接触場面における母語話者のコミュニケーション方略に関する研究の動向と課題

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接触場面における母語話者のコミュニケーション方

略に関する研究の動向と課題

著者

?田直美

雑誌名

関西学院大学日本語教育センター紀要

号

2 ページ

21-35

発行年

2013-03-05

URL

http://hdl.handle.net/10236/10876

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ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߦ㑐ߔࠆ

⎇ⓥߩേะߣ⺖㗴

ޓᩒ↰⋥⟤㧔㑐⷏ቇ㒮ᄢቇᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㧕

This paper presents an overview of previous research on communication strategies that Japanese native speakers use in native speakers - non-native speakers contact situation. In addition, it points out the following three issues: (1) the communication strategies of native speakers should be analyzed separately from the perspective of second language acquisition, (2) the communication strategies of native speakers should not be considered as fixed but changeable through experiences of talking with non-native speakers, and (3) the native speaker’s learning process of the communication strategies should be analyzed further. When these issues are addressed, the reality of the communication strategies of Japanese native speakers in native speakers - non-native speakers contact situations will become clear.

ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼㧦ធ⸅႐㕙ޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ ߪߓ߼ߦ ࠊࠇࠊࠇߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ߁㓙ޔ޽ࠄࠁࠆ႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡޔᏱߦઁߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩෳട⠪ࠍᗧ⼂ߒߚ૗ࠄ߆ߩ⺞▵ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ㧔Giles et al 1991㧕ޕߘࠇߪޔ⸒ ⺆⊛ߥ⺞▵ߢ޽ߞߚࠅޔ㕖⸒⺆⊛ߥ⺞▵ߢ޽ߞߚࠅߔࠆޕኻ㕙ߢߩ⺞▵߽㕖ኻ㕙ߢߩ⺞▵ ߽ⴕࠊࠇࠆߒޔ㖸ჿࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߛߌߢߥߊޔᢥᦠߢߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅޿ ߡ߽⺞▵ߪⴕࠊࠇࠆޕኻੱ㑐ଥࠍ౞Ṗߦㅴ߼ࠆߚ߼ߩ⺞▵߽޽ࠇ߫ޔ㕖Ᏹ੐ᘒߥߤߦ߅޿ ߡᱜ⏕ߥᖱႎવ㆐ࠍᦨఝవߦߔࠆ⺞▵߽޽ࠆޕ ߟ߹ࠅޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣߪ᳿ߒߡ৻ᣇะ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔᏱߦઁߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩෳട⠪ࠍᗧ⼂ߒߚ⺞▵߇ߥߌࠇ߫ᚑࠅ┙ߚߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ 㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅޿ߡ߽ߘࠇߪห᭽ߢ޽ࠆޕ ᴺോ⋭⛔⸘ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᣣᧄ࿖ౝߦዬ૑ߔࠆᄖ࿖ੱዬ૑⠪㧔ᄖ࿖ੱ⊓㍳⠪ᢙ㧕ߪ 2011 ᐕ ᤨὐߢ 207 ਁ 8,508 ੱߢޔࡇ࡯ࠢᤨߦᲧߴޔ⧯ᐓᷫዋߒߚ߽ߩߩޔଐὼޔჇട௑ะߦ޽ࠆޕ 2012 ᐕߦߪ⇐ቇ↢߇ 20 ਁੱࠍ⓭⎕ߒߚߛߌߢߥߊޔ⚻ᷣㅪ៤දቯ㧔EPA㧕ߦၮߠ޿ߚᄖ ࿖ੱ⋴⼔Ꮷ㨯੺⼔⑔␩჻ߩჇട߽⷗ㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᄖ࿖ੱዬ૑⠪ߩჇടߦ઻޿ޔ࿾ၞ␠ળޔቇᩞޔ⡯႐ߥߤߦ߅޿ߡޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍ Უ⺆ߣߔࠆੱޘߣᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᲣ⺆ߣߒߥ޿ੱޘߩធ⸅ߩᯏળ߽Ⴧടߒߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅޔᣣᧄߦ߅

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ߌࠆᄙᢥൻൻ࡮ᄙ⸒⺆ൻ߇ㅴࠎߢ߈ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆޕᄙᢥൻ౒↢␠ળታ⃻߳ะߌߡ࿖ߣߒ ߡߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߽ᆎ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧔ᢥൻᐡ 2010 ߥߤ㧕߇ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦኻߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌ᡰ េߪ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩޔりㄭߥ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩᗧᕁ⇹ㅢߦ࿎㔍ࠍᛴ߃ࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪߳ ߩኻᔕߪ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ ߛ߇ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩෳട⠪ߣߔࠆߥࠄ߫ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߛߌߢߥߊޔ ߘߎߦߪᲣ⺆⹤⠪஥ߩ⸒⺆⊛⺞▵߽߅ߩߕߣᔅⷐߣߥߞߡߊࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕ Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪߇ෳടߔࠆ႐㕙ߪޔޟᄖ࿖ੱ႐㕙㧔foreigner situation㧕ޠޔޟធ⸅ ႐㕙㧔contact situation㧕ޠߥߤߣ๭߫ࠇޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪෺ᣇߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ ࡦ਄ߩ․ᓽ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆߣߐࠇࠆ㧔ࡀ࠙ࠬ࠻ࡊ࠾࡯1981㧘1995㧕ޕߘߩ߁ߜޔធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⺞▵ⴕേߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ⎇ⓥߪޔޟࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ㧔foreigner talk㧕ޠ 㧔Ferguson 1981㧕ߣ๭߫ࠇޔߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔធ⸅႐㕙ߦߟ ޿ߡߩ⎇ⓥߪޔ㐳ᐕߦࠊߚߞߡޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ┙႐߆ࠄ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒⺆⢻ജะ਄ࠍ⋡ ⊛ߣߒߚ߽ߩ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕ ᣣᧄߦ߅޿ߡ߽ࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߪ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജะ਄ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ߽ߩ ߇ਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚ߇ޔ1990ᐕઍᓟඨߦ౉ߞߡ߆ࠄᲣ⺆⹤⠪஥߇૶↪ߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ ᣇ⇛߇ᧄᩰ⊛ߦᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎⠪ߦᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⼂߿ ⚻㛎ࠍᜬߟᲣ⺆⹤⠪㧔ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ߿ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧࠍ⋡ᜰߔ⠪ߥߤ㧕߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄙ ߊޔ߽ߞߣ߽りㄭߦ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣធߔࠆߪߕߩޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎ࠍᜬߚߥ޿৻⥸ ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇↪޿ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣߪ⸒޿߇ߚ޿ޕ߹ߚޔ ࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩ․ᓽߩ⸥ㅀߦᲣ⺆⹤⠪஥߇㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߤߩࠃ߁ߦធߒߡ߈ߚ߆ߣ ޿߁ធ⸅⚻㛎߇⠨ᘦߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿߽ߩ߽ዋߥߊߥ޿ޕ ╩⠪ߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎ࠍᜬߚߥ޿৻⥸ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇ធ⸅⚻㛎ࠍ⚻ߡᒻᚑߔࠆޔ ޿ࠊ߫⥄ὼ⠌ᓧߩࠃ߁ߥᒻߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ࠍ⸃᣿ߔࠆߎߣߪޔ੹ᓟߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ ߦኻߔࠆ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᡰេߦߣߞߡ᦭⋉ߥ␜ໂࠍਈ߃߁ࠆߣ⠨߃ ࠆޕߘߎߢᧄⓂߢߪޔធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇ⴕ߁ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ਄ߩ⺞▵ߦ㑐 ߔࠆߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥࠍ᭎ⷰߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎ࠍᜬߚߥ޿৻⥸ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇ធ⸅ ⚻㛎ࠍ⚻ߡᒻᚑߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ࠍ⸃᣿ߔࠆߦ޽ߚߞߡޔᱷߐࠇߚ⺖㗴ߦߟ޿ ߡㅀߴࠆޕ ࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ ធ⸅႐㕙⎇ⓥߢߪޔ⋧ᚻߦኻߔࠆ⺞▵ߦߟ޿ߡޔᓥ᧪ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪߇↪޿ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ࠍޟࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࡮ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠫ࡯ޠޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇↪޿ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯ࠪ ࡚ࡦᣇ⇛ࠍޟࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢޠߣ๭߮ޔᄙߊߩಽᨆ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚޕ Უ⺆⹤⠪߇↪޿ࠆᣇ⇛ߢ޽ࠆޟࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢޠߣߪޔޟ޽ࠆ⸒⺆ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇ޔߘ ߩ⸒⺆ࠍචಽߦᲣ⺆⹤⠪ਗߺߦℂ⸃ߔࠆജߩߥ޿ੱޘߦኻߒߡ૶↪ߔࠆ࡟ࠫࠬ࠲࡯

