仮設魚道を設置・運用するための地域環境の創出−
インドネシアの事例より−
著者
太田 有生夫
雑誌名
福岡工業大学総合研究機構研究所所報
巻
3
ページ
39-45
発行年
2020-12-25
URL
http://hdl.handle.net/11478/00001588
௬タ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨࣭㐠⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᆅᇦ⎔ቃࡢฟ
㸫ࣥࢻࢿࢩࡢࡼࡾ㸫
ኴ⏣ ᭷⏕ኵ㸦す᪥ᮏᕤᴗᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸧
Regional Inhabitant Conditions for Installing and Operating Tentative Fishways
㸫Creating Regional Conditions at two Indonesian Rivers㸫
OTA Yukio㸦Research Center, Nishinippon Institute of Technology㸧
Abstract
There are many river crossing structures not only in developed countries but also developing countries because of irrigated agriculture. On the other hand, the number of fishways for river ecosystem conservation is not good enough in many countries, and tentative fishways, such as siphon system pipe-type fishways, will play an important role in these countries.
When tentative fishways are installed in rivers, of course, fishway technologies are important for their good works, however, regional inhabitant conditions around the weirs are also the critical situation in order to operate these fishways effectively. This paper focuses and views regional inhabitant conditions for tentative fishways with their cases at two rivers in Indonesia.
Keywords㸸Fishway, Siphon System Pipe-type Fishway, Regional Inhabitant Condition, River Ecosystem Conservation, Indonesia
11. ࡣࡌࡵ
Ἑᕝᘓタࡉࢀࡓࢲ࣒ࡸሖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶓ᩿ᵓ㐀≀ࡀἙᕝ⏕ ែ⣔ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࢆ⦆ࡍࡿᡭἲࡢࡦࡘ㨶㐨ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ℺₅ࡼࡿỈ✄᱂ᇵࡢᬑཬక࠸ࠊࢪㅖᅜࡢἙᕝ࠾ ࠸࡚ࡣࠊྛᆅ࡛ከᩘࡢྲྀỈሖࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩࡢ ሙྜࠊつᶍ࡞℺₅⏝ྲྀỈሖࡢᘓタ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢪ㛤 Ⓨ㖟⾜㸦ADB㸧ࡸ᪥ᮏࡢ ODA ࡼࡿ㈨㔠༠ຊࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡶぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࣥࢻࢿࢩࡢࢪࣕ࣡ᓥࢪࣙࢢ ࢪ ࣕ ࢝ ࣝ ࢱ ᕷ ㏆ 㑹 ࠶ ࡿ ࢱ ࣥ ࣂ ࢵ ࢡ ࣎ ࣚ ሖ 㸦Embang Tambakboyo㸧ࡣࠊADB ࡢ㈨㔠༠ຊࡼࡗ࡚ᘓタࡉࢀࡓሖ ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢྲྀỈሖࢆྵࡵࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩࡸࣛࣥ࠾ ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᑠᩘከࡃࡢྲྀỈሖࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㨶 㐨ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡣࠊࢇぢࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ1㸦Fig.1㸧ࠊࢱࣥࣂࢵࢡ࣎ࣚሖࡢእ ほࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㨶㐨ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ ࠸ࠊ㨶㐨ࡀຠᯝⓗᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࡺ࠼ࠊሖࡢୗὶ ┤ୗ㨶ࠊ≉ࣘࠊࡀ␃ࡍࡿࡣࠊᩘከࡃሗ࿌ࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ(1)ࠋ ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㨶㐨ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࡋ࡚ᬑཬࡋ࡚࠾ ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚲせᛶࡣࠊ୍⯡ᕷẸࡢ㛫ࡽኌࡀୖࡀࡿࡇࡶᑡ ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡍ࡛㨶㐨 ࡘ࠸࡚ゎㄝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᭩⡠(2)ࡀฟ∧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྲྀỈሖࢆ⟶ ⌮ࡍࡿබඹᴗ┬ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㨶㐨ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱ ㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪉ࠊࣛࣥ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㨶㐨ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሖࡢࡀ2 ࡘ࠶ࡿ(3)ࠊ ࡢࡇ࡛ࠊἙᕝࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡢ㛫࡛ࡣ㨶㐨㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡀ࠶ ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡲࡔࠊࡑࡢᴫᛕࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࡇࡀ❚ࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊⴭ⪅ࡀࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩ࡛௬タ㨶㐨 ࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࢆࡶࠊ௬タ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨࣭㐠⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ ࠊᆅᇦఫẸࡢ㛫ᵓ⠏ࡍࡁ༠ຊ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ ࡿࠋࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩࠊࢫ࣐ࢺࣛᓥࣃࢲࣥᕷ㑹እࡢ ࢝ ࣥ ࢹ ࢫ ᕝ 㸦Batang Kandis 㸧ࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖ 㸦Bendungan Parak Buruk㸧ࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩࠊࢪࣕ࣡ᓥࢪ ࣙ ࢢ ࢪ ࣕ ࢝ ࣝ ࢱ ᕷ ㏆ 㑹 ࡢ ࢞ ࢪ ࣕ ࢘ ࢛ ࣥ ᕝ 㸦Sungai