4月入学(国内選考) 筆記審査　2020/10/21更新

全文

(1)2020.10.20_ p_e. 2020年度. 筆記審査（問題）. 注意事項. 1. 問題冊子は試験開始の指示があるまで開かないこと。. 2. 問題は 2 10ページに記載されている。試験中に問題冊子の印刷不鮮明，ページの落丁・乱丁および解答用紙の汚れ等に気づいた場合は，手を挙げて監督員に知らせること。 3 試験開始後，すべての記述解答用紙の所定欄に受験番号および氏名（カタカナ）を記入すること。. 記述解答用紙の所定欄の受験番号は正確にていねいに記入すること。読みづらい数字は採点処理に支障をきたすことがあるので，注意すること。. I. 数字見本. ￨ o￨！￨ 2l314￨ 5￨ _ 6￨ 7￨ 8￨ 9￨. 4. 解答はすべて解答用紙の所定欄に HBの黒鉛筆またはシャープペンシルで記入すること。解答用紙の枠外への記入はすべて禁ずる。. 5 いかなる場合でも，すべての解答用紙を必ず提出すること。. 6. 試験終了後，問題冊子および下書き用紙は持ち帰ること。. ー.

(2) ー. D i r e c t i o n s Readt h ep a s s a g ebelowandanswert h eq u e s t i o n st h a tf o l l o w. OnP r a i s i n gC h i l d r e n Roundingt h ec o r n e ri n t ot h en u r s e r ys c h o o lc l a s s r o o mt oc o l l e c tmyd a u g h t e r ,Io v e r h e a r dt h e n u r s e r ya s s i s t a n tt e l lh e r ," Y o u ' v edrawnt h emostb e a u t i f u lt r e e .W e l ld o n e . "Afewd a y sl a t e r ,s h e p o i n t e dt oa n o t h e rofmyd a u g h t e r ' sd r a w i n g sandr e m a r k e d ,"Wow,your e a l l ya r eana r t i s t ! ". ( a ) Nowadays,wel a v i s hp r a i s eonourc h i l d r e n .P r a i s e ,s e l f c o n f i d e n c eandacademicp e r f o r m a n c e ,i ti s commonlyb e l i e v e d ,r i s eandf a l lt o g e t h e r .Butc u r r e n tr e s e a r c hs u g g e s t sotherwise over t h ep a s t d e c a d e ,anumberofs t u d i e sons e l f e s t e e mhavecomet ot h ec o n c l u s i o nt h a tp r a i s i n gac h i l da s " c l e v e r "mayn o th e l ph e ra ts c h o o l .I nf a c t ,i tmightcausehert ou n d e r p e r f o r m .Oftenac h i l dw i l l fyouhavea l r e a d ymade" t h eb e s t " ?Ora r e a c tt op r a i s ebyq u i t t i n g whymakeanewdrawingi ri nanewway,i ft h eo l dway c h i l dmays i m p l yr e p e a tt h esamework whydrawsomethingnew,o alwaysg e t sa p p l a u s e ? ( b ) I nanowfamous1998s t u d yofc h i l d r e nagedt e nande l e v e n ,p s y c h o l o g i s t sC a r o lDweckand C l a u d i aMuellera s k e d128c h i l d r e nt os o l v eas e r i e sofm a t h e m a t i c a lp r o b l e m s .A f t e rc o m p l e t i n g t h ef i r s ts e tofs i m p l ee x e r c i s e s ,t h er e s e a r c h e r sgaveeachc h i l dj u s tones e n t e n c eofp r a i s e .Some werep r a i s e df o rt h e i rintellect—"You d i dr e a l l yw e l l ,y o u ' r es oc l e v e r " ;o t h e r sf o rt h e i rh a r dwork 1 1 Y o ud i dr e a l l yw e l l ,youmusth a v et r i e dr e a l l yh a r d . 1 1Thent h er e s e a r c h e r shadt h ec h i l d r e nt r ya morec h a l l e n g i n gs e tofp r o b l e m s .Ther e s u l t swered r a m a t i c .Thes t u d e n t swhowerep r a i s e df o r t h e i re f f o r tshowedag r e a t e rw i l l i n g n e s st owo r ko u tnewa p p r o a c h e s .Theya l s oshowedmore r e s i l i e n c ean dt e n d e dt oa t t r i b u t et h e i rf a i l u r e st oi n s u f f i c i e n te f f o r t ,n o tt oal a c kofi n t e l l i g e n c e .The c h i l d r e nwhohadbeenp r a i s e df o rt h e i rc l e v e r n e s sw o r r i e dmorea b o u tf a i l u r e ,t e n d e dt ochoose t a s k st h a tc o n f i r m e dwhatt h e ya l r e a d yknew,andd i s p l a y e dl e s st e n a c i t ywhent h eproblemsg o t h a r d e r .U l t i m a t e l y ,t h et h r i l lc r e a t e dbyb e i n gt o l d" Y o u ' r es oc l e v e r "gavewayt oani n c r e a s ei n a n x i e t yandad r o pi ns e l f e s t e e m ,m o t i v a t i o nandp e r f o r m a n c e .Whena s k e dbyt h er e s e a r c h e r st o w r i t et oc h i l d r e ni na n o t h e rs c h o o l ,r e c o u n t i n gt h e i re x p e r i e n c e ,someoft h e" c l e v e r "c h i l d r e nl i e d , i n f l a t i n gt h e i rs c o r e s .I ns h o r t ,a l li tt o o kt oknockt h e s ey o u n g s t e r s ' c o n f i d e n c e ,t omakethems o unhappyt h a tt h e yl i e d , wasones e n t e n c eofp r a i s e .. —. ―. ―. ―. ( c ) I np a r t ,wedoi tt od e m o n s t r a t et h a tw e ' r ed i f f e r e n tfromourp a r e n t s .I nMa/dngB a b i e s ,amemoir a b o u tbecomingam o t h e r ,AnneE n r i g h to b s e r v e s ," I nt h eo l ddays—as wec a l lt h e1 9 7 0 s ,i n i s p r a i s eh e rc h i l da u t o m a t i c a l l y . . . ' S h e ' samonkey,'amothermights a y , I r e l a n d amotherwouldd o r ' S t r e e ta n g e l ,homed e v i l , ' o revenmyf a v o r i t e , ' S h e ' l lhavemei nane a r l yg r a v e . ' I twasa l lp a r t ofgrowingupi nac o u n t r ywherep r a i s eofanys o r twast a b o o、’ ' O fc o u r s e ,t h i sw a s n ' tt h ec a s ei n I r e l a n da l o n e .R e c e n t l y ,am i d d l e a g e dLondonert o l dme ,1 1 M ymumc a l l e dmet h i n g sI ' dn e v e rc a l l l e v e rbyh a l f ,c h e e k y ,p r e c o c i o u sandshow-offF o r t yy e a r so n ,Iwantt os h o u ta tmy mykids—too c mum,'What'ss ot e r r i b l eaboutshowingo印"' ( d ) tt h el o c a lp l a y g r o u n d ,a tS t a r b u c k sanda tn u r s e r yschool— Now,wheret h e r ea r es m a l lc h i l d r e n a youw i l lh e a rt h ebackgroundmusicofp r a i s e :"Goodb o y ,Goodg i r l , "" Y o u ' r et h eb e s t . "Admiring o u rc h i l d r e nmayt e m p o r a r i l yl i f tours e l f e s t e e mbys i g n a l i n gt ot h o s ea r o u n duswhatf a n t a s t i c ti s n ' td o i n gmuchf o rac h i l d ' ss e n s eofs e l fI n p a r e n t swea r eandwhatt e r r i f i ck i d swehave—but i t r y i n gs oh a r dt obed i f f e r e n tfromo u rp a r e n t s ,w e ' r ea c t u a l l ydoingmucht h esamet h i n g g i v i n g emptyp r a i s et h ewayane a r l i e rg e n e r a t i o ngaveo u tt h o u g h t l e s sc r i t i c i s m .Ifwedoi tt oa v o i d t h i n k i n ga b o u to u rc h i l dandh e rw o r l d ,anda b o u twhatourc h i l df e e l s ,t h e np r a i s e ,j u s tl i k e c r i t i c i s m ,i su l t i m a t e l ye x p r e s s i n gouri n d i f f e r e n c e .. ―. ―. ―. 2.

