a r c h , and e m p h a s i z e s t h a t t h e c o m p e t i t i v e p o w e r , based on knowledge and i n f o r m a t i o n , i s s t r e n g t h e n e d by c o n n e c t i n g o r g a n i c a l l y t h e v a r i o u s a c t i v i t y b a s e s i n c l u d i n g u n i v e r s i t i e s , which a r e d e s i g n a t e d by t h e s t a r s i n t h e f i g u r e .
I n o r d e r t o r e a l i z e s u c h a s t r a t e g y and t o e n s u r e i t works e f f e c t i v e l y , a s a f u n d a m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n , u n i v e r s i t i e s and o t h e r knowledge and i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t e r s must m a i n t a i n s p a t i a l l y i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e c i t y . I t i s d o u b t f u l whether t h e same s t r a t e g y c o u l d be r e a l i z e d i n J a p a n , where many u n i v e r s i t y campuses have moved t o t h e s u b u r b s from c i t y c e n t e r s , s o t h a t t h e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s between t h e c i t y and t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s have gone c o l d , and t h e c i t y c e n t e r has l o s t many o f i t s knowledge and i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t e r s . Many
* Matsumoto I C o . , L t d .
* * D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h i t e c t u r e
8 8 S a k i k o TAN AKA, H i r o y u k i MARUMO and H i k a r u KINOSHITA
u n i v e r s i t i e s have become i s o l a t e d from t h e c i t y . H e l s i n k i , h o w e v e r , h a s m a i n t a i n e d s u c h good c o n d i t i o n s .
F i g . 1
I n t h i s p a p e r , we c o n c e n t r a t e on t h e u n i v e r s i t y i n i t s r o l e a s o n e o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t knowledge and i n f o r m a t i o n b a s e s . The p u r p o s e o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o c l a r i f y how t h e i n t i m a t e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s have been formed between t h e c i t y and u n i v e r s i t i e s i n H e l s i n k i by a n a l y z i n g t h e h i s t o r i c a l l o c a t i o n p r o c e s s o f t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s and i t s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h c i t y g r o w t h , and t h e r e b y t o d e r i v e some c o n c l u s i o n s .
1 . 2 S u b j e c t s and method o f study
I n t h i s p a p e r , we c o n s i d e r " t h e s p a t i a l l y i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s between a c i t y and a u n i v e r s i t y " from two v i e w p o i n t s : t h a t i s , l o o k i n g a t a g e o g r a p h i c a l l y c l o s e r l o c a t i o n i n t h e l a r g e r v i e w , and observing t h e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n between u n i v e r s i t y f a c i l i t i e s and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s i n c l o s e ‑ u p , The key c r i t e r i o n f o r o f t h e f o r m e r i s whether a u n i v e r s i t y l o c a t e s w i t h i n o r nearby a c i t y . That o f t h e l a t t e r i s whether a u n i v e r s i t y i s s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y l o c a t e d w i t h r e g a r d t o i t s f u n c t i o n and r o l e i n t h e c i t y .
I n t h e H e l s i n k i a r e a , t h e r e a r e e i g h t u n i v e r s i t i e s , p l u s t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f
T e c h n o l o g y , ' 2 which i s l o c a t e d i n t h e C i t y o f E s p o o , n e x t d o o r t o t h e C i t y o f H e l s i n k i . F i g . 2
shows l o c a t i o n changes o f t h e s e u n i v e r s i t i e s and Table I summarizes t h e i r r e l o c a t i o n
h i s t o r y . F i g . 2 i l l u s t r a t e s t h r e e t y p i c a l t y p e s o f l o c a t i o n c h a n g e . F i r s t l y , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f
H e l s i n k i h a s p r e s e r v e d a main campus i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r e v e r s i n c e i t was e s t a b l i s h e d , b u t
h a s a l s o c r e a t e d new campuses i n t h e suburbs (0 i n t h e f i g u r e ) . S e c o n d l y , t h e H e l s i n k i
U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology moved a s a whole t o a suburb from t h e c i t y c e n t e r , b u t h a s
r e c e n t l y r e t u r n e d i n p a r t t o t h e i n n e r c i t y (8 i n t h e f i g u r e ) . T h i r d l y , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Art
A S t u d y on t h e P r o c e s s o f F o r m a t i o n o f I n t i m a t e S p a t i a l R e a l a t i o n s 8 9 Between t h e C i t y and U n i v e r s i t i e s i n H e l s i n k i
and D e s i g n H e l s i n k i , t h e T h e a t r e Academy o f F i n l a n d , and t h e Academy o f F i n e A r t s have a l l r e c e n t l y moved from t h e c i t y c e n t e r t o f o r m e r f a c t o r y s i t e s (880 i n t h e f i g u r e ) . L a s t l y ,
t h e H e l s i n k i School o f Economics, t h e Swedish School o f Economics and Business A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and t h e S i b e l i u s Academy have s t a y e d i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r o f H e l s i n k i . (080
i n t h e f i g u r e ) .
