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剛(京大)

[email protected]

森浩二(宮崎大),幸村孝由(工学院),田中孝明(京大)

中島真也,松村英晃(京大),武田彩希,新井康夫(

KEK

20131213_SOI新学術WS_B01_XRPIX_v0.key

計画研究 B01

宇宙最初期ブラックホールの探査 研究を実現する衛星搭載

X 線精密イメージングの開拓

1

(2)

Neal Jackson, STScI and NASA

電波

Chris Carilli and NRAO/AUI

X線

A. Wilson & A. Young, P. Shopbell, CXC, NASA

白鳥座

A

50

万光年

超巨大ブラックホール

(太陽の 100 万倍から 10 億倍)

銀河の中心のブラックホール

銀河とブラックホールの共進化

銀河 : 地球 BH : 砂粒

2

(3)

最も暗いのが初期

BH SOIPIX

CCD

ざらざらは全て 背景ノイズ

学術的背景 3

宇宙初期現在

宇宙最初期

BH =

中質量

BH

第1世代の星

恒星質量

BH

星の合体

原始

BH

これを発見する

超巨大

BH

(4)

Trajectory of particles inside the CCD

Irradiation of 1-MeV electrons onto the CCD

Non X-ray background of Suzaku XIS (BI)

Due to high energy particles on orbit.

4

(5)

X線SOIPIX素子 (スタック) 視野

X線バック グラウンド (宇宙線が作る

2次的放射線)

アクティブ シールド X X

衛星搭載のFPGA・計算機 イベント駆動読み出し

非同時計数 (XBGDの除去) X線エネルギー・位置・時刻計測

1分

SOIPIX :イベント駆動読み出し型

反同時計数

背景ノイズ2桁下げる.

X

線が到達した瞬間にトリガ出力.

アクティブシールドが同時に信号出力 宇宙線だと判断し,捨てる.

アクティブシールドが同時に信号無し X線だと判断し,アナログ信号処理

他の性能:撮像,分光(読み出しノイ

ズ),検出感度は

CCD

と同等(以上).

5

(6)

XRPIX Series - Road Map - 6

XRPIX1 XRPIX1b 2.4 mm 2.4 mm

1.0mm 1.0mm

XRPIX2b 4.5mm

6.0 mm XRPIX2

6.0 mm 4.0mm

First Model Trigger Output

2.9 mm 2.9 mm XRPIX3 XRPIX3b

A-R-Tec PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL 2.4mm 5

2.4mm XRPIX

ΔΣ-type ADC

2.4 mm

Middle Size Buttable

Charge

Sensitive AMP

1.0mm 1.0mm

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

(7)

10μsec

5年間の目標:衛星搭載品を直ちに製造開始 7

項目 目標 現状 テクノロジ

超低

BGD 5e-5 c/s/

keV/10mm

不明 トリガ出力

: OK

アクティブシールド

:

広帯域

0.3 - 40keV 1.5 ? - 40keV >300μm: OK

裏面不感層

0.1μm:

精密分光 要求

<10e-

ゴール

< 3e-

64e- (rms) XRPIX2 SmallPix

True-CDS:

未   プリアンプ

:

Built in ADC:

未  裏面の

CCE

暗電流

<2pA/cm2 200pA/cm2

(-40℃)

回路からの

(?)

リークを下げる

精密撮像

30-60μm 30.6μm,

61.2μm

ピクセル内の

CCE

広視野

20mm

3.9mm

モザイク可能

(XRPIX2b)

デッド領域は出来るだけ小さく.

裏面

CCE: A01

班,二重活性層によるイベント駆動

True-CDS: A02

(8)

1分

チーム( cf. 申請書)

全員X線天文分野,X線

CCD

の経験あり

剛(京大):総括,X線素子開発

森浩二(宮崎):硬

X

線性能評価

幸村孝由(工学院):軟

X

線性能評価

田中孝明(京大):イベントドリブン読み出し,バックグラウ ンド評価

中嶋大(阪大

:

連携):

ADC

FY2014

から,

KEK

武田彩希さんを

PD

として雇用(京大

)

素子・回路等の設計・製作,性能評価

各大学での大学院生.修論

1

/

年(京大)を目指す.

B01

チームで,投稿論文

2

/

年を目指す.

8

(9)

1分

難しいと思っている事

最大の難関:低ノイズ化.要求

=10e-(rms)

,ゴール

=3e- (rms)

逐次読み出しではなく,イベントドリブン読み出しで実現.