(3) ( e ) Whichb r i n g smeb a c kt ot h eo r i g i n a lproblem-ifp r a i s ed o e s n ' tb u i l dac h i l d ' sc o n f i d e n c e ,what d o e s ? ( f ) S h o r t l ya f t e rq u a l i f y i n ga sap s y c h o a n a l y s t ,Id i s c u s s e da l lt h i sw i t hane i g h t y y e a r o l dwoman the motheroft h eNobelP r i z e w i n n i n ge c o n o m i s tJ o s e p h namedC h a r l o t t eS t i g l i t z .Charlotte— e m e d i a lr e a d i n gi nn o r t h w e s t e r nI n d i a n af o rmanyy e a r s ." Id o n ' tp r a i s eas m a l l Stiglitz—taught r c h i l df o rd o i n gwhatt h e yo u g h tt obea b l et od o , 1 1s h et o l dm e ." Ip r a i s ethemwhent h e ydo s o m e t h i n gr e a l l ydifficult—like s h a r i n gat o yo rshowingp a t i e n c e .Ia l s ot h i n ki ti si m p o r t a n tt os a y "Thanky o u . "WhenI ' mslowi ng e t t i n gas n a c kf o rac h i l d ,o rslowt oh e l pthemandt h e yhavebeen p a t i e n t ,It h a n kt h e m .ButIw o u l d n ' tp r a i s eac h i l dwhoi sp l a y i n go rr e a d i n g . "Nog r e a tr e w a r d s ,no o c u swasonwhatac h i l dd i dandhowt h a tc h i l dd i di t . t e r r i b l epunishments—Charlotte's f ( g ) IoncewatchedC h a r l o t t ew i t haf o u r y e a r o l db o y ,whowasd r a w i n g .Whenhes t o p p e dandl o o k e d e r h a p se x p e c t i n gpraise—she s m i l e dands a i d ," T h e r ei sal o tofb l u ei nyourp i c t u r e . " upa th e r p sab r i d g e . "Hep i c k e dupabrown Her e p l i e d ,1 1 I t 1 st h epondn e a rmyg r a n d m o t h e r 1 shouse—there i c r a y o n ,ands a i d ," I ' l lshowy o u . "U n h u r r i e d ,s h et a l k e dt ot h ec h i l d ,b u tmorei m p o r t a n t l y ,s h e o b s e r v e d ,s h el i s t e n e d .Shewasp r e s e n t . ( h ) Beingp r e s e n t b u i l d sac h i l d ' sc o n f i d e n c eb e c a u s ei t l e t s t h ec h i l dknowthats h ei s w o r t h t h i 祉ing a b o u t .W i t h o u tt h i s ,ac h i l dmightcomet ob e l i e v et h a th e ra c t i v i t yi sj u s tameanst og a i np r a i s e , r a t h e rt h a nanendi ni t s e l f .Howc a nwee x p e c tac h i l dt obea t t e n t i v e ,i fwe'ven o tbeena t t e n t i v et o h e r ? ( i ) Beingp r e s e n t ,w h e t h e rw i t hc h i l d r e n ,w i t hf r i e n d s ,o re v e nw i t ho n e s e l f ,i sa l w a y sh a r dw o r k .But e e l i n gt h a tsomeonei st r y i n gt ot h i n ka b o u tus— something wewant i s n ' tt h i sattentiveness— the f moret h a np r a i s e ?. ―. F r o mS t e p h e nG r o s z ,TheExaminedL i f e(W.WNorton& C o . ,2 0 1 3 ) :p p .1 8 2 2 ( 1 )Q u e s t i o n s Fore a c hq u e s t i o n ,c h o o s et h eb e s tanswera n dw r i t ei ti nt h ec o r r e s p o n d i n gboxont h eanswer s h e e t .. 1 .A c c o r d i n gt ot h er e s e a r c hmentionedi nt h ep a s s a g e ,f r e q u e n t l yp r a i s i n gac h i l df o rh e r i n t e l l i g e n c el e a d st o ( a ) ad e c l i n ei nm o t i v a t i o n、 ( b )h e i g h t e n e ds e l f e s t e e m . ( c ) improveda c a d e m i cp e r f o r m a n c e . ( d ) worser e l a t i o n sw i t hb o t hp a r e n t sa n dt e a c h e r s .. 2 .A c c o r d i n gt ot h ep a s s a g e ,wep r a i s eourc h i l d r e nm a i n l yb e c a u s e ( a )a sp a r e n t s ,wes u f f e rfromc o n t i n u a lg u i l ttowardo u rc h i l d r e n . ( b )p s y c h o l o g i s t sh a v eurgedust odos o . ( c )t h a ti showwewerer a i s e dbyo u rp a r e n t s . ( d ) wewantt oseemd i f f e r e n tfromo u rownp a r e n t s . 3 .I no r d e rt om o t i v a t ec h i l d r e nt oworkonc h a l l e n g i n gt a s k s ,hows h o u l dwer e s p o n dt othem? S e l e c tt h ea p p r o p r i a t ea n s w e rb a s e dont h ep a s s a g efromt h ef o l l o w i n gl i s t . ( a ) Youdraws ow e l l .Drawingmustbee a s yf o ry o u . ( b ) Youdrawl i k eLeonardodaV i n c i .I t ' sa m a z i n g ! 3.

