奈医誌. ( J . N a r a M e d . A s s . ) 4 4 , 203~210 , 1 9 9 3 ( 2 0 3 ) CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTION OF AMILORIDE , A POTASSIUM SPARING
DIURETIC DRUG , IN CANINE VENTRICULAR MUSCLE HIROYASU SATOH , KAZUHIKO NARIO
ITARU NARUSHIMA and TOSHIKATSU NAKASHIMA De ρa r t m e n t 0 1 P h a r m a c o l o g y . Nara M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i 固 か
R e c e i v e d J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 9 3
A b s f r a c t : E l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l e f f e c t s and a l t e r a t i o n o f i n t r a c e l l u l a r Ca 2 + c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c a n i n e v e n t r i c u l a r mus c 1 e by a m i l o r i d e , a p o t a s s i u m s p a r i n g d i u r e t i c d r u g , were examined , u s i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l m i c r o e l e c t r o d e t e c h n i q u e and f u r a ‑ 2 Ca 2
十一s e n s i . t i v e f 1 u o r e s c e n t d y e . Am i 1 0 r i d e (50μM) d e p r e s s e d t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l a m p l i t u d e by 8 . 2 d : 1 . 4 % ( n = 8 , P < 0 . 0 5 ) and t h e maximum r a t e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n by 1 6 . 2 士 2 . 0 % (n= 8 , P < 0 . 0 1 ) . I n a d d i t i o n . t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l d u r a t i o n was p r o l o n g e d by 2 6 . 7 土 3 . 4 % ( n ニ 6 , P<0.05) a t 30μM , and t h e r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l was d e p o l a r i z e d by 1 1 . 8 : t 1 . 7 % ( n = 6 , P <
0 . 0 5 ) a t 0 . 5 m M a m i l o r i d e . I n c o n t r a s t , a m i l o r i d e ( 0 . 5 t o 1 mM) s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e by 8 t o 3 0 % ( n ニ 8 , ) b u t t e n d e d t o d e c r e a s e i t a t l o w e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 3 0 μ M t o 0 . 1 mM). The p o s i t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t was n o t a f f e c t e d by p r o p r a n o l o l (0.1μM) , a β ‑ a d r e n o c e p t o r b l o c k e r . I n f u r a ‑ 2 l o a d e d v e n t r i c u l a r myocytes , a m i l o r i d e c 1 mM) i n i t i a l l y e l e v a t e d c e l l u l a r Ca 2 + l e v e l ( [ C a ] l ) by 2 4 . 5 : t 2 . 9 % (n= 6 , P<O.0 1 ) , and d u r i n g t h e a p p l i c a t i o n , t h e [Cal l e v e l d e c 1 i n e d . These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t a m i l o r i d e p o s s e s s e s complex c a r d i a c ( p r o t e c t i v e ) a c t i o n s : e l e c t r i c a l i n h i b i t o r y and m e c h a n i c a l s t i m u l a t o r y a c t i o n s , accompanied w i t h t h e e l e v a t i o n o f c e l l u l a r Ca 2+ c o n c e n t r a t i o n .