Gajahwong㸧ࢳࣕࣥࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖ㸦Bendungan Candi Gebang㸧ࡢ 2 ᆅᇦ࡛ࡢ௬タ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ࢆࡋ࡚᥇ࡾ ୖࡆࡿࠋ 2. ࢝ࣥࢹࢫᕝࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖࡢ 2.1 ࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖࡢᴫἣ ࢝ࣥࢹࢫᕝࡢࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖࡣࠊࢫ࣐ࢺࣛᓥすࢫ ࣐ࢺࣛᕞࣃࢲࣥᕷ㏆㑹࠶ࡿሖ࡛ࠊᕷ⾤ᆅࡽ࣑ࢽࣂࢫ➼ ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚30 ศ࡛⾜ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊᖹ᪥ࡣ㏆ ᡤࡢᏊ౪ࡓࡕ㔮ࡾேࡀゼࢀࠊ㐌ᮎࡸఇ᪥ࡣࠊ㏆㑹ࡽ ࡢほගᐈ࡛㈰ࢃ࠺ࠋྲྀỈሖࡋ࡚ࡣ⌋ࡋࡃࠊேࡢጼࡀ⤯࠼ ࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊᴦࡋ࠸㞺ᅖẼࢆᣢࡗࡓሙᡤ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋኴ⏣᭷⏕ኵ
ᅗ1 ࣥࢻࢿࢩ୰㒊ࢪࣕ࣡ᕞ࢚ࣥࣂࣥࢢࢱࣥࣂࢵࢡ࣎ࣚሖ Fig.1 Embung Tambakboyo Weir at Jogyakarta in Central Jawa, Indonesia. This weir was constructed with the Asia Development Bank (ADB) budgetary cooperation, but no equipment can be seen for fish and other aquatic life that go up and down this weir.ࡇࡢሖࡣࠊබඹᴗ┬ࡀ㓄ࡋࡓሖࡢ⟶⌮ேࡀఫࢇ࡛࠾ ࡾࠊሖ࿘㎶ࡢᏳ㓄៖ࡍࡿඹࠊ2 ࡘࡢỈ㛛ࢆ㐺ᐅୖ ୗࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡛ࠊሖ࡛ࡢྲྀỈ㔞ࢆㄪ⠇ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⟶⌮ேࡢ ࡸࡪࡁࡢᐙࡣࠊሖ᭱ࡶ㏆࠸Ⲕᒇࢆවࡡ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡇࢆ ゼࢀࡿேࠎࡢⰋ࠸ఇ᠁ሙᡤ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶࠊ⟶⌮ ேࡢᐙࡣ㟁Ẽࡀ࡞ࡃࠊⅉἜࣛࣥࣉ⸄࡛⏕άࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 2000 ᖺ㡭ࡣࠊᒣ࡛㔞ࡢࣛࣥࣈ࣮ࢱࣥࡀ᥇ࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ ከࡃࡢேኵࡀᒣධࡾࠊ⫪ࡁ࡞⿄ࢆᢸ࠸࡛ࣛࣥࣈ࣮ࢱ ࣥࢆ㐠ࡧฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࡣࠊ㏆㞄ఫẸࡼࡿ⸄ࡢ⏝࡛ ᳃ᯘࡀ⑭ࡏ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊࣛࣥࣈ࣮ࢱࣥࡢᮌࡶ⃭ῶࡋࡓࡀࠊ ࡛ࡶࠊ⌧ᆅ࡛㣗ࡍศࡃࡽ࠸ࡣ✭࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢧࢺ࢘࢟ ࣅࠊࣂࢼࢼࠊࢳࣙࣥࣉ࣮㸦ࣆࣥࢡⰍࡢࢧࢡࢧࢡࡋࡓ㣗ឤࡢ ᯝᐇ㸧࡞ࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛㐟ࡪᏊ౪ࡓࡕࡢⰋ࠸࠾ࡸࡘ࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢሖࡢ࿘㎶࡛ࡣࠊ⌋ࡋ࠸ື≀ฟ࠺ࡇࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ ࠸ࠋ≉ࢧࣝࡣࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩ࡛ࡶ┠ࡍࡿࡇࡀᑡ࡞࠸ ㈗㔜࡞✀ฟ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡲࡔ┦ᙜᩘࡀ⏕ᜥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᒣࡽᕧ࡞ࢺ࢝ࢤࡀୗࡾ࡚ࡃࡿ ࡇࡀ࠶ࡾࠊฟ࠸㢌㐼㐝ࡍࡿᜍࢁࡋ࠸ࡢࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ ࡔࡀࠊ⟶⌮ேࡢ㭜ࢆくᧁࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢࢺ࢝ࢤ࡞ࡢ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢࠊ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ2㸦Fig.2㸧ࠊࣃࣛࢵ ࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖ࡛㐟ࡪᏊ౪ࡓࡕ⟶⌮ேࡢⲔᒇࡢᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
2.2 ࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖ࡛ࡢ㨶㢮ㄪᰝ௬タ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ ࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖ࡛ࡣࠊ2000 ᖺึࡵ࡚㨶㢮⏕ᜥㄪ ᰝࢆᐇࡋࠊྠᖺࠊ1 ᇶ┠ࡢ௬タ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࠋ㨶㢮ㄪ ᰝ㨶㐨タ⨨ࡢ୰ᚰ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᆅඖࡢࣥࢲࣛࢫᏛ ࡢᩍᐁࡓࡕ࡛ࠊྠᏛࡢᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡶάືཧຍࡋࡓࠋ㨶㐨 タ⨨ࡢ㝿ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢࠊᆅඖࡢᕤᩘேࢆ౫㢗 ࡋࠊ㈨ᶵᮦࡢ㐠ᦙࡣࠊ⌧ᆅࡢఫẸࢆேኵࡋ࡚㞠ࡗࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊඛ௦ࡢሖࡢ⟶⌮ே㸦⌧ᅾࡢ⟶⌮ேࡢஸኵ㸧ࡣࠊ⋡ඛ ࡋ࡚㨶㐨タ⨨ࡢసᴗཧຍࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㐟ࡧ᮶࡚࠸ ࡿᏊ౪ࡓࡕࡶࠊㄪᰝ⏝ࡢࢩࣗࣀ࣮ࢣࣝࡸⲴ≀㐠ᦙ⏝ࡢ⟁㸦࠸ ࡔ㸧࡛㐟ࡪ୍᪉ࠊ⡆༢࡞సᴗࢆᡭఏࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡇࡀከ ࡗࡓࠋᅗ3㸦Fig.3㸧㨶㢮ㄪᰝࡢᵝᏊࢆࠊᅗ4㸦Fig.4㸧 2 ᇶ┠ࡢ௬タ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡍࠋ ௬タ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊබඹᴗ┬ࡢチྍࢆᚓࡿᚲ せࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ᛮ࠺ࡀࠊඛ௦ࡢሖࡢ⟶⌮ேάື┠ ⓗάືෆᐜࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊබᐁᗇ ࡢチྍࢆᚓࡓࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡛άືࡢṔྐࡀ㛗࠸ࡓࡵࠊ ᆅᇦఫẸࡣάື┠ⓗࡀ࿘▱ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊබඹᴗ┬ࡢ㛵 ಀ⪅ࡢどᐹࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㝿ࡶࠊᡭ⥆ࡁࡢഛ➼ࢆᣦࡉࢀࡿ ࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᅗ2 ࣥࢻࢿࢩすࢫ࣐ࢺࣛᕞࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖFig.2 Children playing at Parak Buruk Weir in West Sumatra, Indonesia and the caretaker of the weir. She lives in the house beside the weir and has a small tea-restaurant in front of her house. We can take lunch, such as fried fish and vegetables with rice, some fruits, traditional Sumatra coffee and so on.