U n i v e r s i t y Numbers f o l l o w T a b l e 1 . White n o s : f o n n e r main b u i l d i n g B l a c k n o s : p r e s e n t main b u i l d i n g
: p a r t i a l t r a n s f e r whole t r a n s f e r -—·-·~· ● ●
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べC i t yC e n t e r Campus U H ‑ M e i l a h t i : U n i v e r s i t y of H e l s i n k i ‑M e i l a h t i Campus UH• V i i k k i : U n i v e r s i t y of H e l s i n k i ‑V i i k k i Campus UH‑Kumpula : U n i v e r s i t y o f Helsinki・Kumpula Campus HUT‑Otaniemi ; H e l s i
成iU n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y H U T ‑ R u o h o l a h t i : a p a r t of H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o
蜀UADH‑Arabianranta: U n i v e r s i t y of A r t and D e s i g n H e l s i n k i
F i g . 2 L o c a t i o n c h a n g e s o f e i g h t u n i v e r s i t i e s 吋 5
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We w i l l f o c u s on t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i , t h e H e l s i n k i じ n i v e r s i t yo f Technology and
t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Art and D e s i g n H e l s i n k i , a l l o f which a r e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e ‑ s c a l e u n i v e r s i t i e s
t h a t have made t y p i c a l m o v e s . We w i l l a d d r e s s : ( 1 ) how and why t h e C i t y C e n t e r Campus o f
t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i was l o c a t e d and c o u l d s t a y i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e c i t y ; ( 2 ) how and
why t h e i n t i m a t e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s between suburban campuses o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i
and t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology and t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s have been r e a l i z e d ;
9 0 S a k i k o TAN AKA, H i r o y u k i MARUMO and H i k a r u KINOSHITA
and ( 3 ) how and why one campus o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Art and D e s i g n H e l s i n k i and a p a r t o f t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology w e r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e i n n e r c i t y and r e t u r n e d t o t h e i n n e r c i t y from a s u b u r b .
T h i s s t u d y i s m a i n l y b a s e d on t h e m a t e r i a l o b t a i n e d a b o u t t h e c i t y p l a n n i n g o f H e l s i n k i , t h e campus p l a n n i n g o f e a c h u n i v e r s i t y , and from a r c h i t e c t s and c i t y p l a n n e r s w r i t i n g s a b o u t s u c h a s C . L . E n g e l , E . S a a r i n e n , and A . A a l t o . A p a r t o f o u r i n f o r m a t i o n on l a t e s t t r e n d s was c o l l e c t e d from t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s t h e m s e l v e s and t h e H e l s i n k i C i t y P l a n n i n g O f f i c e .
S e v e r a l s t u d i e s have been made on campus p l a n n i n g o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e c i t y and u n i v e r s i t i e s . For e x a m p l e , a p u b l i c a t i o n on r e c e n t c o o p e r a t i o n between t h e C i t y o f H e l s i n k i and t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e development o f H e l s i n k i 3 ) , a r e c o r d o f t h e campus p l a n n i n g h i s t o r y o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i 4 ) , and a p u b l i c a t i o n on t h e r e v i s i o n o f t h e campus p l a n n i n g o f t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology 列 I nJ a p a n , t h e r e a r e s t u d i e s on u n i v e r s i t y l o c a t i o n s and t h e i r c h a n g e s ・ 6 and on space o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h i n c a m p u s e s , ' 7 amongst o t h e r s , b u t , t h e s e a r e l i m i t e d t o campus and b e a r no r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h c i t i e s . We w i l l make r e f e r e n c e t o some u n i v e r s i t i e s i n one p a r t i c u l a r c i t y and a n a l y z e t h e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between them h i s t o r i c a l l y . As f a r a s we know, no s t u d i e s i n J a p a n have e v e r a t t e m p t e d t h i s b e f o r e .
