ᗵ̢ǽ୫႒
ᴭᴫʪʽʊɂŽञʶʣʵžȺ [Ă transitive] ɥढৰᄑȾൈᇉȬɞ !
ǽూɮʽʓȺᚐȽɢɟɞʪʽʊ 1) ɂᴩ˰ႜɁ۹ȢɁȟᇉȬ “Subject Agreement” Ⱦӏț ȹ “Object Agreement” ɑȺɕȟީ϶ȪȲȻȪȹջȳȟᴥcf. ᗵ̢ 2014ᴦᴩ୫ᛵጨȻȪ ȹɁӦȾ˹ᢷɁढȺʨ˂ɹȨɟɞȈᄻᄑȻɁ୫ศᄑˢᒵȉɥᄉȬɞɁɂᄻᄑɁ
֞ᄑࠖॴȺȕɞ Animacy Ⱥȕɞǿिȶȹᴩ Subject Agreement ɁکնȻպറᴩ [- animate] Ɂջ
᚜းȟᄻᄑȻȪȹႊȗɜɟɞȻᴩ୫˹ȺΈɢɟȹȗɞӦ᚜းȟ֞ᝲᄑȾɂɜȞȾ
ͅӦञȺȕȶȹɕᴩ Object Agreement ɂީпȾඑᕶȬɞ:
(1) a. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -ij -a -e. ‘Mangra will go to Ranchi tomorrow.’
Mangra tom. Ranchi go -obj -ind -sbj
b. Mangra gapa kitab jul -ij -a -e. ‘Mangra will burn a book tomorrow.’
c. Mangra gapa ij goj -kin -a -e. ‘Mangra will kill two pers. tomorrow.’
˨ૡ (1a) ȺӦࢷ sen- ‘to go’ ȾፖȢʃʷʍʒȟ ij ȾȽɞɁɂᴩȦɁӦञȟ֞ᄑȾ Abstract
Mundari, the native language of the Munda tribe, spoken in the mountainous erea of East India (mainly in Jharkhand State), is famous for its elaborated system of Grammatical Agreement for both subject and object. As for the functionality of Object Agreement, the verbal feature of Transitivity triggering this phenomenon has been considered to be primarily a matter of syntax since it is only indicated in the form of verbal suffixes referring to grammatical objects. From the theoretical point of view, however, the notion could better be conceived of as a semantic feature depending on the lexical meaning of the verbal lexeme.
As against the wide-spread view to relate the notion of Transitivity of Mundari just to syntax, the researcher comes across finite forms which alternate between transitive and intransitive usages of one and same verbal lexeme. Although such cases seem to be marginal at a first glance, the mechanism of alternation reveals to be quite systematic and might be conceived of as one of the most important typological characteristics of Mundari.
The present paper aims at pointing out that the notion of Transitivity is fully
grammaticalised in terms of lexical morphology in Mundari, by attempting to clarify
the mysteries of some syntactic irregularities observed frequently on the site of
fieldwork.
ᄻᄑɥȻɜȽȗᒲӦȺȕɞȦȻȞɜछུᴩ̙ȨɟɞȦȻȺȕɞȾȪȹɕᴩ 2) (1b) Ɂ jul-
‘to burn’ ȟഫ୫ᄑȾɂͅӦഫᣲɥȻȶȹ᪨ᴩᄻᄑȻȪȹ kitab ‘book’ ȟ᚜ҋȨɟȹȗ
ɞȾɕકɢɜȭȾ˹ᢷȻȪȹɁ Agreement Marker ȟඑᕶȬɞɁɂᴩkitab Ɂ֞ᄑࠖॴȟ
[- animate] ȻȪȹͱᏚȸȤɜɟɞȞɜȾͅȽɜȽȗǿᣡȾᴩ(1c) ɁɛșȾ᚜࠙Ⱦɂͷɜᄻᄑ
᚜းȟးɢɟȽȗکնȺȕȶȹɕᴩgoj- ‘to kill’ ȻȗȶȲͅӦ᚜းȟႊȗɜɟɞȻȰɁ ӦञȾɂ Agreement Marker ȟፖȬɞᴥ1c Ɂ -kin ɂᴩᄻᄑȟȈ˧̷ለՔୣȉȺȕɞ ȦȻɥʨ˂ɹȬɞᴦǿ 3)
ǽȦɁȞɜɕߔȺȠɞɛșȾᴩʪʽʊɁͅӦഫᣲȺɂഫ୫˨ᴩᄻᄑȟ᚜࠙Ⱦ᚜ᇉ Ȩɟȹȗɞ॒ᛵɂȽȗǿ˨ૡ (1c) Ɂ୫᚜းȺΈɢɟȹȗɞӦञ goj- ɂᴩȦɟɂȕɞ
֞ŽȲɑȲɑžȺɂȕɞȟᴩᔐɁ to open ȽȼȻպറȾȈᒲͅыႊȉɁ᚜းȺᴩञ᚜း
˨ɂढৰᄑȾԖґȬɞȦȻȽȢᴩ“to die” ɥɕ “to kill” ɥɕ֞ȪीɞǿፀࠈɁȻȦɠᴩፋ
ᄑȾᄻᄑȟᇉȨɟȹȗȽȗ᪅ɝᴩछᝉ୫᚜းȟᒲӦഫᣲɥȻɞɁȞᴩȰɟȻɕͅӦ
ഫᣲɥȻɞɁȞҜɁ͇ȞȽȗɻ˂ʃɕႆȫȞɀȽȗȦȻȾȽɞɢȤȳǿ
ǽȦɦȽᴩȕɞ֞Ⱥ “disambiguating mechanism” ȻȪȹൡᑤȪीɞɁȟ˨Ⱥɝ˨ȥȹ
ȠȲ Object Agreement ɁʁʃʐʪȺȕɞǿߵȽȢȻɕᄻᄑȟ [+animate] ɥᇉȬ᪅ɝᴩ
țᄻᄑᒲͶɂᇉȨɟȹȗȽȢȻɕᴩӦ᚜းȾɂ Agreement Marker ȟᢷȨɟᴩᒲӦ
ഫᣲȻɂढৰᄑȾԖґȨɟɞȞɜȳǿȦɁȦȻɂ࿑ȾᴩҰҋɁ goj ‘to die/kill’ ɁɛșȽᴩ Žպ ᬩႱᏲžɁҜҝȾ᪨ȪȹӛȺȕɞ:
(2) a. Mangra hola ij goj ka nae. ‘Mangra died yesterday.’
b. Mangra hola ij goj ka jae. ‘Mangra killed someone yesterday.’
Mangra yesterday d./k. res:ind:3sg
c. Mangra hola ij nir ka nae. ‘Mangra escaped yesterday.’
d. Mangra hola ij nir ka dae. ‘Mangra jogged (much) yesterday.’
Mangra yesterday e./j. res:ind:3sg
ȦɟɜɁȺɂҤˁɬʃʤɹʒɥ᚜ᇉȬɞȲɔᴩka- “Resultative” ȻȗșӒӦ 4) ȟႊȗɜ ɟȹȗɞȟᴩȦșȪȲഫ୫ȺɂᄻᄑȻɁ୫ศᄑˢᒵɥʨ˂ɹȬɞᢷɂӒӦɁȾးɢ ɟᴩᒲӦഫᣲᴥȬȽɢȴȈˢᒵʔʁȉᴦɂӒӦࢷɥ፻ɔજɞފᬩȟՁҬȻȪȹ -nᴩͅ
ӦഫᣲɁɂȦɁފᬩȟ -d ȻȽȶȹᴩObject Agreement ɥᇉȬట఼ɁȈ̷ለˁୣȉȺ๊ႊ
ȬɞᢷɁི͏Ұ 5) ȞɜᴩᒲͅߦɂӒӦࢷɁढৰᄑȾᇉȨɟɞ̈́ጸɒȻȽȶȹȗ ɞɁȟ࿑ौᄑȳǿ
ǽᛵȬɞȾᴩʪʽʊȾஂȗȹɂȈᒲͅɁߦȉɂ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȻȪȹഫᣲᄑȾࣳҝȨ
ɟᴩɔȹȈͶጕᄑȾͱᏚȸȤɜɟɞࠖॴȉȻȽȶȹȗɞȦȻɥቇɢȮɞɁȺȕɞǿȦșȪ
Ȳᝓឧɂᴩ˨ૡ (2c-d) ɁʩʕʨʵˁʤɬȾɜɟɞɛșȾᴩˢȬɞ᪅ɝȺɂ˵ᐐȻɕŽᒲ
ӦഫᣲžȻȪȞျᜓȪीȽȗᴩᣮࢠɂȈᄻᄑȉȻᄻȨɟɞջ᚜းȽȼˢҒᴩްȺȠ ȽȗɛșȽञ᚜းȺɕᬷȽȾɷ˂ʡȨɟɞᴩȦɁɁȈഫᣲᄑಏࢷɥੵफȬɞȉȻɕ
șɌȠး៎Ȟɜɕɿʧ˂ʒȨɟɞȻțɛșǿ 6)
ǽȦɁɛșȾᴩʪʽʊȾஂȤɞ Transitivity ɂȦɁɁȈഫᣲᄑൡᑤॴȉȾᄽፀȬɞᴩ
ɔȹͶጕॴȽᴩȕɞ֞ȺɂȈ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȉɁъټȻȗȶȲސ٣ȺȕɝȽȟɜᴩȦ șȪȲቼˢᏲᄑȾɂӦ᚜းɁञᝲᄑɵʐɾʴ˂ߦ 7) ɥщးԇȬɞʫɵʕʄʪȻȪȹఊ ጶᄑȾɂȈӒӦȉȾΗސȬɞȽȼᴩ̥ȞŽͅӌట᭐ᄑžȾᤈȡɞᴩȻȗȶȲԱ៎ɥઝȬ ɞɁɂᫍȪȗǿɕȴɠɦɁȦȻᴩțɃᔐɁޙಇ୫ศȺɕɝ˨ȥɜɟɞȦȻɁ۹ȗᴩȗ ɢəɞȈး٣ᚐढȉȻȗȶȲҤˁɬʃʤɹʒɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȻɁцᠭɥ̈́ҒɞȈӦͽӦȉ
vs. ȈৰӦȉɁߦȽȼᴩञᝲᄑȾᄽɁᩜɢɝɥધȷɂȭɁӦ᚜းȺɂढৰ˨ᴩ࿑
Ɂʨ˂ɷʽɺȟȽȨɟɞȦȻɂȽȢᴩщͶᄑȾ *John is knowing Mary Ɂ୫ศॴɥԨጠ ȾढৰɁ˨ȞɜᠰȬȦȻȽȼ˪ժᑤȺɂȕɞǿʪʽʊȾஂȤɞ Transitivity ɕژటᄑȾ ɂȦșȪȲᴩ ŽˢඒᄑᜤհžȻȪȹɂțȽȗɛșȽߦ៎ȽɁȳɠșȞ?
ǽˣߚȾȮɃȪȞȪᴩ [± transitive] ɁൈᇉȟஒȾञʶʣʵȾஂȗȹढৰᄑȾщးԇȨɟ ȹȗɞɻ˂ʃȾᤜᤃȬɞȦȻɂȺȠɞ:
(3) a. Mangra gapa ij mailax -o(q)-ae. ‘Mangra will get dirty tomorrow.’
b. Mangra gapa ij maila(x) -e(q) -ae. ‘Mangra will make sth. dirty tomorrow.’
mailax ‘to be dirty’ Ȼȗșढ߁ɂᴩͅӦഫᣲȺႊȗɞȦȻȺ “to make dirty” Ȼȗș֞
ȾȽɞȟᴩߦख़ȬɞŽᒲӦढžɂ mailax-o(q) ȺȕɝᴩȦɟɥɞ᪅ɝӦञȻȪȹɂ
-o(q) Ȼȗșᣲศ˨Ɂᢷɥ͇ӏȬɞȦȻȾɛɝȈᴥͅӦᄑژటञȞɜᴩȕɞȗɂɛɝ
ژటɁᵘᣖᄑᵚढ߁Ȟɜᄽᴦ์ႆȨȮɞȉȻȗșျᜓȪȞȺȠȽȗǿ 8)
ǽȪȞȪȽȟɜᴩ (3b) ɁᇉȬ maila(x)-e(q) ȻȗșŽʚʴɲ˂ʁʱʽžȾᤜᤃȬɞȦȻȺᴩ
-o(q) Ɂഫᣲ˨ɁͱᏚȸȤɂಏటȞɜ۰ɢȶȹȢɞǿȦșȽɞȻᴩ-o(q) ɁɕȈᒲӦԇȉɥ
߳ȢԨȽɞŽ์ႆࠆžȽȼȺɂȽȢᴩ ȈछᝉӦञɥŽᒲӦžȻȪȹʨ˂ɹȬɞᴩȕ ɞሗɁŽ๊ႊࠆžȉȻȪȹસțᄽȬ॒ᛵȟҋȹȢɞȞɜȳǿछུȽȟɜᴩͅӦᄑʚʴɲ˂
ʁʱʽȺҋးȬɞ -e(q) ɁɂȈछᝉӦञɥŽͅӦžȻȪȹʨ˂ɹȬɞᴩȕɞሗɁŽ๊
ႊࠆžȉȻȗșȦȻȾȽȶȹᴩ -o(q) vs. -e(q) ɂȈ์ႆࠆȉȻȗșɛɝɓȪɠȈ๊ႊࠆȉ ȻᜓȬɞȟܵछȽɁȺɂȽȗȞ?