ᅗ3 ࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖ࡛ࡢ㨶㢮ㄪᰝ
Fig.3 Fish habitat study at Parak Buruk Weir in West Sumatra, Indonesia. They search for fish in the water with snorkels and make a tag-location map of these fish. Many cute and beautiful fish can be seen in the water, such as Kaperas (Puntius binotatus), Akara (Pristolepis fasciata), Mungkus (Glossogobius giuris etc.) and so on.
2.3 ᆅᇦఫẸࡼࡿἙᕝ⎔ቃಖάື
ⴭ⪅ࡸࣥࢲࣛࢫᏛࡢᩍᐁࡓࡕࡀࠊᆅᇦࡢఫẸᑐࡋ ࡚ࠊࠎⓗ⎔ቃᩍ⫱ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㨶㢮⏕ᜥ
Fig.4 Wooden fishway at Parak Buruk Weir in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Instructors of Andalas University are core members of this activity and their students also join in it. Some carpenters in Padang City and inhabitants near the weir work together in order to install fishway successfully.
ᅗ5 㔮ࡾ௨እࡢ⁺ἲࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ┳ᯈ㔮ࡾࢆࡍࡿఫẸࡓࡕ Fig.5 A warning panel and anglers at Parak Buruk Weir in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The panel informs that everybody is prohibited to catch fish with every method except fishing. Moreover catching fish is strictly banned at the upper area of the weir including fishing. However all persons can enjoy fishing at the lower area freely.
ᆅᇦఫẸࡼࡿἙᕝ⎔ቃಖάືࡢ୰ᚰࡣࠊ㨶ࡢᩘࢆῶ ࡽࡉ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࡢάື࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࣃࣛࢵࢡࣈࣝࢵࢡሖࡢ ୖὶഃࢆ⚗⁺༊ࡋ࡚㨶ࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋࠊሖࡢୗὶഃ࡛ࡢ ᤕ⋓ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㔮ࡾ௨እࡢ⁺ἲ࡛ࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋࡓࠋࡇ ࢀࡼࡾࠊ㨶㢮ࡢ⏕ᜥከ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ㟁Ẽࢩࣙࢵࢡ ࡸᢞ⥙ࡼࡿ⁺ࢆ㠃ⓗ⚗Ṇࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢྲྀ ࡾỴࡵࢆእࡽධࡗ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎࡶ࿘▱ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊὀពࢆ ಁࡍ┳ᯈࢆᮌ❧ᡴࡕࡘࡅタ⨨ࡋࡓࠋࠎࠊ㟁Ẽࢩࣙࢵࢡ ࡛⁺ࢆヨࡳࡿ㍮ࡀእࡽධࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊఫẸኌ ࡛ὀពࡉࢀࠊ᪩ࠎ㏥ᩓࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᆅᇦ࡛ࡢỴࡵࢆఫẸ ဨ࡛Ᏺࡿጼໃࢆឤࡌࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࢦ࣑ࢆᕝᢞᲠࡏࡎࠊἙᓊࢦ࣑ࡀᩓࡽࡗ࡚࠸ ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊሖࡢ࿘㎶ࢆᤲ㝖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢦ࣑ࢆᩓࡽࡉ࡞ ࠸ࡇࡣࠊỈࡢở⃮ࢆ㜵ࡂࠊ⏕ែ⣔ࡢಖ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ ࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊሖࡢ⨾ほࢆಖࡕࠊ㏱᫂ᗘࡢ㧗࠸Ⰻዲ࡞Ỉ㉁ ࢆಖࡘࡇࡣࠊほගᐈࡢㄏ⮴ࡶᙺ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢᛮࢃ ࢀࡿࠋᅗ5㸦Fig.5㸧ࠊ⁺ἲࡘ࠸࡚᭩ࢀࡓ┳ᯈࠊሖ ࡢୗὶഃ࡛㔮ࡾࢆࡍࡿఫẸࡢጼࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