Index Terms
a m i l o r i d e , p o t a s s i u m s p a r i n g d i u r e t i c d r u g , a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s , c o n t r a c t i 1 e f o r c e , i n t r a c e l l u l a r Ca 2+ c o n c e n t r a t i o n
INTRODUCTION
A m i l o r i d e , a p o t a s s i u m ‑ s p a r i n g d i u r e t i c d r u g , p o s s e s s e s many a c t i o n s on c a r d i a c and smooth mus c 1 e s , a s w e l l a s on r e n a l t u b u l e . I n c a r d i a c mus c 1 e s , a m i l o r i d e p r o l o n g s t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l d u r a t i o n (APD) , and r e d u c e s t h e a m p l i t u d e o f a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l (APA) and t h e max 討 imumr 悶 a t 臼 e O
ぱ fr i s e 0 ぱ fdepo 叶 l 町 a r i 包 z 此 a t i o n(V m
旧a x ρ ) 1 ) , 2
Am i 1 0 r i d e c a u s e s a p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t , d e p e n d i n g on e x t r a c e l l u l a r Ca 2+
c o n c e n t r a t i o n 4)
占),6) . I n r a b b i t s i n o ‑ a t r i a l (SA) node c e l l s
,a m i l o r i d e i n h i b i t e d t h e Ca 2+ c u r r e n t ( I c a , ) t h e d e l a y e d r e c t i f y i n g K+ c u r r e n t ( I K) , and t h e h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n ‑ a c t i v a t e d i n w a r d c u r r e n t ( I h)4). I n a d d i t i o n , i t h a s been r e p o r t e d t h a t am i 1 0 r i d e h a s i n h i b i t o r y a c t i o n s on Na L H
十andNa L Ca 2
十exchanges 7 ) , 8 ) , 9 )
The aim o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s t o examine e l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l e f f e c t s o f
a m i l o r i d e on c a n i n e v e n t r i c u l a r mus c 1 e . The e f f e c t on t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e i s complex and i t s
mechanism i s s t i l 1 un c 1 e a r . Thus , t o e l u c i d a t e t h e mechqnismunderlying t h e p o s i t i v e i n o t r o p i c
e f f e c t , change i n i n t r a c e l l u l a r Ca 2 + c o n c e n t r a t i o n ([Cal) was measured u s i n g f u r a ‑ 2 Ca 2 +
( 2 0 4 ) H. S a t o h , e t a l . s e n s i t i v e J l u o r e s c e n t d y e .
METHODS E l e c t r i c a l and mechanical e x p e r i m e n t s
Mongrel d o g s o f e i t h e r s e x , w e i g h i n g 7 ‑ 1 0 kg , were u s e d . The p r e p a r a t i o n s were made a s r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s l y 4 ) , l O ) . I n b r i e f , r i g h t v e n t r i c u l a r m u s c l e s C 2 ‑ 3 m m i n d i a m e t e r ) o b t a i n e d from dog h e a r t were p l a c e d i n an o r g a n b a t h and s u p e r f u s e d w i t h Tyrode s o l u t i o n a t a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 3 6 ' C . One end o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n was f i x e d on t h e p a r a f f i n b a s e o f t h e b a t h , and t h e o t h e r end was c o n n e c t e d t o a f o r c e d i s p l a c e m e n t t r a n s d u c e r CNihon Kohden SB‑1 T) u s i n g a f i n e n y l o n t h r e a d . F i e l d s t i m u l a t i o n a t f r e q u e n c i e s o f 6 0 beats/min w i t h p u l s e s o f 1 ‑ 2 ms d u r a t i o n and t w i c e t h e v o l t a g e t h r e s h o l d i n s t r e n g t h was u s e d . The a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l , r e c o r d e d by u s i n g a s t a n d a r d g l a s s m i c r o e l e c t r o d e t e c h n i q u e , and t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e were r e g i s t e r e d on a n o s c i 1 l o s c o p e CNihon Kohden VC‑ l 1 ) , and p h o t o g r a p h e d CNihon Kohden R L G ‑ 6 2 0 1 ) . The Tyrode s o l u t i o n CN a C l 1 3 7 , KCl 4 . 0 , MgC1
