タイ「コミュニティ林法」の17年 ――論争の展開にみる政治的・社会的構図 ――
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(2) ῍ΐ ῍῍ ῍῍. . *. The Socio-political Process of the Community Forest Bill Controversy in Thailand FJ?>I6 Wataru*. The Community Forest Bill was finally passed by the Thai legislative assembly ῍ΐ years after it was introduced. This article examines what transpired during those ῍ΐ controversial years by analyzing the notions and behaviors of the actors and how they led to changes in the draft bill. The bill provides for ῍ ! conditions and procedures for the establishment and abolition of community forests; ῎ ! regulations on the resource use and management of these forests; and ῏ ! organizational procedures for implementation. The bill aims to achieve sustainable forest management by local people with the assistance of NGOs and the government. It institutionalizes its own decision-making system based on this tri-sectoral collaboration, not through existing administration organizations. Among the bill’s provisions, the conditions and regulation of community forests in protected areas was the most controversial issue. The question was whether community forests could be established even within protected areas. The forest department has accepted the idea of community forests in protected areas since ῍ῒ, but nature conservationist NGOs have opposed the policy. During the whole ῍ΐ years, there have been only a few occasions when nature conservationists and social activists supporting local peoples directly discussed the draft bill. Activist groups and their local partners negotiated with party politicians, while conservationists issued public statements and utilized connections with and/or influence over relatively conservative senators who did not belong to political parties. Since the Senate resolution of ῎ῌῌ῎, which disallowed community forests in the protected areas, there have been more occasions to discuss the bill directly. But the various political actors could not reach an agreement, prompting them to resolve the issue by voting. This resulted in a bill accepting community forests in protected areas under certain conditions. This politically plural decision-making process led to drastic changes to the draft bill, foremost of which was the total denial of community forests in the protected area by the Senate in ῎ῌῌ῎. Moreover, the role played by informal political influence and under-thetable negotiation in reaching a resolution caused a strain in the otherwise good relations between local communities, NGOs and the government. If this bill moves to the implementation phase, more transparency is needed in order to reach a common understanding about the principles of the bill in society as a whole. Keywords: Thailand, community forest, forest management, law, politics ῍ῌ῏ῌ῎῏" " # $%" &" . ῌ. 442. '()*+,-,./ Faculty of Letters, Konan Women’s University, ῒ῎῎῎῎῏ Morikita, Higashinada-ku, Kobe ῒῑ῎ῌῌῌ῍, Japan e-mail: watarufujita0yahooo.co.jp.