ǽᗵ̢ (2009) ȺɂȦɁး៎ɥ “Ablaut” ȻȗșջለȺጳ̿Ȫᴩᗵ̢ (2014) ȺɕȦɁᝓឧɥᡍ
ᛰȪȹȗɞȟᴩటሟȺɂȈʪʽʊɂŽञʶʣʵžȺ [± transitive] ɥढৰᄑȾʨ˂ɹȬɞȉ
ȻɁ̜ȾཱིཟɥछȹᴩȦɁး៎ȟᇉȬటɥʪʽʊȾஂȤɞ Transitivity ɥࡼɞࢼ
۹Ɂ Syntactic “Irregularities” ȟᇉȬȊណȋɥᜓȢʡʷʅʃɥᣮȫȹ๙ȠधɝȾȬɞȦȻȾɛ
ɝᴩʪʽʊȟȈTransitivity Ⱦɛȶȹ๊ႊȬɞȉȺȕɞȦȻɥɜȞȾȬɞȦȻɥᄻᄑ
ȻȬɞǿɑȲᴩޙᄑʟɭ˂ʵʓʹ˂ɹȞɜɁȕɞሗɁŽᡇڨ֖žɁˢၥȻȪȹᴩးک ȺᆅሱᐐȟͶ᮷ȬɞȈʑ˂ʉґ˨ɁٌᫍॴȉȻɁɝጸɒȟᴩɓȪɠߦ៎Ɂഫᣲ ᄑൡᑤॴɁ࿑ॴɥᜓȬɞȦȻȾȬɞɕɁȻȽɞժᑤॴɥᇉדȪȹɒȲȗǿ
ƋᴫʪʽʊȾஂȤɞ Transitivity ɥࡼɞࢼ۹Ɂ Syntactic “Irregularities”
ǽʟɭ˂ʵʓʹ˂ɹᄑਖ਼ศȾɛɞᴩȦȦୣࢳ఼ɁʪʽʊȻɁɝጸɒɁ˹ȺᤜᤃȬɞґ
˨ɁٌᫍॴȾȾȷȗȹɂᴩȦɟɑȺɁᡇڨ֖Ɂ˹ȺɕȾ᜔ɟȹɝ˨ȥȹȠȲȟᴥcf.
ᗵ̢ 2007 etc.ᴦᴩᗵ̢ (2014) ȺɕᇉȪȲɛșȾᴩʪʽʊɁͶጕॴɥੰ૱Ȭɞ˨ȺɁץᭉཟ ɂᴩɂʟɭ˂ʵʓʹ˂ɹɥᩒܿȪȲᄽऻȾɂஒȾȕɜȞȲ૧ȶȹȗȲᴩȻȗșးȾᒲɜ ᯆȞȨɟɞȦȻȪɃȪɃȳǿछུȽȟɜᴩ ȈʪʽʊȉȻȗșᴩᆅሱᐐట̷ȾȻȶȹɕᮛ౫ ɒɁȽȗȻɝጸɒܿɔȲछқɂᴩഫᣲ˨ɁҬॴɁᜊཟȞɜʃʍɷʴȻੰ૱ȺȠȽȗ ចး៎ȻɁমᔍᩰȾȤ௨ɟɞȪȞȽȞȶȲᴩȻȗșɁȟষȺɂȕɞǿȰɟȺɕ߸Ȟȷᴩ छུȽȟɜȈ̾Ȟɜ९țɃ... ȉȻȗș᪅ް͇ȠȺɂȕɞȟᴩʪʽʊɁൡᑤॴȾߦȬɞͶጕ ᄑੰ૱ɁᜊཟȞɜȪȹขްᄑȾᛵȻȽɞൈȾȷȗȹɂᴩஒȾȰɁछȞɜץᭉឧɥ
ȗȹȗȲȦȻȟʟɭ˂ʵʓˁʘ˂ʒɥᎱȶȹɒɞȦȻȺ̾ɕᰚȾ๙ȞɆ˨ȟȶȹȢɞɁȳǿ ǽɕȴɠɦɁȦȻᴩȰɁཟȺɂץᭉȻȬɞρȁɁး៎ᒲͶɕͶጕᄑȾɂੰ૱ȟȺȠȹȗȲ ɢȤȺɂȽȗɁȺᴩʪʽʊɁͶጕпͶȾஂȤɞȰɟɜɁഫᣲᄑͱᏚȸȤɗᄾ̠Ɂൡ ᄑȽᩜΡȾȷȗȹɁᝓឧɕढȨɟȹɂȗȽȞȶȲȟᴩȰɟȺɕȈ̾း٣ᴩɝጸɦȺȗɞ ץᭉȟᜓขȪȽȗ᪅ɝᴩȦɁɁͶጕᄑੰ૱ɂȕɝीȽȗȉȻȗș̙ȟȕȶȲȦȻɂ̾
ȺɕʙʍɷʴȻᜁțȹȗɞǿȰɁ֞Ⱥɕᴩ͏˩Ⱥɝ˨ȥɞចး៎ɁᜓɂᤂȞɟȞɟ
ᤧȤȹɂᣮɟȽȗᝥᭉȳȶȲᴩȻȗșȦȻȽɁȞɕᅺɟȽȗǿ
1.1. 「計画未来」は何故，他動詞と共起しないのか ?
ǽᔐȽȼȞɜɕᓦȢᅺɜɟȹȗɞɛșȾᴩ copula ɥӒӦᄑȾႊȗȹటӦɁး٣ґ
ढɥጸɒնɢȮɞґᄑҤ᚜းɁᴩȗɢəɞȈး٣ᚐढȉɥఝ఼ҤɁ͍ఉ᚜းȻȪȹ ΈșɂȞȽɝɁୣȺސ٣Ȭɞǿʪʽʊɕ copula ɁˢሗȺȕɞ tanae 9) ɥΈȶȹȦșȪ Ȳᣇ᚜းɥႊȗɞȟᴩ Žး٣ҤžȺɂᔐɁȈး٣ᚐढȉȻպറᴩ ȈᵻȪȹȗɞȉȻȗ ș֞Ɂɬʃʤɹʒɥʨ˂ɹȬɞɁȾߦȪᴩ Žఝ఼ҤžȺɂպढৰȟ to be going to ... Ⱥ᚜
ɢȨɟɞɛșȽᴩ ȈᵻȬɞȦȻȾȽȶȹȗɞȉȻȗș֞ȾȽɞ: 10)
(4) a. Mangra naqa Ranhci sen tanae. ‘Mangra is on the way to Ranchi now.’
b. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen tanae. ‘Mangra is going to visit Ranchi tomorrow.’
Mangra n./t. Ranchi go cop:ind:3sg
ȦɁɛșȾᴩ ȈӦञ + tanaeȉɁᣇႊศɂŽҤžȾᣵӦȪȹ̝ሗ᭒ɁɬʃʤɹʒȟΈ ȗґȤɜɟɞǿ 11)
ǽȪȞȪȽȟɜᴩӦञȻȪȹŽͅӦ᚜းžɥᔐɁޙಇ୫ศȺșȻȦɠɁȈး٣
ᚐढȉȺႊȗᴩȰɁഫ୫Ⱦఝ఼ɥᇉȬᩖ᚜းɥષоȪȹ (4b) ɁɛșȽȈ႕ఝ఼ȉ 12) ɥ᚜
ɢȰșȻȬɞȻᴩȰɁ୫᚜းɂژటᄑȾ୫ศᄑȾȽȶȹȪɑș:
(5) a. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen tanae. ‘Mangra is going to (visit) Ranchi tom.’
b. * Mangra gapa kitab kiring tanae. (‘Mangra is going to buy a book tom.’) Mangra tom. book buy cop:ind:3sg
ᔐȺɕțɃᴩ to walk ɁɛșȽञᄑȾ “Durative” ɁӦɂȈ͍ఉఝ఼ȉȾɂΈțȭᴩ ՁҬȻȪȹ to arrive ኄɁ “Abruptive” ȪȞఝ఼᚜းȻɂцᠭȪȽȗȽȼᴩɓȪɠҤጙɂʪʽ ʊ͏˨ȾऐȗȻɕțɞȟᴩ(5b) ɁɛșȽͅӦഫᣲɂͷᴩ Ȉ႕ఝ఼ȉȻцᠭȪȽȗ ɁȞ? ȦɁȦȻɂᴩ ȈӦञ + tanaeȉɂȗɢəɞȈး٣ᚐढȉȻȪȹȽɜץᭉȽȢᒲӦ
ˁͅӦɁͷɟȻɕцᠭȬɞ͏˨ᴩɗɂɝͷɜȞɁढȺɜȞȾȬɞ॒ᛵɂȕɠș:
(6) a. Mangra naqa Ranhci sen tanae. ‘Mangra is going to Ranchi now.’
b. Mangra naqa kitab kiring tanae. ‘Mangra is buy ing a book now.’
᪨ᴩ (6a-b) ȟᇉȬɛșȾ˵ᐐɁࢃႱɂԨȾŽᒲӦž sen ‘to go’ ȟŽͅӦž kiring ‘to buy’
ȾᏚȠ૰ɢȶȲȳȤȺȕɝᴩߵȽȢȻɕ᚜࠙Ⱥɂ˵ᐐȾ࿑ौᄑȽढৰ˨ɁࢃႱɂՙȤɜɟ ȽȗɁȺȕɞǿȰɟȽɁȾͷᴩ ŽᒲӦžɥႊȗȲ (4a-b) ɂͷɜץᭉȟȽȗɁȾᴩ ŽͅӦž Ⱦɛɞ:
(7) a. Mangra naqa kitab kiring tanae. ‘Mangra is buying a book now.’
b. * Mangra gapa kitab kiring tanae. (‘Mangra is going to buy a book tom.’) Mangra n./t. book buy cop:ind:3sg
ɁɂȈ႕ఝ఼ȉɁȳȤȟ୫ศᄑȻȽȶȹȪɑșɁȞ?
ǽȪȞȪȽȟɜ᪨Ⱦɂᴩ ȈͅӦɂȊ႕ఝ఼ȋȻɂцᠭȪȽȗȉȻȗșཟȾᩜȪȹɂŽ
۶žɕ۹ȗ:
(8) a. * Mangra gapa kitab kiring tanae. (‘Mangra is going to buy a book tom.’) b. Mangra gapa kitab kiringai tanae. ‘Mangra is going to buy a book tom.’
c. Mangra gapa patzi em tanae. ‘Mangra is going to give a party tom.’
ᆬȞȾ (8a) ɂ୫ศᄑȳȟᴩ (8b) ɁɛșȾӦ᚜းȾ -ai ɥ͇ӏȬɞȻ୫ศᄑȾץᭉȟȽȢ ȽȶȹȪɑșǿɑȲᴩȦɁᢷȟȽȢȻɕӦञȟ em ‘to give’ ȺȕɟɃᴩɗɂɝ୫ศᄑ ȽɁȳǿˢͶᴩͷȟȼșȽȶȹȗɞɁȞ?!ȈណȉɂȦșȪȹຉᣘȾઍɥȤɞȞɁɛșȾᴩ ɑȬɑȬɑȶȹȗȢ... ǿ
1.2. 助動詞 keae による「（他者による）意志未来」は何故，自動詞と共起しないのか ?
ǽʟɭ˂ʵʓʹ˂ɹɁးکȺɂᴩ ȈͷᴩȕɟɎȼɑȺȾৰੰ૱ȾভɦȳɁȞ?ȉȻᴩऻȾ ȽȶȹɂᒲґȺɕ˪९ឰȾ९șɎȼґȾਖ਼Ȧȭɞ̜ৰȾᤜᤃȬɞȦȻȟȪɃȪɃȳǿȕɞ
֞ȺɂȈɽʷʽʠʃɁԶȉɥ٥ȺᚐȢɛșȽɕɁȺᴩҜȶȹȪɑțɃᣡȾઍފȤȪȹȪ ɑșɎȼᴩߦ៎ȻȪȹȗȲး៎ɂᛓ᫆ॷ܋ȽȻȦɠɂˢҒȽȢᴩɓȪɠਾȁȟɔɛșȻȪ ȹȗɞҬॴɥ̜ȾͶးȪȹȗȲɛșȽɻ˂ʃȟɎȻɦȼȺȕɞǿʪʽʊȾஂȤɞȰɦ Ƚး៎ɁɅȻȷȾᴩ ȈᴥͅᐐȾɛɞᴦॖఝ఼ȉȻȺɕ᚜းȬɌȠ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ɥʨ˂ɹ ȬɞᝈศɁӒӦ keae ɁፋᢷᝲᄑમӦȟȕɞǿ
ǽȦɁӒӦɂᴩᔐȺțɃ shall ɁɛșȽ֞ȺΈɢɟᴩʪʽʊȺɂ࿑ȾɂᇉȨɟ ȽȗȈԨጠఝ఼ȉȻɁൡᑤᄑߦɥʨ˂ɹȬɞ:
(9) a. Mangra gapa kitab kiringae. ‘Mangra will buy a book tomorrow.’
b. Mangra gapa kitab kiring keae. ‘Mangra shall buy a book tomorrow.’
