Ernest Hemingway's A clean, well-lighted place : the selection of course materials for English literature for Non-English majors
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(2) . 平成9 年2月 February,1997. 7巻 第2号 北海道教育大学紀要 (第1部C) 第4 l i i i t fEduca t i doUni t onIC) Vo on (Sec fHokka Journa lo v er s ,No .2 .47 yo. ” ERNEST HEM工NGWAY’S “A CLEAN, WELL-L工GHTED PLACE : THE SELBCT工ON OF COURSB MAT日RIALS FOR ENGLISH L工TERATURB FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORS. Shawn Beaty ish Adjunc tlnstructorof Engl ion at Asahikawa i ty ofEducat Hokkaido Univers August ,1996. 11NTRODUCT1ON ies t leges and universi ish in col Throughout Japan, foreign instructors and professors of Engl ty ofthese courses, ish l i terature.ln the vast majori have been assigned to teach courses in Engl ten ish, and are of ttended by students majoring or minoring in Bngl however the classes are a , te rare for pure literature courses冊-as opposed to tis indeed qui restricted to upperclass]nen; i irst and ion--to be given to f i terary texts into generalinstruct classes which integrate so1me l ish students, or those students whose majors are not related to Bn‐ I Bngl second-year genera ty irst asked to ・nltlate such a course here at Hokkaido Universl ish study‐ Thus, when l wasf gl tement over ion--largely one ofexci ialreact t ion at Asahikawathree years ago, my ini of Educat i t atthet Ine 1 degree of apprehension‐1fel inged wi th no smLa1 1enge--Was neverthe1ess t the cha1 ish, ike those majoring in Engl te possible thatthese young men and women, unl thati t was qui i ishl teraturein the original ing works of Engl igat . Fur‐ would have no inherentinterestin invest ive students wou1d be fresh fro]m thermLore, .力 Lany of m ーy prospect. high schoo1, where the teach-. ly unheard of‐ Thus,in the planning stages be‐ i ish l terature is virtual ing of untranslated Engl f ions l was forced to ask mーysel : Precisely th of quest fore the selnester began,there was a weal ion? How th the instruct how should the course be organized? At what pace should l proceed wi ‐ lnply “deci i terature? To what extent should l si ivate the students to appreciate the l can 1 α 1ot l of ‐” ive analysis? Yetthrough al tenQptinterpretat pher the texts, and to what extent should l at l ofthese consid‐ ly on al these questions,the overriding concern--and one which touched direct ion of course materials‐ Thatis, what pieces should lteach? lect erations-- was the se. How dol. fthe kb h r l ion of mーaterials is, after al ーeat labus? The select construct the sy1 , the bac one o ,t e l f d ti course. lf the instructor makes what turns out to be several egregious errors o ju gemen n ing his or hertexts,the class can be nothing shortof a nightmLare‐ choos ion of mLaterials icle regarding select i tthis art r ・ l tisforthis reason that工 have chosen to subl ly, i t can provide ish students‐ Hopeful lege courses designed for generaI Engl for Japanese col ines and helpful hints not only forforeign teachers, butfor Japanese instructors of l so]me guide l Bngl ish as wel ‐ ive, however, i t is necessary to get away fect For an article such as this to be in any way ef 217.