2.4 ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⤒῭ຠᯝ すࢫ࣐ࢺࣛᕞࡢࣃࢲࣥࣃ࣐ࣜࣥ㸦Padangpariaman㸧 ࢞ࣜࣥࢠࣥᕝ㸦Sungai Garingging㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢᕝ࡛ࡣࠊ 㨶ࡢᤕ⋓ࢆཝ᱁⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᕝࡢ㨶ࢆ㣗ࡋࡓࡶࡢ ࡣᮎ௦ࡲ࡛⚅ࡽࢀࡿࠊࡢఏㄝࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㨶ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿ㍮ ࡀ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ ࡁ ࡞ ࢞ ࣜ ࣥ 㸦 Garing: Labeobarbus tombroides㸧ࢡࣛࣜ㸦Kulari: Tylognathus hispidus㸧 ࡀಙࡌࡽࢀ࡞࠸ᐦᗘ࡛⏕ᜥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋἙᓊࡣࠊࡇࡢ㨶 ࠼ࡿ㣵㸦ࣆ࣮ࢼࢵࢶ㸧ࢆࡿᗑࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ㨶ࢆ┠ᙜ࡚ 㞟ࡲࡿほගᐈ┦ᡭࡢⲔᒇࡀ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㨶ࡣࠊࡃேࢆ ᜍࢀࡎࠊほගᐈࡀ࠼ࡿ㣵ࢆ┠ᙜ࡚㞟ࡲࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡲࡿ࡛ࠊ 㣵㞟ࡲࡿụࡢ㩾ࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ほගᆅࡋ࡚ࡢ࢞ࣜࣥࢠࣥᕝࡢヰࡣࠊࡶࡶ᭷ྡ࡞ヰ࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊࣥࢲࣛࢫᏛࡢᩍᐁࡓࡕࡀࠊሖࡢఫẸࠊ࢞ࣜࣥࢠ ࣥᕝࡢヰࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆⴭ⪅ࡶ⪺࠸ࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ሖࡢఫẸࡀࠊἙᕝࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓ⮬↛⎔ቃࢆಖࡋࠊࡑࡇ⏕ ᜥࡍࡿ㨶ࢆಖࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊほගᐈࢆㄏ⮴ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ ఱࡽࡢ⌧㔠ධࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ⪃࠼ ࡓࡋ࡚ࡶᛮ㆟ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋሖࡢఫẸࡀྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔほගᐈㄏ⮴ ⟇ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ¾ ࢡࢭࢫ㐨㊰ࡢᩚഛ㸸Ỉ⏣ࡢ࠶ࡐ㐨ࢆᣑᙇࡋ࡚ࠊࣂ ࢡ㌴1 ྎࡀ㏻ࢀࡿ◁㐨ࢆἙᓊࡢⲔᒇࡲ࡛ᩚഛࡋ ࡓࠋ◁㐨ࡢᩚഛࡣࠊࢦࢺࣥࣟࣚࣥ㸦gotong royong㸸 ┦ᢇຓ㸧ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇࡉࢀࠊᆅඖࡢⱝ⪅ࡓࡕࡀປാ ຊࡋ࡚㥑ࡾฟࡉࢀࡓࠋ ¾ 㟁Ẽࡢᩚഛ㸸ࢡࢭࢫ㐨㊰ࡢ㊰⫪2m ࡃࡽ࠸ࡢᮌࡢᯞ ࢆ❧࡚ࠊࡇࢀ⣽࠸㟁⥺ࢆᙇࡾࠊἙᓊࡢⲔᒇࡲ࡛㟁Ẽ ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓࠋ ¾ ⡆᫆Ỉ㐨ࡢᩚഛ㸸ᒣࡢ୰⭡ࡢࡁỈࢆ⁀ࡵࠊሖࡢ⟶⌮ ேࡢᐙࢆ⤒⏤ࡋ࡚ᕝࢆΏࡋࠊ๓㏙ࡢἙᓊᑐഃࡢⲔᒇ ࡲ࡛ᘬ࠸ࡓࠋ ¾ Ⲕᒇࡢ᪂つ㛤ᗑ㸸ࢡࢭࢫ㐨㊰㠃ࡋࡓᐙࠎࡣࠊḟࠎ ᐙࡢ๓Ⲕᒇࢆ㛤࠸࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋⲔᒇࡣࠊᑠ⿄ධ ࡗࡓఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ⳫᏊ㢮ࠊ㏆௦ⓗ࡞⿄ⳫᏊࠊࡁ࡞ࢱࢵࣃ ࣮࢙࢘ධࡗࡓᡭసࡾࡢⳫᏊ㢮ࠊ࣌ࢵࢺ࣎ࢺࣝࡢ Ỉࠊ㨱ἲ⎼ࡢ࠾ࢆࡗ࡚ࡑࡢሙ࡛ධࢀ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࢥ ࣮ࣄ࣮࡞ࡀ౪࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⪁⯒ࡢⲔᒇ࡛࠶ࡿἙ ᓊࡢⲔᒇ࡛ࡣࠊ㟁Ẽࡀ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࢸ ࣞࣅࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࠊᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢆ㟁ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥ ࢺࡀ౪ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢఫẸࡀ㞟ࡲࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ¾ ఇ᠁ᑠᒇࡢタ⨨㸸㐌ᮎࡸఇ᪥ࡢほගᐈࢆ┠ᙜ࡚ࠊἙ ᓊࡁ┠ࡢఇ᠁ᑠᒇࡀᘓ࡚ࡽࢀࡓࠋᖹ᪥ࡣ⏝ᐈࡀ ࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊఫẸࡢⰋࡁఇ᠁ሙᡤ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ¾ 㔮ࡾࡢ㛤ദ㸸㏻ᖖࡣ⚗⁺༊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሖࡢୖὶഃኴ⏣᭷⏕ኵ
ࢆ㛤ᨺࡋࠊᐃᮇⓗ㔮ࡾࢆ㛤ദࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋཧຍ⪅ ࡽࡣཧຍ㈝ࢆᚩࡋࠊࡁ࡞㨶ࢆ㔮ࡗࡓཧຍ⪅ࡣ ᬒရࢆ㉗࿊ࡍࡿࠋࡁ࡞㨶ࡀ㔮ࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ࡞࡞ே Ẽࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊཧຍ㈝ࡀ㧗ࡍࡂࡿࠊࡢኌࡶ⪺࠸ ࡓࠋ ¾ 㨶ࡢ㣵ࡅ㸸⚗⁺༊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሖࡢୖὶഃࡢῡ࡛ࠊ㨶 ࡢ㣵ࡅࢆヨࡳࡓࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊኻᩋࡋࡓࠊ ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋụࡢࢥࡀ㞟ࡲࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ㨶ࢆ㞟ࡵ ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 㐨㊰ᩚഛࡢࡓࡵࠊ↓ൾ࡛ປാຊࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞ࡗࡓࠊ࡞ࡢ㠃ࡣ࠶ࡿᛮ࠺ࡀࠊᆅᇦఫẸࡀ⌧㔠ධ ࢆᚓࡿᶵࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡢࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑ ࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⏣⏿࡛ࡢ᪥㞠࠸ࡃࡽ࠸ࡋ⌧㔠ධࡢ㐨ࡀ ࡞࠸ᆅඖࡢⱝ⪅ࡓࡕࡗ࡚ࡣࠊⲔᒇ࡛ࡢ㣧㣗௦࡞ࠊᨭ ฟࡢᶵࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࠊሖࡢ⟶⌮ேࡢᜥᏊࡣࠊἙᓊࡢⲔ ᒇ࡛ࡢࢶࢣࡀࡉࢇ࡛ᡶ࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊⴭ⪅ࡀࡑࡢᡶ࠸ࢆ❧ ࡚᭰࠼ࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᅗ6㸦Fig.6㸧ࠊἙᓊࡲ࡛ᩚഛࡉࢀ ࡓࢡࢭࢫ㐨㊰㊰⫪ᙇࡽࢀࡓ㟁⥺࠾ࡼࡧሖ࡛Ỉ㐟ࡧ ⯆ࡌࡿほගᐈ⌧ᆅࡢᏊ౪ࡓࡕࡢᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡍࠋ ᅗ6 ఫẸࡀᩚഛࡋࡓࢡࢭࢫ㐨㊰Ỉ㐟ࡧゼࢀࡓほගᐈ Fig.6 Access road from the main street to the Kandis River at West Sematra, Indonesia. Electric cable also equipped beside the road. Many tourists and children can be seen every weekend at Parak Buruk Weir in the Kandis River. Females play in the water wearing their usual wears in Indonesia.ᅗ7 ࢳࣕࣥࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖ࡛㔮ࡾࢆࡍࡿぶᏊ㔮ࡗࡓ㨶
Fig.7 A father and his child fishing at Candi Gebang Weir in Jogyakarta, Indonesia. They come here almost every day and get some fish named Wader (Puntius binotatus). They inform that these fish have good taste, therefore they fry these fish in oiland eat them with all family members not only adults but also children. 33. ࢞ࢪ࢛ࣕ࢘ࣥᕝࢳࣕࣥࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖࡢ
3.1 ࢳࣕࣥࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖࡢᴫἣ ࢳࣕࣥࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖࡣࠊࢪࣕ࣡ᓥࢪࣙࢢࢪࣕ࢝ࣝࢱᕷ ࡢ㑹እ࠶ࡾࠊ㑹እࡢࣂࢫࢱ࣮࣑ࢼࣝࡽࣂࢡࢱࢡࢩ࣮ ࡛10 ศࡃࡽ࠸ࠊᚐṌ࡞ࡽ30 ศࡢࡇࢁ࠶ࡿࠋ㏆ ࡣఫᏯ⾤࡛ࠊሖࡢୖὶഃࡢᶫࢆせ㐨ࡀ㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋせ 㐨ἢ࠸ࡣఫᏯࡸၟᗑࠊ㣗ᇽࡸᒇྎࡀ❧ࡕ୪ࡧࠊࣂࢡࡸ ㌴ࡢ㏻⾜㔞ࡀከ࠸ࠋ ሖࡢྑᓊഃࡣࡍࡄఫᏯࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᕥᓊഃࡣᕝࢆ═ࡵࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㸦2012 ᖺ 9 ᭶⌧ᅾࡣ㛢ᗑᨵ୰࡛ 㛤ᗑࡢணᐃࡣᮍᐃ㸧࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࡢᗞ ᘓ≀ࡢୗࡀụ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊሖࡽỈࢆᘬ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ ሖࡢୖὶഃࡢ㨶ࡀฟධࡾ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ7 㸦Fig.7㸧ࠊሖࢆẖ᪥ࡢࡼ࠺ゼࢀ࡚㔮ࡾࢆᴦࡋࡴぶᏊࠊ ᙼࡽࡀ㔮ࡗࡓ㨶ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ ᅗ8 ࢳࣕࣥࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖᢞᲠࡉࢀࡓࢦ࣑ࡑࢀࢆᤲ㝖ࡍࡿ NGO ࣥࢩࢽ࣮࢚ࣙࣝࢥࡢࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇFig.8 Garbage thrown away from a small restaurant near Candi Gebang Weir. Auther’s staff clean up waste at the weir, but new waste packages are added there. She says that this ugly river condition are caused from ignoble behavior of Indonesian habitat therefore Indonesian, not Japanese, should clean up these waste.
3.2 Ἑᕝࡢࢦ࣑ᢞᲠၥ㢟 ࢪࣙࢢࢪࣕ࢝ࣝࢱᕷෆࡢከࡃࡢἙᕝࡣࠊࢦ࣑ࡀᩓࡋ࡚ ␗⮯ࢆᨺࡕࠊほගⓗ࡞ពࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᕷẸࡢἙᕝ⎔ ቃᑐࡍࡿ㛵ᚰࡣప࠸ࠋࡇࡢሖࡶእ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㏆ᡤࡢᒇ ྎࡽฟࡿṧ㣤ࡀࠊୖὶࡢᶫࡢୖࡽࡣࠊࣉࣛࢫࢳࢵࢡࡢ ⿄ධࡗࡓᐙᗞࡈࡳࡀᢞᲠࡉࢀࡿࠋࢦ࣑ࡢ୰ࡣ⏝῭ࡳ ࡢ⣬࠾ࡴࡘࡀ࠶ࡾࠊἙᕝࡀከᵝ࡞ࢦ࣑ࡢᢞᲠሙᡤ࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡇࡀ❚ࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦࡈࡳ㞟ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࡃࠊせ㐨ࡢἢ⥺ࢦ࣑⟽ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐃᮇⓗࢦ ࣑㞟㌴ࡀᅇゼࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᕝࢦ࣑ࢆᤞ ࡚࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ᩍ⫱ࡀ⾜ࡁᒆ࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᕝࡀ㏆ࡃ ࠶ࢀࡤࠊᕝࢦ࣑ࢆᤞ࡚ࡿ࠺ࡀᡭ㍍࡛౽ࠊࡢ⪃࠼ ࡛ࠊ㏆ࡃᕝࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊࢦ࣑⟽ࢦ࣑ࢆᤞ࡚ࠊࢦ࣑㞟 ㌴ࡼࡿᅇࢆᚅࡘࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᅗ8㸦Fig.8㸧 ࠊሖᢞᲠࡉࢀࡓࢦ࣑ࡢᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡍࠋⴭ⪅ࡽࡀ㨶㐨ࢆタ ⨨ࡋ࡚㐳ୖ㨶ࢆほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㛫ࡣࠊẖᮅࠊሖ࿘㎶ࡢࢦ࣑ࡢ
3.4 ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⤒῭άື
ࡶࡶࡇࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊỈ⏣ࡢ୍㒊ࢆ㣴Ṫụࡋ࡚ࠊࢽ ࣛ㸦Nila: Oreochromis niliticus㸧ࡸࢼ࣐ࢬࢆ㣴Ṫࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࡑࢀࢆ㏆ࡃࡢᒇྎ࡛ࠊἜ࡛ᥭࡆ࡚ᐈ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢳࣕࣥ ࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖ࡛ࡣࠊゼࢀࡿఫẸࡀᑡ࡞ࡃࠊ㨶ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿ ேࡢጼࡀᑡ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡔࡀࠊ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࡇ࡛ࠊ࣮࣡ ࢹࣝ㸦Wader: Puntius binotatus㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑠᆺࡢ㨶ࡀከ ᩘሖࢆ㐳ୖࡋࠊࡑࡢጼࡀሖࡢୖὶഃ࡛┠❧ࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊሖࡽỈࢆᘬ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࡢụ࡛ࡶࠊከᩘࡢ 㨶ࡢጼࢆほᐹࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ㨶ࡢጼࢆぢ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᕝࡢỈࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㨶ࡢ㣴Ṫࢆヨ ࡳࡿఫẸࡀ⌧ࢀࠊྑᓊ㠃ࡋࡓᐙ࡛ࡣࠊሖࡢୖὶࡽሷࣅ ࣃࣉ࡛Ỉࢆᘬࡁࠊ᪂ࡋࡃ㣴Ṫụࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࣞࢫ ࢺࣛࣥࡢụ࡛ࡶࠊ୍㒊ࢆ㣴Ṫụᨵ㐀ࡋࠊ㣴Ṫࡢ‽ഛࢆ㛤 ጞࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᕝࡢ㨶ࢆ㟁Ẽࢩࣙࢵࢡ࡛ᤕ⋓ࡍࡿఫẸࡀ⌧ ࢀࠊẖ᪥ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊሖࡢୗὶഃୖὶഃࡢ㨶ࢆ᰿ࡇࡑࡂᤕ ⋓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃጼࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࢦ࣑ࡢᢞᲠࡼࡾỈ㉁ࡀᝏࡋࡓ⎔ቃ࡛⫱ࡗࡓ㨶ࢆ㣗ࡍ ࡿࡇࡣࠊ᭷ᐖ≀㉁ࡀఫẸࡢయෆ✚ࡍࡿ༴㝤ᛶࢆࡣࡽ ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊ᥎ዡ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊሖࡽ㣴Ṫụ Ỉࢆᘬࡃࡇ࡛ࠊ㐣ྲྀỈࡢၥ㢟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊỈ⏣ࡢỈ ࡢ౪⤥ࡀ㊊ࡍࡿ≧ែࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡶዲࡲࡋ࠸ၥ㢟 ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊሖࡽࡢྲྀỈ㔞ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓ࠸ఫẸࡢពྥࡋ ࡚ࠊ㨶㐨ࡀୗὶỈࢆὶࡍࡇࡢⓎࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㨶㐨ᕸ ࢆワࡵࡿఫẸࡀ⌧ࢀࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㨶㐨ࡣヨ㦂ࡢࡳ⏝ࡍ ࡿࡇࡋࠊ᧔ཤ⣡ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋᅗ10㸦Fig.10㸧ࠊ ሖࡽ㣴ṪụỈࢆᘬࡃࡓࡵࡢሷࣅࣃࣉࠊ㟁Ẽࢩࣙࢵ ࢡࢆࡗ࡚㨶ࢆᤕ⋓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡍࠋ
ᅗ10 ሖࡽ㣴ṪụỈࢆᘬࡃࡓࡵࡢሷࣅࣃࣉ㟁Ẽࢩࣙࢵࢡࢆ ࡗ࡚㨶ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿఫẸࡓࡕFig.10 PVC pipe for carrying water from the weir to aquaculture facilities (left side) and fish catchers that use electric shocker (right side) at Candi Gebang Weir in Jogyakarta, Indonesia. Over-taking water from the weir for aquaculture causes the lack of water for irrigated rice fields.