2 . S i t u a t i o n and Growth Process o f the C i t y Center Campus 2 . 1 S i t u a t i o n o f t h e C i t y Center Campus and i t s background
The f a t e o f F i n l a n d had been c o n t r o l l e d by Sweden and R u s s i a f o r s e v e r a l c e n t u r i e s b e c a u s e o f h e r g e o p o l i t i c a l l o c a t i o n . When c o n t r o l p a s s e d from Sweden t o R u s s i a , h e r c a p i t a l was moved from Turku t o H e l s i n k i i n 1 8 1 2 . But i t was o n l y i n 1 8 2 8 , 1 6 y e a r s l a t e r , t h a t t h e Turku Academy, t h e p r e d e c e s s o r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i , was moved t o H e l s i n k i ( T a b l e 2 ) . The r e a s o n f o r t h e t i m e l a g was a p o l i t i c a l o n e : n a m e l y , when t h e c a p i t a l was moved, t h e c z a r d i d n o t have t h e i n t e n t i o n o f making u s e o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y f o r p o l i t i c a l u n i f i c a t i o n . 6 ) I n s t e a d , he p r e f e r r e d t o keep t h e Academy away from t h e new c a p i t a l b e c a u s e p e o p l e , e s p e c i a l l y a c a d e m i c s , i n Turku were s t r o n g l y o r i e n t e d toward S w e d e n 7 l ‑ 9 l ̲ L a t e r , t h e R u s s i a n government moved t h e Academy t o H e l s i n k i b e c a u s e t h e y needed t o keep d i r e c t watch on s t u d e n t s who had t h e l i b e r a l t e n d e n c i e s 8 l , and t o make u s e o f t h e Academy f o r c r e a t i o n o f new c u l t u r e 7 l 1 0 l .
F i g . 3 shows t h e arrangement o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y and i m p o r t a n t p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s , which
were c o m p l e t e d o r p l a n n e d a t t h a t t i m e . As t h e f i g u r e s h o w s , t h e town s t r u c t u r e was a g r i d
p l a n . The C a t h e d r a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b u i l d i n g s and m i l i t a r y b u i l d i n g s f a c e d t h e S e n a t e S q u a r e
o r t h e main s o u t h ‑ n o r t h s t r e e t , f o r m i n g t h e h e a r t o f t h e new c a p i t a l . The u n i v e r s i t y main
b u i l d i n g was p l a c e d a t t h e most i m p o r t a n t s i t e : n a m e l y , o p p o s i t e t h e S e n a t e B u i l d i n g , a c r o s s
t h e S e n a t e S q u a r e , i n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t any r a t i f i e d town p l a n b e f o r e t h e u n i v e r s i t y was
moved d i d n o t i n c l u d e any u n i v e r s i t y b u i l d i n g s 1 1 ) . I n t h i s w a y , t h e u n i v e r s i t y was r e g a r d e d
a s an i m p o r t a n t f a c i l i t y , and c o n s e q u e n t l y i t was o r g a n i c a l l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e g r i d p l a n .
Taking i n t o a c c o u n t t h e a b o v e r e a s o n f o r t h e u n i v e r s i t y t r a n s f e r , i t i s q u i t e n a t u r a l t h a t t h e
A S t u d y on t h e P r o c e s s o f F o r m a t i o n o f I n t i m a t e S p a t i a l R e a l a t i o n s 9 1 Between t h e C i t y and U n i v e r s i t i e s i n H e l s i n k i
u n i v e r s i t y s h o u l d be p l a c e d a t t h e s i t e .