(3) . Shawn Beaty. froーm rnere prescrlpt.ve uide 1 ines suggest ions hints and the1 ike‐ As any coー ion teacher t g m ーposi , , ,. l you (over and over ad nauseum): “ Ground yourideasin therealworld Avoid air l ltel wi y gen‐ . izat ions‐ Give us spec“ ? ics examLples‐” Therefore l wi eral l l at te・nptto discuss and analyze one , , icularshortstory Brnest 日er ingWay,s ” A C1ean Wel l-Lighted P1ace “ for use here as an part r l , , , i terary work which rnay beef exarnpleofthetype ofl fect ively of feredin a generaI Engl ishl i tera- ture course for non-Engl ish majors. lt is presented here as a model--both to i l lustrate the. teria for select ing course r cri 】 r laterial and as a rneans for expla ining nQy ideas concerning the “. whys” and “ hows” of approaching such material lowing sect ion del ineates and dis- ‐ The fol. le the subsequent sect cusses the selection criteria, whi ion involves the appl icat ion of Henl ing‐ inciples‐ way’s story tothese pr. 亘 SELECTION OF COURSE M ATER-AL There. are Several i ,nportant points which .feelthe instructor mLust consider When choosing. ish coursefor non-Bngl whattoteachin a generaIEngl ish majors:. ’s Maturi imatethe Student (A) Do Not Underest ty or LevelofSophist ion. icat The f irstte・nptat ion when considering textrnaterials rnay Wel lbe to sel ect stories, poelns, and thel ike which are aimed at younger readers‐ The assumption here of course isthatthelevelof , , ishfoundin rnost advancedl the Engl i terary texts issinnply too dぜf icul tforthestudentsto corn- le 工 was in the process of set ing up nly syl t labus i prehend. 工ndeed, whi , t was suggested to rne that工browse through somel i terary texts used in Bri ish and A merican h t igh schools and mid‐ dle schools. Af ter exarn・n・ng several such texts however 工 f irn・ ly ruled out that strategy. , , ’ Granted thel ish rnightbe ratherlow butthey are not chi evel ofthe students Engl ldren;there , , is qui ly a vast qual te obvious i ive di f ference between one’s “language age” and his or her tat , ionalrnaturi ty‐ Whatcouldthey real ly gain, after al ernot l ln : ler’s “ Trees orthe ,frorn Joyce Ki tories Which rnay appearin Boys’Li sort of adventure s fe‐ They rnay grasp the work easi ly,true , but Would they not be insui ted by ・ny lack of respect for their age and interests? Thus 工 re- , ick wi th the masters- --the work ofthe highest-levell solvedto st i igures. of course this terary f , brought・ne backtothe originalproblem: W′ouldthisnotbetoo d辻f icul tforthestudents? Wouldn’ t ly bored andfrustrated? This then leadsthe second cri they beco・neinstant teria: , ,. ish Language Abi l (B) Do Not overesti i ・ ロ ーatethe Students’ Engl ty. AS1 wrote, many ofthese students wi l l be fresh frorn h igh school;thus,i tis a safe betto as‐ tthey have hadl i le or no experience reading great works of Bngi sunQe tha t t ish l i teraturein the iginal t is true wi l l have read numerous Engl or ish essays--or count less select ions . △”any, i , from non‐f ict ion pieces--bothin their course texts andin preparat ionforthe various examina‐ tlons wi th which they have been faced‐ such Wrltlngブ however is obvious ly a far cry from the ,. i terary mLasters; mーuch ofthe Engl ish they wi works ofthe l l l have encounterd--even the “dd r f i ‐ ish- -has been stripped bare ofthe nuance the idio]m the in・agery found in ual t” Engl cul i ty q , ,. 218.
(4) . ” BRNEST HEMINGWAY’S ”A CLBAN, WELL一LIGHTED PLACB. i terature they nnight have read, such as the stories of o. Henry or i l terature.工ndeed, even the l i died, so thatin fact l l lpl △dark Twain, has almーost always been horribly abridged, condensed, si f iced i ldren’sl ikechi terature‐ The depth and beauty ofthe work have been sacri i treadsl ‐through ish wri t - fthis experience of reading great Bngl ion ofthe language. Therefore,i the bastardizat l l be a new one for these students, how can we th original forn r l wi ir untamーpered-wi ers in the ibletothel l : ・? renderthe works access t nQay appear‐ Even the nnost [ lpler than i ly, the answer to this question is nQuch sin Actual “ l revealthatthe canons of even the・nostco]mplex and lnost chal- ion wi l igat ・nentary