日本における不妊医療と非配偶者間人工授精 の導入をめぐる歴史研究
ゆい ひでき
由井 秀樹
戦後間もなく，慶應義塾大学医学部教授安藤畫一によって非配偶者間人工授精（Artificial Insemination by Donor; AID）が日本に導入された．本論文は，日本におけるAIDの導入 史を明らかにし，従来のAIDに対する歴史理解に修正を迫る医学史研究である．本研究は，
明治期から1960年代初頭にかけての不妊症研究を，それに影響を与えた外部要因を視 野に入れながら検証した．結果，以下の点が明らかになった．
①従来，AID は外地で熱帯病に罹患し不妊症になった帰還兵男性を救済するために はじめられ，その後も不妊症男性を救うために実施されたと理解されてきた．たしかに，
熱帯病と男性不妊症の関係は認識されていたが，当時は，帰還兵との関連でAID は語 られていなかった．男性不妊症の存在は，戦前から産婦人科医の間で十分に認識されて おり，従来の対処法の限界が認識されるなか，戦後アメリカの文献からAID の情報が 得られるようになり，安藤は臨床応用に踏み切った．また，AID はたしかに男性不妊 症への対処法であるが，特に母性概念との関係で，男性よりも，不妊症男性を夫に持つ 女性を救済するために施術されていたと評価できる．
②これまで，AID は提供精液を使用するという理由で，特殊な処置と位置付けられ ていたと理解されてきた．たしかにAID は医学者内外から反対意見が提起され，特殊 な処置であった．その一方で配偶者間人工授精（Artificial Insemination by Husband;
AIH）に対する批判は表出しなかった．しかし，AIH も含めた人工授精自体が不妊症 への「最後の手段」として特殊な処置に位置付けられており，AID は多重の特殊性を 有していた．
③安藤と慶應義塾大学の法学者の間でAIDの法律問題が議論され，民法772条によ り，子が夫婦の嫡出子とされるという確信のもとにAIDの施術が継続されていったと，
これまで解釈されてきた．しかし，法学者は無条件に嫡出推定の適用を支持しておらず，
1950年代前半の段階では安藤の認識も子の法的地位に関して不確定的であった．した がって，少なくとも最初の数年間は，子の法的地位について確信が得られないままAID の施術が続いていたといえる．
An Historical Study of Infertility Treatment and the Introduction of Artificial Insemination by Donor in Japan
ゆい ひでき
Ando Kakuichi, a medical professor in Keiogijuku University, introduced artificial insemination by donor (AID) soon after the World WarⅡ in Japan. This thesis clarifies the introduction process of AID and changes the historical understanding of AID. This study examines the medical studies on infertility from the end of the 1880sto early the 1960s, as well as the external factors influencing them.
It has been understood that AID was introduced to aid the returned soldiers afflicted with infertility caused by tropical diseases and continued to help sterile men. Certainly, there were infertile men infected with tropical diseases. But, the returned soldier was not related to AID. Male infertility had been well known to the obstetricians and gynecologists before the war. Recognizing the limits of former measures for male infertility, Ando introduced AID with reference to American medicine after the war. Connected with “motherhood”, AID was seen as having aided women who had infertile husbands rather than sterile men.
AID has been regarded as a special measure because of donated sperm. It is because of that fact that AID was criticized by some doctors and seen as a special treatment in that era. On the other hand, artificial insemination by husband (AIH) was not criticized. However, artificial insemination itself, which includes AIH, was a special method reserved as a last resort for infertility. Thus, AID was special measure in multiple ways.
It has been thought that Ando and the lawyers discussed the legal problems of AID, and Ando was convinced the children born using AID were legitimate. But the lawyers did not simply support that legitimacy. And Ando was not sure about the legal status of the children in the early 1950s. Thus, AID was performed with uncertainty about the children’s legitimacy for at least several years after its inception.
Yui Hideki