(4) ( c ) Yourd r a w i n gi sb e a u t i f u l .Y o u 1 l lbefamoussomed a y ! ( d ) Yourd r a w i n gi sv e r yd e t a i l e d .I tm u s th a v et a k e nal o tofw o r k . 4 .Wherei nt h ep a s s a g emarked( a )t o( i )s h o u l de a c hoft h ef o l l o w i n gs h o r tp a r a g r a p h sb ep l a c e d? 4 1 .Onb o t ho c c a s i o n s ,Ifoundm y s e l fa tal o s s .Howc o u l dIe x p l a i nt ot h en u r s e r ya s s i s t a n t. fs h ed i d n ' tp r a i s emyd a u g h t e r ? t h a tIwouldp r e f e ri ti. 4 2 .Whya r ewes ocommittedt op r a i s i n gourc h i l d r e n ?. ( 2 )Essay Havingr e a dt h i sp a s s a g e ,u n d e rwhichc i r c u m s t a n c e s ,i fa n y ,wouldyoup r a i s ey o u rc h i l d r e n ? Defendy o u ra n s w e rw i t hs p e c i f i cr e a s o n sINENGLISHi nt h es p a c ep r o v i d e dont h ea n s w e rs h e e t .. 4.

(5) ＂. D i r e c t i o n s Readt h ep a s s a g ebelowandanswert h eq u e s t i o n st h a tf o l l o w . TheRootCauseofGlobalPoverty Toh e l pt h ew o r l d ' sp o o rp e o p l e ,youhavet of i g h tc r i m e . T h i si st h eworko ft h eI n t e r n a t i o n a lJ u s t i c eM i s s i o n( I J M ) ,ahumanr i g h t so r g a n i z a t i o n .I t s f o u n d e r ,GaryH a u g e n ,o u t l i n e dt h eg l o b a lc h a l l e n g ea tanA p r i ls e s s i o noft h eF a i t hAngleForum,a c o n f e r e n c eonr e l i g i o nands o c i e t y .I n1 9 9 4 ,Haugenl e dt h eU n i t e dN a t i o n si n v e s t i g a t i o ni n t ot h e Rwandang e n o c i d e .T h r e ey e a r sl a t e r ,hel a u n c h e dI J M .Throughh i sworkandh i sb o o k ,TheL o c u s t F ; f j e c t ,Haugenmakesac o m p e l l i n gc a s e :T o d a y ,t h ep r i n c i p a lc a u s eofm i s e r yi nt h ew o r l di s n ' ta l a c koff o o do re d u c a t i o n .I t ' sv i o l e n c eandl a w l e s s n e s s . I nt h eU n i t e dS t a t e s ,c r i m eh a ss u n kt oh i s t o r i cl o w s .Buta c r o s smuchoft h eg l o b e ,i t ' se x t r e m e l y w i d e s p r e a d .Thec r i s i si s n ' tj u s tw a r .I t ' swhatHaugenc a l l s1 1 e v e r y d a yv i o l e n c e " :s e xc r i m e s , s l a v e r y ,andt h e f t .BasedonWorldH e a l t hO r g a n i z a t i o nd a t a ,Haugens a y ss e x u a lv i o l e n c eand d o m e s t i cv i o l e n c ec a u s emored e a t handd i s a b i l i t yamongwomenaged1 4t o44t h a nw a r ,m a l a r i a , andc a ra c c i d e n t sc o m b i n e d . Thesec r i m e sa r er a r e l yp u n i s h e dbyl a w .I nsomec o u n t r i e s ,s t a t i s t i c a l l y ,y o u ' r el e s sl i k e l yt ob e c o n v i c t e dofs e x u a la s s a u l tt h a nt od i efroms l i p p i n gi nt h eshowero rb e i n gs t r u c kbyl i g h t n i n g .I n s u c hp l a c e s ,o r d i n a r yp e o p l ed o n ' te x p e c tp o l i c eo rt h ec o u r t st op r o t e c tt h e m .O f t e n ,t h ep o l i c ea r e p r e d a t o r s .K e n y a ,f o ri n s t a n c e ,wentt h r o u g ha2 5 y e a rp e r i o di nw h i c h ,d e s p i t ec h r o n i cp o l i c e a b u s e ,n o toneo f f i c e rwasc o n v i c t e dofm u r d e r . Thev i o l e n c ei sbade n o u g h .Buti t ' sa l s oi n t e r f e r i n gw i t hd e v e l o p m e n ta s s i s t a n c e .I n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n sthrowmoneya tpoorc o u n t r i e s ,o f t e nw i t h o u tmucht oshowf o ri t ,i np a r tb e c a u s e p r e d a t o r sg e ti nt h ew a y .Onekeyt od e v e l o p m e n t ,f o re x a m p l e ,i se d u c a t i n gg i r l s .Buti nmuchof t h ew o r l d ,whatk e e p sg i r l so u tofs c h o o li sv i o l e n c e .I t ' sd a n g e r o u st owalkt os c h o o l ,i t ' sd a n g e r o u s t ob ei ns c h o o l ,a n dmanyg i r l sf a c ev i o l e n c ea thomet h a tk e e p sthemfroml e a v i n g . Haugena r g u e st h a tl a w l e s s n e s s ,l i k ej o b l e s s n e s so ri l l i t e r a c y ,i saformofd e p r i v a t i o n .I t ' sp a r tofa c l a s ss t r u c t u r e .Poorp e o p l ef a c eh i g hc r i m er a t e sf o rt h esamer e a s o nt h e yg e tt h ew o r s tf o o da n d t h ew o r s th e a l t hc a r e .I nc o l o n i z e dc o u n t r i e s ,Westernpowersd e s i g n e dc o u r t sandp o l i c et op r o t e c t t h e i rowni n t e r e s t s ,n o tt h ep u b l i c .I nmanyp l a c e s ,e v e nt o d a y ,i fyouwantp r o t e c t i o n ,youhavet o buyi t .I nt h ed e v e l o p i n gw o r l d ,a c c o r d i n gt oHaugen,t h ep r i v a t es e c u r i t yi n d u s t r yi sf o u rt os e v e n t i m e sb i g g e rt h a np u b l i cp o l i c ef o r c e s .I t ' st h el a r g e s te m p l o y e ri nA f r i c a . Whenc o l o n i z e dc o u n t r i e sg o tr i doft h e i rWesternc o l o n i z e r s ,somep e o p l ehopedt h ei n j u s t i c e w i t h i nt h o s ec o u n t r i e swoulde n d .I td i d n ' t .L o c a ls t r o n g m e nc h a n g e dc r i m i n a lj u s t i c es y s t e m st o s e r v et h e m s e l v e s .Thea b u s eofs t a t epowert u r n e do u tt ob eahumanp r o b l e m ,n o tac o l o n i a lo n e . Tot h i sd a y ,i nmanyp l a c e s ,p o l i c ehavenoi d e ahowt oi n v e s t i g a t ec r i m e s .T h e y ' r et r a i n e dt odo whatr e g i m e sw a n t :crowdc o n t r o l ,c o u n t e r t e r r o r i s m ,andVIPs e c u r i t y、 I n i t i a l l y ,somep e o p l et h o u g h tt h e yc o u l dd r i v eo u ta b u s e sbyh e l p i n gg o v e r n m e n t sp a s sl a w s .But t h a td i d n ' tw o r k ,b e c a u s el a w ,l i k ef o o do rm e d i c i n e ,r e q u i r e sane f f e c t i v ed e l i v e r ys y s t e m .S l a v e r y h a sbeeno u t l a w e de v e r y w h e r e .Andy e t ,Haugenp o i n t so u t ,m i l l i o n sofp e o p l ea r o u n dt h ew o r l da r e s t i l lh e l di ns l a v e r y .. r o.