invest rudi. terscontain n r ・any pi ishlanguage wri eces which,on their surface, are rather sinn‐ lenging” Bngl .of course, we cannot expectthe stu- ly wi thin thestudents’reach‐ forward--easi ple and straight l“--butthere is always ”The Tyger dents to tackle B1ake’s ”The Adarriage of Heaven and Hel 【 1en and won n‐ lbeincon l r ゴ ーprehensible to these young n and ”The Lannb-” △佳uch of 駅/‐B‐ Yeats wi. ighted by l lbe del en, butthey wi. “The Lake lsle of工nnisfree三 And even Jannes Joyce perhaps ,. ter ever to breathe air (and/or drink whiskey), produc‐ ish language wri the most complex Bngl ing, haunt - ly indecipherable Finnegan,s w←ake,the charα1 th U1ysses and the virtual ed, along wi iners‐ ly accessible--storiesfoundin Dubl ing--yeteasi ion between coInp1exi ty and depth oftext Furthermーore there i ;the students s no rea1 corre1at , i terary in a f ine and proper understanding ofthe styles,the・nes, and world views ofthel can ga E ーy advice thout having to bury their headsin exasperation and disgust n 【 ・asters wi ‐ Therefore,I labus, ist ofthose authors he or she wishes to include in the syl to the instructor is to nnake a l lected works for those pieces--and there are nlany to be found冊‐ and then to scour their col icl lowing the text ofthis art ive ease‐ Fol e,工 th relat ish the students can handle wi whose Engl 1abus‐ l lprovide a samーp1esy1 wi. (C) Length and Genre Must Be Considered. ly bespentlr i l l necessari lerely ex- Chooseshort pieces‐ Period. As a great dea1of classt Ine wi plaining and. “decodin ” the ram mLat ic pattern ofthe sentences,theidio]m and l and syntact ic … a g g. - l ic i i tera1 αーeaning of poet lnages--i slang inherent in the dialogue, and the l ‐e‐ ,the anguage ire‐1 once 1 1u1 i t 1a, wi 1-1ength p1ay or nove1, even a nove1 Inate1y backf ing to tack1e a fu1 -at teーmpt ‐ ’ mーade the ・nistake of assigning John Steinbeck s The Pearlto be read over the course of one irst 50 pages, and the students were tturned out, we did not even coーmp1ete the f sel l lester; as i ire ing that they be responsible for reading the ent lef t hanging‐ one mLay counter by suggest ight so]me ofthe mーore signぜi i - lethe instructor uses the class t ・ne t。 highl workthenQselves, whi i t ki l b l ‐yet l r l lust re jectthis idea, as wel cant passages-- ; atthis level , a text must e pa ns a ng y ing only produces a patchwork pQish-rnosh which icated--skipping or skinQn [ l explained and expl l lserve onlyto confusethestudents‐ wi ion,plus an introducto- 工recom mendthatin a 15一week semester(roughly 12 weeks ofinstruct ive or six medium -length iday which crops up),f ion, and the odd hol ry lecture, the examinat tudied;thisis an appropriate and workable nun・ber of t stories be s poe・ns andtwo or three shor ions‐ A one-act play ・nay also be integrated into the class plan, perhaps in place of one select 219.
(5) . Shawn Beaty. t story.l fthe course is to be a ful l acade]1.iC year in length the a庄ーount of poeーn and one shor , materialcan si lnply be doubled‐ Deal ing exculsively wi th short pieces essent ial ly serves two puroses:(1 ) Bach select ion can be inQe a1 1ot adequate1y covered in the t ted,So thatthe Students wi 1 1 gain a fu1 1er understanding of the work in i ts n.any aspects‐ 1n studying a short poeno for exaαーp1e the instructor Wi 1 l have , , ” the opportuni ty to cover not only the then r : .e or rnessage ofthe work but can ins tructthe stu- ,. dents in the nG ーore for ーnal aspects of poetry: rhythm and エ 1 i ion and asso- terat ー ヒ ーeter, rhyαー e, a1 t cetera‐( nance,e 2 )By covering a number ofpieces,the course Willindeed be a ”survey. course,. lowing the students to experience a variety ofstyles theα1es view oints and historical rnove- al p , , , l l a1so provide theーm Wi t wi ばーents. l th the chance to do coαーparat ive analyses of the variouS lance Wi Works. Thus a proper ba 1 1be achieved between “intens ive“ and ”extensive”learning. ,. l. (D) “Relevance ・s ... Wel ‐ ‐ Relevant . Li teratureshould never bereadin a vacuulr ign” r icant--the mーost splend‐ l. Perhaps the nlost s id一冊qual i ty of creative Wrltlng isthati tis deeply connected in so rnany waystothe Wider world around