F i g . 3 Arrangement o f p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s a f t e r U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i was moved 1 l 4 l
T a b l e 2 T r a n s f e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i 1 ) 4 ) 7 ) 3 )
1 8 0 8 H e l s i n k i l o s t a b o u t a t h i r d o f i t s b u i l d i n g s r t o e c g o r n e s a t r u t f i c r t e i s o n a n p d l a h a n . d b e g u n t o i m p l e m e n t a 1 8 0 9 F i n l a n d h a d b e e n u n d e r S w e d i s h r u l e f o r
n e a r l y s i x c e n t u r i e s . H o w e v e r , s i n c e R u s s i a won t h e R u s s i a ‑ S w e d e n W a r , s h e b e c a m e a g r a n d d u c h y , g a i n i n g a u t o n o m y u n d e r R u s s i a n r u l e .
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U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i ) was d a m a g e d . T d e r a c i 郎 d e f e d r b o y f t h t h e e C A z a c r a o d f e m R u y s s t o i a , H e l s i n k i w a s N i c h o l a s I 1 8 2 8
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C . L . Engel u n i f i e d t h e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y , w i t h t h e n e o ‑ c l a s s i c a l s t y l e and c o n n e c t e d e a c h b l o c k v i s 叫 l yw i t h g r e e n s 4 l 3 l ̲ The u n i v e r s i t y t h u s became an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e t o w n s c a p e .
2 . 2 The growth and t h e s t a y i n g process o f t h e C i t y Center Campus
The growth p r o c e s s o f t h e C i t y C e n t e r Campus c a n be c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e main t y p e s : " v a c a n t l o t u s e " , " r e b u i l d i n g " and " c o n v e r s i o n " . ' 9 We c a n r e p r e s e n t t h i s a s i n F i g . 4 . T a b l e 3 p r e s e n t s a number o f changes i n e a c h p e r i o d . I t shows t h a t t h e main t y p e o f e x p a n s i o n between 1 8 5 0 and 1 9 6 9 was " v a c a n t l o t u s e " , b u t " c o n v e r s i o n " h a s t a k e n i t s p l a c e s i n c e 1 9 7 0 . And " r e b u i l d i n g " , w h i l s t i n f r e q u e n t , h a s been done t h r o u g h o u t .
F i g . 5 shows t h a t l a r g e ‑ s c a l e undevel o ped p l o t s o f l a n d remained n e x t t o t h e u n i v e r s i t y b l o c k s and on t h e n o r t h e r n s h o r e u n t i l t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . The e x p a n s i o n s i n c e 1 9 0 0 h a s made o f t h e s e v a c a n t l o t s . T h i s p r o v i d e s a c o n t r a s t t o t h e e x p a n s i o n b e f o r e t h a t , which had used s m a l l ‑ s c a l e v a c a n t l o t s i n e x i s t i n g u n i v e r s i t y b l o c k s .
T h i s f i g u r e a l s o shows t h a t t h e r e were s t o n e b u i l d i n g s f a c i n g e a c h o t h e r on t h e s q u a r e
and a l o n g t h e main s t r e e t r u n n i n g n o r t h t o s o u t h , U n i o n i n k a t u . However, a l a r g e number o f
temporary wooden b u i l d i n g s remained around t h e u n i v e r s i t y . The redevelopment o f
9 2 S a k i k o TAN AKA, H i r o y u k i MARUMO a n d H i k a r u KINOSHITA
temporary b u i l d i n g s i n t o permanent o n e s s t a r t e d a r o u n d t h e end o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . The u n i v e r s i t y ' s e x p a n s i o n t h r o u g h r e b u i l d i n g f o l l o w e d t h e c i t y ' s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n t r e n d .