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㧔register, ⸒⺆૶↪ၞ㧕ޠ㧔Ferguson1981㧕ߣߐࠇࠆޕߎࠇ߹ߢߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ ⓥߪޔ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ⊛ߥⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ⎇ⓥߣ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ⎇ⓥߩ 2 ߟߦᄢ߈ߊಽ ߌࠄࠇࠆޕ ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ ࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߪޔ୘ੱ߇ห৻⸒⺆ౝߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⁁ᴫߦᔕߓߡㆬᛯߔࠆ ⴫⃻ᚻᲑߩ৻⒳ߩޟ࡟ࠫࠬ࠲࡯ޠߩ৻ߟߢޔFerguson㧔1981㧕ߦࠃߞߡឭ໒ߐࠇߚޕFerguson 㧔1981㧕ߪ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ⊛ߥⷰὐ߆ࠄߘߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⸃᣿ࠍ߼ߑߒޔಽᨆࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆޕࡈ ࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߪߪߓ߼ޔ◲⇛ߐࠇߚ⸒⺆㧔Ferguson 1981㧕ߣߐࠇޔࡇࠫࡦ⺆㧔pidgin㧕 ߿ᄢੱ߇ሶଏߦኻߒߡ૶↪ߔࠆࡌࠗࡆ࡯࠻࡯ࠢ㧔baby talk㧕ߥߤߣห᭽ޔߘߩਇቢోᕈ߇ ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ߚޕߒ߆ߒߘߩᓟޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߪ৻᭎ߦ◲⇛ൻ߇⿠ߎࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔ ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᒻᑼ߇ሽ࿷ߒޔߘߩࡃ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߪ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ╙ੑ⸒⺆⢻ജ߿␠ળ⊛࿾ ૏ޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ୘ᕈ߿㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎ޔળ⹤ߩ⁁ᴫߥߤޔᄙߊߩⷐ࿃߇ᓇ㗀ߔࠆ ߎߣ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆޕ ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ ৻ᣇޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߪቇ⠌⠪߇Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߦ߅޿ߡᲣ ⺆⹤⠪߆ࠄฃߌขࠆࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻߇⸒⺆⠌ᓧߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ߆߇⺰ߓࠄࠇߡ߈ߚޕ Krashen㧔1985㧕ߩޟࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻઒⺑ޠߦ߅޿ߡቇ⠌⠪ߩ⸒⺆⠌ᓧଦㅴߦ᦭ലߥޟℂ⸃ น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ޠ߇ឭ໒ߐࠇߡએ㒠ޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⊒⹤߳ߩᵈ⋡߇㜞߹ࠅޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ㕖 Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦኻߔࠆ⺞ᢛߦߟ޿ߡ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߚޕߐࠄߦޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ୘ޘߩ⊒⹤ߛߌߢ ߥߊޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ㑆ߢⴕࠊࠇࠆࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ߇ℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ ࠍᓧࠆߚ߼ߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ޟࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ઒⺑ޠ㧔Long1983a㧘1983b㧕ߦ߽ߣ ߠ޿ߡޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦኻߔࠆ⺞ᢛߐࠇߚ⊒⹤ߦߟ޿ߡޔ⹦⚦ߥಽ㘃߇ⴕࠊࠇߚޕ

Larsen-Freeman and Long㧔1991㧕ߪޔ⺞ᢛߦߟ޿ߡޔ⸒⺆ᒻᑼߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸒⺆⊛⺞ᢛ ߣޔળ⹤ߩ᭴ㅧ⊛․ᓽߩ⺞ᢛߢ޽ࠆળ⹤⊛⺞ᢛߦᄢ೎ߒޔߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺞ᢛߦߟ޿ߡ㖸ჿ㕙ޔ ᒻᘒ࡮⛔⺆㕙ޔᗧ๧㕙ޔౝኈ㕙ޔ⋧੕ⴕὑ⊛᭴ㅧ㕙ߦಽ㘃ߒޔ࡝ࠬ࠻ൻߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔⴫ 3㧕ޕ ⴫ 3㩷 ᢥᴺ⊛䈮ᱜ䈚䈇䊐䉤䊥䊅䊷䍃䊃䊷䉪⺣⹤䈮䈍䈔䉎⸒⺆⊛⺞ᢛ䈫ળ⹤⊛⺞ᢛ ⸒⺆⊛⺞ᢛ 㖸ჿ㕙 ⊒⹤ࠬࡇ࡯࠼ߩૐਅ ࠬ࠻࡟ࠬ࡮ࡐ࡯࠭ߩᄙ↪ ࠃࠅߡ޿ߨ޿ߥ⊒㖸 ࡇ࠶࠴㑆㓒ߩᐢ߇ࠅ㧛ᄢߍߐߥࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ ᱜᑼߥᒻᑼߩᄙ↪㧛❗⚂ᒻߩ࿁ㆱ

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ᒻᘒ࡮⛔⺆㕙 ᒻᑼߩᢛߞߚ⊒⹤ߩᄙ↪㧛ߚߤߚߤߒ޿⊒⹤ߩᷫዋ ࠃࠅ⍴޿⊒⹤㧔⊒⹤޽ߚࠅߩ⺆ߩᷫዋ㧕 ⶄ㔀ߥ⊒⹤ߩᷫዋ ࠃࠅᮡḰ⊛㧛ⷙ▸⊛⺆㗅ߩᄙ↪ ㆬᛯ⊛ߥⷐ⚛ߩ଻ᜬ ᢥᴺ㑐ଥߩ᣿⏕ൻ േ⹖ߩ⃻࿷ᒻߩᄙ↪㧛㕖⃻࿷ᤨ೙߳ߩ⸒෸ߩᷫዋ ⾰໧ߩᄙ↪ Yes-no ⇼໧ᢥߣࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⇼໧ᢥߩᄙ↪㧛wh ⇼໧ᢥߩᷫዋ ᗧ๧㕙 ᗧ๧㑐ଥߩ᣿⏕ൻ ࠲ࠗࡊ࡮࠻࡯ࠢࡦ₸ߩૐਅ ᘠ↪⴫⃻ߩᷫዋ ฬ⹖ߣേ⹖ߩᐔဋ㗫ᐲߩ਄᣹ േ⹖ో૕ߦኻߔࠆㅪ⚿⹖ߩഀวߩჇട ⺆ᒵ㗄⋡ߩ㗼⪺ߥ૶↪ ᗧ๧ߩಽ߆ࠅߦߊ޿ᒻᑼߩᷫዋ ળ⹤⊛⺞ᢛ ౝኈ㕙 ੍᷹น⢻ߥ⹤㗴ߣߘߩ▸࿐ߩ㒢ቯ ޟ੹ޔߎߎޠ߳ߩᣇะઃߌߩᄙ↪ ⹤㗴ߩ⍴޿ᛒ޿ ⋧੕ⴕὑ⊛᭴ㅧ㕙 ໊⓭ߥ⹤㗴ォ឵ߩᄙ↪ ⹤㗴ㆬᛯᮭߩኻ⹤⠪߳ߩ⼑ᷰ ᗧ࿑ߒߥ޿⹤㗴ォ឵ߩฃߌ౉ࠇ ⺣⹤ዉ౉ࡓ࡯ࡉߢߩ⾰໧ߩᄙ↪ ߊࠅ㄰ߒߩᄙ↪ ℂ⸃࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߩᄙ↪ ᣿⏕ൻⷐ᳞ߩᄙ↪ ᜛ᒛߩᄙ↪ ⾰໧Ɇᔕ╵ㅪ㎮ߩᄙ↪ ౣ᭴ᚑߩᄙ↪ ߹ߚޔEllis㧔1994㧕ߪᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ߇ޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦ ࡊ࠶࠻ޠࠍᒁ߈಴ߔ㊀ⷐߥ⠌ᓧߩ႐ߢ޽ࠆߣߒߡ Larsen-Freeman and Long㧔1991㧕ߩ ળ⹤⊛⺞ᢛࠍ⊒ዷߐߖߚޟ⋧੕ⴕὑ⊛⺞ᢛޠߣ޿߁᭎ᔨࠍ↪޿ߡޔ⋧੕ⴕὑ⊛⺞ᢛߩ࠲ࠗ ࡊࠍಽ㘃ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔࿑ 1㧕ޕEllis㧔1994㧕ߪߘߎߢޔ⋧੕ⴕὑ⊛⺞ᢛࠍ⺣⹤▤ℂ㧔discourse management㧕ߣ⺣⹤ୃᓳ㧔discourse repair㧕ߦಽ㘃ߒߚޕ⺣⹤▤ℂߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ ࡦߩ໧㗴߇⊒↢ߔࠆ೨ߦߘߩ໧㗴ࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆᣇ╷ߢ޽ࠅޔ⺣⹤ୃᓳߪ↢ߓߚ໧㗴ߦኻಣߔ ࠆߚ߼ߩᣇ╷ߢ޽ࠆޕ⺣⹤▤ℂߪ Long㧔1983a㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠫ࡯㧔strategy㧕ޔ⺣

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⹤ୃᓳߪ࠲ࠢ࠹ࠖࠢࠬ㧔tactics㧕ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆޕ 㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷⺣⹤▤ℂ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷 વ䈋䉎ᖱႎ䈱㊂䈫䉺䉟䊒㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷⾰໧䈱૶↪㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷䇸੹䇮䈖䈖䇹䈱ᣇะ䈨䈔㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷 ℂ⸃䈱⏕⹺㩷 ⋧੕ⴕὑ⊛⺞ᢛ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷䉮䊚䊠䊆䉬䊷䉲䊢䊮⎕✋䈱ୃᓳ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷 ᗧ๧੤ᷤ䋨᣿⏕ൻⷐ᳞䇮⏕⹺ⷐ᳞䇮㩷 ⥄Ꮖ䊶ઁ⠪䈱䈒䉍㄰䈚䋩㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷⺣⹤ୃᓳ㩷㩷㩷㩷 ⹤㗴䈱᡼᫈㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷 ቇ⠌⠪⺋↪䈱ୃᓳ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷 ઁ⠪⸓ᱜ䈱࿁ㆱ㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷 ᣿␜⊛䊶㕖᣿␜⊛䈭⸓ᱜ㩷 ࿑ 1㩷䊐䉤䊥䊅䊷࡮䊃䊷䉪䈮䈍䈔䉎⋧੕ⴕὑ⊛⺞ᢛ䈱䉺䉟䊒㩷䋨Ellis1994䋩 ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩಽ㊁ߢߪߎߩ߁ߜޔ໧㗴߇⊒↢ߒߚߣ߈ߩኻಣߢ޽ࠆ⺣⹤ୃᓳޔ․ߦޔ ᗧ๧੤ᷤ㧔⹤⠪ߤ߁ߒ߇දജߒߡ੕޿ߩℂ⸃ࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⋧੕ⴕὑ㧕ߦᵈ⋡߇㓸߹ࠅޔ ᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ㧔Varonis and Gass 1985ޔScarcella and Higa 1981 ߥߤ㧕ޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩ⎇ⓥߢߪޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆ቇ⠌⠪ ߦߣߞߡޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ߇ޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ޠ߿ޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥ ࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ޠࠍᒁ߈಴ߔ㊀ⷐߥ⠌ᓧߩ႐ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ⷰὐߢߣࠄ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߘߩߚ߼ޔ Უ⺆⹤⠪⊒⹤ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߥ߇ࠄ߽Უ⺆⹤⠪⊒⹤ߘߩ߽ߩࠃࠅޔߘࠇ߇㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒⺆⠌ ᓧߦ᦭ല߆ุ߆ߦὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߩᵹࠇ ᧄ▵ߢߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ޔߟ߹ࠅࡈࠜ࡝ ࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߦߟ޿ߡޔޟ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧಽ㊁ޠޔޟ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ࡮␠ળᔃℂቇಽ㊁ޠޔ ޟ౒↢⸒⺆ޠޔޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ᭎ⷰߒޔᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧಽ㊁ ᣣᧄ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߪޔࠬࠢ࡯࠲࡝࠺ࠬ㧔1981㧕ߦࠃߞߡ⚫੺ߐࠇߚޕ ࠬࠢ࡯࠲࡝࠺ࠬ㧔1981㧕ߪᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪㑆ߩળ⹤ߩಽᨆ߆ࠄޔᣣᧄ⺆ߦ ߅޿ߡ߽ࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕߘߒߡޔᣣᧄ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈ ࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߩᗧ⟵ߦߟ޿ߡޔޟ⸒⺆⠌ᓧㆊ⒟ߦᵈ⋡ߒߥ߇ࠄޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ ࠢߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅޔߎߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ᣂߒ޿⍮⼂ߦၮߠ޿ߡޔᄖ࿖ ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ࿷ࠅᣇ߇ᄙߊߩ㕙ߢᡷༀߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆޠߣㅀߴߡ޿ࠆޕ ᔒ᧛㧔1989㧕ߪ Long㧔1983a, 1983b㧕ߦ߽ߣߠ޿ߡᣣᧄ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉ࡮࠻࡯

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ࠢߣࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩ⋧㆑ࠍ㊂⊛ߦಽᨆߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߪᢥᴺ⊛ߦ ᱜߒ޿⊒⹤߇ᄙ޿ߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕ߹ߚޔဈᧄઁ㧔1989㧕ߪޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߦ ኻߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩ෻ᔕߦߟ޿ߡಽᨆߒޔቇ⠌⠪ߩ⸒⺆⢻ജ߇㜞ߊߥࠆ߶ߤࡈࠜ࡝࠽ ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߦኻߔࠆᅢᗵᐲ߇ૐߊߥࠆߣ޿߁⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚߣߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߘߩᓟ߽ޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ޠޔޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ࠍᒁ߈಴ߔߚ߼ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦޠߣߒߡޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ߇ቇ⠌⠪ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ߆ߦ㑐ߔࠆ ⎇ⓥ߇⛯ߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔᳗ጊ 1997ޔ↸↰ 1997 ߥߤ㧕ޕ એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߢߪ߅߽ߦޔ ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥߩᵹࠇࠍฃߌߚ⎇ⓥ߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚޕߎߩߎߣߦߟ޿ߡᓼ᳗ 㧔2003㧕ߪޔޟᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߣ޿߁⸒ࠊ߫ޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ⎇ⓥಽ㊁ޠߦ߅޿ߡޔޟޟᣣᧄ⺆ ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢޠߪ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߥ߇ࠄ߽ޔߘࠇ⥄૕ߩ․ᓽߩ⸃᣿߇චಽߦߪⴕ ࠊࠇߡߎߥ߆ߞߚޠߣᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ࡮␠ળᔃℂቇಽ㊁ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩಽ㊁ߦ߅޿ߡޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩⷰὐ߆ࠄࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩಽᨆ߇ㅴ߻ ৻ᣇߢޔࡠࡦࠣ㧔1992㧕ߪ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ⊛ⷞὐ߆ࠄࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩታᘒࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔ ࠆߚ߼ޔ㆏⡞߈႐㕙߆ࠄᣣᧄੱߩኻᄖ࿖ੱ⸒⺆ⴕേࠍಽᨆߒޔಽ㘃ߒߚޕ ߹ߚޔᓮ⥪㧔1998㧕ߪࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߣߩታᘒ߇ଐὼߣߒߡ⊛⏕ߦᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ ޿ߣߒޔ㆏⡞߈႐㕙ߦߟ޿ߡޔធ⸅႐㕙ߣᲣ⺆႐㕙ࠍᲧセߒޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻ ࡯ࠢߩࡃ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ␜ߒߚޕߘߩ਄ߢᓮ⥪㧔1998㧕ߪޔޟߎࠇࠄߩࡃ࡜ࠛ࠹ࠖ߇ޔᐕ 㦂ޔᢎ⢒ޔ޽ࠆ޿ߪFT1_{⚻㛎ߣߘߩ⾰ߥߤߩޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥⷐ࿃ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߩ߆ޠࠍ} ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆߣᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔࠝࠬ࠻ࡂࠗ࠳㧔1999㧕ߪޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩኻᄖ࿖ੱⴕേߪ⡞߈ᚻߢ޽ࠆᄖ࿖ੱߩ⸒ ⺆⢻ജߩ㒢⇇ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣߪ㒢ࠄߕޔᄖ࿖ੱߩੱ⒳߿࿖☋ߥߤޔޟ⸒⺆ᄖ⊛᧦ઙޠ߇ᓇ㗀ߒ ߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ߿␠ળᔃℂቇߩಽ㊁ߦ߅޿ߡߪޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩࡃ࡝ࠛ࡯ ࡚ࠪࡦ߿ޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߦ᭽ޘߥⷐ࿃߇ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ ౒↢⸒⺆ ⸒⺆▤ℂℂ⺰ߣหᤨᦼߦ↢߹ࠇߚ᭎ᔨߣߒߡޟ౒↢⸒⺆ޠ߇޽ࠆޕጟፒ㧔1994㧕ߪޔ⇣ ⸒⺆ߩ⹤⠪ห჻߇ห৻ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ૑᳃ߣߒߡ౒↢ߒߡ޿ߊߚ߼ߦޔ޽ࠆ⸒⺆ߦߟ޿ߡ ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ౒↢ߦㆡߒߚㆇ↪ࠍ૞ࠅ಴ߒޔ౒↢⸒⺆ߣߒߡᒻᚑߒߡ޿ߊޟ⸒⺆ౝ౒↢ൻޠ ߣ޿߁ㆊ⒟ߦ⸒෸ߒߚޕጟፒ㧔1994㧕ߪޔ⸒⺆ౝ౒↢ൻߦ߅޿ߡߪ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߛߌ߇ᣣᧄ 1_{ޟࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢޠߩ⇛ޕ}