us‐ When We read and s tudy a poenl, a shortstory, or a play we are not rr ーerely1ooking ,. ic concoction of Words and ilnages; rather We are ga・n・ng greater insights at an abstract, acaden ・ , into cul ture and society hul l ・an psychology, and the historical waves and trends Which have , shapedthe humーan co1m nlunity. This is especial ly true When the students are fron・ a cul tural background ostensibly dばferent or. “ relnoved f ters studied. Vvhen Japanese students for exa1np1e read the ron1that ofthe wri , ,. ish, A・nerican and lrish wri t Works of Bri ters,they can learn of “new ,. worlds and new areas. r icant and rewarding Waysthan those ofthought and behavior open tothen・in pouch n・ore signd icles sensat ional ized Hol lywood product ions, and gleaned frorn newspaper and n・agazine art , foonish t cheap, buf tis the instructor’s duty, lfeel, to .v‐ travelogues-cunn-quiz shows‐ And i help open such worlds to t heln・ 工n thi ′ l ing s,the students can corne to appreciate the of ten start , ly of ten subt le and del icate dd 「 ferences between cul tural thought and rnores--and yet equal , , .y, can develop strong feel ings ofident j d ぐ ゴ ーportant icat ion Wi th things theretofore perhaps rnore in thought of as “ strange” or “foreign刀 They can in a word feelthe “universal heartbeat “ , , , those very human at tributes Which bi l together. Thus when they encounter profound nd us al , lonel iness and suicide (” Richard Cory“) the longing to escape back into a rnore natural state ,. (”Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”; “ The Lake lsle oflnnisfree“),the bitter agony of growing old. A C1ean, Well-Lighted P1ace“),orthe graphic horrors of war(” Dulceet Deco-. t”),they are experiencing at i rurn Es ings Which speak direct t tudes and feel ly to their wider hu‐ エ ゴ nan in コ Lpulses.ln short they can relateto then... ,. For this reason,. have a tendency to choose n〕 lect ions,rnost .y frorn the Nine- Lore mLodern se teenth and Twent ieth Centuries. Thisis notto say of course thatthereis soα1ehow less “rele‐ , , vance. i terature; on the contrary, such pieces have survived largely because ・n older Works ofl. they have rernained universal and t i ion to the l エ ーeless throughout the ages‐ However, in addi t th older or more problerns the students rnay encounter Wi. 220. ish, 工’ve archaic” forms of Engl.
(6) . ” ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S”A CLEAN, WELL-LIGHTED PLACE : i terature to a greater extent when the charac‐ foundthatthey can appreciate the i l ロ ーpact ofthe l ly f not necessari r lore recent,i ters, dialogue, and socialbackground ofthe work spring fronQ a n d fun, but stu- 〕 Qporary, period‐ Tales of αーedieval knights and ladies may be e×clt.ng an conteヱ ’ E line ve dents have generally taken l 1 r lore interest in portraits such as that of Jalnes Joyce s. iners), a nineteen-year old woman whois wracked between thechoice of ine,” from Dubl (“ Bvel ng rernalnl ‐. in caring for her widowed fa- i 達 r e in working-c1ass Dub1 rapped“ in her tedious 1. ”t. ther, or escaPing to a. lor-boyfriend, Frank. ina wi th herrakish sai new l丑e” in Argent. ish l i terature course for ing up an Engl ines for set t These,then, are rny suggested for guidel ish majors‐ Let us now examine one particular story, Ernest non-native speaking, non-Engl tf i tthese cri- ightofthese points‐ How doesi 1一Lighted P1aceF inl Hen ingway,s ”A C1ean,Vvel r . ish course ofthis nature? ion for a Engl t an appropriateselect teria?-Whyisi. 虹 ″A CLEAN. WELL-LIGHTED PLACE″ ”A C1ean W〆el 1一Lighted P1ace ,. ive pages1n 1 ts original ished in 1933. A 1 irst publ r Iere f was f. ing,the formLal ele]ヱlents ofthe story--plot, sentence structure, style, and language冊‐are print icularly “readableな at the t part forward, mーaking i lnple and straight ・nost astonishingly si al i ing, a1 ーyst - 1nostIn i t revea1s a profound depth and signぜicance and a haunt saα.e t lne,however,i 1e ion‐ W÷hi t wide open to ln i ーyriad 1evels of approach and interPretat ty which leaves i cal qual led by crltlcs as a t has been hai te typical ofthe works of Helningway during this period,i qui “ le W←ar- t as ”this perfect story,“. whi