ȦɁɛșȾᴩ(9a) ȟȈటɥ៳șȉȻȗșᚐའɁӦͽ˿Ⱥȕɞ Mangra Ɂ९ɥքްȪȽȗɁ ȾߦȪᴩ (9b) Ɂ keae ɂछᝉᚐའɁ “initiator” ɂ “agent” Ɂ Mangra ͏۶Ⱦސ٣ȬɞȦȻɥ
ᇉȬɞɢȤȳǿ 13)
ǽȪȞȪȽȟɜᴩȦɁ keae ɂͷȞŽᒲӦžȻɂцᠭȪȽȗ:
(10) a. * Mangra gapa Ranhci sen keae. (‘Mangra shall go to Ranchi tomorrow.’) b. Mangra gapa kitab kiring keae. ‘Mangra shall buy a book tomorrow.’
֞ᄑȾɟɃ (10a) ɁɛșȾᴩțɃྸᜆɁ֤ɥՙȤȹ Mangra ȟ Ranchi ȾᠫȢᴩȻȗ ș̜ৰɕЅȺȠɞǿȾɕકɢɜȭᴩ ŽᒲӦञž sen ‘to go’ ɥႊȗȲ (10a) ɂᴩ ŽͅӦž
kiring ‘to buy’ ȻɂႱȽȶȹȈ୫ศᄑȉȽɁȳǿഫ୫˨ȳȤȞɜɟɃᴩႊȗɜɟɞӦ
ञ͏۶ᴩ˵ᐐȾढৰᄑࢃႱɂпȢɜɟȽȗǿ
ǽȗȢɜӦञɁ sen ‘to go’ Ȼ kiring ‘to buy’ ɥᢎߦྃȪȹւ֞ȪȲȻȦɠȺढৰ˨ᴩ ߦख़ȬɞࢃႱȟҋȮȽȗ͏˨ᴩ (10a) Ⱥ keae “shall” ɁҋးɥܶȥȹȗɞɁɂӦञȾ ʨ˂ɹȨɟɞ [ ± transitive] ȻȗșࠖॴȻᐎțɞȪȞȽȗȟᴩȦɟɂԨȾȈ֞ᝲȉȻȗșျ
ᝲ˨Ɂ feature ȾᤈȡȭᴩȦɁɥഫȬɞᛵጨȻȪȹɁȈ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȉȻȗșʶ
ʣʵȾɂȽȗɢȤȳǿȦɁ feature Ɂͷȟᴩ keae “shall” ȻȗșᴩʪʽʊȾஂȤɞᜤհ ȻȪȹɁȈᝈศɁӒӦȉɁፋᢷᝲᄑમӦɥɽʽʒʷ˂ʵȪȹȗɞɁȞ... ?
ǽȗȢɜᭀɥૉȶȹɕᴩʟɭ˂ʵʓʹ˂ɹɁးکȺɂˢտȾᜓขኍɂțȹȦȽȞȶȲǿȺ ȠɞȦȻɂጀȁᴩ (10a) ɁɛșȽʛʉ˂ʽɁഫ୫Ⱥ९ȗȷȢ᪅ɝɁӦञɥоɟఉțᴩ୫ ศॴɥʋɱʍɹȪȹɒɞȦȻȳȤ... ǿȪȞȪᴩȰȦȞɜțȹȠȲɁɂԨȾᴩͅӦɂץᭉ ȽȗɁȾᒲӦɥоɟɞȻɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒȞɜ reject ȨɟɞᴩȻȗșஒȾҜɝȠȶȲ
̜ȳȤȺᴩ ȈͷᴩᒲӦɂ keae ‘shall’ ȻцᠭȪȽȗɁȞ?ȉȻȗș irregularity ɁᛵȾȷ ȗȹɁᴩႃȳᛵᬻɁीȽȗมɥˢ۰ȨȮɞɛșȽࠕᩒɂጶȱᠭȦɜȽȞȶȲǿ
ǽɕȴɠɦɁȦȻᴩ̜ৰȟܧᢆȪȽȞȶȲȞɜȻȗȶȹهф˹ᴩȦɁץᭉȻɝጸɒፖ ȤȹȗȲɢȤȺɂȽȗȟᴩ˨ȺɕᇉȪȲɛșȾᴩMnd. nir ɂ “to escape” Ȼ “to jog” Ɂᩖ
Ⱥ ambiguous ȺȕɞȻȞᴩਾȁȾȻȶȹɂ “to jog” ɥŽͅӦžȻસțɞʬʐɭʣ˂ʁʱʽ ɂпȢȷȞɜȽȗȾȪȹɕᴩʪʽʊȺɂțɃඩȾ nir keae ȟ୫ศᄑȾȬɞکնɂ
“shall jog” Ɂ֞ȺျᜓȨɟɞȞɜŽͅӦžȻᜓȬɌȠȳᴩȻȗȶȲһඒᄑȽᅺɂႆ
ɑɟȲȾȪȹɕᴩץᭉȟಏటᄑȾᜓขȨɟɞɛșȽȦȻɂᴩɗɂɝȽȞȶȲȻɢȩɞɥी
ȽȗǿȕɞŽϭུžȟᠭȦɞɑȺɂ... ǿȰȪȹȟ͇ȢȻɂɗᴩ˧ࢳɎȼɁදఌȟํɟȹȗ Ȳ... ǿ
1.3. いわゆる「未来時制」に於いて ，幾多の自動詞は何故 -og/-oq を要求するのか ?
ǽటሟȺɂʪʽʊȾஂȤɞ Transitivity Ɂץᭉɥɝ˨ȥȹȗɞȟᴩ۹ȢɁȾஂȗ ȹȦɁകॡɂژటᄑȾɂञᝲ˨Ɂ֞ᄑࠖॴᴥɕȪȢɂ “feature” ɁץᭉᴦȺȕɝᴩˢ ᓐȾȦɟᒲͶɥȈ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȉȻᝓឧȬɞȦȻɂȪȽȗǿTransitivity ɂᆬȞȾഫ୫
˨ᴩ ȈᄻᄑȉɁ᚜ᇉˁ᚜ᇉȾᣵӦȪȹȝɝᴩȰɁґɥȈढৰᄑϫᬂȉȻȗș֞ȺɁ
»signifiant« ȻસțɞȦȻȺᴩȦȦȾȈᜤհȉɁകॡɥछȹɂɔɞȦȻɕျᝲᄑȾժᑤȺɂ ȕɞȟᴩъټᄑȾɂᴥঌᄑȽᩜΡɥધȷᴦ signifiant Ȼ signifié ȟߦख़ȪȹқɔȹȪ Ȳ signe ɥढȬɞɢȤȺᴩ Transitivity ɕȰɁ֞Ⱥɂ “theoretical construct” ȻȪȹԨȽɞ
“feature” ɁʶʣʵȾႡɑɞɢȤȳǿ
ǽȲȳȦɟɑȺɁឰᝲȺɕᴩʪʽʊȾஂȗȹɂ Transitivity ɁകॡɂȈͶጕᄑȉȾȹɕ
ɔȹᛵȽͱᏚȸȤɥધȷɁȺɂȽȗȞᴩȻɁץᭉឧɂյȺᇉȪȹȠȲǿȰșȪȲ
ឧȟᪿጙȪȹးɢɟɞɁȟᴩ˨Ⱥɕɝ˨ȥȲȈᒲӦȉ vs. ȈͅӦȉɁߦɥю٣ԇȪȲᴩ ȕɞሗɁŽպᬩႱᏲžȾஂȤɞᴩ Object Agreement Ⱦɛɞ disambiguation Ɂʫɵʕʄʪȳǿ
˨ȺɕᇉȪȲɛșȾᴩञ᚜းȻȪȹɂպȫढৰȺȪȞȽȗ goj ‘to die, to kill’ Ⱥȕȶȹɕᴩ ᄻᄑȟژటᄑȾ [+ animate] ɥᇉȬɂȭɁͅӦഫᣲȾஂȗȹɂӦ᚜းȾߦȪߦ៎᚜း
ɁȈ̷ለˁୣȉɥᇉȬᢷȟ͇ӏȨɟɞɢȤȺᴩȦɟɥඑȢᒲӦഫᣲȞɜɂུ॒ᄑȾԖґ Ȩɟɞǿ
ǽးȾɂȪȞȪᴩ ȈᒲӦȉ vs. ȈͅӦȉɁߦȾᩜȪȹ ambiguous ȽӦञɁȗȢȷ
ȞɂᴩᒲӦȟ simplex ȻȪȹΈɢɟɞɛșȽکնȾɂ -oq ɕȪȢɂ -og ȻȗȶȲŽࠆ ᢷžɥͧȶȲႱढৰɥȻɞ:
(11) a. Mangra gapa uruy -ae. 14) ‘Mangra will make (s.o.) ill tomorrow.’
b. Mangra gapa urui -oq -ae. ‘Mangra will be/get ill tomorrow.’
Mangra tomorrow be:ill -?? -ind:3sg
c. Mangra gapa goji -ae. ‘Mangra will kill (s.o.) tomorrow.’
d. Mangra gapa goj -og -ae. ‘Mangra will die tomorrow.’
Mangra tomorrow be:dead -?? -ind:3sg
ᛵȬɞȾིൈɁکնɂȈͅӦढȉȺᴩ-oq ɕȪȢɂ -og ȟछᝉӦञȟŽᒲӦढžȺ ȕɞȦȻɥᇉȪȹȗɞȦȻȾȽɞɢȤȳȟᴩȰɕȰɕȦɟɜɁᢷɂͷȽɁȞ? ȰȪȹȦ ɟɜɂˢͶᴩȼȦȞɜҋȹȠȲɁȞ?
ǽˢᴩȦɟɜɂȈͅӦञȞɜߦख़ȬɞᒲӦढɥ߳ȢŽ์ႆࠆžȉɁɛșȾțɞȟᴩ ԨጠȾȰșҜȪȹȪɑțȽȗɁɂᴩҤˁɬʃʤɹʒӒӦɥႊȗȲᣇႊศȾஂȗȹɂᴩ ȦɟɜɁᢷɂᑱᕶȬɞȦȻɥͺЕȽȢȨɟȹȗɞȞɜȺȕɞ:
(12) a. * Mangra hola urui -oq janae. (‘Mangra got ill yesterday.’) b. Mangra hola urui -ij janae. ‘Mangra got ill yesterday.’
Mangra yesterday be:ill -?? pft
c. * Mangra hola goj -og janae. (‘Mangra died yesterday.’) d. Mangra hola goj -ij janae. ‘Mangra died yesterday.’
Mangra yesterday be:dead -?? pft
िȶȹᴩӒӦኄɥႊȗȲᣇႊศȾஂȤɞ Transitivity ɁߦɂඒɁɛșȾȽɝ:
(13) a. Mangra hola urui -ij janae. ‘Mangra got ill yesterday.’
b. Mangra hola urui -ij lijae. 15) ‘Mangra made (s.o.) ill yesterday.’
Mangra yesterday be:ill -?? pft
c. Mangra hola goj -ij janae. ‘Mangra died yesterday.’
d. Mangra hola goj -ij lijae. ‘Mangra made (s.o.) die yesterday.’
Mangra yesterday be:dead -?? pft
ᒲͅɁߦɂϡȾᴩ ᴥObject Agreement ɁᢷɥͧȶȲᴦͅӦढɕȪȢɂȦɟȻɂႱȽɞ
ढৰɥȻɞᒲӦढȻȗșᴩӒӦɁႱढৰȾΗސȬɞढȻȽɞɢȤȳǿͷɟȾȪȹɕӦ
ञᒲͶᴩsimplex ɁɁɛșȾढৰᄑȾ̬͍ȬɞȦȻɂȽȗǿ
ǽȳȻȪȲɜᴩࢷᒲͶɂ Transitivity ȾᩜȪȹ ambiguous ȺȕɞӦञɁ simplex ႊศ Ⱦ᪨ȪȹɁɒးɢɟȹᒲӦഫᣲȺȕɞȦȻɥᇉȬɞ -oq/-og ȻȗȶȲᢷɂˢͶᴩͷȳȶ ȲɁȳɠș? ᆬȞȾ֞ষڨᄑȾɂ redundant ȞɕᅺɟȽȗȟᴩȦɟɜɁᢷȟӦࢷȾ
͇ӏȨɟɞɁȟᒲӦɥ์ႆȨȮɞȈᣲศ˨ɁʫɵʕʄʪȉȳȻȬɟɃᴩɬʃʤɹʒӒ ӦȟȰɁࢷɥ፻ɔȢȢɞފᬩᴩщͶᄑȾɂ -d ɥȻɞႱढৰɥႊȗᴩȰȪȹȾ Object
Agreement Ɂᢷȟͷɟɕ Transitivity ɥʨ˂ɹȬɞȞɜȻȶȹɕᴩȰɟɂഫ୫ศᄑፋᢷး
៎ɁץᭉȺȕȶȹᴩᣲศɁʫɵʕʄʪȺȕɞ affixation ȻɂȕȢɑȺɕҝɁౕጸɒȳǿᣇ
᚜းɥႊȗɞȞɜȻȶȹӦ᚜းȟŽᣲศᄑž alternation ɥᠭȦȬᴩȻȗșৰɂȕ ɑɝȾɕᜓȮȽȗɁȳǿɎɦȻșȾᴩͷȟȼșȽȶȹȗɞɁȞ?!
ƌᴫץᭉᜓขɁጓՠɂŽ͑ᝢɁౕȾՖɑɜȽȗʑ˂ʉžȻɁᤜᤃȞɜ ...
ǽ̾Ȟɜ९țɃᴩҰኮȺɝ˨ȥȲࢼȷȞɁ syntactic irregularities ȟ፱ͶᄑȾ૫ȠҋȬŽʪʽ ʊɁȈណȉžɥ˾ॡȾጟᜓȗȹȗȤɃᴩԨȾρȁɁណȟᜓȤɞȳȤȺȽȢᴩʪʽʊпͶ ɁഫᣲᄑൡᑤॴɥɔȹུȻ๙ȠधɝȾȺȠɞȻȦɠȳȶȲǿɕȴɠɦɁȦȻᴩпȹऻᣜ ȗᄑȽᝓឧȺȪȞȽȗɁȳȟᴩױȢױȢɟɃ:
(14) a. tanae ɥႊȗɞᣇᄑȈ႕ఝ఼ҤȉɂŽͅӦžञȻɂцᠭȪȽȗǿ
b. ӒӦ keae ȾɛɞȈᴥͅᐐȾɛɞᴦॖఝ఼ȉɂŽᒲӦžȻцᠭȪȽȗǿ
c. ࢼ۹ɁŽᒲӦžɂᴩ simplex Ⱥɂ -og/-oq ɥᢷȪȲႱढৰɥᛵȬɞǿ
Ȧɟɜ˧ȷɁ̜ɂȈȕɞˢཟȺᣮࣄȉȪᴩʪʽʊɁ᭒ټᄑ࿑ॴɥ๙ȠधɝȾȬɞᴩ
ɔȹᛵȽᅺɥɕȲɜȬժᑤॴɥᇿɔȹȗȲǿ
ǽʟɭ˂ʵʓʹ˂ɹɁးکȾஂȗȹɂȪȞȪᴩᆅሱᐐȾɂඩȾᴩȦɟɜɁ̜ȟȈȕɞ ˢཟȺᣮࣄȬɞȉȻȗșᝓឧȰɁɕɁȟඑȤȹȝɝᴩȗɗঃɜȢɂᴩȰɕȰɕȰșȪȲᄉ
ȽȼືȗȹȦɛșɂȭɕȽȞȶȲɁȳȻɂ९șȟᴩขᅔɁ͇ȞȽȗץᭉɂɗɓɥीȭаᣞɝ ȬɞȪȞȽȞȶȲɁȟৰȺȕȶȹᴩȦɁཟȾᩜȪȹɂाȾఌஓɥɀɞȪȞȽȞȶȲȦȻᴩ
˨ȺᜤȪȲȻȝɝȺȕɞǿ
ǽҰኮȺᇉȪȲɛșȾᴩᜓขኍɂ९ȶȹɕȗȽȞȶȲտȞɜሶܩᴩɗȶȹȠȲ... ǿ
2.1. ン ? ン ?? ン ??? ... 一体，何がどうなって ... ?!
ǽȕɞஓᴩᇹɂȗȷɕɁɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒɥᄾਖ਼ȾᴩඒɁഫ୫ɁґɥɗȶȹȗȲǿ ᴥௐ
Ȼᤏȶȹ୫ȟȈʩʕʨʵˁʤɬȉȺ૬ᇉȪȹȽȗɁɂᴩȦɁɥɝ˨ȥȲཟȺɂɑȳ
ȈґȉɁʶʣʵȺɂȽȢᴩȻȾȞȢȼɦȽ֞Ɂ୫ȾȽɞɁȞᴩȰɟȨțɕҜɜȽȗৰ ȾȕȶȲȞɜȳᴦ :
(15) a. Nia daqa -ke nu -i -a -ko. (‘They drink this water.’) * this water -obj drink -3sg -ind -3pl
b. This water is drinkable.
୫ȟ (15b) ɁɛșȾȽɞȦȻɂɕȴɠɦᴩȕɞ֞ȺɂఊқȞɜҜȶȹɂȗȲȟᴩछུȽ ȟɜȦɟɂᔐȾɛɞŽᜭžȺȕɞǿȰɁɑɑȺᴩՁ୫ɁഫᣲȟՕȨɟȹȗɞɢȤȺɂ ȽȗȦȻɂɜȞȳǿȪȞȪᴩdaqa ‘water’ ȾᢷȨɟȹȗɞ Object Marker Ȳɞ -ke Ɂސ٣ ȞɜȪȹஒȾȰɁཟȺɁᇹɁျᜓɥᠯțȹȗȲǿ̾ȺȦȰᇹɕᴩȦɁᢷ -ke ɂᄻᄑɁ
referent ɁॴɥऐᝩȬɞȲɔȾɂ॒ȭȪɕ [+ animate] ɥᇉȬջ᚜း͏۶ȾɕᢷȨɟ
ɞȦȻɂੰ૱ȪȹȗɞȟᴩȕɁཟȾஂȤɞᇹɂȹȶȠɝᴩ -ke ɂ [+ animate] ɥᇉȬջߩ
ႊɁᄻᄑɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȳȻɃȞɝ९ȶȹȗȲǿ
ǽȰɟɂȻɕȞȢᴩ୫пͶɂഫᣲᄑȾɂ (15b) ȺɂȽȢᴩɓȪɠ “They drink this water” Ȼȗȶ ȲщնȾျᜓȬɞȟᤛҒȺȕɞȦȻɂᴩӦɁްढ nu-i-a-ko Ɂ̷ለࠆȟ -ko ȻȽȶȹ ȗȹᴩ˿ȟȈ˧̷ለᛓୣȉȺȕɞȦȻɥᇉȪȹȗɞȦȻȞɜͷȻȽȢҜɞǿȪȞȪͷȻȶ ȹɕျᜓȾᔍȪɓɁɂᴩȦɁӦްढȟᇉȬȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉɥʨ˂ɹȬɞ -i- Ȼȗș Object
Agreement ɁᢷɁސ٣ȳǿȗȢɜᄻᄑɁ daqa ‘water’ ȟᄻᄑɁʨ˂ɵ˂ -ke ɥȻɞȞ
ɜȻɂțᴩ֞ᄑȾɂ [- animate] ȺȪȞȽȗ͏˨ᴩ Object Agreement ɥᄉȬɞɂȭȟȽ ȗȞɜȺȕɞǿȦɁȦȻɥͷ࣊ᴩɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒȾᆬᝓȪȹɕᴩ -i- Ɂސ٣ᒲͶᴩขȪȹ
វȺɂȽȗȻȗएɞɁȳǿ
ǽᇹȻȪȹɂʥʒʥʒٌȶȹȪɑȶȲǿ۾ȻȪȹɂ (15b) ȟᇉȬɛșȽ ‘This water is drink-
able’ ȺᴩഫᣲᄑȾɂ “They drink this water”... ǿȰșȪȲੰ૱ᒲͶȾ࿑ɁץᭉɂȽȨȰ
șȳȟᴩӦɁްढ nu-i-a-ko ɂȼșȪȹɕܝථȾ࿎ȟયɑȶȲɛșȽԱ៎ɥරȪፖȤȲǿ
[+ animate] ɥᇉȬᄻᄑ᚜းȟȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉȺȕɞȦȻɥʨ˂ɹȬɞ -i-... ǿȪȞȪȼȦɥ
ȼșȰșȾɕᴩ (15a) Ɂ୫ȾᝉछȬɞջ᚜းȽȼȰɕȰɕސ٣ȪीȽȗɁȳǿȈȦɁ -i- ɂటछȾȊ˧̷ለԨୣȋɥʨ˂ɹȬɞ Object Agreement ɥᇉȬᢷȽɁȳɠșȞ... ?ȉᇹɁ ᑲᚾȾɂȗȷȪȞȰɦȽჀॡȟՍ఼ȬɞɛșȾȽȶȹȗȲǿ
2.2. Object Agreement のマーカーは語幹に接続し， IND の前に位置する !
ǽȕɦȽȦȻȟȕȶȲɁȺᴩ Object Agreement ȾȷȗȹژటᄑȽȻȦɠɥျȪȹȝȠȲȗǿ
аȭɂᴩӦްढȾးɢɟɞᴩ Object Agreement ɥᇉȬʨ˂ɵ˂ɁͱᏚȾȷȗȹȳ:
(16) a. Mangra naqa Somri -ke goj -i -a -e. (Sing.) b. Mangra naqa Somri har Budhua -ke goj -kin -a -e. (Dual) c. Mangra naqa Somri har Budhua har Pulmani -ke goj -ko -a -e. (Plural) Mangra now Somri and Budhua and Pulmani - obj kill - agr -ind -3sg/sbj
ȦɟɜɁ୫᚜းɂژటᄑȾͷɟɕᴩ ȈMangra ɂȦɟȞɜ Somri ኄȁɥȬȉȻȗș֞Ⱥᴩ ߦ៎ȻȽɞᄻᄑ᚜းɂȈ˧̷ለȉȺȕɞȞɜᴩȰɁ୫ศ˨ɁୣȾख़ȫȹȈԨୣȉȽɜᢷ ɂ -iᴩ ȈՔୣȉȽɜ -kinᴩȰȪȹȈᛓୣȉȽɜ -ko ȻȽɞǿȦɟɜɁᢷȟးɢɟɞͱᏚɂᴩ ӦްढɁȈࢷȉɁᄽऻᴩȰȪȹȈᄽᝢศȉɁʨ˂ɵ˂ -a- ɁᄽҰᴩȻȗșȦȻȾȽɞǿ
˨ૡ (16a-c) Ⱥɂɬʃʤɹʒኄɥ᚜ɢȬӒӦȟΈɢɟȹȗȽȗȦȻȞɜᴩᢷɂӦɁ
ञ᚜းᴥȷɑɝȈࢷȉᴦɁᄽऻȾ͇ӏȨɟɞǿ
2.3. ムンダ語に於いて Agreement を誘発するのは Animacy !!
ǽɕșɅȻȷɁᆬᝓ̜ᬱɂᴩʪʽʊȾஂȗȹ Agreement ȟᄉȨɟɞҰ૬ɂᴩߦ៎ȻȽɞ ջ᚜းɁ֞ᄑࠖॴȟ [+ animate] ɥᇉȬȾ᪅ɞᴩȻȗșཟȺȕɞǿȦɁȦȻɂ Object
Agreement Ⱥȕȶȹɕ Subject Agreement ȺȕȶȹɕژటᄑȾ۰ɢɝȽȗ:
(17) a. Mangra mandzi jom -ij -a -e. ‘Mangra eats rice.’ (inanimate) b. Mangra sim jom -i -a -e. ‘Mangra eats chicken.’ (animate)
ȦɁȾஂȗȹᴩढৰᄑȾ࿑ްȺȠɞɢȤȺɂȽȗȟᴩmandzi ‘rice’ ȟ [- animate] ȺȕɞɁ ȾߦȪᴩ sim ‘chicken’ ɂ [+ animate] ȻͱᏚȸȤɜɟɞȦȻȞɜᴩȦɁ֞ᄑ feature Ⱦɛȶ
ȹ Object Agreement ȟऀȠᠭȦȨɟᴩ(17b) ɁӦްढ jom-i-a-e ɂȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉɥʨ˂ɹ
Ȭɞᢷ -i- ȟӦࢷ jom- ‘to eat’ ɁᄽऻȾ͇ӏȨɟȹȗɞɢȤȳǿ
2.4. 動詞定形 nu-i-a-ko の -i- はどこから来たのか ?
ǽҰኮɑȺȾ Object Agreement ɁʫɵʕʄʪȾȷȗȹѓᆬᝓȪȹɒȲȟᴩ (15a) ɁӦްढ nu-i-a-ko ‘they drink’ ɥढৰґȬɟɃᴩ-i- ɂུ॒ᄑȾȈObject Agreement ɥઆșᢷȉȻ ͱᏚȸȤɞȪȞȽȗɁɂɜȞȺȕɞǿȻɂțᴩ (15a) Ɂ୫˹Ⱦ -i- “3sg” Ɂ referent ȟ
ҋȮȽȗȦȻɕɑȲ̜ȻȪȹՙȤ߁ɟȩɞɥीȽȗǿᛵȬɞȾᴩ̜ৰɂпȢɦȺȗ ȽȗɁȳǿ
ǽʥʒʥʒٌȶȲᇹɂᴩreferent ɥધȲȽȗᢷȽɜȗȶȰɁ̜ᴩȦɟɥᑱᕶȨȮȹɒȲɜ
ȼșȳɠș? Ȼ९ȗȶȲǿȰȦȺᴩ ȈӦްढ nu-i-a-ko Ɂ͍ɢɝȾ nu-ij-a-ko ɂȼșȞ?ȉ
Ȼɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒȾᆬȞɔȹɒɞ... ǿɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒɂԴ࣋Ⱦᴩ ȈᒲґɂȰșɂɢȽ
ȗȟᴩ୫ศᄑȾᩖᤏȗȻɂțȽȗȪᴩȰɦȽᄉᬩɥȬɞᐐɕȗȽȢɂȽȗ... ǿȉͷȳȞ྆
țҒɜȽȗȟᴩɛșɗȢᴩȦɁ -i- ɂ epenthesis ȺȕɞժᑤॴɕțȹȠȲǿ
ǽᣡȾᔌࢱᴩᜓȮȽȗɁȟᴩᇹȟ -i- ɁоȶȲɁ nu-i-a-ko Ⱥ -i- ɥऐᝩȪȹᄉᬩȬɞȻɮʽ ʟɳ˂ʨʽʒȟʕʮȶȻᗖɜታȗɥ๙ȞɌȲɝȬɞȦȻȟȕɞཟȳǿ(15a) Ɂ୫ɁढȳȻȰ ɟɎȼȺɂȽȗɁȾᴩްढӦ nu-i-a-ko ɥԨȺᄉᬩȬɞȻȰɁϿտȟɛɝऐȗ... ǿȰȪ ȹȲɑᴩᇹɁᄉᬩɥᄽȰșȻɑȺȬɞȦȻɕȕɞǿˢͶᴩɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒȾͷȟᠭȦȶ ȹȗɞȻȗșɁȞ?!