44. ௬タ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿᆅᇦ⎔ቃࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃ᐹ
4.1 㨶㐨タ⨨ࡢチྍࡢྲྀᚓ ௬タ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣࠊඹ㏻ࡋࡓ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᡭ㡰ࡀ ࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ึࠊሖࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿ⤌⧊ᑐࡋ࡚㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨チྍ ࢆྲྀࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࣃࣉ㨶㐨ࢆタ ⨨ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊἙᕝἲᇶ࡙ࡃᅵᆅ༨⏝ࡢチྍࡀᚲせ ࡞ࡿ(4)ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㨶㐨ࢆ㐳ୖࡍࡿ㨶ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊู ㏵ࠊ㨶ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿチྍࢆᚓࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ ࠊ≉チᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ㨶㐨ࡢሙྜࡣ≉チᶒ⪅ࡢチྍࡀᚲせ࡛ࠊ ࢧࣇ࢛ࣥᘧࣃࣉ㨶㐨ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ ሙྜ㝈ࡾࠊ≉チᶒࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ㸦㈈㸧ᕞ⏘ᴗᏛ⾡᥎㐍 ᶵᵓ⏘Ꮫ㐃ᦠࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢチྍࢆᚲせࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢチྍࡢྲྀᚓࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊእᅜேࡀ┤᥋⏦ㄳࡍࡿ ࡢࡣ㞴ࡋࡃࠊࡑࡢᅜࡢබⓗᶵ㛵ࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᆅඖࡢᏛࠊJICA ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠊᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࠊNGO ࡞ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⏦ㄳࡍࡿࡢ ࡀࡼ࠸ࠋࣛࣥࡢࡼ࠺ࠊእᅜேᑐࡍࡿ┘どࡀཝࡋ࠸ᅜ © Rizky Rachmanኴ⏣᭷⏕ኵ
࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢチྍ࡞ࡃࡋ࡚άືࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟ᛮࢃ ࢀࡿࡀࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᚋ⏦ㄳ࡛ࡶၥ㢟࡞࠸ ࡋࠊ㐣ཤ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ᐇ⦼ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ᪤ᚓᶒࡋ࡚ࠊ⏦ㄳ ࡞ࡋ࡛ࡶၥ㢟࡞ࡿࡇࡣᑡ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 4.2 ᆅᇦࡢ᭷ຊ⪅ࡢㄝ᫂ 㨶㐨タ⨨ࡿᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ ᭱ึࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦࡢ᭷ຊ⪅ࡢ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡿࡇࡽጞࡵࡿࠋ ≉ࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡼࡾࡶ♩ࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿഴྥࡀ ᙉ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㨶㐨ࡢヰࡀࡢேࡼࡾࡶᚋࡽ᭷ຊ⪅ࡢ⪥ධ ࡿࠊ㈶ྠࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡶ㈶ྠࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ㏵ୖᅜࡢᆅ᪉㒔ᕷ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡛㨶㐨タ⨨ࡢᚲせᛶ ࡸάືෆᐜࢆᆅᇦࡢ᭷ຊ⪅ఏ࠼ࡿࡇࡣ↓⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ᭱ึࠊ⌧ᆅࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢫࢱࢵࣇࠊධᛕ ᚲせ࡞▱㆑ࢆఏᤵࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ࡛ࠊ᭷ຊ⪅ࡢ⮬Ꮿ㉱ࡁࠊ ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢫࢱࢵࣇࡀ㨶㐨ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡼ࠸ࠋ᭷ ຊ⪅ࡢㄝ᫂ࡢ㝿ࡣࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢫࢱࢵࣇࡀ᪥ᮏேࡢ ㏻ヂࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢫࢱࢵࣇ⮬ ㌟ࡀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ▱㆑࡛ࠊᆅᇦࡢ᭷ຊ⪅ࢆㄝᚓࡍࡿࡢࡀ⌮ⓗ ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋእᅜேࡢゝ࠸࡞ࡾ⌧ᆅࢫࢱࢵࣇࡀ㏻ヂࡋࠊᆅ ᇦࡢ᭷ຊ⪅ࡀእᅜேࡢゝ࠸࡞ࡾ⾜ືࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ ࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࢆ₇ฟࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡛ࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ㛗ࡁரࡗ࡚ࠊᆅ ᇦఫẸⰋዲ࡞༠ຊ㛵ಀࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇࡣ↓⌮࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ≧ἣࡣࡃྠᵝ࡛ࠊࢇ࡞ ࣥࢻࢿࢩㄒࡀୖᡭ࡞᪥ᮏே࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏேࡀᆅᇦ ࡢ᭷ຊ⪅ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡼࡾࡣࠊࣥࢻࢿࢩேࡢᏛࡢᩍᐁ ࡸࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢫࢱࢵࣇࡀ᭷ຊ⪅ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࠺ࡀຠᯝⓗ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 4.3 ୍⯡ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⌮ゎࡢ⋓ᚓ 㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୍⯡ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡼ࠺ࡍ ࡿࡇࡣࠊ࡚ࡶᅔ㞴࡞సᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ࡣࠊἙᕝ⏕ែ⣔ಖࡢどⅬࡽࡣⰋ ࠸ࡇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊሖࡢୗὶ␃ࡍࡿ㨶ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿே㛫 ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ㨶ࡢᤕ⋓ࢆᅔ㞴ࡍࡿᡤᴗ࡞ࡿࠋᆅᇦఫẸ ࡢᩘࡣከࡃࠊ❧ሙࡀከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡍ࡚ࡢఫẸࡀ⣡ᚓ ࠸ࡃࡼ࠺ᙼࡽࢆㄝᚓࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୍⯡ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊᙼࡽࡀ㞟ࡲࡿሙᡤࠊ ࠼ࡤࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࡸⲔᒇ࡛ࠊᙼࡽΰࡌࡾࠊ↓ព㛫 