As F i g . 6 s h o w s , t h e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r were a l r e a d y crammed t o g e t h e r by 1 9 6 0 , b u t a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h number o f v a c a n t l o t s remained around t h e u n i v e r s i t y . The u n i v e r s i t y h a s expanded m a i n l y t h r o u g h c o n v e r s i o n s i n c e 1 9 7 0 . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e C i t y and t h e S t a t e have been p r o t e c t e d many b u i l d i n g s i n t h e a r e a s i n c e t h e 1 9 7 0 s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e C i t y h a s p r o t e c t e d t h e u r b a n l a n d s c a p e o f t h e o l d c i t y a r e a ( w i t h i n t h e t h i c k l i n e i n t h e f i g u r e ) 丸
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四U n d e v e l o p e ds i t e u s e d i n 1 9 0 0 ‑ 1 9 6 9 ‑ ‑ 1 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 冒 1 9 0 1 ‑ 1 9 4 0 置國 1 9 0 0 ‑ 1 9 6 9
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f i g . 4 G r o w t h P r o c e s s o f t h e f i g . 5 Town P l a n , 1 8 7 8 f i g . 6 C o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d o f C i t y C e n t e r C a m p u s ・ s ・ r n b u i l d i n g s a r o u n d t h e
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u m v e r s 1 t y 1 2 )
3 . Formation Processes o f an I n t i m a t e R e l a t i o n s h i p between Suburban Campuses and t h e i r Surrounding Areas
3 . 1 Securing a c l o s e l o c a t i o n t o t h e c i t y a t suburban campuses 3 . 1 . 1 Time l a g between t h e period o f l a n d acquirement and t r a n s f e r
While t h e C i t y Center Campus o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i had been growing g r a d u a l l y , t h e i s s u e o f t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e u n i v e r s i t y t o a s u b u r b had a l r e a d y come up i n t h e 1 9 1 0 s . The f i r s t t r a n s f e r i s s u e a r o s e from t h e p r o p o s a l o f 1 9 1 8 , which was t o move t h e w h o l e u n i v e r s i t y t o M e i l a h t i . However, a s t h e u n i v e r s i t y p r e f e r r e d t o move o n l y t h e F a c u l t y o f M e d i c i n e t h e r e , i t was n o t r e a l i z e d a t t h a t t i m e . The i s s u e o f t r a n s f e r came up a g a i n a t t h e end o f t h e 1 9 6 0 s . By t h a t t i m e , a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e number o f s t u d e n t s had c a u s e d a n o b v i o u s l a c k o f s p a c e . I t was p r o p o s e d t o move t h e whole u n i v e r s i t y t o V i i k k i , where t h e F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e was a t t h a t t i m e . However t h i s t o o was n o t r e a l i z e d because o f heavy o p p o s i t i o n by s t u d e n t s .
The s i t e o f M e i l a h t i Campus, i n which t h e H o s p i t a l and F a c u l t y o f M e d i c i n e a r e l o c a t e d
a t p r e s e n t , was a c q u i r e d i n 1 9 3 9 ' 1 2 . The s i t e o f V i i k k i Campus, i n which t h e f a c u l t i e s r e l a t e d
A Study on t h e P r o c e s s o f Formation o f I n t i m a t e S p a t i a l R e a l a t i o n s 9 3 Between t h e C i t y and U n i v e r s i t i e s i n H e l s i n k i
t o a g r i c u l t u r e are l o c a t e d , was acquired i n 1 9 3 1 ' 1 3 . However the campuses d i d not i m m e d i a t e l y move t o e i t h e r s i t e . I t was n o t u n t i l postwar t i m e s t h a t a major t r a n s f e r f i n a l l y s t a r t e d ( T a b l e s . 4 , 5 ) .
T a b l e . 4 P l a n n i n g p r o c e s s f o r t h e M e i l a h t i campus o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i 4 l 1 3 l
1 9 1 8
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oT a b l e . 5 P l a n n i n g p r o c e s s f o r t h e V i i k k i campus o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i 4 l
This t i m e l a g was i n f l u e n t i a l i n t h e campuses s e c u r i n g a c l o s e l o c a t i o n t o t h e c i t y . F i g . 7 shows t h a t i n 1 9 4 0 M e i l a h t i Campus p a r t l y a d j o i n e d t h e c i t y a r e a w h i l e V i i k k i Campus was i s o l a t e d from i t . However, i n 1 9 6 0 t h e former was surrounded by t h e c i t y a r e a w h i l e t h e l a t t e r now a d j o i n e d i t . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e campuses moved t o t h e suburbs w h i l e , a t t h e same t i m e , t h e c i t y a r e a expanded t o surround t h e campuses.