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⺆ࠍቇ⠌ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪߽౒↢⸒⺆ߣߒߡߩᣣᧄ⺆ࠍ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍㅢߒߡቇ⠌ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߚޕߘߒߡޔ⸒⺆ౝ౒↢ൻߩౕ૕⊛ᒻᚑㆊ ⒟ߣߒߡޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪෺ᣇߩ⸒⺆⊛⺞ᢛߢ޽ࠆޟ⋧੕⺞ᢛⴕേޠޔᗧ⼂⊛஥㕙ߩ ޟ㈩ᘦⴕേޠޔᢥൻ⊛஥㕙ߩޟ౞Ṗൻⴕേޠ߇޽ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߘߒߡޔጟፒ㧔2003㧕ߪޟ౒↢ൻߩㆊ⒟ߢߪޔߘߩ߹߹ߢߪฦ⥄ߩ⢻ജࠍචಽ↢߆ߔߎ ߣߩߢ߈ߥ޿⁁ᴫߢޔᣂߚߦ⛔ว⊛ߥ⢻ജࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߎߣߢਔ⠪ߩሽ⛯ߩዷᦸ߇ಾࠅᜏ߆ ࠇߡ޿ߊޕߘߩ⛔ว⊛ߥ⢻ജࠍ౒↢⢻ജޔ⸒⺆ߦ㑐ࠊࠆߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⢻ജࠍ౒↢⢻ജࠍᜬߟ ⸒⺆⢻ജޔߘߎߦഃࠅ಴ߐࠇࠆ⸒⺆ࠍ౒↢⸒⺆ߣ๭߱ޠߣቯ⟵ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߟ߹ࠅޔ౒↢⸒⺆ߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߪޔߘࠇ߹ߢ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߦ߅ߌࠆޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶ ࠻ޠߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄߣࠄ߃ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢࠍޔធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡᲣ⺆⹤⠪ ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪߇ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍㅢߓߡ౒หߢ᭴▽ߒߡ޿ߊ⸒⺆ߣߒߡ૏⟎ߠߌࠆߣ ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߚߛޔߎߎߢᒝ⺞ߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿ߩߪޔጟፒ㧔1994ޔ2003㧕ߪޔ౒↢⸒⺆ ࠍ࿕ቯ⊛ߥ߽ߩߣⷙቯߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔታ㓙ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍㅢߓߡቇ⠌ߐࠇࠆޔ േ⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ ߎߩ౒↢⸒⺆ߩ᭎ᔨߦ߽ߣߠ޿ߡޔ৻ੑਃ㧔2002㧕߿Ⴧ੗㧔2005㧕ࠄߪޔ౒↢⸒⺆߇Უ ⺆⹤⠪ߦቇ⠌ߐࠇࠆㆊ⒟ࠍಽᨆߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ធ⸅႐㕙ో૕ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪෺ᣇߩ⺞▵ߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߚࠦࡒࡘ ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩ⻉⋧ࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆߣ߈ޔߎߩޟ౒↢⸒⺆ޠߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߪ㕖Ᏹߦ␜ໂߦን ߻߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆޕ ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ ೨㗄߹ߢޔធ⸅႐㕙ߢᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇૶↪ߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩ⸃᣿߇ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ ⷰὐ߆ࠄㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚ߇ޔㄭᐕߦߥߞߡᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ߈ߚߩ߇ޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߦ ኻߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ㆇ↪ജߩቇ⠌ᡰេߩᔅⷐᕈߢ޽ࠆ㧔ᓼ᳗ 2009㧕ޕߎࠇߪޔ㒋␹᷆〝ᄢ㔡ἴ߿ ᧲ᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߥߤߩᄢⷙᮨἴኂߦ߅ߌࠆᄖ࿖ੱ߳ߩᖱႎ଻㓚ߣߒߡޔߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄖ࿖ੱߦ ᣣᧄ⺆ߢᖱႎࠍឭଏߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߟ޿ߡߩᬌ⸛߇߈ߞ߆ߌߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆޕ ߘߒߡታ㓙ߦޔᒄ೨ᄢቇੱᢥቇㇱ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ⎇ⓥቶ߆ࠄἴኂᤨߦᄖ࿖ੱߦᖱႎࠍࠊ߆ࠅ ߿ߔߊવ߃ࠆߚ߼ߩޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠ߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ᧻↰࡮೨↰࡮૒⮮㧔2000㧕ߪޔ ✕ᕆᤨߩᖱႎឭଏߦ߅޿ߡᣣᧄ⺆ࠍ↪޿ߡᄖ࿖ੱߦᖱႎࠍឭଏߔࠆߚ߼ߩࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ߣߒ ߡޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠࠍ㐿⊒ߒߚޕߎߩޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠߦࠃࠆ࠾ࡘ࡯ࠬߣ৻⥸ߩ࠾ࡘ ࡯ࠬߣࠍ૶ߞߡ⇐ቇ↢߳⡞߈ขࠅ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍⴕߞߚߣߎࠈޔ࠾ࡘ࡯ࠬߩౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾰໧ߩ ᱜ╵₸ߪޔޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠ߇ 90.7%ޔ᥉ㅢߩᣣᧄ⺆߇ 29.3% ߣ޿߁⚿ᨐߣߥࠅޔਔ ⠪ߦߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߥ㆑޿߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ㧔ᒄ೨ᄢቇੱᢥቇㇱ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ⎇ⓥቶ 2006㧕ޕ ߹ߚޔᐻઁ㧔2011㧕ߦࠃࠆ㔍⸃ߥ౏ᢥᦠࠍࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ߦᦠ߈឵߃ࠆޟ߿ߐߒ޿ ᣣᧄ⺆ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ޠߥߤޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪஥ߩ⸒⺆⊛⺞▵ߩᔅⷐᕈࠍ⸷߃ࠆขࠅ⚵ߺ߽ⴕࠊࠇ