ǽȰșțɃ͏ҰᴩͬȲɛșȽጽ᮷ɥȪȲȦȻȟȕȶȲɁɥ९ȗҋȬǿȰɁɂ przhao ‘to read/teach’ ȳȶȲȟᴩछқȈᝣɓȉɁ֞ȪȞᅺɜȽȞȶȲᇹɂᴩkitab przhao-i-a-e ‘teaches
someone’ ɁढȺᴩ[- animate] ȺɂȕɞȟஒȾȈᄻᄑȉɁ kitab ‘book’ ȟȕɞɁȾɕકɢɜ
ȭᴩȾ “someone” Ɂ֞Ⱥ̝ȷᄻɁᄻᄑȟȻɟɞȦȻȾɕᴩȞȽɝɁʁʱʍɹɥՙȤȲ ȦȻɥ९ȗҋȬǿ 16)
ǽȦȦȺᛵȽɁɂȪȞȪᴩȕɞ֞ȺȈպᬩႱᏲȉȻȪȹɁ przhao Ɂ “to read” Ȼ “to
teach” ɁΈȗґȤɁʉɮʩʽɺȳǿްढȺ przhao-i-ae ȻȽɟɃ Agreement ɁፅɒȺ “to
teach” ȻȽɞɁɂɜȞȽɁȳȟᴩ ȈᝣɓȉɁ֞ȺɁްढɥɔɞᇹȾߦȪᴩɮʽʟɳ˂
ʨʽʒɂᄱɦȾ przhao-i-ae ɥᎱɝᣌȬɁȺȕɞǿ ᴥߵȽȢȻɕȰɁᴩᇹȾɂȰșᐨȦț ȲǿᴦȲȳᴩȰȴɜɁɂɕș॒ᛵȽȞȶȲȪᴩ Ȉଡ଼țɞȉɁ֞ȳȻ९ȶȹᇹȟɝୟțȭ
przhao-i-ae ȻŽᎱɝᣌȬžȻɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒɂൡݲȟমȢȽȶȹᴩɗȲɜȻᇹɁᄉᬩɥ
ᄽȰșȻȬɞ... ǿȈɕșᴩȰɁȦȻɂґȞȶȲȞɜ... !ȉȦȴɜɕఊऻȾɂɮʳȷȗȹȠȹᴩ ȦɁɗɝȻɝɂ۾ᴩᬹલȬɞ... ǿȧȢқఙɁȦȻȳȶȲȟᴩȦɦȽȦȻȟͷوɕȕȶȲ... ǿ ǽȕɁɕျႏɂɿʍʛʴґȞɜȽȞȶȲȟᴩ̾࣊ɁץᭉȻͬȹȗȽȗȳɠșȞ? ץᭉȻ ȽȶȲӦ᚜းɕᴩ˪ްढɂढৰᄑȾීᬩȺጶɢɞཟȟцᣮȬɞ (cf. nu ‘to drink’, przhao ‘to
read/teach’) ... ǿᤏȗɂȲȳᴩ przhao Ɂɂ [+ animate] ɁᄻᄑȾɛȶȹ Agreement ȟᄉ Ȩɟᴩ Ȉଡ଼țɞȉɁ֞ȻȽɞɁȾߦȪᴩnu ɁɂȈ᭬ɓȉɁ֞ȳȞɜՁҬȻȪȹ Object
Agreement ɂᄉȨɟȽȗȳȤ... ǿȗɗᴩशȹɛ! ɕȪȞȬɞȻɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒɂ przhao
Ⱦȷȗȹɕ [- animate]ᴩȷɑɝȈᝣɓȉɁ֞ȺΈșɕ -i- ᴥɕȪȢɂᇹȾɂȰșᐨȦț ȲᴩȦɟȾᣋȗᬩɥᄉᬩȪȹȗȲɁȞ?! ȳȻȪȲɜᴩᇹȟȰɟɥ przhao-i-ae ȻᄉᬩȪȹȪ ɑȶȲȟȲɔȾεඩȨȮɛșȻȪȲ... ǿᛵȬɞȾᴩ nu ‘to drink’ ɁɕષоȨɟȹȗɞɁɂ
Agreement Marker ȻȪȹɁ -i- “3sg” ȽɁȺɂȽȢᴩȦɟȾᣋȢȹɕͷȞҝɁᬩȽɁȞɕᅺ
ɟȽȗ... ǿ
ǽȦșȪȲ̜ৰɥ፱նȪȹɒɞȻᴩඒɁɛșȽȦȻȟțɑȗȞ?
(18) a. ࢷȟීᬩȺጶɢɞӦञȺɂᴩࢷȻᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ -a- ɁᩖȾ epenthesis
ȻȪȹ schwa ȟષоȨɟɞǿ
b. ȦɁ schwa ɂࢷɥ፻ɔȢȢɞීᬩȻᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂Ⱥȕɞීᬩ -a- ɁᩖȾ
ȷȲɔᴩʙɮɲɮʉʃɥوᤧȬɞɌȢ -i- ȾᣋȗŽԡފᬩžɋȻ۰ԇȬɞǿ
ᛵȬɞȾᴩ (15a) ɁӦްढɂ Agreement Marker ȻȪȹɁ -i- “3sg” ɥֆɦȳ nu-i-a-ko ȽɁ ȺɂȽȢᴩಏීᬩ -u- ȻᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ -a ɁᩖȾયɑȶȲ epenthesis Ɂ -e- ȟԡފᬩԇ ȪȲɕɁȳȶȲᴩȻȗșȦȻȾȽɞɁȺɂȽȗȳɠșȞ? 17)
ƍᴫɛȢɞȻ “Epentheses” ɂयඪȾ ... : Ȉɥ͏ȹɥҤȬ!ȉ
ǽҰኮɑȺɁឰᝲȺᴩʪʽʊȺɂࢷȟීᬩȺጶɢɞӦञȾɂᴩࢷȻᄽᝢศɁʨ˂
ɵ˂Ⱥȕɞ -a ɁᩖȾ epenthetic ȾષоȨɟɞ schwa ɥયɦȳʚʴɲ˂ʁʱʽȟސ٣ȬɞȦ ȻȟɜȞȾȽȶȲȦȻȾȽɞǿȰȪȹᴩීᬩᩖȾͱᏚȬɞȦɁ -e- ɂʙɮɲɮʉʃɥوᤧ
ȬɞȲɔ -i- ȾᣋȗᬩΙɋȻ۰ԇȪȷȷɕᴩ Object Agreement Ɂʨ˂ɵ˂ȻȪȹȈቼ˧̷ለ ԨୣȉɥᇉȬ -i- ȞɜɂᬩᬬᄑȾԖґȨɟɞɜȪȗǿ
ǽȰɟȺɂᴩࢷȟފᬩȺጶɢɞӦञɁکնɂȼșȞ? ࢷȟීᬩȺጶɢɞӦञȾ ષоȨɟɞ schwa ȟҰኮȺ͑ްȪȲɛșȾԨȽɞ epenthesis ȺȪȞȽȗɁȽɜᴩࢷȟފᬩ ȺጶɢɞӦञȺȕɟɃᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȺȕɞීᬩɁ -a ȟऻፖȪȲȻȦɠȺʙɮɲɮ ʉʃɂͷɟȾȪȹɕഫȨɟȭᴩिȶȹျᝲᄑȾɂ euphonic Ƚ schwa Ɂષоɂ˪ᛵȾȽɞ ɂȭȳǿ
ǽȻȦɠȟ᪨ɂᴩ jomae vs. jom-e-ae ‘eats’, kiring vs. kiring-e-ae ‘buys’ ኄȁᴩࢷȟފᬩ ȺጶɢɞӦञȺɕ schwa ɂŽᒲႏžȾષоȨɟᴩࢷȟීᬩȺ፻ɔજɜɟɞӦ᚜း
ɁکնɛɝʙɮɲɮʉʃɁԲ᪙ɕȽȗȦȻȞɜȞᴩȕɞ֞ȺɂछུȽȟɜᴩષоȨɟȲ
schwa ɂȨɎȼɁᆕՠᖢԇɥՙȤɞȦȻɕȽȢᴩ Žట఼žɁᬩΙɥίȶȲɑɑȽɁȟȼșɕ
ȾȞɞǿȳȻȬɞȻᴩࢷȟීᬩȺጶɢɞӦञȾᩜȪȹᴩץᭉɁ schwa ɁષоɥԨ Ƚɞ epenthesis ȻᜓȬɞҰ૬ɕඑȗȹȗɞȻȗșȦȻȾȽȶȹȪɑșɢȤȺᴩߵȽȢȻɕ ȦɁး៎ɥ “euphony” ȻસțɞɁɂܵछॴɥඑȗȹȗɞȻɢȩɞɥीȽȗǿ
ǽȰɟȺɂȦɁ schwa ɂͷᴩષоȨɟɞɁȞ? ൡᑤᄑȾɞ᪅ɝᴩ˵Ɂʚʴɲ˂ʁʱʽ Ⱦ࿑ɁࢃႱɂɜɟȽȗɛșȽɁȺढৰᝲᄑȽߦɂȽȢᴩ̠ȗȾ “free variation” ɁᩜΡ ȾȪȞȽȗɢȤȳȟᴩژటढɂɓȪɠ “schwa” ɥͧșɁढৰȺᴩᣡȾȦɁීᬩɁᑱᕶɂऻ
ፖȬɞᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂Ⱥȕɞᩒීᬩ -a ȾɛɞȈ΄֘ȉȺȕɞȦȻɥᇉȬȲɔɁҰ૬ȻȽ ɞژᄷഫኳɁˢၥȻȪȹᴩ͏˩ȺɂӦްढȾፅɓᬩᬬᄑ irregularities ɁᜓȾɝጸɓȦ ȻȾȬɞǿ
3.1. Subjunctive は直説法のマーカー -a を脱落させればいいのでは ... ?
ǽӦɁञ᚜းȾऻፖȪȹްढɥഫȬɞ -a ɁȦȻɥᴩటሟȺɕᩋႎ (2001) ȾώȶȹȈᄽ
ᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉȻ֣ɦȺȗɞȟᴩʪʽʊȾஂȤɞҝɁศȺȕɞȈፖศȉɂᴩՁҬȻȪ
ȹȦɁ -a ɥᑱᕶȨȮɞȦȻȺ߳ȞɟɞǿȲȳᴩԨጠȾȈᑱᕶȨȮɞȉȳȤȺຑɓɢȤȺȽȢᴩ
ᬩᬬᄑȾɂᔌࢱɁͽȟ॒ᛵȳ:
(19) a. Mangra gapa mandzi jom -a -e. ‘Mangra will eat rice tomorrow.’
Mangra tom. rice eat -ind -3sg
b. * Mangra gapa mandzi jom -ij -e. (‘Mangra would eat rice tomorrow.’) d. Mangra gapa mandzi jom -eq -e. ‘Mangra would eat rice tomorrow.’
ȦɁɛșȾᴩ ȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉȺȕɞ -a ɥᑱᕶȨȮȹȈፖศȉɥͽɞȾɂᴩ-a Ɂȕȶ ȲͱᏚȾ -eq ɥᛃɢȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗǿ
ǽԨጠȾᐎțɟɃᴩȦɁ -eq ȟȈፖศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉȻȗșȦȻȾȽɞǿျᝲᄑȾɂȪȞ ȪᴩȕȢɑȺɕȈፖศȉɁɥ unmarked Ȼસțᴩ-a ȻȗșᢷȺʨ˂ɹȨɟɞȈᄽᝢศȉ Ɂɂ marked ȺȕɞȻᜓȬɞȦȻɕȺȠɞɢȤȳǿȰșᐎțɟɃᴩ᚜࠙Ⱦɂ -eq Ɂးɢ ɟȽȗᄽᝢศȺɂᴩژ࠙Ⱥɂරȶȹȗɞ -eq ɂ -a Ȼȗșᩒීᬩʨ˂ɵ˂ȾɛȶȹŽ˨ంȠž ȨɟȲᴩȻျᜓȬɟɃȗȗǿʪʽʊȺɂ᪨ᴩ ȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉ -a Ⱦ୫ศᄑˢᒵɁʁ ʃʐʪȟൡᑤȬɞˢၥȻȪȹᢷɁढȺऻፖȪȹȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉɥᇉȬ̷ለࠆɕᴩᬩᬬᄑ Ⱦట఼ɂю٣ȨȮȹȗɞ Glottal Stop ɥᑱᕶȨȮȹȗɞɢȤȳȪᴩ̾ᴩᇉȪȲŽᜓžɕȕ Ƚȟȴᄑ۶ɟȻɂțɑȗǿ 18) ȈᄽᝢศȉȻȈፖศȉȻȺɂȼȴɜȟŽژటढžȞԴɂ ȪȞɀɞȟᴩߵȽȢȻɕ unmarked ȽɁɂȈፖศȉɁȺȕɞȻસțɞȦȻɂ॒ᬳȞȻ९ ɢɟɞǿ
3.2. いくつかの動詞語彙は語幹の拡張が必要である !