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F i g . 7 E x p a n s i o n o f a c i t y and c h a n g e s i n s u b u r b a n c a m p u s e s 1 4 )
9 4 S a k i k o TANAKA, H i r o y u k i MARUMO a n d H i k a r u KINOSHITA
3 . 1 . 2 Securing a c l o s e l o c a t i o n t o t h e c i t y by c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a surrounding suburban r e s i d e n t i a l area
The H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology had a l s o examined t h e i s s u e o f t r a n s f e r o f a w h o l e o r p a r t o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y t o a s u b u r b b e f o r e t h e W a r . However t h e l a n d o f O t a n i e m i campus was o n l y a c q u i r e d i n 1 9 4 9 ( T a b l e . 6 ) . P l a n n i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t e d i m m e d i a t e l y . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e r e was a l m o s t no t i m e l a g between t h e l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n and campus t r a n s f e r , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h a t o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i .
T a b l e . 6 . P l a n n i n g p r o c e s s o f t h e O t a n i e m i campus o f t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y 1 3 l 1 4 l 1 5 l 1 5 l 1 7 l
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We s h o u l d n o t e t h a t T a p i o l a 叫 asuburban r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a n e x t t o O t a n i e m i , was c o n s t r u c t e d a t t h e same p e r i o d a s t h e c a m p u s . As F i g . 7 s h o w s , t h e campus was i s o l a t e d from t h e c i t y a r e a i n 1 9 6 0 . However, T a p i o l a grew a s w e l l a s t h e c a m p u s , and b o t h a r e a s came c l o s e r t o e a c h o t h e r . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , a u n i v e r s i t y l a c k s t h e power t o a t t r a c t by i t s e l f a new c i t y t o i t s s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a . However, i n t h i s c a s e , t h e s u b u r b a n campus and t h e s u r r o u n d i n g r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a were c o n s t r u c t e d d u r i n g t h e same p e r i o d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e i s o l a t e d s i t u a t i o n o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y l a s t e d f o r o n l y a s h o r t p e r i o d .
3 . 1 . 3 Securing a c l o s e l o c a t i o n t o t h e c i t y by a t r a n s f e r t o a v a c a n t s i t e i n t h e c i t y a r e a The U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i a c q u i r e d l a n d i n t h e l a t e 1 9 7 0 s f o r t h e Kumpula Campus, t h e n p a r t l y r e l o c a t e d t h e r e . As F i g . 7 s h o w s , t h e c i t y a r e a a l r e a d y s u r r o u n d e d t h e new s i t e , o n which t e m p o r a r y h o u s i n g had been b u i l t b e c a u s e o f a h o u s i n g s h o r t a g e a f t e r t h e W a r . 3 . 2 S t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n with a c i t y o f suburban campuses
3 . 2 . 1 R e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e suburban campuses o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i and t h e i r surroundings
The M e i l a h t i Campus, o n e o f t h e suburban campuses o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H e l s i n k i , h o u s e s t h e F a c u l t y o f M e d i c i n e and t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y C e n t r a l H o s p i t a l . The h o s p i t a l i s a n i m p o r t a n t p u b l i c f a c i l i t y t h a t s t r u c t u r a l l y i n t e g r a t e s i n t o t h e c o m m u n i t y . T h i s f a c i l i t a t e s t h e campus t o have a n i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s .
The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Kumpula Campus o n l y s t a r t e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s . The campus h a s
n o t y e t d e v e l o p e d a n i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a .
A S t u d y on t h e P r o c e s s o f F o r m a t i o n o f I n t i m a t e S p a t i a l R e a l a t i o n s 9 5 Between t h e C i t y and U n i v e r s i t i e s i n H e l s i n k i
The V i i k k i Campus was i s o l a t e d from t h e n o r t h e r n r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a on t h e o p p o s i t e s i t e o f a motorway u n t i l t h e 1 9 8 0 s . However, t h e campus h a s been r e d e v e l o p e d w i t h a new r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a t o t h e n o r t h e a s t . Hence b o t h a r e a s a r e r a p i d l y becoming i n t e g r a t e d .