(6) Youc a n ' tj u s tdog o o d .Youh a v et og r a p p l ew i t he v i l ."TheWorldBanknowi sd o i n gt h e s e m a s s i v ep r o j e c t si nc o u n t r i e swheret h e r e ' snof u n c t i o n i n gj u s t i c es y s t e m , "s a y sH a u g e n .1 1 T h e yd i d a$400m i l l i o np r o j e c t ,b u i l d i n gar o a dt h a twasg o i n gt ohavet r a n s f o r m a t i o n a le f f e c t si nap a r tof Ugandat h a t ' sq u i t er e m o t e .Whath a p p e n swhenyoub u i l dam a s s i v er o a d ?Yous e n dm a s s i v e numbersofment ogob u i l di t .Whatdom a s s i v enumbersofmendoi na na r e awheret h e r e ' snolaw e n f o r c e m e n t ?Theys e x u a l l ya s s a u l tt h ewomenandc h i l d r e n . "Thec r i m ewaver e s u l t i n gfromt h a t p r o j e c tbecames oh o r r i f i ct h a tt h ep r o j e c th a dt obes t o p p e d . Somep e o p l ed o n ' tl i k et oh e a rt h i sm e s s a g e .T h e y ' r eu n c o m f o r t a b l ew i t ht h el a n g u a g eofp o w e r , p u n i s h m e n t ,p r e v e n t i o n ,a n df o r c e .Theyp r e f e rt ot a l ka b o u ta m n e s t y ,r e h a b i l i t a t i o n ,o r d e m i l i t a r i z a t i o n .Att h eF a i t hAngleForum,Haugenwasa s k e da b o u tamovementt oa b o l i s hp r i s o n s andlawe n f o r c e m e n ti nt h eU n i t e dS t a t e s ,ont h eg r o u n d st h a tt h e s ei n s t i t u t i o n sa r er a c i s tand c o r r u p t .Haugens y m p a t h i z e dw i t ht h i sc r i t i q u e ,b u th ep l e a d e df o rr e f o r mn o ta b o l i t i o n .Theanswer t oc o r r u p to rb i a s e dlawe n f o r c e m e n t ,hea r g u e d ,i sf a i randh o n e s tlawe n f o r c e m e n t .Neveri n h i s t o r y ,heo b s e r v e d ,h a st h e r ebeenac o u n t r y" w h e r ev i o l e n thumanb e i n g sd i d n ' th a v et obe r e s t r a i n e d . 1 1 A u t h o r i t a r i a nr u l e r simposet h e i rw i l lbymakinga nexampleofanyonewhos t a n d supt ot h e m . Haugenl i k e st h ei d e aofh o l d i n gp e o p l er e s p o n s i b l ef o rt h e i ra c t i o n s ,b u tt h i sh a st ob ea p p l i e d l a w f u l l yandm o r a l l y .I nc o r r u p tp o l i c ef o r c e s ,someo f f i c e r sa r ep r e d a t o r s ,b u to t h e r swantt os e r v e t h ep u b l i c .Mosto f f i c e r sa r esomewherei nt h em i d d l e ,w i l l i n gt ogoa l o n gw i t hw h i c h e v e rs i d e p r e v a i l s .Ha u g e n ' ss t r a t e g yi st ot i pt h e s ef o r c e si nt h er i g h td i r e c t i o nbys e n d i n gamessaget h a tt h e goodguysw i l lw i n .Tod e l i v e rt h a tm e s s a g e ,youhavet oh e l pt h ep e o p l eoft h e s ec o u n t r i e st ob u i l d c r i m i n a lj u s t i c es y s t e m st h a tc a nt a k edownt h ebadg u y s . Whenc i t i z e n si nal a w l e s sc o u n t r ys e eap o w e r f u lc r i m i n a lb r o u g h tt oj u s t i c e ,t h e y ' r es h o c k e d .They b e g i nt oh o p e .Theyg a i nc o n f i d e n c e .Theyr a i s et h e i rv o i c e s .Thes y s t e mb e g i n st or e s p o n dt ot h e m. T h a t ' sb e g i n n i n gt ohappeni nKenya ,Haugenr e p o r t s .A f t e r25y e a r sw i t hz e r om u r d e rc o n v i c t i o n s ofp o l i c eo f f i c e r s ,"Wehadn i n ec o n v i c t i o n sl a s ty e a r . " IJMp u r s u e st h i ss t r a t e g y ,t o g e t h e rw i t hc o o p e r a t i v eg o v e r n m e n t s .Theworkr e q u i r e sp a t i e n c eand c o m p r o m i s e .Cambodianlawe n f o r c e m e n th a sg o t t e nb e t t e ra tf i g h t i n gs e xt r a f f i c k e r s ,f o ri n s t a n c e , ts t i l lr e p r e s s e sp o l i t i c a lf r e e d o m .AndI JMs t a y so u tofc o u n t r i e swheret h eg o v e r n m e n tr e f u s e s b u ti i t sh e l p .Youc a n ' tp o l i c et h ew o r l d .Youc a no n l yh e l pt h o s ewhoa r ew i l l i n gt op o l i c et h e m s e l v e s . W i l l i a mS a l e t a n ,S l a t e . c o m .May1 0 ,2019 h t t p s : / / s l a t e . c o m / n e w s a n d p o l i t i c s / 2 0 1 9 / 0 5 / h o w t o f i x p o v e r t y g a r y h a u g e n i jm.h t m l ( 1 )Q u e s t i o n s Fore a c hq u e s t i o n ,c h o o s et h eb e s tanswerandw r i t et h el e t t e ri nt h ec o r r e s p o n d i n gboxont h e answers h e e t . 1 .Thep a s s a g es u g g e s t st h a tp o o rp e o p l ef a c ea l loft h ef o l l o w i n gf o r m sofd e p r i v a t i o nEXCEPT ( a )i n a d e q u a t ea c c e s st oagoode d u c a t i o n . ( b )i n a d e q u a t ea c c e s st od i g i t a lm e d i a . ( c )i n a d e q u a t eh e a l t hc a r e . ( d )j o b l e s s n e s s . 2 .A c c o r d i n gt ot h ep a s s a g e ,t h eendofc o l o n i z a t i o nwasf o l l o w e dby ( a )i n c r e a s e dl i t e r a c yi nf o r m e r l yc o l o n i z e dc o u n t r i e s . ( b ) newformsofc o r r u p t i o n . ( c )s h a r pi n c r e a s e si nm a l a r i ar a t e st h r o u g h o u tA f r i c a . 6.