ǽҰኮȺɂȈᄽᝢศȉȻȈፖศȉɁߦख़ᩜΡɥᇉȪȲȟᴩʪʽʊȾɂȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉ -a ɥᑱᕶȨȮȹژ࠙Ɂ -eq ɥे๊ȨȮɞȳȤȺɂߦख़ȬɞȈፖศȉɥ߳ȢȦȻɁȺȠȽ ȗӦञȟސ٣Ȭɞǿ
ǽȪȞȪȽȟɜࢷɥᴩ ȈऐᝩɁ particleȉȺȕɞ -gi ȻцȾႊȗȹŽછएžȬɞȦȻȾɛɝᴩ ŽፖศԇžɂժᑤȻȽɞ:
(20) a. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -a -e. ‘Mangra will go to Ranchi tomorrow.’
Mangra tom. Ranchi go -ind -3sg
b. * Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -ij -e. (‘Mangra would go to Ranchi tomorrow.’) c. * Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -eq -e. (‘Mangra would go to Ranchi tomorrow.’) d. * Mangra gapa Ranhci sen-gi -eq -e. (‘Mangra would GO to Ranchi tomorrow.’) e. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen-gi - q -e. ‘Mangra would GO to Ranchi tomorrow.’
ȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉȺȕɞ -a ɁᡀȾेЫȨɟɞɁɂ -eq ȺɂȽȢ -q ȳȤȳȟᴩȦɟɂɗɂ
ɝ Emphasis Marker -gi Ɂಏීᬩ -i ȟ schwa Ɂ -e- ɥŽ˨ంȠžȬɞȞɜȳȻ९șǿ ǽᆬȞȾ (20a-e) ɁɛșȾᴩࢷɥ -gi “Emph.” ȺછएȬɞȦȻȺژటᄑȾпȹɁӦञɥ ᄽᝢศȝɛɆፖศɁȼȴɜȺɕΈșȦȻȟȺȠɞɛșȾȽɞǿȪȞȪᴩ-gi ɂȕȢɑȺ
Emphatic Particle Ⱥȕɞ:
(21) a. Mangra gapa mandzi jom -eq -e. ‘Mangra would eat rice tomorrow.’
b. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen-gi -q -e. ‘Mangra would GO to Ranchi tomorrow.’
ᆬȞȾᴩ ȈፖศȉȻȗș “mood” ȾᩜȪȹɂ (21a) ɕ (21b) ɕߦኄȳȟᴩҰᐐȟŽऐᝩ᚜
းžȺȕɞɁȾߦȪȹऻᐐɂպȫፖศɁౕюȾɂȕȶȹɕɗɂɝŽऐᝩ᚜းžȺȕɞȦȻ Ⱦ۰ɢɝɂȽȗɁȳǿፀࠈɁȻȦɠᴩ (21a) Ȼ (21b) ɂʁʽʫʒʴɵʵȽᩜΡȾɂȽȗᴩȻȗ șȦȻȾȽɞǿͷȻȞᴩȦɁɸʭʍʡɥڋɔɜɟȽȗɕɁȳɠșȞ?
3.3. ムンダ語に於ける e/o-Ablaut は Transitivity をマークする !
ǽȦȦȺӨಘȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞɁȟᴩᗵ̢ (2009; 2014) Ⱥጳ̿ȪȲ “Ablaut” ȻȗșᴩԱඔȺ ъټᄑȾᜊߔȨɟɞး៎ȺȕɞǿȦɁȈීᬩ̬ఉȉɁʁʃʐʪȟԱඔȺژటᄑȾɂᣲ
ศ˨ɁʫɵʕʄʪȺȕɞɁȻպറᴩʪʽʊȾஂȗȹɕ [± transitive] ȾᩜȪȹӦञɥ
̠ȗȾᩜᣵȸȤɞᴩ“lexical mechanism” ȻȪȹൡᑤȪȹȗɞɁȺȕɞ:
(22) a. Mangra gapa mandzi jom -e(-gi) -qe. ‘Mangra would eat (EAT) rice tomorrow.’
b. * Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -e(-gi) -qe. (‘Mangra would go (GO) to Ranchi tom.’) c. Mangra gapa mandzi sen -o(-gi) -qe. ‘Mangra would go (GO) to Ranchi tom.’
ԱඔȻպറᴩ e vs. o ɁߦȺʨ˂ɹȨɟɞ Ablaut ɂʪʽʊȺɕʡʷʊɹʐɭʠȽʫɵ ʕʄʪȺȕɝᴩҰᐐɂͅӦञɁࢷȾᣵፖȪȹᴩȰȪȹऻᐐɂᒲӦञɁࢷȾ͇
ӏȨɟȹᒲͅɁߦɥʨ˂ɹȬɞǿȦɟɜɁȈᢷȉɥ epenthesis Ȼસțȹ˨ૡ (20b-d) Ⱥ
schwa -e ɥӦࢷȾષоȪɛșȻȪȹࠅȢȪȢȫȶȲɁɂϡȾᴩߦ៎ȟట఼ᴩᒲӦञ
ȺȕȶȲȾɕકɢɜȭᴩͅӦञɁکնȻպറᴩͅӦढɁ -e(q) ɥષоȪɛșȻȪȲȞ ɜȾͅȽɜȽȗǿᒲӦञȾᢷȬɌȠȳȶȲɁɂᴩͅӦढɁ -e(q) ȺɂȽȢᴩᒲӦ
ढɁ -o(q) ȳȶȲɁȺȕɞǿ
Ǝᴫ ȈፀȉȾ͍țȹ
ǽȞȽɝɁᝁᚐ᧷ɂᎱɝᣌȪȲȟᴩҰኮɑȺɁឰᝲɥᣮȫᴩʪʽʊɁӦްढȾஂȗȹ
ӦञɁࢷȻᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ -a ȻȾયɑɟȹးɢɟɞᴥᄽᝢศɁکնᴦᴩɕȪȢɂඑ ᕶȬɞᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ -a Ⱦ͍ɢȶȹးɢɟɞᴥፖศɁکնᴦᴩɝୟțȭ “epenthesis”
Ȼ९ȪȠීᬩɁৰȟɹʍɷʴȻ๙ȞɆ˨ȟȶȹȠȲǿటሟɥ፻ɔજɞȾछȲɝᴩ͏˩Ⱥɂ
̾وɁឰᝲȟҢᤎȪȲࢃȪछȲȶȹɁፀᝲɥɑȻɔȲ˨ȺᴩˢȪȲȳȤȺɂཟɁțȽ ȗፋᢷး៎ɁࢼȷȞɁណɥɔȹɝ˨ȥᴩʪʽʊɁ୫ศᄑͶጕȾஂȗȹɂ Transitivity Ɂകॡȟ୫ศԇȨɟȹȗɞȻȗșৰȻܩͷȽɞൡᄑᩜΡɥધȶȹȗɞɁȞɥᴩɁȈഫ ᣲᄑൡᑤॴȉɁᜊཟȞɜ๙ȠधɝȾȪȲȗǿ
4.1. ムンダ語に於ける “Transitivity” は「文法のカテゴリー」である !!
ǽӦञɁᇉȬ “Transitivity” ɁߦȾચȶȹ̬ఉȬɞ -e(q)- ~ -o(q)- ɁීᬩɂȰɟȱɟ
ᆬȾԖґȨɟɞ֞ᝲᄑകॡ (“semantic features”) ɥ »signifié« Ⱦધȴᴩeuphonic Ƚ epen-
thesis ȺɂȕɝीȭᴩʪʽʊȾஂȗȹɂ:
(23) A. Transitive B. Intransitive a. »signifiant«: -e(q) -o(q)
b. »signifié«: transitive intransitive
ȻȗșɈșȾߦȬɞᴩ̝ȷɁȪȲȈᜤհȉȻસțɞɌȠȦȻɂɜȞȺȕɠșǿ ȗɢəɞ »signifiant« ȟ ӦञటͶ˨ȾᄽᴩးɢɟɞɢȤȺɂȽȗȟґࢎɂȦɟȾߦȬ ɞȈᢷȉȺȕɝᴩ»signifié« ɁɕӦञɁԨȽɞ֞ᄑ features ȰɁɕɁȺɂȽȢᴩ
юകॡȺȕɞȦɟɜɁ features ɥȈȪᇉȬൡᑤȉȻȗșᴩъټᄑȽȈ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȉ Ⱥȕɞǿ
ǽͶጕ˨ɁͱᏚȸȤȾȷȗȹɕᴩ˵ᐐɂɔȹႆႇᄑȽʁʃʐʪɥȪᴩρȁɁञȾ ฉԇȪȲ lexical items ȾِɁʫɵʕʄʪȻɂᝓឧȪȾȢȗȦȻȞɜᴩʪʽʊȾஂȤɞ ȦɁ Ablaut ɁʁʃʐʪɂȈ์ႆȉɛɝɓȪɠȈ๊ႊȉȻસțɞɌȠȺɂȽȗȞ? ȦɟɜɁ
ᢷȟးɢɟȽȗʚʴɲ˂ʁʱʽɁސ٣ȾȷȗȹɂᴩɗɂɝȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉȺȕɞ ȾɛɞŽ΄֘žȻȗșˢሗɁ defectiveness ɥᐎțȲɜȗȗǿ᪨ᴩ-a ɁးɢɟȽȗፖศ
Ⱦஂȗȹ -e(q) vs. -o(q) Ɂߦȟ٣ԇȪɗȬȗɁɕȰșȪȲျႏȾɛɞɕɁȻ९ɢɟɞȪᴩ
͑ȾᄽᝢศȺȕȶȹɕछᝉᢷȟ Emphasis Marker Ɂ -gi ȾɛȶȹȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉ -a ȞɜґᫌȨɟɞŽऐᝩढžɁȟ˵ᢷɁސ٣ɥ٣ԇȨȮɗȬȗɁɕպȫျႏȾɛɞǿ ǽటሟቼˢኮȺകᛵɥᇉȪᴩ˨ȺɕൡᄑᣵᩜȾȷȗȹᇉȪȲᴩʪʽʊɁፋᢷͶጕ˨Ɂ ណɕᴩ ȈʪʽʊȻɂ Transitivity ɁߦɥρȁɁञʶʣʵȺɕȊ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȋȻȪ ȹᇉȬȺȕɞȉȻȗș᭒ټᝲᄑᜊཟȞɜȷɔᄽȬȦȻȺᴩ۾۹ୣɁŽណžɂˢમȾᜓ
ขȬɞɂȭȳǿ͏˩ȺɂȰșȪȲណɁˢȾᴩɔȹбɥछȹɞȦȻȻȪȲȗǿ
4.2. 自動詞形の Ž 活用語尾 ž は *-e(q) ではなく -o(q) !!
ǽஒȾͷ࣊ɕᇉȪȲɛșȾᴩӦञɁࢷȾፖȬɞීᬩɂछᝉӦɁᇉȬ Transitivity ȾिȶȹŽ๊ႊžȬɞǿͅӦढɁ -e- ɥɞȻढৰ˨ᴩͷȻȽȢ schwa ɥभरȻȨȮɞ
epenthesis ɁɛșȾ९ȗᣅɒɗȬȗȟᴩȦɟɥᒲӦञȾᢷȬɞȻขɑȶȹ୫ศᄑȻ
ȽȶȹȪɑș:
(24) a. * Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -e -qe. (‘Mangra would go to Ranchi tomorrow.’) b. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -o -qe. ‘Mangra would go to Ranchi tomorrow.’
ɑȲ˩ȺɕɔȹଊȬɞɛșȾᴩᒲӦढȾ๊ႊȨȮȲ᚜းɂ࿑ȾञԇȪɗȬȢᴩͶ ጕᄑȾɕȪȲͱᏚȸȤȻȪȹŽ์ႆञžȻឧȨɟɞȦȻȞɜᴩߦȾȕɞͅӦ
ढɁʚ˂ʂʱʽɂᣡȾŽژటञžɁɛșȾɞͅӦढȾᢷȨɟɞ -e(q) ɂͺȾ epenthesis ȻɁԱ៎ɥ˫țȟȴȳǿɗɂɝᴩʪʽʊɁ Ablaut ɕɼʵʨʽɁҤʁʃʐʪɥ ഫȬɞ Ablaut ȻպറᴩɷʋʽȻȈ๊ႊȉɁʫɵʕʄʪɥഫኳȬɞȻᝓឧȪȽȤɟɃȽɜ ȽȗɁȺɂȽȗȞ?