ࢆ₽ࡍࡀࡈࡃࠊᙼࡽ㞧ㄯࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㨶㐨ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡿࡢ ࡀຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣥࢻࢿࢩ࡛ࡣࠊసᴗࡢྜ㛫Ἑᓊࡢ Ⲕᒇ࡛ࠊࢥ࣮ࣄ࣮ࡸ⣚Ⲕࢆ㣧ࡳ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㨶㐨ࡸỈ⏘㈨※ࡢ ಖㆤࠊᆅᇦ⯆⟇࡞ࠊከࡃࡢヰ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡾྜࡗࡓࠋ ᙼࡽࡢ⯆ࡣ㨶㐨࠶ࡾࠊ㨶㐨ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢヰࢆ⪺ࡁࡓࡀࡿ ࡢ࡛ࠊᅜ⡠㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࠊ㨶㐨ࡘ࠸࡚⇕ࡃ㆟ㄽࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࠋ ᚲࡎࡋࡶဨࡀ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ᑐࡋ࡚㈶ᡂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡀศ ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ୍⯡ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ┦ᛂࡢ㛫 ࡀࡿㄆ㆑ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦఫẸࡢ㢦ࡪࢀࡣࠊᖖ ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋሖ㨶㐨ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㢼ᬒ㥆ᰁࡳࠊ 㨶㐨ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡢ⎔ቃ࡛⫱ࡗࡓఫẸࡣࠊ 㨶㐨ᑐࡋ࡚㈇ࡢឤࢆᐤࡏࡿࡇࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࢆ⤒ࡿࡇ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㨶㐨ࡢᏳ࡞㐠⏝ࡀࡼࡾྍ⬟࡞ࡿ⪃࠼࡚ ࡼ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 4.4 ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ┈ࡢಖ㞀 㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿ๓ᆅᇦఫẸࡀᕝࡸሖࡽཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓᜠ ᜨࡢࡍ࡚ࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡁ࡞ᦆኻ ࡀ≉ᐃࡢே≀ࡸ㞟ᅋ㞟୰ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㓄៖ࡋ࡞ ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡢ⏕άࡁ࡞ኚ ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇࢆࠊᆅᇦఫẸㄝ ᫂ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ㏵ୖᅜ࡛ᗈࡃࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᢞ⥙ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㨶㐨ࢆタ⨨ ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᢞ⥙ࢆࡗࡓ⁺ࢆཝ᱁⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸᪨ࠊ ᆅᇦఫẸᑐࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡢࡀᚓ⟇࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣥࢻࢿࢩ ࡛ࡣࠊࡍ࡚ࡢ㨶ࡀ㨶㐨ࢆ㐳ୖࡋ࡚ୖὶഃ⛣ືࡍࡿࢃࡅ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊሖࡢୖὶୗὶ࡛ࠊ㨶ࡢ⏕ᜥ≧ἣᛴ⃭࡞ ኚࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣥࢻࢿࢩ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊἙᕝࡢ⎔ቃࢆⰋዲಖࡍࡿ ࡇ࡛ࠊほගᴗࡢ⯆ࢆಁࡋࠊᆅᇦࡢ⤒῭άືࢆάᛶࡍ ࡿࡇᡂຌࡋࡓࡀ࠸ࡃࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡁࢀ࠸࡞Ἑᕝ࡛࠶ ࢀࡤࠊሖ࿘㎶ࡢ⎔ቃࢆⰋዲಖࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ ほගᐈࡀሖࢆゼࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࠊἙ ᕝࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࡸ⎔ቃࢆⰋዲ࡞≧ែಖࡍࡿࡇࡀࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ ⤒῭άືࡢάᛶ⧅ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢ⾜ືࢆಁࡍዎᶵ࡞ࡾࠊᆅᇦάᛶࢆ᥎㐍ࡍ ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ 4.5 Ꮫ⾡◊✲ࡢᨭ ࣥࢻࢿࢩࡢࢳࣕࣥࢹࢢࣂࣥࢢሖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ㨶㐨ࡢ タ⨨ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶᆅᇦఫẸࡢ┈࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ Ꮫ⾡◊✲ᨭࡢពྜ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ࡣ ᥎ዡࡉࢀ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋᏛ࡞ࠊᆅᇦ㨶㐨ࢆᢅ࠼ࡿᶵ㛵ࡀ࠶ ࢀࡤࠊᑗ᮶ࠊᆅᇦఫẸࡢ┈⧅ࡀࡿᙧ࡛ࡢ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨᪉ ἲࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛⫱ࡗࡓ◊✲⪅ࡸᢏ ⾡⪅ࡀࠊࡢᆅᇦ࡛ά㌍ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᇛᕝࡢ῝㔝ሖࡸᏳṊሖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ᭱ึࡣᏛ⾡◊✲㔜Ⅼ ࢆ⨨࠸࡚㨶㐨ࢆ㐠⏝ࡋࠊḟ➨ᆅᇦఫẸࡢ┈⧅ࡀࡿࡼ࠺ 㨶㐨ࡢ㐠⏝ࢆኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃ᪉ἲࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ึタ⨨ࡍࡿ㨶㐨 ࡣࠊ㐠⏝ࡍࡿ࠺ࡕࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ᫂☜࡞ࡾࠊ2 ྕᶵ ࡛ࡣࠊࡼࡾⰋ࠸タィࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ1 ྕᶵ࡛ࡣ◊✲ ⓗ࡞㐠⏝㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡁࠊᨵⰋࡋࡓ2 ྕᶵ࡛ࠊᆅᇦఫẸࡢ ┈⧅ࡀࡿࡼ࠺࡞㐠⏝ࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡛ᜥࡢ㛗࠸ 㨶㐨ࡢ㐠⏝ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 4.6 㨶㐨ࡢ࣓ࣥࢸࢼࣥࢫᏳ࡞㐠⏝ ᪥ᮏ࡛ᩘከࡃタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㝵ẁᘧ㨶㐨࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊタ ⨨ࡣࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊㄡࡽࡶᛀࢀཤࡽࢀࡓࡼ࠺ᢅࢃࢀࡿ㨶(㸰) Suyono Sosrodarsono, Masateru Tominaga: PERBAIKAN DAN PENGATURAN SUNGAI: pp286-292: Pradnya Paramita 1985 (㸱) ኴ⏣᭷⏕ኵ ࠕ࣭ࣛࣥࢫ࣒ࣛඹᅜࢠࣛࣥᕞ࠾ࡅࡿἙ ᕝᶓ᩿ᵓ㐀≀ࡢ≧ἣࢧࣇ࢛ࣥᘧࣃࣉ㨶㐨ࡢタ⨨ࠖ⚟ ᒸᕤᴗᏛ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ⎔ቃ◊✲Ⓨ⾲2019 (㸲) ࠕ㨶㐨ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᩚഛ ᥬᩫᕝ࣭ྜྷᓥ⤫ྜ㢌㤳ᕤ㨶㐨ᩚഛ ᴗሗ࿌᭩ࠖp21 ྜྷᓥ⤫ྜ㢌㤳ᕤ㨶㐨ᩚഛᴗᢏ⾡ᗣጤ ဨ2005 (㸳)୰ᮧಇභࠕከ⮬↛ᆺ㨶㐨࣐ࢽࣗࣝࠖp79 㸦㈈㸧ࣜࣂ࣮ ࣇࣟࣥࢺᩚഛࢭࣥࢱ࣮/ᒣᾏᇽ1999