kind of ”エ エ ーini-mLasterplece ; Richard B. Hovey refers to i 2Thi f ’ iveshort story‐’ ingway’slnーost super1at s asci ‐ t mーay be Heー ten that ”i t ヱ l t t has wri ren Benne. led i ts “unsuspected depths”3 ici ty and what Sean o’Faolain cal ing blend of surface sinQpl nat terature course. tidealreadingforstudentsin an introductoryli n 【 lakesi. t (A) P1o ly so立lething of an 1一Lighted P1ace as ”si lnple” is actual To refer to the p.ot of “A C1ean, Wrel i le ofthe t t t,there is next to no true plotto speak of ェlent; in fac understate1 ‐ Certainly thereis l ly clai .e EarI Rovi tright ict ion・Vvhi ionalf .nsthat t ic structure foundin .noretradi dramLat ”nothin dramLat le He1ningway’sown lぜe ic occursin thestory,“4Joseph 1- F1ora addsthat whi g “5 tis the set- ion nl ly quiet,i ts act lnl lna. ten noisy,this story is extraordinari ‐ 1ndeed,i was of izat i。n of imLately,the sparely presented but oddly intricate character ion, and, ul t ing,thesi tuat t l- iguresin thestory--revea1ed1arge1y through boththeir dia10gue andthe drealr thethree mLain f ts depth and sense of mーystery‐ ti ter--which givei l ike mーusingsofthe older wai The scene is setlate at nightin a cafe in Spain‐ The one re]naュnlng custo]mer is an old man ight” ts drinking brandy “in the shadow the leaves ofthe tree mLade againstthe electricl who si. ◎- The reader learns through the dialogue between the two. ther ”old- waiters, one young,the o. ” ly at tel ェ ーpted suicide‐ Lan had recent er, thattheold m. “Las tersaid‐ t week hetriedto co1m nlitsuicide,” one wai. 221.
(7) . Shawn Beaty. “VVh ?” y “He wasin des i ” pa r. “Vvhat about?’ ’ “Nothin g. ‘ ‘How d。 ou kn t was nothing?” ow i y ”He has lent f ” p y o money・ ◎.. The two wai f ferent at i ters display very di t tudes toward theirlonely o ld custonner‐ The young inds hin・an annoyance. a thorn in hi tersin・plyf wai sside;itislate, and he wants nothing poore ’1 than to close up shop and go ho1me: “‘He’ 1 lstay al l night’ he said to his col league‐‘ 1 1 ・sl eepy , l led hiposel flast week’“ ◎. The now.l never gett。 bed before three o’clock‐ He should have ki ter, however, feels a sense 。f sypopathy for the old man defending hipo against his older wai , ibes. co-worker’srepeatedj. “He sta s u because h l ” t e ikesi y p . “H ’ l ’po notlonel lh ly.工 fe wai e s one ingin bedfor rne. t ave a wi y. “He had a w辻e once too ” ‐. ‘ ‘A w達 r e would be no good to hipo now. “You can’ttel ” 50一51 l ter wi th a wi fe ) - He mightbe bet - (. The young Walter prevai ls, however, and refuses the old man,s requestfor another drink Re‐ . signed to this, the 。ld poan “stood up, slowly counted the saucers, took a leather coin purse from his pocket and Paidforthe drinks leaving ha f a peseta tip-... The wai l ter watched hipo go , down the street, a very old poan walking unsteadi ly but wi th di ( 5 1 ) ty” gni . Then,in a subsequent dialogue we copoe t。 real ize thatthe older waiter’s feel ings are lp Lore , copop.ex than α1ere sym ゴ d r icat Lpathy;they represent a deeper sense 。fenopathy for, even ident i。n. th, not only this part icular old poan but a l lthose whofeellonely and al wi ienated epopty whose , , l ives are played out si i l lthevoid‐” tepoptto “f ・ ロ ーplyin an at. 「 apo ofthose who l ike to stay late atthe cafe ” the older wai i ter said‐ “帆′ lthose th ai , “ lthose who need al ightforthe night vi who do n。t wantto goto bed-V th al ・ “l wantt o go h。poe andint。 bed.” ”Vve are 。ftwo d” ! ferent kinds “ the older wai ter said. He was now dressed to go holne. , 「tis not oniy a quest ion of youth and conf idence al though those things are very beaut j 達ui . Each night工 apo reluctantto close up because there r 1 oay be s。poe one who needs the caf e”. { 5 3 ) ‐. The two wai tersthen iock up, butratherthan go straight hopoe the older wai ter pays a v・sIt , to a bodega a cheap wine bar‐ As he conte・nplates the apparentfut i l i ty and vani ty of hulnan , existence, we bear wi tnesstothe depth ofhis own despair‐. d he fear?lt was n。t fear or dread‐lt was a nothing that he knew too wel l ‐ . ー vvhat di .・t i a nothing and a nnan was nothing too‐lt was 。nly that and l li was ai ight was ai t needed 222.