4.3. 接辞 -oq をとる自動詞形バージョンの多くは Lexicalise されて -og の語尾を示す !!
ǽᓦȢᅺɜɟȹȗɞɛșȾᴩʪʽʊɁۦᩐᨎᬩɂఞȺᩐᨎȟᜓȞɟȭȾᴩȗɢəɞ
“checked plosives” ȻȪȹᄉᬩȨɟɞȟᴩᢅՠᖢᩐᨎᬩ -g ȳȤɂᄑȾɂᴥ̝ʬ˂ʳᄑȾ ᄉᬩȨɟȹᩖȾ /ݦ/ [glottal stop] ȟоɞᴦۦᩌᩐᨎᬩȻȪȹщးԇȨɟɞᴥOsada 1992; ᩋ ႎ 2001ᴦǿᛵȬɞȾᴩႱȽȶȲ፥ɝɁ ¼-oq¾ Ȼ ¼-og¾ ɂژటᄑȾպȫᄉᬩȻɕȽɞɢȤȳǿ ǽ˨ȺɕଊȪȹȠȲȦȻȳȟᴩ -oq ɥᢷȻȪȹȻɞ۹ȢɁᒲӦȟρҝȾञԇȨɟᴩ ᄽᝢศȺɂ -oq ȟŽ์ႆࠆžȻȽȶȹ -og ȻᄉᬩȨɟɞ: 19)
(25) a. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -oq -ij -e. ‘Mangra would go to Ranchi tomorrow.’
b. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen -oq -a -e. ‘Mangra will go to Ranchi tomorrow.’
c. Mangra gapa Ranhci senog -a -e. ‘Mangra will go to Ranchi tomorrow.’
ൡᑤᄑȾ (25b) Ȼ (25c) ɂպȫȳȟᴩlexicalise ȨɟȹࢷȻˢͶԇȪȹȗɞȈᒲӦԇȉ
ᢷɂ -og Ȼ፥ȶȹ /ܳ/ ɁᄉᬩȟႆȠɞɛșᴩژటᄑȾᄽᝢศȺɁɒႊȗɞȦȻȻȪȲȗǿȲȳᴩ ȦɁɛșȾᒲӦढʚ˂ʂʱʽɁɒȟ lexicalise ȨɟȹȪɑșȻᴩȦɟȟͅӦढȻȈ๊ႊȉ ȻȗșౕጸɒȺൡᄑȾᎢȟȶȹȗɞȻȗșȟȺȠȾȢȢȽȶȹȪɑșȦȻɂᆬȞȳɠ șǿȦșȽɞȻᴩʪʽʊȾஂȤɞ [± transitive] ȾᩜȬɞ Ablaut-System ȟൡᑤॴɥઆίȪ ȹȗɞȻȗșৰɂɑȬɑȬᝓឧȪȾȢȢȽɝᴩፀࠈɁȻȦɠȦɁɁͶጕॴɁੰ૱Ⱦɕ
ႃ۾Ƚୈ᪩ɥ఼ȬȦȻȻȽɠșǿɗɂɝᴩ࿑ȾȈ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȉȾȷȗȹɂࢠȾȈɥ
ഫȬɞᜤհȉȺȕɞȻȗșటɥᡍɑțȹȝȞȽȤɟɃȽɞɑȗǿ
4.4. 「他者による意思」を示す keae は他動詞形でしかなく，自動詞形は koae である !!
ǽႊศȾȷȗȹɂᩖɁࢃȟ༜ȪȗȦȻɕਖ਼ͤȶȹȞᴩ ȈͅᐐȾɛɞॖఝ఼ȉɥʨ˂ɹ ȪȹᔐȾஂȤɞᝈศɁӒӦ shall ȾᄾछȬɞ keae ȟͅӦढȺȪȞȽȗȻȗșৰɂȽ ȞȽȞੰ૱ȨɟȾȢȗɛșȳǿᇹɕᩋȗȦȻᴩȦɁढৰȟͷᴩᒲӦञȻцᠭȪȽȗȞ ᄒᄻᴩछȟ͇ȞȽȞȶȲˢ̷Ⱥȕɞǿ
ǽᒲӦႊɁႱढৰȟސ٣ȬɞȻȗșŽျᝲᄑུ॒ॴžȾ͇ȗȲɁɂᴩӦɁञ᚜းɥ ֆɔᴩʪʽʊɁӦ᚜းɂژటᄑȾ۶ȽȢᴩࢠȾᒲͅɁߦɥढৰᄑȾᇉȬɞȻȗș ഫᣲՁҬȟʁʝɬȾᤠަȨɟȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗᴩȻȗșৰȟɗȶȻɁȦȻ᭬ɒᣅɔȹȞɜ ɁȦȻȳȶȲǿȰɁ֞ȺɂᴩȰɟɂɔȹఊᣋɁȦȻȽɁȳȟᴩͅɁɬʃʤɹʒӒӦɁ
ɛșȾ -n vs. -d ȻȗșӦࢷɥ፻ɔજɞފᬩȾɛɞढৰᄑߦȟᇉȮȽȗ keae ɁᒲӦ
ढႱढৰȟ koae ȻȽɞȻȗșཟɂᆬȞȾᄼཟȳȶȲȞɕᅺɟȽȗǿ
ǽȪȞȪȽȟɜᴩˢஔȦɁȦȻɥᝓឧȪȹȪɑțɃᴩ k-e-ae “shall/tr” vs. k-o-ae “shall/itr”
ɂɔȹʁʽʫʒʴɵʵȾߦख़Ȫȹȗȹᴩ Ablaut Ɂߦɕ᪨ȶȹȗɞ :
(26) a. Mangra gapa kitab kiring k -e -a -e. ‘Mangra shall buy a book tomorrow.’
b. * Mangra gapa Ranhci sen k -e -a -e. (‘Mangra shall go to Ranchi tomorrow.’) c. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen k -o -a -e. ‘Mangra shall go to Ranchi tomorrow.’
ᎱɝᣌȬȟᴩʪʽʊɂᛵȬɞȾᴩ -n ~ -d ȻȗȶȲࢷఞފᬩȾɛɞ alternation Ⱥȕɟ -o ~ -e ȻȗȶȲ Ablaut ᄑීᬩ̬ఉȺȕɟᴩȕɜəɞਖ਼ɥࠅȢȪȹ Transitivity Ɂߦɥ
ᇉȬɞȽɁȳǿȦɁɂඩȾᴩ“Transitivity” ȻȗșᴩɝୟțȭȈञᝲᄑȉ֞
˨ɁകॡȺȪȞȽȗɁࠖॴɥȈ୫ศԇȉȪȹȗɞɁȺȕɞǿȦșȪȲ̜ৰɎȼᴩ Ȉ୫ศ Ɂɵʐɾʴ˂ȉɁഫᣲᄑൡᑤॴɁᛵॴɥᚾంȠȪȹȗɞးɂȕɞɑȗǿ
4.5. 「計画未来」という迂言用法で用いられるアスペクト助動詞 tanae は自動詞形でしかない !!
ǽҰኮȺŽណᜓȠžɥȪȲ k-e-ae vs. k-o-ae ɁץᭉȳȟᴩȦɁʤɬȟᇉȬߦɥੰ૱ȬɞȦ ȻɁʫʴʍʒɂᴩ ȈɬʃʤɹʒӒӦȉȻȗșᣵȺ -n vs. -d ɁߦȳȤȟ Transitivity Ɂࢃ
ႱɥͶးȺȠɞɁȺɂ... ? ȻȗȶȲಏચɁȽȗఙशɥઝȪȹȢɟɞཟȾȕɞǿ
ǽቼˢኮȺɕ᜔ɟȲȈ႕ఝ఼ȉɁᣇႊศȺᤜᤃȬɞፋᢷᝲ˨ɁŽណžȾɂᴩፀᄑȾɕ
ɗɂɝᄾछᴩળɝوȨɟȲȟᴩ̾ȞɜᐎțɟɃᴩ˩ȺᣖɌɞɛșȾ taqae Ȼȗșɬʃʤɹʒ
ӒӦɁސ٣ȻȰɁൡᑤȾȷȗȹɑȺȞȽɝгȾᝓឧȪȹȗȽȟɜᴩጶȱ ta-n-ae vs. ta-q-
ae (“to be planning to ...” ) Ȼȗș alternation Ɂސ٣Ⱦ͇ȢȦȻȟȺȠȽȞȶȲᴩᆅሱᐐȻ
Ȫȹȕɞ֞Ⱥɂ۾ɥȪȲᄾਖ਼Ⱥȕɞ:
(27) a. Mangra gapa Ranhci sen tanae. ‘Mangra is going to (go to) Ranchi tom.’
b. * Mangra gapa kitab kiring tanae. (‘Mangra is going to buy a book tomorrow.’) c. Mangra gapa kitab kiring taqae. ‘Mangra is going to buy a book tomorrow.’
ቼˢኮȺɕᔐȺɁ John is coming ɗ John is going to send a letter ȻȗȶȲŽʛʳʶʵžȾ
ՒȬɞȦȻȺᴩᒲӦञɁҤȾߦȬɞȕɞ֞ȺɁŽᜆ֪ॴžɥɠșȻȪȹȗȲᜭ ȳȟᴩᖢɥᩒȤȹɒɟɃʪʽʊɁɬʃʤɹʒӒӦ ta-n-ae ɂஒȾढৰᄑȾ -n ɥюӿȪȹ ȗȹᴩఊқȞɜͅӦञȻцᠭȬɞժᑤॴȽȼпȢᇉȪȹȗȽȞȶȲɁȺȕɞǿᣡȾ ta-
q-ae ɁɂᒲӦञȻцᠭȪȽȗȦȻɂșɑȺɕȽȗǿ 20)
ǽ˨Ⱥɕɝ˨ȥȲ patzi em tanae ‘to be going to give a party’ (= 8c) ɁɛșȾᴩᆬȞȾࢼȷ ȞɁ۶ɕරȶȹɂȗɞȟᴩȦȦɑȺɁឰᝲɥᣮȫȹȈʪʽʊɂпͶጕɥᣮȫȹᴩඩȾ
Transitivity ɥൡᢉȾൡᑤȬɞȺȕɞȉཟᴩԚґȾጞीȪȹᬯȤɞȦȻȻ९șǿ 21)
4.6. 語彙レベルの [ ± transitive] をマークする e/o-Ablaut が脱落しやすい理由
ǽఊऻȾᴩ Ȉʪʽʊɂ Transitivity ȾᩜȪȹŽ๊ႊžȬɞȺȕɞȉȻɁᝓឧȟͷᴩˢ ᓐԇȪȽȞȶȲȞȾȷȗȹᴩዊԨȾɑȻɔȹȝȠȲȗǿቼˢᏲᄑȾɂঃɜȢᴩȰɟɂϡȾ
ञʶʣʵɁ [± transitive] ɥʨ˂ɹȬɞ e/o-Ablaut ᒲͶȟᑱᕶȪɗȬȗȦȻȾࠅȠɞȻ९șǿ
˨Ⱥͷ࣊ɕᇉȪȹȠȲɛșȾᴩ࿑Ⱦ -e(q) vs. -o(q) ȻȗșץᭉɁᢷȾȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉ -a ȟፖȢɻ˂ʃɂ unmarked ȺȕɝᴩȰɦȽᴩȦɟɜɁᢷɂዊԨȾŽ᭬ɒᣅɑɟȹȪɑ șžɁȳǿ
ǽȾᆅሱᐐɁݎӯȻȪȹɂᴩȗȢɜ Transitivity ȾᩜȪȈഫᣲᄑൡᑤॴȉɥӿજᄑȾւ֞
ȪɛșȻɂȪȹɕᴩȼșȪȹɕञᄑߦȾɌɞȻ Grammatical Agreement ɁȾឧȟ ᚐȶȹȪɑșϿտȟᠴȾȽȶȹɞȞɕᅺɟȽȗǿঃɜȢᴩਾȁȟ Agreement ɥᤈ۾ΙȪ ȬȡȹȗȲȠɜȗɂȕɞɛșȳ:
(28) a. * Nia daqa -ke nu -i -a -ko. (‘This water is drinkable.’) b. Nia daqa -ke nu -e -a -ko. ‘This water is drinkable.’