(7) ( d )t h ee l i m i n a t i o nofs l a v e r yi nt h ew o r l d . 3 .Accordingt ot h ep a s s a g e ,onewayt oencouragec i t i z e n si nal a w l e s sc o u n t r yt or e f o r mt h e i rown systemi s ( a )t oc o n v i c tap o w e r f u lc r i m i n a lt oshowt h a tt h ej u s t i c esystemcanw o r k . ( b )t oimprovee d u c a t i o n a lo p p o r t u n i t i e switht h eaimofc r e a t i n gab e t t e r i n f o r m e dp o p u l a t i o n . ( c )t op r o v i d ef u n d st oimprovei n f o r m a t i o nt e c h n o l o g y ,t h e r e b ya l l o w i n gc i t i z e n st o communicatemoree f f e c t i v e l y . ( d )t os e n dt h e i rl e a d e r so v e r s e a st ol e a r na b o u tt h el e g a ls y s t e m si nWesternc o u n t r i e s . 4 .Ani n t r o d u c t o r ys e n t e n c ef o rab r i e fsummaryoft h ep a s s a g ei sp r o v i d e db e l o w .Completet h e. summarybys e l e c t i n gt h eFOURanswerc h o i c e st h a te x p r e s st h emosti m p o r t a n ti d e a si nt h e p a s s a g e ,andchooset h er i g h tc o m b i n a t i o nfrom( a ) ( d )b e l o w .Somes e n t e n c e sdon o tb e l o n gi nt h e summaryb e c a u s et h e ye x p r e s si d e a st h a ta r en o tp r e s e n t e do ra r eminori d e a si nt h ep a s s a g e . Accordingt oGaryHaugen,t h ep r i n c i p a lcauseofmiseryi nt h eworldi s v i o l e n c eandl a w l e s s n e s s . ( A )GaryHaugeni st h ea u t h o rof1 ' h eLocustE f f e c t ,whichmadet h eNewYorkTimesBestS e l l e r l i s t . ( B )Haugen'si d e ah a sbeena d o p t e dbyt h eI n t e r n a t i o n a lJ u s t i c eMissionandi ss l o w l yt a k i n ge f f e c t , a l t h o u g hsomecompromisesa r es t i l lr e q u i r e d . twastheWorldBankt h a td i da$400m i l l i o np r o j e c t ,b u i l d i n garoadt h a twasgoingt ohave ( C )I t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a le f f e c t si nUganda. (D)Manyp e o p l ei nt h ed e v e l o p i n gworldr e l yonp r i v a t es e c u r i t ycompaniesr a t h e rt h a np u b l i c p o l i c ef o r c e s . ( E )Oner e a s o nwhydevelopmenta s s i s t a n c ei so f t e ni n e f f e c t i v ei st h a tt h ep e o p l ei ti si n t e n d e df o r a r ev i c t i m i z e db e f o r et h e ycanb e n e f i tfromi t . ( F ）Poorpeoplei nmanyp a r t soft h eworldt e n dt obev i c t i m sofv i o l e n c eandl a w l e s s n e s s ,b u tt h i s i sf r e q u e n t l yo v e r l o o k e d . (G)Sexc r i m e s ,s l a v e r y ,andt h e f ta r ec a l l e d" e v e r y d a yv i o l e n c e . " (H)Themoste f f e c t i v es t r a t e g yt of i g h tv i o l e n c eandl a w l e s s n e s si st ob u i l ds y s t e m st h a tw i l l a c t u a l l yp u n i s hc r i m i n a l s . ( a ) (A) -(D) -( C ) ー( G). (b)(D ） -(H)-(F)-(B ） ( c )( F ) ( E ）（H)-(B ）） ( A ) ( d )( G ) ( C ) ( E ( 2 )Essay Thea u t h o rc o n c l u d e s ,1 1 Y o uc a n ' tp o l i c et h ew o r l d .Youcano n l yh e l pt h o s eyoua r ew i l l i n gt op o l i c e t h e m s e l v e s . 1 1Doyoua g r e eo rd i s a g r e e ?P r o v i d er e a s o n so rexamplest os u p p o r tyoura n s w e r , w r i t i n gINENGLISHi nt h es p a c ep r o v i d e dont h eanswers h e e t .. 7.