21 . 0 , CaC1
21 . 8 , N aH
2P0 4 0 . 4 , N aHC0
31 2 . 0 and g l u c o s e 5 . 0 i n mM) was b u b b l e d w i t h 9 5 % O 2 and 5 % CO 2. The pH wasadjusted t o 7 . 4 w i t h NaOH. Drug u s e d was a m i l o r i d e h y d r o c h l o r i d e d i h y d r a t e CMerk , Sharp and Dohme R e s e a r c h L a b . , Munich , Germany)
S i n c e s o l u t i o n s i n t h e b a t h were exchanged w i t h i n 1 ‑ 2 min and t h e e f f e c t s o f d r u g s r e a c h e d a c o m p l e t e l y s t e a d y s t a t e w i t h i n 5 ‑ 6 min , t h e d a t a were o b t a i n e d a b o u t 7 ‑ 8 min a f t e r c h a n g i n g t o t h e new s o l u t i o n . V a l u e s were r e p r e s e n t e d a s mean i : SEM. D i f f e r e n c e s o f t h e mean v a l u e s were a n a l y s e d by S t u d e n t t ‑ t e s t f o r p a i r e d d a t a , and P < 0 . 0 5 was c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t . Measurement o f c e l l u l a r Ca 2 + c o n c e n t r a t i o n
I s o l a t e d s i n g l e v e n t r i c u l a r myocytes by c o l l a g e n a s e CType 1 , Sigma C h e m i c a l C o . , MO , U . S . A . ) were i n c u b a t e d for30 min w i t h t h e a c e t o x y ‑ m e t h y l ‑ e s t e r o f 0.3μM f u r a ‑ 2 C f u r a ‑ 2 / AM) (D o j i n C h e m i c a l C o . , Kumamoto , J a p a n ) a t 3 0 ' C . The s h o r t l o a d i n g p e r i o d was t o r e d u c e t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s a r c o p l a s m i c r e t i c u l u m CSR) CW i 1 l iams e t a , . l 1 9 8 7 ) . The [ C a J
ji n c e l l s l o a d e d w i t h f u r a ‑ 2 was m o n i t o r e d a s a c h a n g e i n t h e r a t i o o f f l u o r e s c e n t i n t e n s i t i e s a t 380‑nm and 340‑nm e x c i t a t i o n s
ll).The f l u o r e s c e n c e was q u a n t i f i e d w i t h a s i l i c o n
四i n t e n s i f i e dt a r g e t C S I T ) camera and a d i g i t a l i m a g i n g s y s t e m CHamamatsu P h o t o n i c s Argus 1 0 0 , Hamamatsu , J a p a n ) .
RESULTS E f f e c t s on t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s and t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e
E l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l e f f e c t s o f a m i l o r i d e were e x a m i n e d . F i g u r e 1 A shows
t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s , t h e maximum r a t e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n CV max) , and t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e .
A m i l o r i d e C O . 1 t o 1 mM) p r o l o n g e d t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l d u r a t i o n a t 7 5 % r e p o l a r i z a t i o n
CAPD 75) and d e p r e s s e d t h e V max , s i g n i f i c a n t l y C F i g . 1 B ‑ D ) . The e f f e c t s were c o n c e n t r a t i o n ‑
d e p e n d e n t . The a v e r a g e v a l u e s a r e summarized i n Table 1 . The c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e was
d e c r e a s e d a t 0 . 1 m M o r l o w e r , whereas i t was i n c r e a s e d a t 0 . 5 and 1 mM. The i n c r e a s e was
n o t m o d i f i e d by p r o p r a n o l o l CO.1μM). The r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l CRP) was s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e p o l a r ‑
C a r d i o p r o t
巴c t i o nby a m i l o r i d e ( 2 0 5 )
200 msec
O...‑...J
Control
A 0.1
B
v m
n u
EM
︑ ︐
︐
E a a ‑ E E a a J
J ¥ ¥
」一 / ¥ ] 0 向
C 0.5 o 1 m M
一/大 ノ¥ ー
」一
F i g . l . E f f e c t s o f a m i l o r i d
巴ont h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s and t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e i n c a n i n e v
巴n t r i c u l a r mus c 1 e . Each p a n e l shows theaction p o t e n t i a l , t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e , and t h e maximum r a t e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n . A: Contro l . B‑D
目Amiloridea p p l i c a t i o n s ( 0 . 1 , 0 . 5 and 1 mM). B r i e f l i n e b e f o r e t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l t r a c e r e p r e s e n t s z e r o m V
Table l . Amiloride a c t i o n s on t h e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l parameters and t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e i n c a n i n e v e n t r i c u l a r mus c 1 e
RP APA V max APD 75 T
日
( r n V ) ( r n V ) (V / s ) ( r n s ) ( r n g ) C o n t r o l 8 8 3 士 2 1 1 2 : t 5 2 1 0 士 1 2 1 8 5 土 6 5 2 土 3 A r n i l o r i d e
5μM 6 8 2 士 2 1 0 8 土 3 1 9 9 士 6 2 0 2 士 5 5 2 土 6 30μM 6 8 1 土 1 1 0 6 士 4 1 8 5 土 4* 2 3 5 土 7* 5 0 : t 4 50μM 8 8 2 土 2 1 0 3 土 2* 1 7 6 土 6** 2 3 9 士 7* 4 9 土 6 O.lrnM 8 ‑81 士 2 1 0 0 士 6
ホ1 6 8 士 10** 2 4 6 土 5** 5 1 土 3 0.5rnM 8 7 8 土1* 9 6 土 3* 1 5 3 土 9** 2 6 5 土 8** * 5 6 士 5*
lrnM 8 7 6 : t l * 9 2 : t 4 * * 1 0 9 士 1 1* * 3 8 9 土 14** 6 8 土 4**
V a l u e s r e p r e s e n t r n e a n s 士 SEM. * : P く 0 . 0 5 , * * : P<O.Ol , * * * ・ p く 0 . 0 0 1 , w i t h r e s p e c t t o c o n t r o l value.RP : r e s t i n g
p o t e n t i a l , AP A : a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l a r n p l i t u d e , V max : r n a x i r n u r n r a t e o f d e p o l a r i z a t i o n , APD 7 5 : a c t i o n p o t
巴n t i a ld u r a t i o n
( 7 5 % r e p o l a r i z a t i o n ) , T : c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e
( 2 0 6 )
A R a t i o 0 . 6
Ami 刷 de1mM l
! ・ . . . b
I ̲ . ‑
H . S a t o h , e t a l .
.
・ ふ・ ・
B
i j j l
O . 3 i . . . . • ・ . d
o
『o
. . .
a . ・ ・ ・ . ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ . ・ . . . . . . . ・
R A T I O
8 . 5 8 8 . 4 8 8 . 2 9 8 . 1 9 1 8 5
c
10
R A T I O
8 . 5 8
日 . 4 8
日 目 2 9 20min 8 . 1 9
2 日 4 R A T J O
8 . 5 8 1 8 . 4 8 i s . 2 9 i
日 . 1 9 イ 日 中
i 回
b
d
F i g . 2 . C h a n g e i n t h
巴c y t o s o l i cC a 2 + c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n a c a n i n
巴v e n t r i c u l a rm y o c y t e
目R a t i oo f f l u o r
巴s c e n c e i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e c y t o p l a s m m e a s u r e d a t 3 8 0 ‑ n m a n d 3 4 0 ‑ n m
巴x c i t a t i o n sr e p r e s e n t s i n f u r a ‑ 2 ( a C a ' + ‑ s e n s i t i v e f l u o r e s c e n t d y e ) ‑ l o a d e d s i n g l e c a r d i o m y o c y t e . A: R a t i o o f 3 8 0 / 3 4 0 nm i n t h e a b s e n c e a n d p r e s e n c
巴o fa m i l o r i d
巴 ( 1mM). B: S t e r e o g r a p h s o f i n t r a c
巴l l u l a rCa
2+c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e f o r e ( a ) , d u r i n g ( b a n d c ) a n d a f t e r ( d ) a m i l o r i d 巴 a p p l i c a t i o n
(1mM) , a s i n d i c a t e d b y t r i a n g l e s i n p a n
巴lA
i z e d a t o v e r 0 . 5 mM.