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ߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩലᨐ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠅޔߘߩᣇ⇛ߩቇ ⠌ߩᔅⷐᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚߩߪޔ㕖Ᏹߦᗧ๧ߩ޽ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔ ߎࠇࠄߩ⎇ⓥߪᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⷗ࠍᵴ↪ߒߚޔ޿ࠊ߫࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦ⊛ߥᣇ╷ߢ޽ࠅޔᲣ⺆ ⹤⠪஥߆ࠄߩ৻ᣇะ⊛ߥᖱႎឭଏߩᣇᴺࠍᮨ⚝ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚޔޟ⸒޿឵߃᩺ޠ ޟᦠ߈឵߃᩺ޠࠍឭ␜ߒߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦࠃࠅޔᖱႎߩឭଏᣇᴺ߇㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍㅢߓߡ⺞▵ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥേ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔ࿕ቯ⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ࠄ ࠇߡߒ߹߁น⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆޕ ᓼ᳗㧔2009㧕ߪޔᩊ↰ 㧔1999㧕߇ޟ๔⍮ᢥࠍ⺒ߺ਄ߍࠆߛߌߥࠄ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲߩ✵⠌ߣ੐ ೨ߩḰ஻ߢ૗ߣ߆น⢻ߢ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔ⥄ಽߩᕁߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍේⓂߥߒߢޡ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣ ᧄ⺆ޢߢㅀߴࠆߦߪޔหᤨㅢ⸶ߩࠃ߁ߥദജߣ⎇ୃ߇ᔅⷐޠߣᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ޽ߍޔ ᣣᏱߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣߪಽߌߡ⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣㅀߴߡ޿ࠆޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߩߎࠇ߹ߢߣᱷߐࠇߚ⺖㗴 ೨㗄߹ߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߩᵹࠇࠍ᭎ⷰߒߚޕᣣᧄ⺆ ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡߪᒰೋޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߣ޿߁᭎ᔨ߇ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ಽ㊁ߦ߅޿ߡ⚫੺ ߐࠇߚߎߣ߽޽ࠅޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ޠޔޟℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗ ࡦࡊ࠶࠻ࠍᒁ߈಴ߔߚ߼ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦޠߣߒߡߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥ߇⋓ࠎ ߦⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚޕ৻ᣇޔ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ⊛ߥⷰὐ߆ࠄߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩಽᨆߪⴕࠊࠇߡ ߪ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩޔ߹ߛචಽߦታᘒ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣߪ⸒޿߇ߚߊޔᦝߦ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴ߼ࠄ ࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆޕ ㄭᐕឭ໒ߐࠇߟߟ޽ࠆޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠߪޔ⃻ᤨὐߢߪᲣ⺆⹤⠪஥߆ࠄߩ৻ᣇะ⊛ߥ ᖱႎឭଏߩᣇᴺࠍᮨ⚝ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅޔߘߩ᦭⋉ᕈߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߩޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮ ࠻࡯ࠢߩታᘒ߿ޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪࡮㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪⋧੕ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߦ߽ߣߠ޿ߚ߽ߩߣߪ ⸒߃ߥ޿ޕ ޟ౒↢⸒⺆ޠߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߪޔធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪߇ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕࠢࠪ ࡚ࡦࠍㅢߓߡ౒หߢ᭴▽ߒߡ޿ߊ⸒⺆ߣߒߡޔធ⸅႐㕙ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍ૏⟎ઃߌ ߡ޿ࠆޕ߹ߚޔ౒↢⸒⺆ߪ⚻㛎ߦࠃߞߡቇ⠌ߐࠇࠆേ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ߽޽ࠆޕធ⸅႐㕙ో૕ߦ ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪෺ᣇߩ⺞▵ߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ ߩ⻉⋧ߩ⸥ㅀߦ޽ߚߞߡޔޟ౒↢⸒⺆ޠߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߪ㕖Ᏹߦ␜ໂߦን߻߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߩಽᨆߩኻ⽎ ೨▵ߢߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙⎇ⓥߩߚ߼ߩ᭎ᔨߦߟ޿ߡ᭎ⷰߒޔᬌ⸛ߒߚޕᧄ▵ߢߪޔᣣ ᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥ߇ᛒߞߡ߈ߚಽᨆߩኻ⽎ࠍ᭎ⷰߒޔߘߩ໧㗴ὐࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆޕ

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㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎߇Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀 ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛߇ታ㓙ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍㅢ ߓߡቇ⠌ߐࠇࠆޔേ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔ጟፒ 1994㧕ߥࠄ߫ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎߽Უ⺆ ⹤⠪ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ޔធ⸅⚻㛎ߦ⌕⋡ߒߚ⎇ ⓥ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ ធ⸅⚻㛎߇Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩᗧ⼂㕙ߦ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀 ⇣ߥࠆੱ⒳ߥߤᄖ㓸࿅ߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎ࠍㅢߒߡޔᄖ㓸࿅ߦኻߔࠆ஍⷗߿ឃᄖᗧ⼂߇ૐᷫߐ ࠇࠆߣߔࠆޟធ⸅઒⺑ޠ㧔Allport 1954 ߥߤ㧕߇޽ࠆޕ઒⺑ߢߪޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥឃᄖᗧ⼂߇ૐ ᷫߐࠇࠆߩߪޟ␠ળ೙ᐲ⊛ߥᡰᜬޠޔޟ⋧੕⍮ᖅᕈޠޔޟኻ╬ߥ࿾૏㑐ଥޠޔޟ౒ห૞ᬺࠍ฽߻ޠ ߣ޿߁᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔ႐วߢ޽ࠆޕ ᄢᮎ㧔2006㧕ߪޔᓥ᧪ߩធ⸅઒⺑⎇ⓥ߇ኻ⽎ߣߒߡ߈ߚធ⸅ࠍޟฃേ⊛ធ⸅ޠߣ๭߮ޔ ᣣᧄੱࠍኻ⽎ߦޔޟᄖ࿖ੱࠍ⷗߆ߌࠆ⒟ᐲߩធ⸅ᯏળޠ㨯ޟ޽޿ߐߟធ⸅ޠ㨯ޟฃേ⊛ធ⸅ޠ㨯 ෹ੱ㑐ଥߥߤ୘ੱߩⓍᭂ⊛ߥㆬᛯߦࠃࠆޟ⢻േ⊛ߥធ⸅ޠޔߩ 4 ߟߩធ⸅⚻㛎ߣ୘ੱዻᕈ ߇ޔᄖ࿖ੱߦኻߔࠆឃᄖᗧ⼂ߣ㑐ㅪߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍಽᨆߒߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔቇᱧ߇㜞޿ੱޔ⢻ േ⊛ߥធ⸅⚻㛎߇޽ࠆੱ߶ߤޔᄖ࿖ੱߦኻߔࠆឃᄖᗧ⼂߇ૐ޿ߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕߎ ࠇߪޔ୘ੱߩឃᄖᗧ⼂ߦޔዻᕈߛߌߢߥߊޔᄖ࿖ੱߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎ߩ⾰߇ኒធߦ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ធ⸅⚻㛎߇Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒⺆ⴕേ㕙ߦ෸߷ߔᓇ㗀㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎߇Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒⺆ⴕേߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆน⢻ᕈߦߟ޿ߡޔ᧛਄ 㧔1997㧕ߪޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎߇⇣ߥࠆ 4 ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩᗧ๧੤ᷤ2_{ߩ㗫ᐲߣᣇᴺࠍᲧ} セߒߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߢߪߥ޿߇ޔ⡯ോ਄ޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩᣣᧄ⺆ߢߩធ⸅ߩᄙ ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇ޔⓍᭂ⊛߆ߟදജ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕ ╴੗㧔2008㧕ߪޔᖱႎឭଏߩ㓙ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒޿឵߃ߦ㑐ߒߡޔធ⸅㗫ᐲ߇㜞޿ੱߩ⸒ ޿឵߃߇ࠃࠅౕ૕ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣㅀߴߡ޿ࠆޕ߹ߚޔჇ੗㧔2005㧕ߪޔធ⸅⚻㛎ࠍㅢߓߚ Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩୃᓳ⊛⺞ᢛߩᄌൻࠍಽᨆߒޔ㗫ᐲ߿ᣇᴺ࡮⴫⃻ߦᄌൻ߇⷗ࠄࠇߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔធ ⸅⚻㛎ߦࠃߞߡ౒↢⸒⺆߇ቇ⠌ߐࠇࠆߣㅀߴߡ޿ࠆޕ ৻ੑਃ㧔1995㧘1999㧘2002㧕ߪޔޟ౒↢⸒⺆ߩቇ⠌ޠࠍޟ౒↢⊛ቇ⠌ޠߣ๭߮ޔធ⸅႐ 㕙ߦ߅޿ߡᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇ⴕ߁ᗧ⼂⊛㈩ᘦߦߟ޿ߡޔ߹ߚޔߘࠇࠄߩᗧ⼂⊛㈩ᘦߣ⸒⺆ಣℂ㕙ޔ ⋧੕૞↪㕙ߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅࠍ␜ߒޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪஥ߩ౒↢⸒⺆ߩቇ⠌ߩታᘒߦߟ޿ߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕ ৻ੑਃ㧔1995㧕ߪޔធ⸅⚻㛎߇㐳޿Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ߶߁߇ޔ⋧ᚻߩ⊒⹤ࠍℂ⸃ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆᗧ ⼂⊛㈩ᘦߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇Ⴧߔߎߣࠍ⾰໧⚕⺞ᩏߦࠃߞߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕߘࠇߛߌߢߥߊޔ৻ੑ 2_{Negotiation of meaning ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ਄ߩ໧㗴߇⊒↢ߒߚ㓙ߦޔਛ㑆⸒⺆⹤⠪߇ߘߩ} ໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿ߩߚ߼ߦⴕ߁ᗧ⼂⊛⺞ᢛޕ