(8) m D i r e c t i o n s Readt h ep a s s a g ebelowa n da n s w e rt h eq u e s t i o n st h a tf o l l o w .. T a l kt oMe. ※この問題は、著作権の関係により掲載ができません。. 8.

(9) ※この問題は、著作権の関係により掲載ができません。. E x c e r p tfrom" T a l kt oM e 1 1byTimZimmerman,O u t s i d em a g a z i n e ,o n l i n ev e r s i o n ,S e p t e m b e r1 2 , 2012h t t p s : / / w w w . o u t s i d e o n l i n e . c o m / 1 9 0 3 9 8 6 / t a l k m e ( 1 )Q u e s t i o n s Fo re a c hgroupoft h r e es t a t e m e n t sbe l ow,c h o o s et h eonet h a tb e s ta g r e e sw i t hwhati sw r i t t e ni nt h e p a s s a g e .W r i t et h el e t t e ri nt h ec o r r e s p o n d i n gboxont h ea n s w e rs h e e t .. ，. ( a )D o l p h i n sh a v eb e e nshownt ou n d e r s t a n dn o to n l yt h emeaningo fi n d i v i d u a ls i g n a l s( " w o r d s " ) , b u ta l s ot h emeaningofwordo r d e r . ( b ) Froms t u d y i n gt h ev o c a l i z a t i o nofw i l dd o l p h i n s ,r e s e a r c h e r shavebeena b l et ou n d e r s t a n d manyoft h es i g n a l st h e yu s ew i t he a c ho t h e r ..