(8) . ” ERNBST HEMINGWAY’S “A CLEAN, WELL-LIGHTED PLACB l t was al ti t but he knew i ived in i t and never fel and a certain cleanness and order‐ Sopne l. ) 53-54 nada … ( i ing the word nada (nothing) for I Mary, subst tut Af ter reclt・ng the Lord’s Prayer and the Hai fee, drinksi t, ly,orders a cup ofcof lesironical r icant nouns in the prayers, he slni lofthesignd al ” inal iein the bed andf - r : le to hi S roonQ, where he Wouldl andthen prepares hiα1seば to return hon 5 4 0 ight,he Wouldto go S1eep”( ly, Wi th dayl .. 4 0 ( 5 t f,i tis probably onlyinsomnia‐ M any must havei id to himsel l Af ter al . ‐ ,hesa irst low ofthe story, and thus the f lowing the f 1y no troub1e fol l l have virtua1 The students Wi lenge for the instructor, however, is ing chal l pose an interest l l l be crossed・ Vvhat wi bridge wi fthese scenes‐ Inport the process of drawing frorn theln theirideas as to the signばicance, ori ,o ” inQi ted to non‐native They ・ロ ーay be very pl eased to learn,too,thatthis is a probleln hardly l l be lege students‐ AS O’Faolain has written, even the mーost astute reader lnay wel speaking col lenged: chal. lto be awarethathe was being unusu‐ l i i t No reader whose sensibi es were awake couldfai 6 l about tis al f f icul tyin saying Whati irred,yeteven he also nnighthave di ly st . al. Sothisis wherethefun begins‐. ion: The Keyto Analysis (B) Characterizat l-Lighted P1ace .s to ask the students to one valuable approach to teaching ”A C1ean, vvel ike “seばish” and “mean” (the young in f igures in the story. Words l characterize the three ma ” “ ” ter ter), “dark” and “lonely” (the old n r ・an), and “kind, but also sad, for the older wai wai ld on and develop their under‐ l l invariably surface, and fronn this the instructor can bui wi r ic tra・ts‐ ing on sonne oftheir mーore specd ing and elaborat standing ofthe characters by pinpoint lreading ofthe story‐ iedto our overal ion can then be appl r icance ofthischaracterizat Thesign日 ter as a cal ‐ l Vhi 1. The young waiter. V eit nnay be too easy sinnply to dis・niss the young wai tisclearthathe l tislate and he does wantto go honne---i lous unf ing punk--as, after al eel ,i , 【 lan, to hin l,is nnerely a ferenttype of person fronn his older co-worker‐ The old n r is a very d日. id sexual grat迂i h f i f i hi id - i i troublesome object ,just as s ea o a w e s one w o can prov e , an rrtant fe would be “no good to” the old man now --and his ion- (Hence, his rude remark that a wi cat fe was ful com mentthat his own wi le, boast unsubt. f t - wal ・ng in bed” for him.) Steven K. Hof. r ish pride ofthe young waiter, ly when he Wri tes of “the narrow, se” 1 ns thi nnan su・ s up succinct indloyal ty (verging ter ofbl who is unmoved by the needs ofthe old man and sees love as a mat ”?. ion- . ical gratdicat on bondage) and Phys icularly, thatis to say, ical ly be said thatthis young nnan is part ist However, it cannot real ing. Thereis nothing,in truth, which separates hi ・n fronn count‐ ly, uncaring or unfeel abnornnal 223.