this water -obj drink -tr -ind -3pl
ǽ̾وɁᝩ౼ɥȟɝȽɝȾɕȈጞीɁȗȢፀȉȾፀɆȷȤȲɕɁȟȕɞȻȬɟɃᴩȰɟ
ɂͷɛɝɕᴩਾȁȟᄽᴩᩜ॑ɥȗȹȗɞߦ៎Ȼ᚜ᬂᄑȾɂ࿑ᴩൡᄑȽᩜɢɝȟț
ȽȗɛșȽᴩ Ž̥ጯȽး៎žȺɕпӌȺɝጸɦȳȻȗșᴩਾȁɁஓࢠȞɜȬɟɃȈछȲɝ
ҰɁȦȻȉȳȶȲɛșȾ९șǿȶȹɒɟɃᴩȕɞ֞ȺɁȈ۶ȉɁɕȲɜȬȈᅊȉ ... ǿ
ɗȶɄɝ۾̜ȾȪȽȤɟɃ... ᴩȻ̾ɁɛșȾ॑Ȟɜ९ș... ǿ
า
1) టሟȺɝ˨ȥɞʪʽʊʑ˂ʉɂᴩኂᐐȟᤈՍ 10 ࢳɎȼȾ̤ȶȹᪿȪȹȠȲᴩࢳᳮȟး٣ 30 ͍
ऻԡȾȽɞɮʽʟɳ˂ʨʽʒȟ૬ΖȬɞɕɁȺᴩȻȪȹɂʔɺʴȾࠖȬȻᐎțɜɟɞᴥ cf. ᩋ ႎ 2001 ᴦǿ
2) Ӧञ sen- ‘to walk’ ȾɂȪȞȪᴩȾɛȶȹɂɛɝնျᄑȾɂȈͅӦȉȻȪȹȪȞᜓɁȪ
ɛșɁȽȗႊศɕȕɞȟᴩȦȦȺɂȦɟ͏˨ᴩȴоɜȽȗᴥ cf. ᗵ̢ 2014 ᴦǿ
3) ۹ȢɁ Ergative Languages ȽȼȻպറᴩ Mnd. goj ‘to die, to kill’ ȾɕᒲӦˁͅӦɁ˵Ɂႊศȟ ȕɞȟᴩȦȦȺɂȦɟ͏˨ᴩȦɁץᭉȾɂȴоɜȽȗȦȻȾȬɞǿǿ
4) Ӧञ᚜းᴥ˨ૡ 2a-d Ⱥɂ goj ɕȪȢɂ nir ᴦȾȈऐᝩȉᴥႊᝲᄑȈཱིཟȉᴦɥ֞Ȭɞ -gi Ƚ
ȼɁᢷȟ͇ӏȨɟᴩፖȗȹҤɗɬʃʤɹʒɥൈᇉȬɞʨ˂ɵ˂ɂᬩᬬᄑȾɕґȨɟीɞȦ ȻȽȼȞɜటሟȺɂȦɟɜɁढৰጨɥΠ˨ᴩ ȈӒӦȉȻͱᏚȸȤɞȟᴩȦɟɥȰșȪȲʃʷʍ ʒɥڋɔɞԨȽɞȈ˹ᢷȉȻસțɞȦȻɕछུᴩժᑤȺɂȕɞᴥ cf. Osada 1992, ᩋႎ 2001 ᴦǿ
5) (2b) Ⱥɂछᝉފᬩȟ -j- ȻȽȶȹȗɞȟᴩȦɟɂట఼ᴩͅӦഫᣲɥʨ˂ɹȬɞ -d ȾᴩᄻᄑɁ
֞ᄑࠖॴȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉɥʨ˂ɹȬɞᢷ -i- ȟ͇ӏȨɟɞȦȻȺ -d ᴻ -j ȻȗșˢሗɁ palatalisa- tion ɥᠭȦȪȲፀȺȕɞȻȽȬȦȻȟȺȠɞǿ᪨ᴩᄻᄑɁᇉȬ୫ศ˨ɁୣȟȈՔୣȉȺȕ ɟɃɬʃʤɹʒˁʨ˂ɵ˂Ɂढৰɂ kad-kin ᴩ ȈᛓୣȉȺȕɟɃ kad-ko ȻȽȶȹట఼Ɂ -d ȟे๊Ȭ ɞǿ
6) ᪨ᴩ (2a) ȟᇉȬŽᒲӦᄑž nir ɂ “to escape” ᴩ (2b) ɁŽͅӦᄑž nir ɂ “to jog” Ȼȗș᭛Ⱦᴩ˵
ᐐɁࢃႱɂञᄑȾɕࣳҝȨɟɞߦ៎ȺȕȶȹᴩͶጕᄑȾ˵ᐐɂȰɟȱɟŽȪȲᜤհž ȻҜȬɞȪȞȽȗǿțɃᔐȺɂ to escape vs. to jog ȻञᄑȾ᚜ҋȨɟɞ૫ќߦ៎ɁԖґɥᴩ ʪʽʊɂԨȾ intr. vs. tr. Ȼȗș᭛ȾȈ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȉȻȪȹŽ๊ႊžȨȮȹȗɞȳȤȾᤈȡ ȽȗɁȺȕɞǿ
7) ɕȴɠɦɁȦȻᴩȦȦȺșȈञᝲᄑߦȉȻȗșകॡȺᴩᜤᣖߦ៎ɥ “lexicalise” ȬɞȻȗș
֞ȺɁȈञԇȪȲ᚜းȉȾ᪅ްȬɞɕɁȺɂȽȗǿ
8) ȦɁ᪅ɝȺɂ᪨ᴩ urui ‘to be ill’ (or: ‘to make ill’) vs. urui-oq ‘to become ill’, jaga ‘to be tired’ (or: ‘to make tired’) etc. ȟᇉȬɛșȾɔȹႆႇᄑȺȕɝᴩ goj ‘to kill’ vs. gojog ‘to die’ ɁɛșȾᄽᄑȾ
ͅӦञɥᒲӦԇȪȲɝ tain ‘to live, stay’ vs. tainog ‘to live’ ɗ sen ‘to go’ senog ‘to go’ Ɂɛș ȾҋᄉཟȻȽɞӦᒲͶȟஒȾञᄑȾᒲӦȺȕɝᴩᄑȾɂ˪॒ᛵȽɻ˂ʃȺɕᜊߔȨɟ ȲɝȻᴩ์ႆᢷȻȪȹɁ -oq ɂȰɁႱढৰȺȕɞ -og ɥֆɔȹʪʽʊȺɂ۹ႊȨɟɞǿ
9) టሟȺɂᴩӦɁްढɥऀႊȬɞکնᴩ࿑ȾɜȽȗ᪅ɝȈᄽᝢศး٣ȉɁȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉɁढৰɥ
ЭȹɞǿץᭉɁᣇႊศȺႊȗɜɟɞ tanae ɂ ta-n-a-e ȻґȺȠᴩ ta- ȟȈఝީ̘ȉɁɬʃʤɹ ʒɥʨ˂ɹȬɞࢷȺፖȢ -n- ȟȈᒲӦॴȉɥᇉȪᴩ -a ɂȈᄽᝢศȉɁʨ˂ɵ˂ᴩȰȪȹఞɁ
-e ȟ Subject Agreement ɁᢷȺȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉȾᄾछȬɞǿ
10) టሟȺɂȢᣜȬɞȦȻɂȪȽȗȟᴩʪʽʊȾ୫ศɁɵʐɾʴ˂ȻȪȹъټᄑȽȈҤȉɁക
ॡɥछȹɂɔɞɁɂᔌࢱᴩᫍȪȗǿȦȦȺȈး٣ҤȉȻȗșɂțɃ naqa ‘right now’ ȻᴩȰ ȪȹȈఝ఼ҤȉɁکնɂțɃ gapa ‘tomorrow’ ኄȻȰɟȱɟȈцᠭȬɞȉȻȗșሌ࣊Ɂ֞Ⱥ
ႊȗɞȦȻȻȬɞǿ
11) ȦȦȺɂȦɟ͏˨ᴩᣜȬɞȦȻɂȪȽȗȟᴩ naqa ‘(right) now’ ɥΈȶȲ (4a) ɂ ‘Mangra is about
to start for Ranchi’ Ȼȗș֞ȾɕȽɝᴩ ȈӦञ + tanae ȉɁᣇ᚜းɂɬʃʤɹʒȾᩜȪȹژ
టᄑȾ ambiguous ȻɕțɞǿȰșᐎțɞȻᴩ (4b) ɁȈ႕ఝ఼ȉɂȈધፖᄾȉɁɬʃʤɹʒȟ
ԨȾ gapa ‘tomorrow’ Ƚȼఝ఼ɥᇉȬᩖ᚜းȻԨȾцᠭȪȽȗȳȤᴩȻȗșျᜓɕժᑤȳǿ
12) ȦɁႊɂᗵ̢ (2014) Ⱥ߳оȪȲǿ
13) ȦɁӒӦɁႊศȾᩜȪȹɂᴩպȫʪʽʊȺɕȞȽɝɁࢃȟȕɞɜȪȢᴩțɃ Osada (1992)
ɗᩋႎ (2001) Ⱥɂ Eng. shall ɥᣵȬɞɛșȽൡᑤȾȷȗȹɂՒȨɟȹȗȽȗǿȲȳᴩᔐȺ
ɕ࿑ȾɬʫʴɵɁʚʴɲ˂ʁʱʽȺɂᴩȦșȪȲ shall ɁȈᴥ̷ͅȾɛɞᴦॖఝ఼ȉɂɮɸʴʃ
ᔐɎȼ࿑ौᄑȺɂȽȗᴩȻȨɟɞǿᴥ᪨ᴩȦșȪȲൡᑤȺɁ
shall
ɂɮɸʴʃᔐȺɕȈፖศᤈՍȉ
should
ɁढৰɥȻɞکնȟ۹ȗǿᴦ14)
ӦɁढৰuruy
ɂᴩढৰᝲᄑȾґȬɟɃurui-i
ȻȽɝᴩఊқɁ-i
ɂӦࢷɥഫȬɞɁȾߦȪᴩऻɠɁ
-i
ɂ“Object Agreement”
ɥᇉȬᢷȺȈ˧̷ለˁԨୣȉɥʨ˂ɹȬɞǿȲȳᴩպȫ-i-
ȟ̝ᣵፖȬɞȦȻȞɜᴩᜁ˨ɁᜊཟȾɛɝᴥʟʳʽʃኄȺᡇȨɟɞɛșȾᴦటሟȺɂȦɟɥ ¼
y
¾ Ⱥ͍ఉȬɞȦȻȻȪȲǿ15)
ɬʃʤɹʒӒӦɁȦɁढৰɂᴩ注 5ȺɕᇉȪȲɛșȾᴩled-i-a-e
ȻґȺȠᴩȈީ̘ȉɥʨ˂ɹȬɞࢷɥ፻ɔȢȢɞފᬩȟ
-d
ȻȽȶȹȗɞȦȻȞɜɕȈͅӦढȉȺȕɞȦȻȟቇțɞǿፖȢ-i
ɂᄻᄑȟȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉȺȕɞȦȻɥᇉȬȟᴩछུȽȟɜȦɁᢷɂᴩᄻᄑɁȈ̷ለˁୣȉȾिȶȹ
-kin, -ko; -m, -iny ...
Ȼ๊ႊȬɞǿᴥӒӦɁࢷled-
ɂ-i
ɁऻፖȺlij-
ȻŽ۰ᬩžȬɞǿᴦ16)
᪨ᴩkitab ‘book’
ɥଥȪȲɑɑŽ̝ȷᄻɁᄻᄑžɥȻȶȹSomri-ke kitab przhao-i-ae ‘teaches
Somri’
ȻȗȶȲᴩȕɞሗɁȈ̝ᄻᄑഫ୫ȉȟ୫ศᄑȾժᑤȺȕɞǿᴥछུȽȟɜᴩӦȾᢷȨɟȲ
-i-
ɂ֞ᄑࠖॴȻȪȹɁ[+ animate]
ɥᇉȬSomri
ɁɥȬǿᴦ17)
ࢷȟފᬩȺጶɢɞӦञȺɂܩͷȽɞepenthesis
ȟᠭȦɞɁȞȾȷȗȹɂऻᣖȬɞǿ18)
ᩒීᬩ-a
ȺɝȷȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉɂȾᴩȈ˧̷ለԨୣȉɥʨ˂ɹȬɞట఼Ɂ{iq}
ɥ/e/
ɋȻŽऍԇžȨȮȹȗɞ
(cf. Ger. Brechung/a-Umlaut)
ǿ19)
ፖศȺɂීᬩȺܿɑɞȈᄽᝢศɁʨ˂ɵ˂ȉ-a
ȟፖȞȽȗɁȺ-oq
ɁᄉᬩɂژటᄑȾ۰ɢɜȽȗǿ20)
ɕȴɠɦɁȦȻᴩͅӦढɁႱढৰɁɂࢷɥ፻ɔજɞފᬩȻȪȹ-d
ɥᇉȪȹȝɜȭᴩȰɁ֞ȺɂᆬȞȾъټᄑȺɂȽȗǿȪȞȪᴩͬȲɂ
le-n-ae vs. la-q-ae
ኄɕސ٣ȬɞȦȻȾӏțᴩऻᐐ ɂțɃʙɿʊȺɂle-n-ae vs. le-d-ae
ȻȗșɔȹʁʽʫʒʴɵʵȽߦɥᇉȪȹȗɞཟȽȼᴩ֚ᣃȞɜɿʧ˂ʒȨɟɞ
evidence
Ⱦɂ̜එȞȽȗǿ21)
టሟȺɂɕșɝ˨ȥȽȗȟᴩቼˢኮȺՒȪȲBenefactive Focus
ȽȼɁʫɵʕʄʪɥ΄ႊȬɞȦȻȺȈ႕ఝ఼ȉɂŽᒲӦॴžɥᯚɔᴩпͶȻȪȹȕɞሗɁȈᒲӦഫ୫ȉɥഫኳȬɞ