(10) ( c ) TheKewalod o l p h i n sl e a r n e dal a r g e rnumberofa b s t r a c twordst h a nt h eg o r i l l a sa n d c h i m p a n z e e st h a thadb e e np r e v i o u s l ys t u d i e d .. 2 . ( a )D o l p h i n sl i v i n gi nc a p t i v i t yd e m o n s t r a t emorea g g r e s s i v eb e h a v i o rt h a nt h o s el i v i n gi nt h ew i l d . ( b )D o l p h i n sl i v i n gi nt h ew i l dseemt oh a v emorecomplexs o c i a lp a t t e r n st h a nt h o s el i v i n gi n c a p t i v i t y . ( c ) Marine-mammalb i o l o g i s tD e n i s eH e r z i n gb e l i e v e st h a tt h eo n l yv a l i dwayt oi n v e s t i g a t e d o l p h i ni n t e l l i g e n c ei st os t u d ythemi nt h ew i l d ,n o ti nc a p t i v i t y . 3 .. ( a )A l t h o u g ht h e yh a v ev e r yd i f f e r e n tt y p e sofb r a i n s ,humansa n dd o l p h i n sa r et h eo n l ys p e c i e s whohaveshowns e l f a w a r e n e s s . ( b ) Onewayt ocomparet h ep o t e n t i a loft h eb r a i n sofd i f f e r e n ts p e c i e si st oc a l c u l a t eb r a i nmassi n r e l a t i o nt obodys i z e . ( c ) TheEQofd o l p h i n si sa l m o s ta sh i g ha st h eEQofc h i m p a n z e e s ,t h ea n i m a l smostc l o s e l y r e l a t e dt oh u m a n s . 4 .. ( a )G o r i l l a sh a v ed e m o n s t r a t e dt h ea b i l i t yt ocommunicatew i t ha r t i f i c i a lw h i s t l e s . ( b ) Somer e s e a r c h e r shopet h a td o l p h i n sa r ec a p a b l eoftwo-wayc o m m u n i c a t i o nw i t hh u m a n s . ( c ) Whilec a p t i v ed o l p h i n sh a v e n ' tshowna n yr e a c t i o ny e tt oa r t i f i c i a lw h i s t l e s ,r e s e a r c h e r shope t h a tw i l dd o l p h i n sw i l lr e s p o n dt ot h e m . 5 .. ( a )I th a sbeenshownt h a td o l p h i n shaveamorecomplexs o c i a ls t r u c t u r et h a nc h i m p a n z e e sd o . ( b ) Thei n c i d e n ti n v o l v i n gB i j y owasc i t e dp r i m a r i l yt oshowhowt h ed o l p h i n s ' s o c i a lb e h a v i o r p r o v i d e si n s i g h t si n t ot h ed o l p h i nb r a i n . ( c ) Them i r r o rt e s tshowedt h a td o l p h i n s ,l i k eh u m a n s ,canu n d e r s t a n dt h a tr e f l e c t i o n sa r en o tt h e samea sr e a l i t y . ( 2 )Essay S h o u l do u rnewu n d e r s t a n d i n gofd o l p h i ni n t e l l i g e n c el e a dt ot h ee s t a b l i s h m e n tofi n t e r n a t i o n a llaw r e g a r d i n gt h e i rt r e a t m e n t ?S t a t ey o u ro p i n i o na n dg i v er e a s o n st os u p p o r ti tINENGLISHi nt h e s p a c ep r o v i d e dont h ea n s w e rs h e e t .. 1 0.

(11) く2 0 2 0年度＞. 万. 立又. 千. 百. 筆記審査（解答用紙）. 十. ー. 験番. QUESTION. 方ロ. 塁〗注意）. I( 2 ). 所定の欄以外に帝験番号・氏名. を書いてはならない。. ー. ヨ. 解答を始める前に、問題番号を確かめること。. ( 1 ). 1. ( 2 ). く2 0 2 0年度＞. I( 1 ). 2. 3. 4 1. 4 2.

(12) く2 020年度＞. 受. 千. 百. 筆記審査（解答用紙）. 十. " i. 万. 験. QUESTION. 番方ロ. 誓〗注意）. く2 0 20年度＞. n(1). I l( 2 ) 所疋の欄以外に受険番号・氏名. を書いてはならない。. I I. 弓. 解答を始める前に、問題番号を確かめること。. ( 1 ) 、 .. 1. 2. 3. 4. ( 2 ). ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．ヽ ● ．一．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . •ー．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．.......... . ......... . ........ .. ... . .. . ..... .. . . .... . .... . ......................... . . . .......... . .. . .... .. . . ...... . . . ... . ..... . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . ..

(13) く2 020年度＞. 万. 又芦. 千. 百. 筆記審査（解答用紙）. 十. 験番号. QUESTION. I I I. 氏＾：名注意）. 所定の欄以外に受験番号・氏名. を書いてはならない。. 頂. 可. 解答を始める前に、問題番号を確かめること。. ( 1 ). 1. ( 2 ). く2 020年度＞. 頂( 1 ). 2. 3. 4. 5. i l l ( 2 ).

(14)

4月入学(国内選考) 筆記審査 2020/10/21更新

4月入学(国内選考) 筆記審査　2020/10/21更新