トリガも低い閾値ではなければいけない.目標

= 0.3keV

裏面の不感層と電荷収集効率

(CCE)

いくつか有望な方法を試す

1keV

以下のX線の評価

実験室で手軽に強く質の良い軟

X

線を得る方法.

まだ手を付けていない事への不安(暗電流,

BGD

,大型化)

9

(10)

XRPIX の紹介と現在

10

(11)

XRPIX1: Pixel Circuit

STORE

CDS C 100fF Sample C

100fF

Sensor

Trigger output Trigger

CDS

Comparator

CDS _VRST VTH VDD18

PD_VRST

COL_AMP OUT_BUF

SF1 SF2

VDD18

GND18

GND18

Sample /Store

Sensor C

Analog output Analog

Readout

G=1 G=1

TEST_ECA EOXX

11

ピクセル回路

(12)

XRPIX1b-CZ : Event Driven Readout

COL Hit Add. Resister

Ro w H it Ad d. R es is ter

COL Readout ADDR COL Amp

RO W R ea do ut AD D R

TRIG_O O R

TRIG_COL TRIG_ROW

A_OUT

① ②

X-ray !

F P G

A

ADC

Takeda et al., IEEE Accepted (2012)

12

イベント駆動

(13)

TRIG_OUT SCLK

CA[151-0]

RA[151-0]

Trigger !

Address of Triggered Pixel

Trigger Address Readout Clock

Row Column

4μsec

Takeda et al., IEEE (2013)

- Event-driven mode basically operates.

- Capacity of event rate >1kHz.

- The gain is different. There is offset.

- Due to interference between analog and digital circuits

XRPIX2b-CZ : Event-driven Readout Mode 13

Pulse Hight (ch)

X-ray Energy (keV) Event-Driven

5.4 μV/e-

Offset

Frame-Mode 7.0 μV/e-

Fe-55 (5.9keV)

Pulse Hight (ch)

Note: Pixel gain is not calibrated.

Preliminary

Preliminary 22keV X-ray detection

Cd-109

イベント駆動

(14)

XRPIX1b-FZ(2012)-FI (7kΩcm) : Depletion Depth

back_bias 200V

• Counting Rate of 22keV X-ray (Cd-109) as a function of VBB.

(Attenuation Length = 1200μm > Physical Thickness = 500μm.)

• The data follow the expected slope of depletion VBB^1/2.

• Full Depletion of 500μm is reached at VBB=200V.

20130502_matsumura.pdf

Depletion VBB^1/2

14

Preliminary

Physical Thickness 500μm (not 260μm)

Counting Rate of 22keV X-ray

200V

空乏層

(15)

QE of LBNL’s BI-SOIPIX / SOImager-2-CZ-BI

Deplation 73±2μm Dead Layer 0.6±0.2μm

Battaglia+12 NIM-A

これは我々の素子ではなく,同じウェハを使用した別の素子です.

LBNL “Pizza Process” 15

裏面照射

(16)

XRPIX2-CZ-FI (Small Pixel) : Spectrum in the frame mode

Nakashima et al., 2012, NIM A submitted

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0 10 20

0 150

50 100

X-ray Energy (keV)

P ulse H igh t (ch)

XRPIX2 Gain 6.5 µV/e-

XRPIX1 Gain 3.6 µV/e-

Observed Readout

Noise Fano

Noise Pixel-Pixel Gain

Dispersion 1% Sum Cu Kα 656 eV 548 eV (FWHM)

64 e-(rms)

139 eV 255 eV 620 eV

Mo Kα 800 eV

548 eV (FWHM)

64 e-(rms) 205 eV 553 eV 805 eV

PH [ADU]

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

PH [ADU]

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

40 80 120 160

Pulse Hight (ch = 244 µV) 1000

500 1500

C u C oun t

100 200

0 0

M o C oun t

Cu Kα (8.0 keV) Mo Kα (17.4 keV)

Mo Kβ (19.6 keV) 656 eV

FWHM

800 eV FWHM

Readout Noise 100→64e-

16

エネルギー分解能

(17)

Charge Amp Feedback

Capacitance 1fF Sensor

Node

Reset SW

XRPIX3/3b : Pre Amp in Each Pixel 17

• A charge sensitive amp (CSA) in every pixel in order to increase the gain and improve energy resolution.

• CSA is basically the same that developed in another SOIPIX (PIXOR).

• Readout noise = 64e (rms) → ....

Protection Diode

エネルギー分解能

(18)

IEEE NSS/MIC2013

ソウル前日

...