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ਃ㧔2002㧕ߪޔធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ౒↢⊛ቇ⠌ߩน⢻ᕈࠍᗧ⼂㕙ޔ ⸒⺆ಣℂ㕙ޔ⋧੕૞↪㕙߆ࠄಽᨆߒޔߘࠇࠄ߇Უ⺆⹤⠪႐㕙ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆߎߣޔᢥ⣂ߦࠃࠅ ᄌേߔࠆߎߣޔ⋧੕૞↪ߩㆊ⒟ࠍㅢߒߡ↢ᚑߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ৻ੑ ਃߩ৻ㅪߩ⎇ⓥߢߪޔធ⸅⚻㛎ߦࠃߞߡᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂߇ᄌൻߒޔߘ ߩᄌൻ߇⸒⺆ಣℂ㕙ޔ⋧੕૞↪㕙ߦ߽ᓇ㗀ߔࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄޔធ⸅⚻㛎ߩ㊂߿⾰ߪޔᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛㧔ᗧ ⼂㕙࡮⸒⺆ⴕേ㕙㧕ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ㊀ⷐߥⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆߣ૏⟎ߠߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔ ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙⎇ⓥߢߪޔ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߚᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩធ⸅⚻㛎ߩ㊂߿⾰ߦ ߟ޿ߡ᣿⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߪ਄ߦ᜼ߍߚ⎇ⓥࠍ฽߼ߏߊ৻ㇱߦߣߤ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅޔធ⸅⚻㛎 ߩ㊂߿⾰ߩᏅ߇⚿ᨐߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀ߦߟ޿ߡචಽߦ⠨ᘦߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩ߇⃻⁁ߢ޽ࠆޕ ࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߣ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ ᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߪ 3.1 ߢㅀߴ ߚࠃ߁ߦ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ৻ಽ㊁ߣߒߡ⊒ዷߒߡ߈ߚޕߘߩߚ߼ޔᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈ ࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߦߪ╙ੑ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ޔߟ߹ࠅᢎᏧߩޟ࠹ࠖ࡯ ࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢޠ㧔Sinclair & Brazil 1982㧕߇฽߹ࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕ

ߘߒߡ⷏ේ㧔1999㧕ߪޔ⋧ᚻߩ⠌ᓧ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦ߽ߞߣ߽ᗧ⼂⊛ߥᒻߢᣣᏱ⊛ߦ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ ߣធߒߡ޿ࠆ⸒⺆ᢎᏧ߇૶↪ߔࠆ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩ․ᓽࠍ޽ߍޔ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣᗧᕁ ⇹ㅢࠍ࿑ࠆߚ߼ߦޔ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩᜬߟࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ਄ߩ․ᓽࠍ৻⥸ߩᣣ ᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪߽ขࠅ౉ࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒޔ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߣࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߦૃߡ޿ࠆㇱಽ߇޽ࠆ㧔Chaudron 1988㧕ߣߪ޿߃ޔ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚᢎᏧߩ⹤ߒᣇߣޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᚑ┙ ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⹤ߒᣇߪ෩ኒߦߪ⇣ߥࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕ᧛ጟ㧔1999㧕ߪޔ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߦߟ޿ߡޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߣห⾰ߢ޽ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔ෺ᣇߦᄙߊ㊀ߥ ࠆㇱಽߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩޔ⸒⺆⠌ᓧࠍᔒะߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢ޽ࠇ߫ޔޟቇ⠌⠪ߩ⺋ࠅࠍ Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦୃᱜߔࠆޠޔޟᱜߒ޿ࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍᒁ߈಴ߔߚ߼ߦេഥࠍ⇐଻ߔࠆޠߥߤߩᣣᏱ ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ⃻⽎߇⿠ߎߞߡ߽ਇᕁ⼏ߢߪߥ޿ޕ᧛਄㧔1997㧕ߪޔ࠲ ࠬࠢታᣉᤨߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߣ৻⥸ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⹤ߒᣇࠍᲧセߒߚ⚿ᨐޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߦ ߪ⺆ቇᢎᏧ․᦭ߩ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߎࠇࠄߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߣࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߪ㊀ߥࠆㇱಽߪ޽ࠆ߽ ߩߩޔ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ૏⟎ߠߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢޔࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮ ࠻࡯ࠢߣធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩ㑐ଥࠍ࿑ 2 ߦ␜ߔޕ

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䊐䉤䊥䊅䊷䊶䊃䊷䉪㩷㩷䊁䉞䊷䉼䊞䊷䊶䊃䊷䉪㩷 ធ⸅႐㕙䈮䈍䈔䉎Უ⺆⹤⠪䈱䉮䊚䊠䊆䉬䊷䉲䊢䊮ᣇ⇛ ࿑ 㑐ଥ࿑㧦࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ㧘ࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ㧘 ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ ߎߎ߆ࠄᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆߎߣߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎ࠍᜬߚߥ޿৻⥸ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩធ⸅ ႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ߰ࠆ߹޿ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪޔ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߥߤ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧ ߩ⍮⼂ࠍᜬߟᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ඙೎ߒߡ࠺࡯࠲ߩ෼㓸ޔಽᨆࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ ߢ޽ࠆޕ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅ߌࠆᓎഀߣ⋡⊛ ߎࠇ߹ߢᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥ߇ಽᨆߩ࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩࠍಽ㘃ߔࠆߣޔ એਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕ (1) Უ⺆⹤⠪߇⡞߈ᚻߣߥࠆࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯㧔ᄢᐔ 2000ޔ⑔㑆 2001 ߥߤ㧕 (2) Უ⺆⹤⠪߇⹤ߒᚻߣߥߞߡᖱႎࠍឭଏߔࠆળ⹤㧔Ⴧ੗ 2005ޔ╴੗ 2008 ߥߤ㧕 (3) ⥄↱ળ⹤㧔દ㓸㒮 2004ޔᾢ੗ 2007ޔ⮮੗ 2000 ߥߤ㧕 (4) ࡠ࡯࡞ࡊ࡟ࠗ߿ࠗࡦࡈࠜࡔ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ࠲ࠬࠢߥߤޔ⋡⊛߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆળ⹤ 㧔᧛਄ 1997ޔ৻ੑਃ 2002ޔჇ੗ 2005ޔ╴੗ 2008 ߥߤ㧕 (1)ޔ(2)ߪޔ⹤ߒᚻ࡮⡞߈ᚻߩᓎഀ೎ߦಽᨆ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩޔ(3)ߪ⥄ὼߥળ⹤ࠍᜰ ะߒߚ߽ߩޔ (4)ߩ⹤ߒᚻ࡮⡞߈ᚻߩᓎഀߪߘࠇߙࠇߩ⎇ⓥߦࠃߞߡ⇣ߥࠆ߇ޔળ⹤ߩ⋡ ⊛߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡߪߎࠇ߹ߢޔ਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߥ࠺࡯࠲߇ಽᨆߩኻ ⽎ߣߥߞߡ߈ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔ (1)߿(2)ߪᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇⹤ߒᚻߣ⡞߈ᚻߩߤߜࠄ߆৻ᣇߩᓎഀߒ ߆ᜂߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߎߣޔ(3)ߪ⥄ὼߥળ⹤ߢߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩޔ⹤ߒᚻߣ⡞߈ᚻߩ඙೎߿ળ⹤ߩ⋡ ⊛߇޽޿߹޿ߢ޽ࠆߎߣޔ(4)ߪળ⹤ߩ⋡⊛߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡߪ޿ࠆ߇ޔ⹤ߒᚻ߿⡞߈ᚻ޿ߕࠇ ߆ߩᓎഀߒ߆ᜂߞߡ޿ߥ޿߽ߩ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣߥߤ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ ߽ߜࠈࠎޔ᫪ᧄ㧔2001㧕߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦޔળ⹤ߪޔන⚐ߦޟ⹤ߒᚻޠޟ⡞߈ᚻޠߣ޿ ߁࿕ቯߐࠇߚᓎഀߩ੤ઍߦࠃߞߡߩߺᚑࠅ┙ߟߩߢߪߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ⃻ᤨὐߢߪᣣ