E f f e c t s on c e l l u l a r Ca 2
十c o n c e n t r a t i o n
Time‑dependent change i n [ C a ]
1d u r i n g exposure t o a m i l o r i d e was examined u s i n g f u r a ‑ 2 f l u o r e s c e n t d y e . Amiloride (1 mM) i n i t i a l l y e l e v a t e d [ C a ] 1 l e v e l , b u t t h e n t h e [ C a ] j d e c r e a s e d a l m o s t t o c o n t r o l v a l u e , a s shown i n F i g . 2 A . The average i n c r e a s e d v a l u e s were 7 . 4 土 2 . 6%
(n= 5 , P>0.05) a t 0 . 1 m M , 1 1 . 8 土 3 . 6%(n= 5 , P<0.05) a t 0 . 5 m M , and 2 4 . 5 士 2 . 9%(n ニ 5 , P<O.0 1 ) a t 1 mM. The secondary d e c r e a s e i n [ C a ] j d u r i n g a m i l o r i d e a p p l i c a t i o n ( 1 mM) was 6 . 1 : t 3 . 2 %(n= 5 , P>0.05) , a s compared with c o n t r 叶 v a l u e . A f t e r washing o u t , t h e
[Cal l e v e l e l e v a t e d a g a i n ( r e b o u n d ) . The rebound i n c r e a s e was 5 6 . 6 : t 7 . 1 % ( n = 4 , P <
0 . 0 1 ) . Then , t h e [ C a ] 1 l e v e l d e c l i n e d t o c o n t r o l v a l u e a b o u t 1 5 min a f t e r t h e s t a r t o f wash ou t . F i g u r e 2B shows t h e s t e r e o g r a p h s from a c e l l o f d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s b e f o r e , d u r i n g and a f t e r a m i l o r i d e ( 1 mM) a p p l i c a t i o n .
DISCUSSION
The p r e s e n t s t u d y i n c a n i n e v e n t r i c u l a r muscle showed t h a t a m i l o r i d e ( 1 ) i n h i b i t e d t h e V max
and d e p r e s s e d t h e APA , ( 2 ) d e p o l a r i z e d t h e RP , ( 3 ) produced a profound p r o l o n g a t i o n o f APD ,
C a r d i o p r o t e c t i o n b y a m i l o r i d
巴( 2 0 7 )
and ( 4 ) d e c r e a s e d t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e a t low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , b u t i n c r e a s e d i t a t h i g h c o n c e n ‑ t r a t i o n s , and ( 5 ) t h a t i n i s o l a t e d s i n g l e v e n t r i c u l a r m u s c l e c e l l s , a m i l o r i d e a c t u a l l y e l e v a t e d t h e
[ C a J ! l e v e l .
A m i l o r i d e i s a w i d e l y u s e d p o t a s s i u m
←s p a r i n g d i u r e t i c d r u g , and a l s o h a s v a r i o u s a c t i o n s on c a r d i a c m u s c l e s4 ) , 5 ) , 1 2 ) , 1 3 ) , 1 4 ) . As mentioned i n t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n , a m i l o r i d e c o u l d p r o d u c e p o t e n t a n t i a r r h y t h m i c a c t i o n s d u e t o I N a i n h i b i t i o n ( c l a s s I a n t i a r r h y t h m i c a c t i o n ) and APD p r o l o n g a ‑ t i o n ( c l a s s I I I a n t i a r r h y t h m i c a c t i o n ) , and d e p r e s s s p o n t a n e o u s a c t i v i t y d u e t o d e c r e a s e i n pacemaker c u r r e n t s ( c l a s s V a n t i a r r h y t h m i c a c t i o n ) 1 5 ) , 1 6 ) . The e l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l a c t i o n s o f a m i l o r i d e on c a r d i a c m u s c l e s , which i s a c a r d i o p r o t e c t i v e a c t i o n , a r e d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .
On t h e c a r d i o p r o t e c t i v e a c t i o n s
A m i l o r i d e h a s been r e p o r t e d t o r e d u c e d i g i t a l i s s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e h e a r t by a d i r e c t c a r d i a c a c t i o n 2 ) , 1 7 ) a s w e l l a s by a l t e r i n g t h e p h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s o f d i g o x i n1 8 ) , 1 9 ) . The p r o t e c t i o n f o r h e a r t muscle a g a i n s t t o x i c e f f e c t s i s d u e t o t h e r e d u c t i o n ( o r i n h i b i t i o n ) o f c e l l u l a r Ca2 + o v e r l o a d v i a NaLK+ pump i n h i b i t i o n i n d u c e d by d i g i t a l i s2 0) , 2 1 ) , 2 2 ) , and t h e r e b y t h e o n s e t s o f rhythm d i s t u r ‑ b a n c e s and c a r d i a c a r r e s t would be d e l a y e d o r e l i m i n a t e d . The p r o t e c t i v e a c t i o n s would r e s u l t from t h e I N a ( o r V m a x ) i n h i b i t i o n and t h e p r o f o u n d APD p r o l o n g a t i o n . The I N a i n h i b i t i o n c o u l d n o t o n l y d e p r e s s t h e e x c i t a b i l i t y o f t h e membrane , b u t a l s o i n d i r e c t l y d e c r e a s e t h e [ C a J ! l e v e l t h r o u g h NaLCa 2+ exchange2 0) , 2 1 ) , 2 3 ) . On t h e o t h e r hand , t h e APD p r o l o n g a t i o n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y accompanies a l e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e r e f r a c t o r y p e r i o d , r e s u l t i n g i n i n h i b i t i o n and a b o l i s h m e n t o f premature b e a t and r e ‑ e n t r y a r r h y t h m i a . S i n c e a m i l o r i d e i n h i b i t s I c a and I h c u r r e n t s i n t h e SA node c e l l s 4 ) , a m i l o r i d e h a s c l a s s IV and V a n t i a r r h y t h m i c a c t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , a m i l o r i d e d e p o l a r i z e s t h e RP d u e t o d e c r e a s e i n K+ c o n d u c t a n c e , which may c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d e p r e s s i o n s i n t h e Na+ and Ca 2+ c h a n n e l a c t i v i t i e s .
On t h e i n o t r o p i c a c t i o n
A m i l o r i d e a t low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s d e c r e a s e d t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e , b u t a t h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c r e a s e d i t . The b i p h a s i c i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t o f a m i l o r i d e h a s a l r e a d y been shown i n g u i n e a ‑ p i g p a p i l l a r y and r a t l e f t a t r i a l m u s c l e s6 ) , 1 2 ) , and i t might be d e p e n d e n t on [Cal l e v e . l At h i g h e x t r a c e l l u l a r Ca 2
十c o n c e n t r a t i o n( [ C a J 0 ) , a m i l o r i d e enhanced t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e , whereas a t low [ C a J o , a m i l o r i d e d e c r e a s e d i t . The change i n t h e a m i l o r i d e a c t i o n s a t d i f f e r e n t [ C a J o l e v e l would be d e p e n d e n t on [ C a J ! l e v e l . The [ C a J
il e v e l would be r e g u l a t e d by complex mechanisms 0 . e . NaLCa2 + and NaLH
十e x c h a n g e s , and Ca2Lpump). I n t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t s ( [ C a J o was 1 . 8 mM) , however , t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d a t low c o n c e n t r a ‑ t i o n s o f a m i l o r i d e . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t i t may be n o t enough f o r t h e exchange s y s t e m s t o b e a c t i v a t e d a t low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .
A m i l o r i d e i n h i b i t s V m a x and I N a c u r r e n t 4 ) , 2 4 ) , 2 5 ) . I n SA node pacemaker c e l l s , a m i l o r i d e
i n h i b i t e d a l l t h e c u r r e n t s ( I c a , I K ' and I h ) 4 ) . These i n h i b i t i o n s o f i o n i c c u r r e n t s would p r o d u c e
n e g a t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t . The I N a i n h i b i t i o n i n d u c e d by c l a s s I a n t i a r r h y t h m i c d r u g s , l i k e
l i d o c a i n e o r p r o c a i n a m i d e and TTX , p r o d u c e s t h e n e g a t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t 2 0) , 2 1 ) , 2 6 ) . D e c l i n e o f
c e l l u l a r N a + c o n c e n t r a t i o n l e a d s t o a d e c r e a s e i n [ C a J ! l e v e l t h r o u g h N a + ー Ca 2+ e x c h a n g e .