(9) . Shawn Beaty. 1ess others 1 ike hi rn who Would react in precise1y the saα1e way. Bven his conlr ld ー nent to the o r ] nan tha t “Y0u should have k i l l )i l ing;the old man is ed yourselflast Week堪9 s not especially tel ,. after al l nearly dea ll ikel f andin al ihood could not hear-- m uch less be overly concerned Wi th-- , these Words.lndeed i ter as a kind of representat ive , tis 駕ーore usefulto approach the young Wai 。fthe “hurried youth” our nnodern age has produced seenl ingly en nlasse‐ ltis then not Wi th‐ , , ignぜicance that heis referred to as ”the Wai out s ter Who wasin a hurry“あの, As a young man , heis perhaps understandably ul th the of ten tragic consequences of growing Iabletoen・pathize Wi ienated n old alone--and yet r lodern, he relnains obsessed Wi th his own desires and , as an al needs, baski ion of hinnsel f and his place in the scheα1e ofthings: ng in his overblown concept ‘ ‘‘N. ’the Wai ter Who wasin a hurry said rising fronn pu1 o, 1 ing down the lt ters‐ ーeta1shut ,. have. idence‐l am a 2 l lconfidence’”{ 5 ) fi conf tis hyperbole to clainlthatthis Waiter is the archetype .l terecognizablef of modern youth,certainly heis a qui igure--regardless of one’s culture.. 2‐ The o ld nnan. Steven Hoff1nan is right on the n・ark by maintaining thatthe 。ld man is in , ‘cast as the one . ・nportant respect, ‘ te of the young wai ter.“8 A n.an of at least po1ar opposi. ighty (by the Waiters’ account) Widowed alnlosttotal e ly deaf he sees absolutely nothing lef t , , , remLa・n・ng to sustain h i l-l ighted sexistence. His only solace is drinking nightlyin the “clean, Wel ” cafe, yeteven inthis he choosesto stay “in theshadows.” Hof fnnan Writes:. Unl ike the young Wai ter, he hasthel ight。f unclouded vision because he has clearly seen h d t e estruct ive ef fects oft i f and direct ly Wi ・ ゴ ロe and circunlstance on l。ve and the sel tnessed ts death mask. But unl ikethe older wai nadain i ter, he has not been ableto sustain a sat is… factory nnode of being in the face ofthese discover ies. He therefore seeks escape fr。]m his 9 knowledgeei therthrough the bot le orthetotaldenialo t fl i e in suicide.. l tis clear fro.n his suicide attenQptthatthe o ld. tfa ローan haslos i th even in the pro.nise of an. after1d r ic re1 igi。n i irエ ly he tisf e, asin the Cathol ldthat one’s soul cannot ascend to Heaven as ヱ ユ t of suicide. Thatis why the Wai a resul ter clain r : 1s thatthe old ・nan’s niece cut hi ・n down fron・ the rope on Which he had been hanging out 。f ”fear for his soul“ あの Yetthe 。ld man nolon er g . has any suchfear; heissimーply beyond caring . Thus this old hopeless widower is tragical ly, yet another al l-too-fan・ i iar characterin the l , , dranQat is personae 。frnodern civi l izat ion part icularlythat。fthe vvest . ,. 3. The older Wai ter.l fthe young Wai ter andthe old man can indeed be viewed as polar oppo- tes, wherethen can HelningWay’s protagonist the older Wai si ter, be placed in reference to this , ial condi schen・e? Certainly, he shares one essent ion Wi t th the old ・nan: he has indeed encoun‐ tered the void, the ”nada “ has co me face to face Wi inlate e] th the u. t iness; existence for エ ーpt , , him has become bereft of any transcendent meaning or def ini ion. He too has rejected God t , , , , i l i ty of human aspirat ion. As such he n・ay Wel and he, too, sees the fut l be the n・outhpiece of , HerningWay hinQse= F who as vvarren Bennet t wri tes, has presented a ”vision of man,sfrustrat - , ,. 224.