2013/10/26 13:38

       

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Energy (keV)

Co un ts

55

Fe Spectrum

5.9 keV

FWHM : 8 % (470 eV) FWHM : 14 % (830 eV)

6.4 keV

CSA Pixel

Normal Pixel

(solid) : fitting line (dot) : data

.

       

Development of New Circuit for X-ray Astronomical SOI Pixel Detector

Ayaki Takeda (SOKENDAI / KEK) Y.Arai (KEK / IPNS)

T.G.Tsuru, T.Tanaka, S.Nakashima, and H.Matsumura (Kyoto Univ.) For X-ray Astronomy

SOI Pixel Detector (SOIPIX)

Design Specification of XRPIX3

2013 IEEE NSS @ COEX, Seoul, Korea - 2013.10.30 WED -

Summary

- We have been developing SOIPIX for future X-ray astronomical satellite mission.

- A new device, “XRPIX3” was designed in order to improve energy resolution.

- By CSA pixel circuit, we succeeded in the improvement of energy resolution.

Normal -> 14 % (FWHM) , CSA -> 8 % (FWHM) @ 5.9 keV (

55

Fe) - We will optimize CSA circuit for the next design.

Please contact us if you are interested. -> http://rd.kek.jp/project/soi/

mail: yasuo.arai @ kek.jp (Yasuo Arai (PL)), atakeda @ post.kek.jp (Ayaki Takeda)

X-rays

New Circuit

First prototype of XRPIX CSA circuit.

Comparison of Normal and CSA pixel.

(Fabricated Jun, 2013) Components

- Chip Size : 2.9 mm sq.

(Effective Area : 1.0 mm sq. ) - Pixel Size : 30 µ m sq.

- # of Pixel : 32 x 32 (= 1,024)

- Thickness of Sensor Layer : 260 µm - Sensor Wafer : 700 Ω cm

-> Czochralski (CZ) The performance required of a future X-ray astronomical satellite

is the following ...

- FWHM ≤ 140 eV @ 6 keV (Readout Noise ≤ 10 e-) - ≤ 100 µ m pitch pixel

- ~10 µ s per event readout

- Wide energy range : 0.3 - 40 keV

In order to achieve these requirement, we have been developing the SOIPIX

with a trigger information output function.

(Event-Driven Readout mode) -> XRPIX Series

We aim at realization with a spectroscopy system as shown in the right figure.

- A monolithic pixel detector with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) Technology -> 0.2 µ m fully-depleted (FD)-SOI pixel process

Processed by LAPIS Semi. Co. Ltd.

NP02-124

SOIPIX Advantages

- No mechanical bump bonding

-> High density, Low parasitic capacitance, High sensitivity

- Standard CMOS circuits can be built

- Based on industrial standard technology

Basic Components

-> Tr Si Layer : 40 nm, BOX : 200 nm, Sensor Layer : 100 ~ 725 µ m

Column Amp. (COL_AMP) Column Address Decoder

Row Address Decoder

0

31 Column Shift Register (32 bit)

Row Shift Register (32 bit) TRIG_OUT

OR

31

ANALOG OUT

TRIG_ROW

TRIG_COL

32 x 32 Pixel Array 1Pixel = 30 µm x 30 µm

Normal Charge Sensitive

Amp.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Energy (keV)

Pu ls e H ei gh t ( ADU )

Normal Pixel 5.3 µV/e-

CSA Pixel 18.2 µV/e-

Energy Calibration

Our Works with XRPIX

First Results of XRPIX with CSA

The difference between Normal and CSA pixel is a circuit configuration of preceding stage.

- Normal : Source Follower (SF) by Common-Drain of a PMOS transistor

- CSA : CSA by Common-Source of a NMOS transistor and a feedback capacitance (1 fF)

The signal charge can overcome the circuit noise of following stage electronics by CSA.

Then, the readout noise decreases.

We have been developing 4 devices and shown some basic performances.

- X-ray responsivity of XRPIX (SOIPIX) -> XRPIX1/1b [1], [2]

- Difference in pixel size or structure -> XRPIX2 [3]

- Event-Driven readout mode -> XRPIX1b [4]

The basic function of XRPIX is realized by our previous works.

Next step is improvement in spectroscopy performance.

x 3.4 Note : Pixel gain was not calibrated.

ANALOG OUT

VTH TRIG OUT

ROW_READ COL_READ

COL_AMP OUT_BUF SF

CDS_RST

CDS Cap.

Sample Cap.