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ᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩၮᧄߢ޽ࠆޟᖱႎ߿ࠅߣࠅޠߩ㓙ޔᲣ⺆⹤ ⠪߇㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦᖱႎࠍឭଏߒޔߤߩࠃ߁ߦ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪߆ࠄᖱႎࠍᒁ߈಴ߒߡ ޿ࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ߥ޿ㇱಽ߇ᄙߊᱷߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔߘࠇࠄ߇✚ว⊛ߦ⸃ ᣿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߪ⸒޿߇ߚ޿ޕࠃߞߡޔ੹ᓟߩ⎇ⓥߩၮ⋚ߣߥࠆࠃ߁ߥޔធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌ ࠆᖱႎ߿ࠅߣࠅߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩታᘒߩಽᨆ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆޟಽᨆኻ⽎ޠߦᱷߐࠇߚ⺖㗴 ೨㗄߹ߢޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙⎇ⓥ߇ኻ⽎ߣߒߡ߈ߚ࠺࡯࠲ߩ⺖㗴ࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ߈ ߚޕߘߩ⺖㗴ߣߪޔޟᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩធ⸅⚻㛎߇ಽᨆ⚿ᨐߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀߇චಽ⠨ᘦߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޠޔ ޟࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߣ࠹ࠖ࡯࠴ࡖ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ߇ᷙ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆޠޔޟᖱႎ߿ࠅߣࠅߩ㓙ߩᲣ ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⹤ߒᚻߣߒߡߩ⸒⺆ⴕേޔ⡞߈ᚻߣߒߡߩ⸒⺆ⴕേ߇✚ว⊛ߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆࠃ߁ ߥ࠺࡯࠲߇ዋߥ޿ޠޔߩ 3 ὐߢ޽ࠆޕ ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ⺖㗴ࠍ⸃᳿ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ࠺࡯࠲ߩ෼㓸࡮ಽᨆ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆޕ (1) ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎ࠍᜬߚߥ޿৻⥸ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩធ⸅⚻㛎ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ࠺࡯࠲ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎ࠍᜬߚߥ޿Უ⺆⹤⠪ ࡮ធ⸅⚻㛎߇ዋߥ޿Უ⺆⹤⠪ ࡮ធ⸅⚻㛎߇ᄙ޿Უ⺆⹤⠪ (2) ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ⋡⊛߇᣿⏕ߥ࠺࡯࠲ ߅੕޿ߦᜬߞߡ޿ߥ޿ᖱႎࠍ౒᦭ߒߡℂ⸃ࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߩ޽ ࠆળ⹤ (3) Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅ߌࠆᓎഀ߇᣿⏕ߥ࠺࡯࠲ Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⹤ߒᚻ࡮⡞߈ᚻߣߒߡߩᓎഀ߇᣿⏕ߢޔ߆ߟޔ৻ߟߩળ⹤ౝߢ⹤ߒᚻ࡮⡞߈ ᚻਔᣇߩᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߒߚ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ෼㓸࡮ಽᨆߔࠆߎߣߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߩᖱႎ߿ ࠅߣࠅߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩታᘒࠍޔࠃࠅ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ 㧡㧚߹ߣ߼ߣ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴 ᧄⓂߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅޿ߡᲣ⺆⹤⠪߇ⴕ߁ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߦ㑐ߔࠆߎࠇ ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥࠍ᭎ⷰߒޔᱷߐࠇߚ⺖㗴ߦߟ޿ߡᜰ៰ߒߚޕᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡߪ╙ ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧ߿␠ળ⸒⺆ቇߥߤޔ޿ߊߟ߆ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄಽᨆ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ߇ޔᧂߛߦᲣ⺆⹤ ⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩታᘒ߇චಽߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿ޕ ᧄⓂߢᜰ៰ߒߚߩߪޔ(1)Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ࠍ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩⷞὐߣߪ

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ಾࠅ㔌ߒߡಽᨆߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩᔅⷐᕈޔ(2)ធ⸅႐㕙ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛߇⚻㛎ߦࠃߞߡ ቇ⠌ߐࠇޔᄌൻߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁೨ឭߦ┙ߟᔅⷐᕈޔ(3)ធ⸅⚻㛎ߦࠃࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯ ࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩᏅߦ⌕⋡ߒߚ⎇ⓥߩᔅⷐᕈޔߩ 3 ὐߢ޽ࠆޕએ਄ߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔߎߣߦࠃࠅޔ ᣣᧄ⺆ធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᣇ⇛ߩታᘒࠍޔࠃࠅ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ ઃ⸥ ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌⵬ഥ㊄㧔⎇ⓥᵴേࠬ࠲࡯࠻ᡰេ㧕ޟᣣᧄੱߣᄖ࿖ੱߩᖱႎ߿ࠅߣࠅᡰ េߩߚ߼ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒ޠ㧔ᐔᚑ 24㨪25 ᐕᐲ㧘⎇ⓥ⺖㗴⇟ภ㧦24820069㧕ߦࠃࠆഥᚑ ࠍᓧߡⴕࠊࠇߚޕ ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ ᐻഞ㓶ઁ㧔2011㧕ޡޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ࠍ↪޿ߚ࡙࠾ࡃ࡯ࠨ࡞ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ␠ળታ⃻ߩ ߚ߼ߩ✚ว⊛⎇ⓥޠ㧔ਛ㑆ႎ๔㧕ޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠ⎇ⓥߩዷ㐿ޢ દ㓸㒮㇚ሶ㧔2004㧕ޟᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߦࠃࠆ႐㕙ߦᔕߓߚࠬࡇ࡯࠴ࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߩ૶޿ಽߌ㧙Უ⺆႐ 㕙ߣធ⸅႐㕙ߩ⋧㆑㧙ޠޡ␠ળ⸒⺆⑼ቇޢ6-2:12-26. ᄢᮎ ⨃ታ㧔2006㧕ޟᄖ࿖ੱធ⸅ߣᄖ࿖ੱᗧ⼂ޠޡ⎇ⓥ⺰ᢥ㓸[5]JGSS ߢ⷗ߚᣣᧄੱߩᗧ⼂ ߣⴕേޢ149-159. ᄢ㒋໡ᬺᄢቇᲧセ࿾ၞ⎇ⓥᚲ࡮᧲੩ᄢቇ␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ✬ ᄢᐔᧂᄩሶ㧔2000㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߦ߅ߌࠆ⋧੕ ℂ⸃ߩ᭴▽㧙㑐ㅪᕈℂ⺰ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧙ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ105:71-80. ጟፒᢅ㓶㧔1994㧕ޟࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ߅ߌࠆ⸒⺆⊛౒↢ൻߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡߩᣣᧄ⺆ߩ࿖㓙ൻ㧙 ᣣᧄੱߣᄖ࿖ੱߩᣣᧄ⺆㧙ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ቇޢ13:62-69. ጟፒᢅ㓶㧔2003㧕ޟ౒↢⸒⺆ߩᒻᚑ㧙ធ⸅႐㕙࿕᦭ߩ⸒⺆ᒻᚑ㧙ޠችፒ㉿ม㧘ࡋ࡟ࡦ࡮ࡑ ࡝ࠝ࠶࠻౒✬ޡធ⸅႐㕙ߣᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒㧙ࡀ࠙ࠬ࠻ࡊ࠾࡯ߩࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻㧙ޢ23-44. ᣿ᴦ ᦠ㒮 ࠝࠬ࠻ࡂࠗ࠳㧘࠹࡯ࡗ㧔1999㧕ޟኻᄖ࿖ੱⴕേߣ⸒⺆ᄖ⊛᧦ઙߩ⋧੕㑐ଥޠޡᣣᧄቇႎޢ 18:89-104. ᄢ㒋ᄢቇᢥቇㇱ ᓮ⥪ਭ㉿ᕺ㧔1998㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩ⻉⋧㧙㕖 ⸒⺆ⴕേࠍ฽߼ߚ⺣⹤ㆊ⒟ߩⷰኤ߆ࠄ㧙ޠޡᣣᧄቇႎޢ17:111-123. ᄢ㒋ᄢቇᢥቇㇱᣣ ᧄቇ⎇ⓥቶ ᾢ੗ᶈሶ㧔2007㧕ޟធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ NS ߣ NNS ߩද௛ㆊ⒟ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤ㧙ᄙᢥൻ౒↢␠ ળߩታ⃻ߦะߌߡ㧙ޠޡ㕒ጟᄢቇ࿖㓙੤ᵹ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯♿ⷐޢ1:31-46. ဈᧄᱜ㨯ዊႦᠲ㨯᨞⼱⋿⍮ሶ㨯ఽፒ⑺ᳯ㨯Ⓑ⪲ߺߤࠅ㨯ේ↰⍮ᕺሶ㧔1989㧕ޟޟᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝ ࠽࡯㨯࠻࡯ࠢޠߦኻߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩ෻ᔕޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ69:121-146. ᩊ↰ታ㧔1999㧕ޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ߪႎ㆏ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕߩ⃻႐ߢታ㓙ߦ૶߃ࠆ߆ޠޡ⸒⺆ޢ