F i g . 8 shows new u n i v e r s i t y f a c i l i t i e s , and a S c i e n c e Park s e t up by t h e C i t y , t h e g o v e r n m e n t , c o m p a n i e s and t h e U n i v e r s i t y . I t a l s o shows t h a t a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a , i n c l u d i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y ‑ s e n s i t i v e h o u s i n g was i n t e g r a l l y p l a n n e d around t h e e x i s t i n g u n i v e r s i t y b u i l d i n g s and s t u d e n t h o u s i n g s 1 8 l 1 9 l ̲ The V i i k k i a r e a h a s been a p r o d u c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s i n c e t h e m e d i e v a l p e r i o d and h a s r e t a i n e d many n a t u r a l a s s e t s . Thus i n t h i s a r e a , b i o ‑ s c i e n c e ‑ r e l a t e d u n i v e r s i t y f a c i l i t i e s and t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s a r e b u i l d i n g a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h e a c h o t h e r by means o f making e f f e c t i v e u s e o f t h e l a n d i n k e e p i n g w i t h i t s c h a r a c t e r .
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く こ こ 》 U n i v e r s i t yb u i l d i n g s a n d s t u d e n t h o u s i n g s c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e l 960s ‑ 1 9 7 0 s
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F i g . 8 The d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n o f V i i k k i a r e a a n d F i g . 9 Land u s e g r o u p i n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t t h e V i i k k i C a m p u s 1 7 ) p r m c 1 p a l s i n t h e O t a n i e m i a r e a 5 )
3 . 2 . 2 R e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e H e l s i n k i University o f Technology and i t s surrounding area
Many I T ‑ r e l a t e d c o m p a n i e s and r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s a r e c u r r e n t l y g a t h e r i n g around t h e c o r e o f t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology i n Otaniemi and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s . F i g . 9 shows t h e l a n d u s e and main d e v e l o p i n g p r i n c i p l e s i n t h e r e v i s e d l a n d u s e p l a n o f O t a n i e m i i n 1 9 9 2 . I n t h e expanded a r e a , where t h e r e i s t o be t e c h n o l o g y a c c u m u l a t i o n a r e a , t h e y have p l a n n e d n o t o n l y u n i v e r s i t y f a c i l i t i e s and s t u d e n t h o u s i n g s , b u t a l s o a Technology Park and o f f i c e s . This r e v e a l s t h e i r i n t e n t i o n t o b u i l d up a f u n c t i o n a l c o n n e c t i o n between t h e u m v e r s i t y and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s .
M o r e o v e r , i n o r d e r t o s e c u r e l a n d s c a p e c o n t i n u i t y between O t a n i e m i and T a p i o l a , t h e
motorway i s t o be g i v e n a t u n n e r 1 6 , and b u i l d i n g s and f o r e s t i n b o t h a r e a s a r e t o mesh
9 6 S a k i k o TANAKA, H i r o y u k i MARUMO a n d H i k a r u KINOSHITA
t o g e t h e r ' 1 7 . Both a r e a s , which were p l a n n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e same p e r i o d , s h a r e a common i d e a , c a l l e d " F o r e s t Town", i n which a r t i f i c i a l l a n d s c a p e and s u r r o u n d i n g f o r e s t a r e i n t e g r a t e d .
4 . U n i v e r s i t y R e l o c a t i o n s t o Brownfield S i t e s and I n t i m a t e R e l a t i o n s h i p s with t h e Surroundings
A p o s t ‑ i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y came t o H e l s i n k i and t h e C i t y o f H e l s i n k i changed t h e c i t y s t r u c t u r e . The r e d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t s h a v e g r a d u a l l y come t o f r u i t i o n i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
The m a s t e r p l a n o f 1 9 9 2 p r o p o s e d moving e x i s t i n g i n d u s t r i a l and h a r b o r f u n c t i o n s i n t h e i n n e r c i t y t o a s u b u r b and t o make good u s e o f o b s o l e t e o r u n d e r ‑ u s e d i n d u s t r i a l s i t e s n e a r t h e c i t y c e n t e r . Former'brownfields'have been redeveloped a s a new c i t y r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a , which i n c l u d e s modern o f f i c e s , p a r k s and r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . I n t h e s e r e d e v e l o p e d a r e a s , t h e f o r m e r f a c t o r y b u i l d i n g s were c o n v e r t e d i n t o c u l t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s and a u n i v e r s i t y , which a r e now t h e c o r e o f t h e a r e a . I n t h i s m a n n e r , s u c h b u i l d i n g s c a n p r o v i d e a p l a c e t o which u n i v e r s i t i e s c a n b e r e l o c a t e d i n t h e i n n e r c i t y .