( 2 0 8 ) H . S a t o h 巴 , ta . l A l s o , t h e I c a i n h i b i t i o n d e c r e a s e s t h e c o n t r a c t i 1 e f o r c e 4)
利 点7)
On t h e o t h e r hand , a m i l o r i d e a t h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s enhanced t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e . S i n c e t h e p o s i t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t was no mediated throughβadrenoceptor s t i m u l a t i o n , t h i s might be due t o t h e APD p r o l o n g a t i o n . The p r o l o n g a t i o n can enhance t h e c o n t r a c t i l e f o r c e 4) . Actua l 1 y , a m i l o r i d e i n c r e a s e d t h e [ C a ] 1 l e v e l , b u t t r a n s i e n t l y ( s e e F i g . 2 ) . A m i l o r i d e c a u s e d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ‑ d e p e n d e n t p o s i t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t , b u t t h e [ C a ]
iwas d e c r e a s e d even d u r i n g t h e APD p r o l o g a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p o s i t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t may n o t b e due t o t h e APD p r o l o n g a t i o n .
A m i l o r i d e p o s s e s s e s i n h i b i t o r y a c t i o n s on N a
十Ca2 +and N aL H+ exchanges 7) , 9 ) , 2 8 ) . I n c a r d i a c muscle c e l 1 s , t h e s e exchange s y s t e m s and Ca2Lpump a r e t h e major mechanisms f o r Ca 2+
e f f l u x2 9) The pump h . a s h i g h a f f i n i t y and low c a p a c i t y , whereas t h e NaLCa 2+ exchange i s a low a f f i n i t y and h i g h c a p a c i t y system f o r r e g u l a t i o n o f [CaV 山 川 2 ) The d i r e c t i o n and l e v e l o f o p e r a t i o n o f N a +
ーCa 2+ exchange a r e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l g r a d i e n t f o r N a + and t h e membrane p o t e n t i a F 3 ) , 3 2 ) .
During washing o u t , t h e [ C a ] 1 l e v e l e l e v a t e d f u r t h e r ( r e b o u n d ) , and f i n a l 1 y r e v e r t e d t o c o n t r o l l e v e 1 . I t i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t , when t h e c e l 1 u l a r h i g h Ca 2+ c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s d e c r e a s e d s u d d e n l y , t h e d e p r e s s e d uptake and r e l e a s e o f Ca 2+ d u r i n g t h e Ca2 + o v e r l o a d were t r a n s i e n t l y p o t e n t i a t e d , and were r e t u t n e d t o r e g u l a r a c t i o n s2 0 . )
I n t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r i m e n t s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e [ C a ]
il e v e l would be e l e v a t e d m a i n l y by t h e i n h i b i t i o n s o f exchange systems , a l t h o u g h t h e mechanism i s s o c o m p l e x . At 1 m M , am i 1 0 r i d e i n i t i a l 1 y i n c r e a s e d [Cal and t h e n , t h e [ C a ] 1 l e v e l d e c r e a s e d . These r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t a m i l o r i d e a t h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s would d i r e c t l y and i n d i r e c t l y i n h i b i t t h e exchanges t o e x c l u d e Ca2 ヘ r e s u l t i n gi n i n d u c t i o n o f t h e [ C a ] 1 e l e v a t i o n . The s e c o n d a r y d e c l i n e i n [Cal d u r i n g
e x p o s u r e t o am i 1 0 r i d e would be due t o t h e o t h e r mechanisms , i f NaLCa2 + and NaLH+
exchanges were i n h i b i t e d . O t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e [ C a ]
im o d u l a t i o n by a m i l o r i d e a r e : ( 1 ) a d i r e c t m o d u l a t i o n o f Ca2L pump t o e x t r u d e Ca2 ¥and ( 2 ) a s t i m u l a t i o n o f i n o s i t o l t u r n o v e r ( α l ‑ a d r e n o c e p t o r s t i m u l a t i o n p r o d u c e s p o s i t i v e i n o t r o p i c e f f e c t ) 2 7 ) . F u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d t o e l u c i d a t e t h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
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