STORE SF

PD_RST

CDS_RSTV PD_RSTV

Protection Diode

VDD18 VB_SF

PD

Sense-node

GND

Pixel Circuit

Column Readout

CDS + Trigger Circuit

TRIG_COL (SR)

TRIG_ROW (SR) TRIG_OUT (OR) Trigger Info. Output

Comparator

GND

&

Normal Pixel

ANALOG OUT

CDS_RSTV TRIGGER

H/L OUT

ROW_READ COL_READ

COL_AMP OUT_BUF SF

CDS_RST

CDS Cap.

Sample Cap.

STORE

AMP.

PD_RSTProtection Diode

VDD18 VB_SF

PD

Sense-node

GND

Pixel Circuit

Column Readout

# AMP. # + CDS + Trigger Circuit

TRIG_COL (SR)

TRIG_ROW (SR) TRIG_OUT (OR) Trigger Info. Output

GND

&

Feedback Cap.

VTH

Comparator

CSA

CSA Pixel Circuit

CSA Pixel Layout

MIM Cap. (comp. 1) MIM Cap. (comp. 2)

MIM Cap. (sample) MIM Cap. (CDS)

1 pixel area

trigger circuit

trigger circuit trigger circuit

14 μm

30 µ m

PD BPW

Feedback Cap. (1 fF) analog signal circuit

Charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) in each pixel in order to increase the gain and improve energy resolution.

Energy Calibration 55 Fe Spectrum

(1 ADU = 244 µ V)

Reference

[1] S.G.Ryu et. al., IEEE TNS., Vol.58, Issue:5, pp.2528-2536, 2011.

[2] S.G.Ryu et. al., IEEE TNS., Vol.60, Issue:1 , pp.465-469, 2013.

[3] S.Nakashima et. al., Phys. Procedia, Vol.37C, pp.1392-1399, 2013.

[4] A.Takeda et. al., IEEE TNS., Vol.60, Issue:2, pp.586-591, 2013.

Our New Device -> “XRPIX3”

- The pixel circuit with CSA works good. (3.4 times higher gain)

Gain (from left fig.) : Normal -> 5.3 µ V/e- , CSA -> 18.2 µ V/e- - The CSA Pixel succeeded in improvement of energy resolution.

Comparison of

55

Fe energy spectrum at Normal and CSA (right fig.) @ 5.9 keV : Normal -> 14 % (FWHM) , CSA -> 8 % (FWHM)

- However, the experimental value of a gain differs from a design value.

Gain : Design value -> 50 µV/e- , Experimental value -> 18.2 µV/e- It has influence of parasitic capacitance.

(-50

o

C)

These results are reflected on the next design.

X-ray

hard soft cosmic ray (non-X-ray BG) field of view

active shield

onboard processor

anti-coincidence (NXB rejection)

hit-pattern selection (NXB rejection)

direct pixel access (X-ray readout) XRPIX

エネルギー分解能

18

(19)

IEEE NSS/MIC2013

ソウル前日

...

2013/10/27 05:30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

遂に時は来た!

33e (rms), 300eV (FWHM)

エネルギー分解能

19

(20)

さらなる展開

4:製作するカメラの模式図.PINダイオード で構成するアンチカウンタの中にSOIPIXを入 れる.高エネルギー粒子PINSOIPIXの両方 に同時に信号を作るので,非X線として除去 可能(非同時計数).

2次元符号化マスク 入射X線

SOIPIX

PINダイオード

PINイオード PINイオード

非 X 線 バ ッ ク グ ラ ウンド( エ ネ ル ギ ー電子等)

5cm

大立体角X線監視観測

宇宙の爆発現象を捉え,即時通報する

暗黒物質探査実験

XRPIX 1kg

シンチレーター

1-10GeV

の低質量

:

探査不十分 神戸大 身内さんと共同研究

20

(21)

まとめ

SOI Pixel Project : General View

Feb. 28, 2011 SOI International

Review Meeting Yasuo Arai, KEK [email protected]

http://rd.kek.jp/project/soi/

/TEG

URL: http://www.a-r-tec.jp Email: [email protected]

A-R-Tec

Analog and RF Technologies

X線天文衛星用のX線

SOI

ピクセル検出器

(XRPIX)

を開発.

反同時計数による低非X線

BGD

を目指し,トリガ機能を持つ.

4.5mm

角の素子の開発に成功

トリガ読み出しに成功

空乏層厚み

~500μm

,裏面不感層

~0.6μm

読み出しノイズ

33-(rms)

ΔE=300eV @ 5.9keV (FWHM)

5年間の目標:衛星搭載品を直ちに製造開始

21

参照

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