(10) . ” ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S ”A CLEAN, WELL-LIGHTED PLACB :. ’ ial vi i tent b ‐ i l i h t f hi h i verwheln・ed t ief igious bel ‐ y ・nan s ex s ・ ロ ーpulse to rel edi ,t e prac ca y o w c s o 0 ’“1. ‘ thin ness d g ‐ sion ofthe world as Godless and ・neaningless, and beyond whichis na a, or no ” ’ “ ing- H h low man, he is equaI Partt e enl ingway s dark, hol : ] 【 l Yeti fthe older waiter is H[el. nant refusalto buckle under even in the face of wayesque hero,in whon・ can be found the adal , ” ing darkness,that ”grace under pressure“ which is theindividuals only ing・y overwhe. 1 コ [ l seen r l I Unl ike the old 立・an, he has lsides”1 ion and defeat are on al l iat defensein a world where hunni i fe:his work‐ ialthing re1ma・nlng in hisl one essent. “You have outh conf tersaid‐ “You haveeverything‐ idence, and ajob,” the older wai y , ” “And whatdo you lack? ”Ever thin but work “◎ g y ・ -. af enl‐ h i i 1 f i tera1level i this older waiter’s work? on the1 h Vvhat , o course, e ss mーP y a c e ,t en, s f tis whathisjob hascometo tsel icularly notable occupation in and ofi t ‐ Yeti P1oyee--not a par f--that underscores Perhaps the ly consciously to hi f not whol l 〕 〔 lsel ize--to the reader i sylnbol ’ “ 1 ing, asi t were--is to provide nlostim LPortantthe・ne ofthe story‐ The waiter s work--his ca1 ly subsunned by ike the old 立・an, are virtual ighted P1ace” for those who, l l-l that “clean, wel ” th whatever t wi darkness. Thereis only one ren・edy for darkness, andthatisto infusei ” “l l a nothing and a n・an was nothing too, he 【nuses‐ つt wasonly t was al ight” can befound‐“工 “5 3 ) ight was al1it needed and a certain cleanness and order ( that andl ‐ By glvlng what he can to. “i ht” of hulnan kindness synlpathy and ike hi ln, by sharing the l the old ・nan, andto othersl g , ,. i l lthat deeP, dark void which haunts hinl. Steven Hofflnan understanding, he is working to f tes: wri. is uPon which to reconstruct his th so1 【ne bas ・ ・an wi ies to Provide the poorose old l ”. he tr igure the respect and sypoPathy he so desPer- i ぜe by rendering to this wretched f tered l shat ’ ’ ’ ’ ately needs‐ Thus,in Buber s sense as in Heidegger s, Kirkegaard s, and sartre s,the old 2 f and to others.1 l i ies bothto hi ing hisresponsibi t r i l l r lnsel icates” hisld ter “authent ebyfuロ wa・. ‘ thent j ぼe,tothereader his icate” his own l ki t ‘ i h h ld t i i f t 1f , owever,t e o er wa er s n ac wor ng o au ialimーpuls- ini ize solnething inf tely . 〕 ヒ ーore innportant--those essent nbol actions can be seen to syp ty,inPulses so nd us togetherin the hupoan copopouni oPathy which bi es toward kindness and ep ion‐ l izat f not buried,by the “wasteland” of pnodern civi ten poasked,i of. (C) Style,language, and dialogue l-Lighted P1ace“ is “classic“ Hepoingway. Spare, raw‐boned, ly, “A C1ean, VVel ist ical Styl ion,i t allows--sonoe poay say luousinforpnat ial and superf linessent stripPed bare of any and al ” “f i l ing in the blanks” l ion on whatis given, “f tent s at orces --the reader to concentrate all hi ly irtual torial colnn [ : lent v ion is minimal and edi ion. Narrat t i through h ・on and s own intu・ ‐insPirat le we do know aboutthe characters copoes alpoostexclusively throughthe i t t non-existent; whatl tes of Henlingway’s “anony‐ ten brusque. Frank o’Connor wri l f short,terse, and of dialogue--i tse 225.
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