The phenomenon o f u n i v e r s i t y r e l o c a t i o n and r e t u r n p r o b a b l y a r i s e s from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c i t y p r o m o t e s a r t and c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s and any e d u c a t i o n r e l a t e d t o s u c h a c t i v i t i e s n e e d s a p l a c e where p e o p l e c a n crowd t o g e t h e r .
4 . 1 R e l o c a t i o n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Art and Design Helsinki
I n 1 9 8 6 t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Art and D e s i g n H e l s i n k i was moved from t h e c i t y c e n t e r t o t h e f o r m e r p o t t e r y and c e r a m i c s f a c t o r y b u i l d i n g a t A r a b i a n r a n t a i n t h e i n n e r c i t y . T h i s a r e a , which t r a d i t i o n a l l y had b e e n a n i n d u s t r i a l a r e a , h a s r e t a i n e d i t s o r i g i n a l c h a r a c t e r .
F i g . I O shows t h e l a n d u s e and planned f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e development p l a n o f t h e A r a b i a n r a n t a a r e a . Some o f t h e f a c t o r y b u i l d i n g s were c o n v e r t e d i n t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Art and D e s i g n H e l s i n k i , t h e Pop and J a z z C o n s e r v a t o r y o f M u s i c , and an i n d u s t r i a l d e s i g n c e n t e r . T o g e t h e r , t h e y a r e t o form a new i n d u s t r i a l a r t d e s i g n c e n t e r f o r H e l s i n k i 1 9 ) z o ) .
The zone extending from t h e u n i v e r s i t y d i s t r i c t i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r through t h i s A r a b i a n r a n t a a r e a t o t h e S c i e n c e Park i n V i i k k i h a s b e e n p l a n n e d a s a S c i e n c e , I n d u s t r y and Art a x i s i n t h e c i t y s t r u c t u r e 1 ) . The u n i v e r s i t y i s n o t o n l y p l a c e d a t t h e c o r e o f t h e c u l t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s o f t h i s a r e a , b u t a l s o p l a y s a key p a r t c o n n e c t i n g campuses i n t h e c i t y c e n t e r w i t h t h o s e i n t h e s u b u r b s .
4 . 2 Return o f a p a r t o f t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology from a suburb t o t h e c i t y c e n t e r
The R u o h o l a h t i a r e a , b o r d e r i n g t h e west p a r t o f t h e c i t y c e n t e r , u s e d t o b e a n i n d u s t r i a l
a r e a u n t i l t h e 1 9 8 0 s . Nowadays, h o w e v e r , i t h a s b e e n r e d e v e l o p e d i n t o a new r e s i d e n t i a l
a r e a n e a r t h e c i t y c e n t e r . I n t h e r e d e v e l o p m e n t a s a c o r e f o r t h e a r e a , a f o r m e r f a c t o r y
b u i l d i n g was c o n v e r t e d i n t o a c u l t u r a l f a c i l i t y , which h o u s e a n a r t s c h o o l , a d a n c e s c h o o l ,
and a r a d i o s t a t i a 1 9 l ̲ I t i s a l s o t o t h i s b u i l d i n g t h a t a p a r t o f t h e H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y o f
A S t u d y on t h e P r o c e s s o f F o r m a t i o n o f I n t i m a t e S p a t i a l R e a l a t i o n s 9 7 Between t h e C i t y and U n i v e r s i t i e s i n H e l s i n k i
Technology h a s r e t u r n e d from t h e s u b u r b s . T h i s p r o j e c t p r o v i d e s a b a s e f o r c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y a t t h e w a t e r f r o n t a d j o i n i n g t h e c i t y c e n t e r , and t h e u n i v e r s i t y s e r v e s a s a p a r t o f t h i s b a s e .
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