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28-8:53-55. ᄢୃ㙚 ᔒ᧛᣿ᒾ㧔1989㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ߩ Foreigner Talk ߣᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ68:204-215. ࠬࠢ࡯࠲࡝࠺ࠬ㧘ࠕ࡝࡯࠽㧔1980㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ 45:53-62. ╴੗ජ⛗㧔2008㧕ޟࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢߩታ㓙㧙㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩធ⸅ᐲߦࠃࠆ⸒⺆⺞ᢛࠬ ࠻࡜࠹ࠫ࡯ߩ⋧㆑㧙ޠޡ৻ᯅᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢࠮ࡦ࠲࡯♿ⷐޢ11:79-95. ৻ᯅᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢࠮ࡦ ࠲࡯ ᓼ᳗޽߆ߨ㧔2003㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ⎇ⓥ㧙ߘߩ᧪ᱧߣ⺖㗴㧙ޠޡ╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ ᓧ࡮ᢎ⢒ߩ⎇ⓥᦨ೨✢ޢ162-175㧚߅⨥ߩ᳓ᅚሶᄢቇᣣᧄ⸒⺆ᢥൻቇ⎇ⓥળ ᓼ᳗޽߆ߨ㧔2009㧕ޟᄙᢥൻ౒↢␠ળߢᦼᓙߐࠇࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆ㆇ↪ജ㧙⎇ⓥߩേะ ߣ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߦߟ޿ߡޠޡ␹↰ᄖ⺆ᄢቇ♿ⷐޢ21:111-129. ᳗ጊ෹ሶ㧔1997㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣᣣᧄ⺆㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩળ⹤ߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ ߳ߩࡈࠖ࡯࠼ࡃ࠶ࠢ̆ળ⹤ߦ߅ߌࠆ repair ߩ⋧੕૞↪ࠍ߼ߋߞߡ̆ޠޡ╳ᵄᔕ↪⸒⺆ቇ ⎇ⓥޢ4:41-54. ࡀ࠙ࠬ࠻ࡊ࠾࡯,J.V.㧔1981㧕ޟᄖ࿖ੱ႐㕙ߩ⎇ⓥߣᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ45:30-40. ࡀ࠙ࠬ࠻ࡊ࠾࡯,J.V.㧔1995㧕ޡᣂߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩߚ߼ߦޢᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ ⷏ේ㋈ሶ㧔1999㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧙ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩ⹤ߪߥߗㅢ ߓࠆߩ߆㧙ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ቇޢ18(6):62-69. ᣿ᴦᦠ㒮 ৻ੑਃ᦮ሶ㧔1995㧕ޟᲣ࿖⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ࿖⺆⹤⠪ߣߩળ⹤ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ࿖⺆⹤⠪ߩᗧ⼂⊛㈩ ᘦߩᬌ⸛ޠޡᢎ⢒ᔃℂቇ⎇ⓥޢ43(3):277-286. ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᔃℂቇળ ৻ੑਃ᦮ሶ㧔1999㧕ޟ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩળ⹤ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒⺆㕙ߣᗧ⼂㕙ߣߩ․ᓽ߅ ࠃ߮ਔ⠪ߩ㑐ㅪ㧙ᣣᧄ⺆ࡏ࡜ࡦ࠹ࠖࠕᢎᏧߩ႐ว㧙ޠޡᢎ⢒ᔃℂቇ⎇ⓥޢ47:490-500. ৻ੑਃ᦮ሶ㧔2002㧕ޡធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ౒↢⊛ቇ⠌ߩน⢻ᕈ㧙ᗧ⼂㕙ߣ⊒⹤ౝኈ㕙߆ࠄߩ ⠨ኤ㧙ޢ㘑㑆ᦠᚱ ᒄ೨ᄢቇੱᢥቇㇱ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇ⎇ⓥቶ㧔2006㧕ޡޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠߩ᦭ലᕈߣ቟ోᕈᬌ⸽ታ 㛎⸃⺑ᦠߺࠎߥߢᷫἴ 2005in ߭ࠈߐ߈㨪ἴኂᖱႎࠍޟ߿ߐߒ޿ᣣᧄ⺆ޠߢ㨪ޢ http://human.cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp/kokugo/kaisetsusyohtml/ kai-mokuji.html㧔2012 ᐕ 8 ᦬ 27 ᣣ㧕 ⑔㑆ᐽሶ㧔2001㧕ޟೋ⚖ቇ⠌⠪ߣߩធ⸅႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒⺆ⴕേ㧙޽޿ߠߜߩല ↪ߣ໧㗴ὐޠޡ਻Ꮊᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢࠮ࡦ࠲࡯♿ⷐޢ12:55-64. ᢥൻᐡ㧔2010㧕ޡޟ↢ᵴ⠪ߣߒߡߩᄖ࿖ੱޠߦኻߔࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩᮡḰ⊛ߥࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓ᩺ ߦߟ޿ߡޢ<http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/kyouiku/nihongo_curriculum/pdf /curriculum_ver07.pdf>㧔2012 ᐕ 8 ᦬ 24 ᣣ㧕 ᴺോ⋭㧔2011㧕ޡᴺോ⋭⊓㍳ᄖ࿖ੱ⛔⸘⛔⸘⴫ ᐕႎ 2011 ᐕޢ <http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?lid=000001089591 >㧔2012 ᐕ 9 ᦬ 23 ᣣ㧕

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Ⴧ੗ዷሶ㧔2005㧕ޟធ⸅⚻㛎ߦࠃߞߡᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩୃᓳ⊛⺞ᢛߦ↢ߓࠆᄌൻ㧙౒↢⸒ ⺆ቇ⠌ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ㧙ޠޡ╳ᵄᄢቇ࿾ၞ⎇ⓥޢ25:1-18. ↸↰ᑧઍ㧔1997㧕ޟ⸒⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡈࠜ࡝࠽࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢ࡮࠺ࠖࠬࠦ࡯ࠬߩ㆑޿̆ᣣ ᧄ⺆㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩ⸒⺆⢻ജߣ੤ᷤ̆ޠޡ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߣߒߡߩᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥޢ1:83-99. ᧻↰㓁ሶ࡮೨↰ℂ૫ሶ࡮૒⮮๺ਯ㧔2000㧕ޟἴኂᤨߩᄖ࿖ੱߦኻߔࠆᖱႎឭଏߩߚ߼ߩᣣ ᧄ⺆⴫⃻ߣߘߩ᦭ലᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹜⺰ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆⑼ቇޢ7:145-159. ࿖┙࿖⺆⎇ⓥᚲ ᧛ጟ⧷⵨㧔1999㧕ޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩᣇᴺ⺰ޢಠੱ␠ ᧛਄߆߅ࠅ㧔1997㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩޡᗧ๧੤ᷤޢߦ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩធ⸅⚻㛎߇෸߷ߔ ᓇ㗀㧙Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣ㕖Უ⺆⹤⠪ߣߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߦ߅޿ߡ㧙ޠޡ਎⇇ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ 7:137-155. ᫪ᧄ㇚ઍ㧔2001㧕ޟ␠ળ⊛⋧੕ⴕὑߣߘߩਛߢߩቇ⠌ޠޡ⸒⺆࡮㖸ჿℂ⸃ߣኻ⹤ಣℂ⎇ⓥળޢ 33:15-20. ࡠࡦࠣޔ࠳࠾ࠛ࡞㧔1992㧕ޟᣣᧄ⺆ߦࠃࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ㧙ᣣᧄ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜ࡝࠽ ࡯࡮࠻࡯ࠢࠍਛᔃߦ㧙ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ቇޢ11:24-32.

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接触場面における母語話者のコミュニケーション方略に関する研究の動向と課題