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(407) uKJ=vwxyAz4q={' |}~ HI\_ j'L& =v \ !;&. ῎ ῏ ῑ ῍ ῍ T (῍ΐ ΐ ῍ῌ + Kan prachaphichan rang phrarachabanyat pa chumchon pho. so. . . . . . . z ABCDEF ῎ 3S. Banthoek karani rang phrarachabanyat pa chumchon ABCDEF e_z ῏ /qTUU OB thi so. wo no. ῍/ ῎ῑῐῑ (῎ῌῌ῎ ῏ ῒ + Kho song phon khwam khit hen to rang phrarachabanyat pa chumchon pho. so. . . . . ABCDEFO;"4 Zq ῐ /qTUU OB thi so. wo no. ῍/ ῎ῑῐῑ (῎ῌῌ῎ ῏ ῍ῐ + Kho song phon khwam khit hen to rang phrarachabanyat pa chumchon pho. so. . . . ABCDEFO; "4Zq ` P" ABCDEF¡ (¢£+ ῍ῒ ῎Khanakamakan Prasanngan Ongkong Phatana Ekachon (NGO-COD+ ed. ῍ῒ. Kotmai Pachumchon: Miti Mai Khong Samgkhom Thai. ῍ΐ ῎Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and Pacific ()*+ ¤./ 0¥S¦.§¨NA¦\;,;& ῍ ©῎Samnakngan Lekhanukan Sapha Phu Thaen Rasadon ªm @ ῎ῌῌῌ Raingan Prachum Sapha Phu Thaen Rasadon, Chut thi 20 Pi thi 4 Khrang thi 30 (Samai Saman Thuapai+ Wan Phut thi 15 Duean Mina Khom Phutsakarat 2543 ªm«¬ ® ῎ῌῌῌ ῏ ῍ῑ ῎ῌῌῌ ¯῎Samnakngan Lekhanukan Sapha Phu Thaen Rasadon ªm @ ῎ῌῌῌ Raingan Prachum Sapha Phu Thaen Rasadon, Chut thi 20 Pi thi 4 Khrang thi 3 (Samai Saman Nithi Banyat+ Wan Phut thi 5 Duean Mokara Khom Phutsakarat 2543 ªm«¬® ῎ῌῌῌ ῍ ῑ ῎ῌῌ῍ ª῎Samnakngan Lekhanukan Uthisapha `m @ ῎ῌῌ῍ Raingan Prachum Uthisapha, Khrang thi 38 (Samai Saman Nithi Banyat+ Pen Phiset, Wan Suk thi 26 Duean Pruesachika Yon Phutsakarat 2544 `m«¬®° ῎ῌῌ῍ ῍῍ ῎ῒ ῎ῌῌ῎ `°±²῎Samnakngan Lekhanukan Uthisapha `m @ ῎ῌῌ῎ Raingan Prachum Uthisapha, Khrang thi 8 (Samai Saman Thuapai+ Wan Suk thi 15 Duean Mina Khom Phutsakarat 2545 `m«¬ ® ῎ῌῌ῎ ῏ ῍ῑ ῎ῌῌ῎ `῎lXABCDEF³qY0 ῎ῌῌ῎ ῎ῌῌΐ ©῎ HP http: //www.senate.go.th/agenda ῎ῌῌῑῌ/῎. pdf ῎ῌῌΐ ²´¢ : HP http: //www.senate.go.th/agenda ῎ῌῌῑῌ/῏.pdf ῎ῌῌΐ °±²῎ HP http: //www.senate.go.th/agenda ῒῑῌῑῌ/ ῎ῌ.pdf µ¶῎?@ HP http: //www.forest.go.th/com῍participate/book/law῍doc ῑῌ.pdf. 466.
(408) ¤y῏ * [,-./01tm ῍ΐ n Bangkok Post BP Nation . Anan Ganjanapan. ῎ῌῌῌ. Local Control of Land and Forest: Cultural Dimensions of Resource Management in Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai: Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University. Fujita, Wataru. ῎ῌῌ῏. Dealing with Contradictions: Examining National Forest Reserve in Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies ῐ῍῎: ῎ῌῒ῍῎῏. Hirsch, Philip. ῍ῌ. Development Dilemmas in Rural Thailand. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
(409) ῎ῌῌῐ ῌῌ !"#$ %&'( Khrueakhai Pa Cumchon Pathet Thai ) *+,-./012345678 ῎ῌῌ῎ Pho. Ro. Bo. Pa Chumchon: Chao Ban Khue Khon Raksa Pa )Community Forest Act: Villagers Maintain the Forests8 Bangkok: Khrueakhai Pa Chumchon Prathet Thai. Krom Pama, Fai Songsoem lae Phathana Pa Chumchon, Kong Chatkan Thidin Pa Sanguan Haeng Chat ) 19 :;<=1>?@A,-./01BCDEF8 n. d. Pa Chumchon nai Prathet Thai: Khu Mue Chao Nathi khong Rat Khrongkan Pluk Mai Chaisoi Chumchon ) *,-. /01 ῌῌ GHIJKL1M1NOPQ74RSTUVW378 Montree Chantawong et al. ῍῎. People and Forests of Thailand. In The Future of People and Forests in Thailand after the Logging Ban, edited by Pinkaew Leungaramsri and Noel Rajesh. Bangkok: Project for Ecological Recovery. XY Z ῎ῌῌῐ [ *\]^#_`abc_`de ῌῌ *f ghijklm no *pq$ No. ῐ. Ostrom, Elinor. ῍ῌ. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sane Chamrik; and Yos Santasombat, eds. ῍῏. Pa Chumchon nai Prathet Thai: Naeo Thang Kan Phathana lem ῍ Pa Fon Khet Ron kan Phap Ruam khong Pa Chumchon nai Prathet Thai lem ῎ Pa Chumchon Phak Nuea lem ῏ Pa Chumchon nai Phak Tawan Ok Chinag Nuea ) *,-./01 ῌῌ DErs8 19 Web. [,-./01tuvwm http: //www.forest.go.th/plant῎forest/p῎r῎b῍.html xyz{ ῎ῌῌ῏ |}~c ῌῌ *d b.$ y ῍῍ 1c~v ῌῌ *h}~>$ ¡¢'£ Vandergeest, Peter. ῍ῒ. Property Rights in Protected Areas: Obstacles to Community Involvement as a Solution in Thailand. Environmental Conservation ῎῏῏: ῎ῑ῍῎ῒ.. 467.
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