අਬȆକ̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές
̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹȋ༇ອȍˁʠȽʳᦅɹࢪਝɭܕࢃకፑ
⏎֪ᇕອయᄩޅɴࢪɐʳᦅອయᇕˏ̺ͦ⏎̍ȴʰɹரៜ⏎
Ԓǵᅒǵಘǵ߅⏋
*ǵǵᚹǵٮǵᮁ**
Floods in Bangladesh:
Farmers’ Adaptability and National Policy
UCHIDA Haruo* and ANDO Kazuo**
Bangladesh is located on a delta where the combination of such factors as the monsoon rain and the enormous run-off from the Himalayan drainage system creates a characteristic hydrological zone which is often fl ooded.
In this region farmers have adapted well to such disadvantageous conditions for rice cultivation in the rainy season. In a village located on the fringe of a haor, farmers have selected suitable rice varieties for different fl ood types; historically, they had adopted boro rice for the main crop instead of the vulnerable broadcast aman rice in response to the change of the local hydrological environment.
The Bangladesh government invested considerable effort in the Flood Control, Drainage and/or Irrigation (FCD/I) project, under which more than several thousand embankments were built. Those embankments disturbed local hydrological conditions and, consequently, local people destroyed some of them to save their own lands and lives.
Serious losses and damage led subsequently to the implementation of the Flood Action Plan (FAP) in 1989. The concept of “living with fl ooding” has become widespread through the FAP, although the concept “fl ood control” was dominant at its initial stage.
The Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP) of the FAP has tried to manage fl ooding through people’s participation. Due to a lack of representation of various strata in terms of organizational membership, however, confl icts over water use might recur between the agriculture and fi shery sectors in the future.
* ᦅଯድล෯ᦏᅻμܕ܋ܕᦅድ́Ͳ̊ͻ܋ܕድ́Ͳ̊ͻ⏋Shikoku Research Center, National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, National Agricultural Research Organization
1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻˤͲ˻˽⏃̮̝͇⏆̸͇̺̜͞͞⏃˻̠͑͌⏆͍˫̠ɹΪ߂ໜाɹݡዩ сᅎɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛ⏋γᅠɫʢధɹៀฐˁʢɦ̾Ͳˤ̊̚͡͡ɹΫɴеᒞɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɗɌɩ⏋ɗɹжॶɲ߂ܩɹΫɴɻ߂ࢸɹໜाʦˡͻ͡ khal ɭ٧ɽʶʳອᤉȵᐨɹᇿɹʭȩɴ ᣬʱ⏋ܕԒˁ༑ʶʳςឹɲ 700 ɹໜाɹᐵযᬏɻ 22,155 km ɴʢؖʉUnnayan 2001: 58⏏Ӄహ ˁʓɭ˃ɰ୫ɛɲȦॶʰɲ߂ܩɭԂʱᏼ˃ɞࢸໜाɹࡔܧɴʭʱ⏋͐Ͳ˽ͻͲᮒ࡚ɴܕԒɴ ᭇɤɛᮒɻகອɇʶɑ⏋ȦɛʳɭɄʸɫ࣌ܩᇕɲ༇ອȵᅊɍʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ܕԒ ɴᭇʳᮒɹ 4 ҆ɴיపɐʳອȵ˓Ͳ̝ܕޅˁᣴȭɩ༑ʶᦉʛ⏋ಁɴɻςឹໜाȵݨᬿˁᣴȭ ɩະɌ⏋ঃݖɴʼɛʳ༇ອˁʢৄȷᣱɄɐ˻͚Ͳ̅Ͳ 1986: 35-38⏏ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹອయᄩޅɻ⏋Himalayan Drainage Ecosystem⏋ȡʳȦɻ Himalayan River Basin Ecosystem ɭ٧ɽʶʳঃȵʱɹμɴеᒞɧȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏̯͇͓͞ᔭɴጩˁᇍɐ ʳᮓៗȿອʦ͐Ͳ˽ͻͲᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɻˤͲ˻˽̸͇̺̜͞͞ໜɴʭɤɩɽʶ⏋ɇʰɴγ ᅠᲞॷᬚᭇອᩄˁ៨᪼ɐʳ͍ˤ͓͞ܩȴʰ༑ʶᦉʞອˁ؝ȿɛ͍˫̠ໜɭغ༑Ɍ⏋ಁɴ ᐵ༑ᩄɻ 14 Ψ̜Ͳ⏒ˁᣳȭ⏋ॷᬚ 15⑯24 Ӝ̜ͲɭȦʼʶʳܤቆˁʃɲȵʰ̾Ͳˤཱྀ͡ʍ ɭ༑ʶᦉʞRahman unknown year: 1⏏Ʉʶʰ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ˁ༑ʶʳΪ߂ໜाɻغ 175 Ψ km2 ɹ༑ݖɹອˁகອɐʳȵ⏋ࡸɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹܕܤɻɗɹ༑ݖɹ 8⎾ɴȹɲȦBUP 2000: 2⏏ʚɇɴ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻ⏋̯͇͓͞ອᏙɹೢጩɴеᒞɌɩᕛ߂ɲອᩄˁΥ᤹ɴ؝ ȿʠ⏋ɗɌɩ̾Ͳˤཱྀ͡ʍɭقȷՏɐ৲ᇿˁഗɛɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏ ǵɗɹɛʠ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ȵ 10 ॷɴ 1 ɻៀฐɹ߂ȷɲ༇ອɴឿᖏʼʶ⏋ɗɹɴ߂ȷɲ ࢀȵᑵʱᦐɇʶɩȷɛɄɭɻٞሾɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ຘॷܕܤɹ 22⎾ȵອɴɦȴʱ⏋10 ॷɴ 1 ɹ༇ອɫɻܕܤɹ 37%ȵ⏋ɇʰɴ 20 γᏛ߂ɭȦʼʶɛ 1988 ॷɹ༇ອɫɻ⏋ࡸɴܕܤɹ Ꮭ 6 ւȵླྀອɌɩȦʳWorld Bank 1998: 12⏏߂ៀฐɲ༇ອɻ༠ࣳܩݖˁሁɐʳ˵˓˪ͦͲ ɭɭʢɴ⏋ܕᅊ༎ɴ߂ɲࢀˁήȭ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹܕࢃᢧకˁʢܦᦗɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗ ɹɛʠɴγᅠعܕʦܕ᭬ลᬠɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ˁȋγᅠɫʢᰖɹɲȦ༇ອ।឴ܩݖȍɭеᒞɧ ȿ⏋ɗɹៗໆɹɛʠɴஹ֖ˁɌᐚȿɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲرᇕɴᑵʱᦐɇʶʳȋ༇ອȍɭȦȩ˓͍ͻ˻ȴʰɻ⏋ȡɛȴʢອࢀȵຘॷᑵʱ ᦐɇʶɩȦʳʭȩɲᢒˁ୫ɠʦɐȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅɻ⏋ຘॷᑵʱᦐɇʶʳ ៀฐɹ༇ອႥˁȋ̓͡˹͑ barshaȍɭ٧ʃ⏋ࢀˁʢɛʰɐ༇ອȋ̓Ͳ̠ bannaȍɭךաɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏ȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɻ⏋Шᐏᇕɲᮒ࡚ɹᦅˁѳ៷ɐʳɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋ܤޚɹᔋ໋ˁѳɠ⏋ ɇʰɴɻྫݭˁʢரњɌɩȼʶʳ⏏ϺǾȵ̨˗ˡ nouka ɭ٧ɽʶʳࢸᖐˁॄʛɴ௭ʱ⏋ˁؤ ɑɇʛɲȵʰঃ߂ɲອᯆˁᕶᅓɴȷഀɐʳࠒɻ⏋ॶٮɲᮒ࡚ɹᰟ႒᠖ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ȋ̓Ͳ ̠ȍȵϺǾɴပˁʢɛʰɐɹɭɻؙࢪɴ⏋ȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɻਜ਼ʛɹߨኜɭɌɩϺǾɴ؝ȿԂ
ʶʰʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɭȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍɭȦȩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᮒ࡚ɹʱоʳອ ɴՏЦȩಁ⏋ȋਜ਼ʛȍɭɌɩɹ༇ອɭ⏋ȋပࢀȍɭȦȩᢦɹүᯆˁ୫ɤɛ༇ອɭɹϠᯆਸɴሁᯆ ɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏̾Ͳˤ̊̚͡͡ɹᮒೝɹອయᄩޅɻ⏋ȋᇰȍɭȋέգᇰȍɭȦȩϠᯆਸˁ ୃȷᐚȿɲȵʰࣙᬖɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵೣᠶɫɻ⏋Гάɴ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອɭϺǾɹۊʛˁᏣៗȦɩȦȼȵ⏋ɗʶɴӴጓɠ⏋ʚ ɑ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອˁჿៗɐʳɛʠɴᩂឹɲઝ٢ˁ୫ɦȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɭ⏋ፆᓔʰɹ ݜೣᇕ᠗ᡫɹᠶɫȡʳȋᦅອయȍɴɦȦɩ៨ᦚɐʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʚɫ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᮒ࡚ɹᦅˁʳಁ⏋ᓚܩɹȋᲞອཉȍɴ᧟Ɍɛс႒ȵൕݛ ɇʶʳɭȦȩܒিȵʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ປᲞՕᰖɇʶɛᓚܩɴ⏋ຘॷؾɍʭȩɲອеˁʢɛʰɐ༇ ອɴࢪɌɩсЊȿȵᑵʱᦐɇʶʳɭȦȩᓒȭɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹܒিɫɻᮒ࡚ɹᲞອཉɭȦȩܔ ࡴᇕɲࣆȵᩂឹɲݜྈɫȡʳȵ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹࠃʚʱɭᏺʼʱɹಁೝʦɗɹᬚɹᭇອᩄ⏋ᓚܩɴȲ ȿʳՏອɭཝອɹಁೝʦɗɹᦵɇɹॷᅵɴɻ߂ȷȦʢɹȵȡʳ⏏ᐓࢪᇕɲИɫȡʳᲞອ ཉˁȋᯁᇕອయᄩޅȍɭɐʶɽ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ֪ȦɩȦʳອɹсʱՏɐሂࢪᇕИˁȋ֪ᇕອయ ᄩޅȍɭ٧ʉɄɭȵɫȷʳԒᅒᚹ 1992a: 6⏏֪ᇕອయᄩޅˁែៅᇕɴᝠჼɐʳɭ⏋ɗɹ ჿៗˁɇʰɴཉʠʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᮒ࡚⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ߂ໜाɹະɴጓܩɐʳǾɫ ɻ⏋߂ࢸɹఌ༑ȴʰȡʈʶɛອɻᓚܩɴླྀອɌ⏋ᓚܩɴȡʈʶɛΥᯆɹອɻȡɛȴʢʁɭɦɹ ᦹᐚɐʳ߂ȷɲाɹ༑ʶɭɲʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ȡʳݭଘɹອཉʦອ༑ɭȦȩອయᄩޅɻ⏋ʓȴ ɹݭଘɭɹሂࢪᇕɲᬠѥɴʭʱ⏋ʚɇɴ֪ᇕɴխΥխɭᅊଁɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏๖ጟ ɫᦚʏʳʭȩɴ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅɻ⏋ᐓȭɑɌɩȦʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɴࢪਝ⏋ȡʳ ˍȁ΄ϋΐΑȆήρζίΠρȆιΈ͈२ఱعၠ֖
ȦɻɗʶˁϜཀྵɌɲȵʰዩෑᇕɴсЊȿ̮̊ͻͲʦсЊȿڃዛˁɇɓɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ϻ ဤᇕɲ᧑ᤉʦໜɹলɲɰ⏋ອɹ༑ʶˁៀࡴɐʳܩ০ɹࢸɇɲɴʭɤɩʢ⏋Ʉɹȋ֪ ᇕອయᄩޅȍɻ߂ȷȼगʶʦɐȦ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋࣌ଘᇕɲ̫͞Ͳ˽ɹगʶȴʰᦹؙਝᇕɴᅊʛ Տɇʶʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹɻ⏋ൕݛс႒ɹсЊȿʦؚዲɹಁೝɴ৯ᯱˁήȭʳɹʛɲʰ ɑ⏋ಁɴɻ⏋ɗɹܩݖɹсЊȿкᏙɗɹʢɹˁʢ߂ȷȼɇɓʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋༇ອɹཉɇȵک ᰍɫɻɲȼ⏋༇ອɹވອʦཝອɹࡎˁǾ៎࢘Ɍɲȵʰ⏋༇ອࢀˁជӤɌɩȦȼʭȩɴᦅ ɻࢪਝɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ᓚܩɹᮒ࡚ɹອཉɭɗʶɴ᧟Ɍɛൕݛс႒ɭȦȩܒিɴʭɤɩܔ ࡴɇʶɛਃഀɹ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹШᐏᦅɹࠒɴɻ⏋༇ອɭɭʢɴᅊȷɩȦʳȴʰɄɗсʱ ȡɁʳɄɭɹɫȷɛȋ༇ອȵсʱՏɐృɛɲᄩޅȍˁര᥉ɴ༎ȴɐᦅɹሾਜ਼ˁឿՏɐɄɭɻ ܐᮑɫȡʸȩ⏏ɄȩɌɛӉˁଡୡɐʳɛʠɴʢ⏋༇ອɹс႒ࢀȵήȭʳᅵ।ອཉɹ।ᡫᇕɲ ˓͍ͻ˻ˁȋᯁᇕອయᄩޅȍɭȦȩៜᘽɫᝠჼɐʳɄɭɫ౩ተɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉȩ Ɍɛ˓͍ͻ˻ɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋жॶɲ̾Ͳˤ̊̚͡͡ɹΫɴጓܩɐʳ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹ ᭇᮒɭ߂ࢸໜाɹະɴʭʳ༇ອɻܩ০ɹ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿʦɐȼ⏋ˏ͇ͲዝсˁμਕɭɌɛᮒ࡚ ɹᦅɻᦅܩˁʱॎȼ࣌ଘᇕອయᄩޅɴ᧟ਝɌɲȵʰଁጓɌɩȷɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ࣌ଘᇕອయᄩ ޅɻໆɌɩࡴᇕɲʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋༇ອɭܩ০ȵᐣ୫Ɍɩȷɛߴɲ̫͞Ͳ˽ɹΫɴଁጓɌ ɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ອɹ༑ʶȵఌᨗᇕɴ৯ᯱɌɩȦʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍʍɹ ᧟ਝɄɗȵШᐏᇕᦅɹᩂឹɲᠩᰍɫȡɤɛɹɞ⏏
ǵΥ⏋1989 ॷɴᇍɌɛ༇ອࢪፑϟ (FAP: Flood Action Plan) Гഀ⏋༇ອɹգဣˁ༎ȴɌ⏋ ୫ᐚᇕᦅᬖᇍˁخᔨɴɐʳȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊ (live with fl ood)ȍɭȦȩჿਥȵ⏋ؾܕɹܕࢃᇕɲ ༇ອࢪፑɴȲȦɩʢᇿɇʶɩȦʳRogers et al. 1989⏏୫ᐚᇕᦅᬖᇍɭɻ⏋ೣഀ⏋ᦅᅊ ᅋɴᬠʼʳᡉИɹॶႥˁᐣ୫Ɍɛʱ⏋ᑃʦȴɴɇɓɛʱɐʳᬖᇍɹȡʱɫȡʳ⏏ Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋࣌ଘᇕɲອయᄩޅɴȼ৯ᯱɇʶʳ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᦅɹࡴᇕɫ୫ᐚᇕɲᬖᇍ ɻ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹॶႥˁȦȴɴᐣ୫ɌɩȦȼȴɹᡴᠶɲɌɴɻᓒȭɴȼȦ⏏ȋ֪ᇕອ యᄩޅȍɴࢪɐʳჿៗɻ⏋Шᐏᇕᦅˁჿៗɐʳȩȭɫᩂឹɫȡʳɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋ؾܕɹᬖ ᇍᅙɴȲȦɩʢέخ๕ɫȡʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ ǵȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɭȦȩៜᘽȵኍɐʭȩɴ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅɴɭɤɩ༇ອɭɻШᐏᇕ ɴըਉ፬ჿɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȼ⏋᧟ਝɌɲȵʰȋԊɴᅊȷʳȍʏȷʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩɗ ɹ᧟ਝɹرȵ⏋ჼܧʛʳȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍˁ০сɤɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻᕶးᄩޅɹʛɲ ʰɑϺᬚ༎֪ɭʢཉȼᬠʼʱɲȵʰ০ଁɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍ ɭɻȋूᇕଝȍɹʛɴʭɤɩჿៗɫȷʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ཀྵɴʭɤɩɗɹΥᨆˁவɐʳ ɄɭɻخᔨɫȡʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ჼႥˁᅊʛՏɌɛرᇕᔘಕʦᦅɹઝਚ⏋ɗɌɩჼႥɹۊᦅк Ꮩɭອయᄩޅɭɹᬠʼʱɲɰ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍˁჿៗɐʳȩȭɫᩂឹɲȋϺᬚ༎֪ȍʍɹែ ဣȵמՕᓒૅɇʶɩȦɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵፆᓔʰɹர൜ɐʳȋᦅອయȍɭɻ⏋Ʉɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍˁவɐʳɛʠɹଝɫȡʳ Ԓᅒᚹǵ1994⏏ᬏॷɹ៨᪼ˁᦅͤ̾͡ɫ៎ཀྵɌᐚȿʳɄɭɻέخᔨɫȡʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ ᦅɹ୫ɦᐁᱻɭɗɹ៨ૡɴѵᰉˁȲȼɲʰɽ⏋ȼɹᦅʍɹ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɴʭɤɩؑధ מॷᬚɴʼɛʳ̚ͻ̊ˁؚᮃɌ⏋ᐁᱻհˁࢷȷՏɐɄɭɻخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ᕶးჼᢒɭɌɩɹອయ ᄩޅˁूᇕɴཀྵɐʳɄɭɫଯᇕɲࢪਝˁ᠅ʛʭȩɭɐʳଝˁ ŋEngineering HydrologyŌ ɭ٧ʉɲʰɽ⏋ອయᄩޅˁᕶးɭϺᬚɹሂϣᬠѥɹᅋ႒ɫȡʳɭɭʰȭ⏋ɗɄɴᅊ༎ɐʳᦅ ɹᐁᱻɹᮃዩˁʱᣱɄɌɩȦȼଝˁ ŋRural Hydrology,Ōɐɲʼɠȋᦅອయȍɭ٧ʉɄ ɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ȋᦅອయȍɹែဣɭᠶɴʭʶɽ⏋ᦅȵ༇ອɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɲᦅଯ ˁᅎȦɩ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛɹȴɹʛɲʰɑ⏋Ϻɹ᠗ሾɫȷʳঃȵʱɹܩݖɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍ ˁᦍᦵȴɦᇕተɴவɐʳɄɭʢخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ອయᄩޅˁఉϕɌ⏋ᦅᅊᅋɹࡴਸ ˁᔪȴɌʦɐȦᦅ᧑ᤉɭɗʶɴЫȩᦲອేʦยɹলɴȲȦɩ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹ ˁࢸᭉɴᅥʠʳᅙсଁʢخᔨɭɲʳ⏏ȋᦅອయȍɭɻ⏋ᬖᇍΫܕɴȲȿʳȋᦅ ᅙଝȍʍɹෑʠɩࡸᤋᇕɲரៜɫʢȡʳɭፆᓔʰɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ ǵГά⏋ೣᠶɫɻ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɭȋᦅອయȍɹែဣȴʰ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹϺǾɭ ܕࢃȵȋອȍɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɴᬠʼɤɩȷɛɹȴ⏋႕ɴᮒ࡚ɹȋ༇ອȍɴ့ဣˁয়ɩɲȵ ʰᦚʏɩȦȼ⏏ʚɑ⏋ȋᦅɭ༇ອȍɭɹᬠʼʱȴʰ⏋ᦅȵȦȴɴ༇ອɴ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛȴˁ ൕݛଯɹ៎ဣȴʰ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏๖ɴ⏋కঌɹອອᣂ྇కፑɹرˁᏣៗȷɲȵʰ̫ Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɹȋອȍకፑɴࢪɐʳᓒȭɹ᧦ˁ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋ɴ⏋ອˁᬚɴ୳˃ɞ ȋϺǾȍɭȋܕࢃకȍɭɹࢪጓɹکᰍɴɦȦɩៜؖɐʳ⏏
2ȅȶକȷ̧͂ͥྦྷ
ǵٞሾɹɭȲʱ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻγᅠధɹዝсܕࢃɫȡʱ⏋ܕɹςᰩɻᎦɫȡʳ⏏ςឹс ႒ɫȡʳዝɹс࡚ɻ⏋ၖय़͐Ͳ˽ͻͲɭȦȩຩҌᄩޅˁؙɌɩ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹˏ˗˽ Aus с⏃4⑯8 ⏆ˏ͇Ͳ Aman с⏃ውඨˏ͇Ͳс⏧ 6⑯12 ⏋తˏ͇Ͳс⏧4⑯12 ⏆ɭϗ࡚ɹ̓ͦ Boro с⏃12⑯4 ⏆ɹ 3 ೝɴؖ˃ɫȦʳ⏏Υᖔɴ⏋ˏ͇ͲዝɻઢӵਸȵȦɭȦʼʶ⏋၇ಁᬚɴ చઢɴؙਝɐʳ⏏Υ⏋ˏ˗˽ዝɭ̓ͦዝɻઢӵਸȵȼ⏋ˏ˗˽ዝɻᓘಢਸ⏋̓ͦዝɻᓘ ਸȵȦɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ˏ͇Ͳዝɹȩɠ⏋తˏ͇ͲɻཉອዝȡʳȦɻ༝ȷዝɭʢ٧ ɽʶ⏋ᦲ।⏋50 cm⑯1 m⏋ʚɛɻɗʶГΫɹླྀອȵᮒ࡚ɹధͶᐚȼܩݖɫൕݛɇʶʳཉອ Иɴ᧟ਝɌɛዝˁɇɐ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴɲᅊ݀ˁ୫ɦ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹШᐏᇕዝсᦅɻ⏋ςɭɌɩᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɭ ໜाɹະȵৄȷᣱɄɐ༇ອɴћࡔɌɩଁጓɌɩȷɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹμਕᇕዝсɫȡʳˏ͇Ͳዝсɴ ȲȦɩʢ⏋ᦅɻ༇ອɹ̴ͻ˪ᏺϛɴೣᅒውඨɇʶʳཝອೝዝᇕൕݛিˁᅎɌɩȷɛ⏏ ཝອೝዝɭɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴɻཉླྀອɹɛʠɴൕݛɫȷɑ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɲɤɩອȵৄȷࠃʠɩȴʰውඨɇʶʳʢɹˁȦȦ⏋Υᖔɴϗ࡚ɹ̓ͦዝȵɄʶɴȡɛʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ܩݖɴʭɤɩɻᬏ൮ዛɹཉອዝ ˁൕݛɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛ༇ອɹႥɴ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ዝсɻ༇ອࢀ ˁ؝ȿʦɐȦɛʠ⏋ᦏॷ⏋ϗ࡚ɹࡴɌɛຩҌɹʢɭɫʼʶʳ̓ͦዝсȵਸ਼ᦵɴୟ߂Ɍɩȷ ɩȲʱ⏋ 1998/99 ॷɴɻ̓ͦዝɹᅊᅋᩄȵˏ͇Ͳዝɹᅊᅋᩄˁ՟ʠɩΫ܌ɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌсЊȿ ᯆዩȴʰʛʶɽ⏋ჼܧɫʢˏ͇Ͳዝɻ̓ͦዝɹɗʶˁ߂ȷȼΫ܌ɤɩȲʱ⏋ˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛȵؾ ܕɹዝсɹμਕɫȡʳɄɭɴʼʱɻɲȦBBS 2001: 127⏏1) ǵೣጟɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ആᨆɴеᒞɐʳ߂ླྀອܩݖᑉᦇɴеᒞɐʳ˻͑ͩͻ͡ Jawar ˁࢪᢒɭɌɩ⏋ᦅɹውඨˏ͇ͲዝൕݛɴȲȿʳ༇ອࢪፑԒᅒᚹ 1992a; 1992bɭ⏋ رᇕɲൕݛଯΫɹ༇ອࢪፑᚹԒᅒ 1991ɴɦȦɩᦚʏɲȵʰ⏋ؾɹᦅȵ̓͡˹͑ ɭ̓Ͳ̠ɴࢪɌɩ᧟ਝɌɩȷɛࠒˁᦅଯɹ៎ဣȴʰ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏ 2.1ȁδσΏλ͈͒ഐ؊ऩܿ 2.1.1ȁΐλχȜσఆ͈ࣈ౷႒ ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ആᨆ⏋˓Ͳ̝͍ˤ͓͞ܩɹሁάɴȋ̩ˠͻ͡ haorȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ߂ླྀອ ܩय़ȵȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴɻ˓Ͳ̝ˏ̒˵͌ܩȴʰɹᩄɹ༑ԂອɹɛʠԃݖȵླྀອɌ⏋Ԓᨆɫ ɹᦅ༎֪ɻʓɭ˃ɰҪɌɩɌʚȩȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻΪןȡʚʱɹྲྀȵతܧɌ⏋ঃ߂ɫᔋ໋ɲ ܤܩɭᢌɲອɴਜ਼ʚʶɛ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖߂ɹ̓ͦዝсܩय़ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ೣᠶɹࢪᢒɫ ȡʳ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɻ⏋Ʉɹ̩ˠͻ͡ɹីᨆᑉᦇɴеᒞɌ⏋ɴ˃ɞᕶးᄩޅάɴȲȴʶ ɩȦʳ⏏˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹܩ০ɻ⏋ɹആីˁάɐʳ 2 ໜाɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇʶɛ߂ȷɲᕶးݨ ᬿ⏋߂ࢸɇʚɊʚɲȋ̲ͻ͡ bilȍɭ٧ɽʶʳˁʢɦᔘྂܩ⏋̲ͻ͡ˁဣܧɇɓɲȵʰɹ ആᨆɭᨆɴᑃȦӃహˁЫɤɩঃȵʳະɹ 3 ɦɹឹᏬȴʰଁʱጓɤɩȦʳ(ܒ 2 ؒ၇)⏏ж ܩᨆɫɻᮒ࡚ɹ༇ອȵࠃʚʳ 5 ȴʰਸ਼ᦵɴވອɌࠃʠ⏋9 ɴɻະΫɫ 5⑯7 ⏋ᔘྂ ܩɫʢ 2⑯3 ɹອеɴ᧒Ɍ⏋ླྀອႥȵɲȼɲʳɹɻ 1 ȴʰ 2 ɫȡʳ⏏Υ⏋ᕶးݨ ᬿΫɹປᥒᇕᲞʛɹܤܩɫɻ 7 ɴླྀອȵࠃʚʱ 10 ɴɻອȵৄȼȵ⏋ປᲞɹʢᲞȦីү ɹᓚܩɭ࣒ఫܩɫɻёॷ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴʢླྀອɻʛʰʶɲȦ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲອయᄩޅɹਸɹʢɭɫ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹᦅɻᓚܩˁ߂ȷȼ 2 ɦɴՕᰖɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏ԒɹΥᅱжȦᓚܩɹฌᲞˁ 0 ɭɌɛݭغ⏋̓ͦ˻͚͊ boro jami ɭ٧ɽʶʳປᲞ 0⑯4 ɹжеᨆᓚܩɭ⏋ˡͲ̋ kanda ɭ٧ɽʶʳປᲞ 4⑯7 ɹᲞеᨆᓚܩɴՕᰖɇʶʳ⏏̓ ͦ˻͚͊ɫɻᮒ࡚ɴɻրɲླྀອɹɛʠᓚсȵέخᔨɭɲʳȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻᮒ࡚ɹᬚɴ̲ͻ ͡ɴྊʚɤɛᢌɲܩᝠອʦͅͲ̺ɫໄʛΫɁɛܩάອˁգᅎɌɩ⏋ςɴ̓ͦዝൕݛȵʼʶ 1) ᮒ࡚ɹˏ˗˽ˏ͇Ͳсɻ༇ອɹࢀˁ؝ȿʦɐȦɛʠ⏋ϗ࡚ɹࡴᇕຩҌάɫȩ̓ͦсȵᅭс႒ɭɌɩ ᇿˁ༟ʃ⏋ᦏБᇕ֪ͅͲ̺ˁᅎȦɛϺूဌྰɴʭʳ̓ͦсɹୟ߂ɻᦏॷᘿɌȦʢɹȵȡʳ⏏1998/99 ॷɴȲ ȿʳˏ˗˽ˏ͇Ͳ̓ͦعс࡚ɹዝсᯆዩປɻ 1: 3.6: 2.5, ᅊᅋᩄປɻ 1: 4.8: 6.5 ɭɲɤɩȦʳBBS 2001: 127⏏
ɩȦʳ⏏̓ͦ˻͚͊ɻɲɞʰȴɲະΫɭᔘྂܩԃݖɴঃȼՕ॒Ɍ⏋ɗɹᯆዩɻԃᓚܩ ɹᏝ 5 ւˁװʠɩȦʳ⏏Υ⏋ᕶးݨᬿΫɴՕ॒ɐʳˡͲ̋ɫɻ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻϺूᇕɲဌྰˁࢷ ԂɌɲȦᭉʱອዝൕݛɻɫȷɑ⏋ዝɹсЊȿɻᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɭ༇ອɴʭʳླྀອɴћࡔɌɩʼʶ ʳ⏏ˡͲ̋ɻປᲞɹेɴʭɤɩອయᄩޅȵߴɴᅵɲʱ⏋ˡͲ̋ΫɹᓚܩɻᲞеᅒμеᅒ жеᅒɴᏳՕɫȷʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɫ႕ਐᇕɲс႒ൕݛȵɲɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋عປᲞɹᓚܩɫɻ⏋ᅵ ɲʳˏ͇ͲዝڃዛȵൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Гάɴ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсɴʛʳܩ০ɴࢪਝɌɛڃዛ႕ ਸɭɻ⏋ࡸɻȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɴࢪɐʳᦅɹଯᇕ᧟ਝɫȡʳɄɭˁᦚʏʳ⏏ 2.1.2ȁ֊ͺζϋ֞ऩ͙ͥͅਅඅ͂౷ࠁచ؊ ǵ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɴȲȿʳᯃ༇ອॷɹውඨˏ͇ͲዝɹՕ॒ˁʛʳɭൕݛᓚܩᕶкɻˡͲ̋ɴᮃ μɌɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʰɹᓚܩɻᝠ 1 ɴኍɐʭȩɴᅒɹປᲞȵсʱՏɐླྀອཉɭɗɹອయᄩޅɴ ᧟ਝɌɛсЊȿ̮̊ͻͲɹ᧓Ȧɴʭʱ⏋ᲞеᅒμеᅒжеᅒɴךՕɫȷʳ⏏عᓚܩɴȲȿ ʳൕݛڃዛˁʛʳɭᲞеᅒɫɻ̮˻͑͌ pajam ˁςɭɌɛఒᖪڃዛȵ⏋жеᅒɫɻ͐Ͳ˧ͻ͡ manghir ʦ̲ͦ˓ biroi ˁςɭɌɛܧഀڃዛȵൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋μеᅒɫɻθڃዛȵɭʢ ɴൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹൕݛᯆዩɻ 64%ȵ̮˻͑͌ˁςɭɌɛఒᖪڃዛ⏋ʱɹ 36%ȵܧഀڃዛɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏃1986 ॷɹᠭീɴʭʳ⏆⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲປᲞɴʭʳൕݛڃዛɹ᧓Ȧɻ⏋сЊȿɇʶʳዝɹൕݛᇕ႕ਸɭൕݛᄩޅɭɌ ˎȁΐλχȜσఆ͈౷ࠁ͂ࣈ౷႒
ɩɹອИɴʭɤɩȦʳ⏏༇ອɹؖɽɲȦᲞеᅒɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᮒອˁᅮᅤɫᅒɴྊʠʳɄɭɴ ʭɤɩອᅒႥɭɌ⏋̮˻͑͌ˁςɭɌɛఒᖪڃዛȵ 8 Ϋɴೣᅒውඨɇʶ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᏺʼʱ ɹ 10 ΫɴՏዥೝˁᦎȭʳ⏏ёॷ⏋ɄɄɫɻ༇ອɴʭʳླྀອˁʛɲȦɛʠ⏋сЊȿಁೝȵ ΥࡴɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵμеᅒɫɻ 8 μȴʰ 9 Ϋɴ⏋жеᅒɫɻ 9 Ϋȴʰ 10 Ϋɴ⏋Ȧɑʶʢཝອ ɹࠃʚʳອᅒɫ⏋30 ⑯50 cm ɹླྀອάɫೣᅒውඨɇʶʳ⏏༇ອɹཝອɹᧆɹेɴʭʱ⏋Პе ᅒɴȼʰʏɩμеᅒɫɻᏝ 2 ᦼᬚȴʰ 1 Ͷ⏋жеᅒɫɻ 1⑯2 Ͷɹᧆඨȭɭɲʳݭغʢȡ ʳ⏏Ʉɹɛʠ⏋ೣᅒೝᬚȵ႕ɴቁȼɲʳμеᅒɹжᨆɭжеᅒɫɻ⏋ܧഀڃዛȵςɴൕݛɇʶ ʳ⏏ܧഀڃዛɻఒᖪڃዛɴປʏɩઢӵਸȵȼ⏋ᬏɴచઢɴؙਝɐʳɛʠ⏋ቁȦೣᅒೝᬚɫ ʢ 11 άȴʰ 12 Ϋɴɻؚዲɫȷʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴᲞеᅒɫɻఒᖪڃዛ⏃̮˻͑͌ɹؚᩄɻʢʛᩂɫ 4.6 t/ha⏆⏋2) жеᅒɫɻܧഀڃዛ ⏃͐Ͳ˧ͻ͡ɹؚᩄɻʢʛᩂɫ 2.8 t/ha⏆⏋μеᅒɫɻθڃዛɭȦȩປᲞɴʭʳൕݛڃዛɹɐʛ ນˍȁΐλχȜσఆ̤̫ͥࣞͅպ໐ࣈ౷ȪϋΘȫ͈କന႒͂֊ͺζϋ֞ऩ ອᅒՕᰖ ᮒ࡚ɹ Პླྀອཉ (cm) ςឹсЊȿ̮̊ͻͲ ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ ڃዛ ೣᅒውಁೝ Տዥೝ ༇ອɭውඨˏ͇ Ͳዝൕݛɹᬠѥ Პеᅒ 0 ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝݜॻɫˏ ˗˽ዝ⏋˻͖ͻ̜ȡʳ Ȧɻϗ࡚ɹࢸᵺ⏋ᢊᰖ⏋ ͇˽̊ͻ̝ɲɰɹ̲͞ с႒ɭɹϠພсɲȦɌ Ϊພс⏏ ఒᖪڃዛ ⏃BR Ꮩᐏ⏋̮ ˻͑͌μਕ⏆ ඨȭ ⏃8 Ϋ⏆ ᮒ࡚ɹᏺʼʱ ⏃10 Ϋ⏆ ᯃཝອೝዝᇕൕ ݛ μеᅒ 40⑯60 ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝݜॻɫϗ ࡚̲͞с႒ɭɹϠພс⏋ ȡʳȦɻˏ˗˽ዝݜॻ ɫϗ࡚̲͞с႒ɭɹϠ ພс⏏ˏ˗˽с࡚ʚɛ ɻˏ͇Ͳс࡚ɴХᓚȵ Ԃʳ⏏ ఒᖪڃዛ ⏃ ̮ ˻ ͑ ͌ ⏆ ܧഀڃዛ ᧆඨȭ ⏃8 μ⑯9 Ϋ⏆ ϗ࡚ɹɻɍʠ ⏃10 ά⏆ ཝອೝዝᇕൕݛ жеᅒ 80⑯200 ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝݜॻ⏋ϗ ࡚ ̓ ͦ ዝ ɭ ɹ Ϡ ೝ с⏏ ȡʳȦɻ̓ͦዝݜॻɫ ͇˽̊ͻ̝ɭ̓ͦዝɭ ɹϠພс⏋ʚɛɻϗ࡚ ɹ̓ͦዝɹʛˁсЊȿ ɐʳ⏏ˏ˗˽с࡚ʚɛ ɻ ˏ ͇ Ͳ с ࡚ ɴ Х ᓚ⏋ ̓ͦዝൕݛȵςк⏏ ܧഀڃዛμਕ ᧆඨȭ ⏃9 Ϋ ⑯ 10 Ϋ⏆ ԃ ɴ ϗ ࡚ ɴԂɤɩȴʰ ⏃11 Ϋ⏆ ཝອೝዝᇕൕݛ
Օȿȵؾɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛɹ႕ਐɭɲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ອИɹέࡴɲжеᅒɫɹዝൕݛˁ خᔨɭɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ܧഀڃዛɹཝອೝዝᇕɲൕݛɫȡʳ⏏ؾɫɻ⏋ϗ࡚ɹʛɲʰɑᮒ ࡚ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ཝອೝɴܧഀɹˏ͇ͲዝڃዛȵೣᅒውඨɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏жеᅒɫ႕ɴᰒ ᘿɴ᠗ʠʰʶʳɄɹʭȩɲܧഀڃዛɹཝອೝዝᇕൕݛɻ⏋ఒᖪڃዛɫɻࢪਝɫȷɲȦອ Иɭൕݛೝᬚɹکᰍˁៗໆɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋༇ອɹࢀ܌᧫ɴʢࢪਝɌɛൕݛଯɭჿៗɐʳɄ ɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋༇ອɹཝອɹᧆɹेɴʭʱውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹൕݛڃዛˁ᧧ିɌɩ Ȧʳࠒɻ⏋̓͡˹͑ɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɴࢪɌɩᦅȵଯ᧟ਝɌɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏ 2.2ȁδϋ͈͒ഐ؊ऩܿ 2.2.1ȁȶδϋȷͅచ̳ͥ֊ͺζϋ͈֞ਅ఼ ǵܒ 3 ɻ༇ອॷɫȡʳ 1987 ॷɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɫ៎ཀྵɇʶɛ̲ͻ͡ɹகອᤉɹອеɭᭇᮒ ᩄˁኍɌɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋ܒ 4 ɻБᝠᇕᓚܩుᯆɴȲȿʳອཉˁᝠɌɩȦʳ⏏ܒ 3 ɴʛʰʶ ʳʭȩɴ⏋7 άɭ 9 άɹᮒᩄ 140 mm ˁᣳȭʳ࣌ܩᇕᮃμᭇᮒɴʭɤɩ⏋2 ɴʼ ɛɤɩՏອɹ̴ͻ˪ȵ៎ཀྵɇʶɩȦʳ⏏႕ɴ՟ɹՏອɫɻ⏋ᕶးݨᬿΫɹࢃ࣒ɹȼȵআ Ϋ༡ອɐʳʓɰɹވອˁʛɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹಁɴɻɐʏɩɹᓚܩȵླྀອɌ⏃ླྀອᯆዩრ 95%⏆⏋ё ॷɻʓɭ˃ɰླྀອɐʳɄɭɹɲȦˡͲ̋ɹᲞеᅒɫɐʰ 1 m ɹອཉɭɲʱ⏋Პອеɻॶॷʭ ʱʢ 1.5⑯2 m ʢᲞȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹ 8 μȴʰ 9 μɴȴȿɩཝອɌ⏋Υಁॶॷɹ 2) Ȧʼʪʳ HYV ⏃Პؚᩄڃዛ⏆ɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ዝсድଘ (BRRI) ȵ᠗خɌɩȦʳ BR Ꮩᐏɹృڃዛˁઝ٢ɐ ʳɄɭȵȼ⏋BRRI ɴʭʰɑɴࢷԂಔؖɇʶɛ̮˻͑͌ɻ HYV ɭɻךաɌɩᐏΫʼʶɩȷɩȦɛ⏏ೣᠶ ɫɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹᅎɹཌྷϕˁ᧫ȿʳɛʠɴ⏋̮˻͑͌ɭ BR ᏙᐏɹڃዛˁيʠɩȋఒᖪڃዛȍɭɌɩȩ⏏ ˏȁ1987 ාࢻକܢۼ͈ΐλχȜσఆ̤̫ͥͅΫȜσ͈ෳକႹ͈କպ་اַܱ͂ࣛ
Პອཉሁմɴʚɫɲʳȵ⏃ླྀອᯆዩრ 82%⏆⏋9 ೢɹᭇᮒɴʭɤɩԗʃອеȵ 50⑯60 cm Ϋ ɐʳ⏏Ʉɹಁɴɻ⏋Პеᅒɫɹອཉɻմ܌ʓɰɴɻɲʰɲȴɤɛȵ⏋ёॷɻ 50 cm ዐɹླྀອ ɌȴɲȦμеᅒɫʢᕆʚɫɹཉɇɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏃ླྀອᯆዩრ 92%⏆⏏2 ɦɹಁೝɹᮐʶɛՏອ ɻёॷɴɲȼ߂ៀฐɲʢɹɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹȼɹࢃ࣒ɴླྀອࢀˁήȭɛɽȴ ʱɫɲȼ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᩂឹɲᦅсೝɭᩂɲʱ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛɴʢ߂ȷɲଠˁήȭʳɄɭɴ ɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ༇ອɭውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹࢀ⏋ᦅɹࢪਝɴɦȦɩܒ 5 ˁؒ၇ɌɲȵʰɌȼᦚʏ ʳ⏏ ǵ՟ɹ༇ອɻ 7 ೢɹᭇᮒˁߕลɴᣱɄʱ⏋ɐɫɴೣᅒውඨɇʶɩȦɛውඨˏ͇Ͳዝȵࢀ ˁ؝ȿɛɞȿɫɲȼ⏋6 ೢȴʰ 7 ΫʚɫɹᬚɴዛɌɛውඨˏ͇ͲዝɹᗈБʢԢອɌ⏋ ȼɹᗈȵഞʶʳࢀˁ؝ȿɛ⏏˻͑ͩͻ͡ɻжܩɴеᒞɐʳɛʠ⏋ެᅎɴᗈˁൕݛɌɩ ȦʳປᲞɹᲞȦᦏ᭰ȴʰёॷᗈˁᣘԂɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ʱɻԒɫൕݛɐʳ⏏ԒɫɹᗈБɹ ࢀИధɻ 193 Иɫɗɹࢀᯆዩɻغ 0.044 ha⏋ԃᗈБᯆዩɹ 2/3 ГΫȵࢀˁ؝ȿɛɄɭɴ ɲʳ⏏ɗɹອȵৄȷࠃʠɛɹɫȼɹᦅɻଝ୫ɠɹዝᎨ⏋˻͖ͻ̜⏋৲ႌˁެɌɩέ ɐʳᗈˁᐳਸ਼ɴᣘԂɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ༇ອɴʭʱɽʶɛ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ɹɛʠɴውඨέᔨɭɲɤɛ ອᅒˁ᭑ȷ⏋μеᅒᲞеᅒɫɻɄɹಁೝɴ̮˻͑͌ዛɹᗈȵςɴඨȭЊȿʰʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌ 9 ೢȴʰ 10 Ϋɴȴȿɩᮃμᭇᮒɴʭʳ༇ອȵԗʃᇍᅊɌ⏋8 10 ⑯8 31 ɴೣᅒው ඨɇʶɛውඨˏ͇ͲዝȵԗԢອࢀɴȡȩɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ 2 ᇿɹ༇ອɫɻᲞеᅒɫɇ ȭΥᨆɻ 30 cmɹອཉɭɲʱ⏋μеᅒɫɻᕆʚɫɹླྀອɭɲɤɛ⏏Პеᅒɫɻອཉȵ༓ȴɤɛ ɛʠɴሁஞɹࢀɻՏɲȴɤɛȵ⏋μеᅒɫɻ 2 ᇿɹውඨᗈɇȭʢԢອࢀɴȡɤɛ⏏μе ᅒɫɻёॷ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ⏃̮˻͑͌ɹݭغ⏆ˁ 8 μάɴೣᅒውඨɌ⏋12 ɹʱɹ ːȁ1987 ා͈ࢻକͥ͢ͅΐλχȜσఆ͈ౡକ૬་ا
ɴࢸᵺɲɰɹ̲͞ rabi ⏃ᅣ⏆с႒ˁൕݛɐʳȵ⏋ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝȵൕݛέᔨɭɲɤɛȼɹᅒ ɫɻ⏋11 μɴᘛዛ⏃͇˽̊ͻ̝⏆ʚɛɻࢸᵺˁዛɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ ǵжеᅒɫɻ 2 ᇿɹ༇ອȵ឴ȩሁմɹ 9 μɴອཉȵ 30 cm ʓɰɹࢹధɹອᅒɫ⏋ᗳΩɹ ປᥒᇕᲞȦܧഀڃዛዝȵውඨɇʶɛȵ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹᅒɫɻɹອཉɹɛʠɴውඨɐʳɄɭɐ ʰɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋2 ᇿɹ༇ອɫжеᅒɹອཉɻϺɹᔘΩГΫɭɲʱ⏃ёॷɹᲞອ ཉɻᕆʚɫ⏆ውඨɇʶɛɄʶʰܧഀڃዛዝʢᐄഗᇕɴɻʓʖԃྙɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏2 ᇿɹ ༇ອȵৄȦɛ⏋Ʉʶʰɹອᅒɫɻ 10 μȴʰ͐Ͳ˧ͻ͡ȵԗውඨɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹዝ ɻёॷ 9 Ϋȴʰ 10 Ϋʚɫɴೣᅒውඨɇʶ⏋11 ೢȴʰ 12 ೢɴؚዲɇʶʳ⏏ॶॷс ɹؚᩄɻᏝ 2.8 t/ha ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɹॷɴɻᧆඨȭɭɲʱɐȹɛɛʠᏝ 1.4⑯1.6 t/ha ɭ߂ȷȼཝؚ ɐʳᐄഗɭɲɤɛ⏏ ǵ1987 ॷɴɻ⏋ёॷɹԃውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛᅒ 120 ha ɹȩɠ⏋ᏺᇕɴውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛȵخ ᔨɫȡɤɛɹɻ 33%⏋40 ha ɴȹɲȦ⏏ውඨ 2 ɴʼɛɤɩࢀˁ؝ȿɛ 8 ha ˁيʠ⏋μ еᅒжеᅒˁςɭɌɩԃкɹ 67%⏋80 ha ɹອᅒɫውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛȵఔඉɇʶɛ⏏ ǵɄɹॷɴᏺᇕɴඨȭЊȿʰʶɛውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɻ⏋մॷɴປʏɩԃкɹсЊȿ፴ܑɻᲞе ᅒɭμеᅒɹΥᨆɴᭉࡴɇʶɩɻȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ਃഀ⏋ఒᖪڃዛȵඨȭʰʶɩȦʳᲞеᒞɴʚɫ ܧഀڃዛȵсЊȿɇʶɛ⏏ܧഀڃዛɹ߂ᨆՕɻ 2 ᇿɹ༇ອ̴ͻ˪⏋10 ΫГᭇɴውඨ ɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ውඨಁೝɹɑʶɭཉླྀອɹɛʠ⏋ఒᖪڃዛɫɻውඨȵܐᮑɭɲʱ⏋ܧഀڃ ዛȵཝອೝɴውඨɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ॶॷɴɻఒᖪڃዛȵඨȭʰʶɩȦʳᲞеᒞɴʚɫܧഀڃዛ ȵсЊȿɇʶɛɭȦȩɄɹᐄഗɻ⏋̓Ͳ̠ʍɹ᧟ਝൕݛଯɭɌɩʢᦅȵൕݛڃዛɹ᧧ିˁ ɤɩȦʳɄɭˁᝠɌɩȦʳ⏏ 2.3ȁρΫै͙ͥͅ൲എକ۪ޏ͈͒ഐ؊ު ǵ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɴȲȿʳ̲͞с⏋ɐɲʼɠϗ࡚ᅣсɹᓚܩᯆዩɻ 1986/87 ॷ⏃ᯃ༇ອॷ⏆ɫ ˑȁ1987 ා͈ࢻକͥ͢ͅΐλχȜσఆ͈ͺζϋ͈֞ٺ͂শܢ
110 ha⏋ॷᬚˁᦲɌɩɹсЊȿযᯆዩɹᏝ 13%ˁװʠɩȦʳ⏏͇˽̊ͻ̝⏋ښࡎ⏋ࢸᵺȲʭ ʃᢊᰖˁμਕɭɌɛɄʶʰ̲͞с႒ɹȼɻ⏋ቆᣒɴʛ⏋கອɹᖪ߫ɲˡͲ̋Ϋɫൕݛɇʶ ʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ̲͞с႒ɻውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹؚዲ⏃ˏ͇Ͳс࡚ȵХᓚɹݭغʢȡʳ⏆⏋11 Ϋȴʰዛɇʶ⏋1 ȴʰ 2 ɴȴȿɩؚዲɇʶʳ⏏ ǵؾɹ̲͞сɹȩɠ⏋ழᩆс႒ɭɌɩЁʢᩂឹɲʢɹɻ⏋1983 ॷɹᇿᇕݨᬿɹଁ ɴЫȦ⏋ᥥᦢИɹఒڵȵլɭɲʱᅊᅋᩄȵᰧᤲᇕɴЭʃɛ͇˽̊ͻ̝ɭښࡎɫȡʳ⏏႕ ɴ⏋մᓔɻсЊȿᯆዩʢ߂ȷȼ⏋̲͞сᯆዩԃкɹ 38%ˁװʠʳɴȦɛɤɩȦʳ (1986/87)⏏͇ ˽̊ͻ̝ൕݛɫɻ⏋ёॷ⏋ܤޚອՕɹמՕɴɤɩȦʳ 10 μάȴʰధɹᓚᣱɭቊܤȵ ʼʶ⏋ేᔋ⏋11 ՟ɴዛɇʶʳ⏏ɗɹɻ 2 ɹؚዲʚɫ⏋μᓚ᭑ᗳဌྰɲɰ ɹсɻέឹɫȡʳ⏏ဌྰˁᅎɐʳښࡎൕݛɴປʏɩ֝ȵȴȴʰɑ⏋ɗɹɛʠ͇˽̊ͻ ̝ɻؾɹ̲͞с႒ɹμਕᇕࡔܧɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ1987 ॷɹ༇ອɴʭɤɩውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛȵఔඉɇʶɛμеᅒɭжеᅒɫɻ⏋11 μɹཝ ອ⏋̲͞с႒ȵൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ᝠ 2 ɴኍɐʭȩɴ⏋ɗɹൕݛᯆዩɻմॷɹᏝ 2 ҆ɴވ֓Ɍ ɩȦʳ⏏͇˽̊ͻ̝ɹൕݛᯆዩɻᏝ 3 ҆ɴ⏋ښࡎɫɻ 1.8 ҆ɴʢɲʱ⏋ɲȴɫʢ͇˽̊ͻ̝ ɹൕݛᯆዩȵ̲͞с႒ԃൕݛᯆዩɹμɫװʠʳւغɻմॷɹ 38%ȴʰ 64%ɭ 1.7 ҆ɴɲʱ⏋Ј ˁ߂ȷȼΫ܌ɤɩȦʳ⏏ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛȵఔඉɇʶɛᓚܩɹʛɲʰɑ⏋մॷɴɻХᓚɇʶɩ ȦɛˡͲ̋Ϋɹᓚܩɫʢృɛɴ̲͞с႒ȵൕݛɇʶ⏋̲͞с႒ɻውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɹఔඉອᅒᯆዩ ʭʱ 10 ha ʢȼɹᓚܩɫൕݛɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ ǵ1986 ॷɭ 87 ॷɹ༇ອɹཝອႥˁປᥒɌɛᐄഗɴʭʶɽ⏋༇ອॷɹ 87 ॷɹ 10 μɴɻ ླྀອݖȵմॷʭʱ߂ȷȦɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ɗʶГɹཝອɹᦵɻȴɲʱᦵȼɲɤɩȦʳɄɭ ȵՕȴɤɛ⏏႕ɴ⏋͇˽̊ͻ̝ዛೝɹ 11 Ϋȴʰμɴɻ⏋ˡͲ̋Ϋɹ̲͞с᧟ܩɹཝ ອȵᰒᘿɫȡɤɛ⏏87/88 ॷɴɻ⏋߂༇ອȵʢɛʰɌɛᩄɹ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ɻᢌɲݡᔋɭɲ ʱ⏋ʚɛ⏋ዛೝሁմɹཝອɻˡͲ̋ɴ᧟ɹܤޚອՕˁɌ⏋̲͞с႒⏋ɲȴɫʢ͇˽̊ͻ ̝ɴɭɤɩᖪ߫ɲൕݛИˁʢɛʰɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ༇ອɴʭʱᮒ࡚ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсȵࢀˁ؝ȿɛݭغ⏋ϗ࡚ɹ̲͞с႒ɹൕݛᯆዩȵ߂ȷ ນˎȁࢻକා͂ࢻକා͈ρΫैऩ࿂ୟ⏃е⏧ha⏆ ̲͞с႒ ᯃ༇ອॷ⏃1986/87⏆ ༇ອॷ⏃1987/88⏆ ͇˽̊ͻ̝ 41.8 ⏃38%⏆ 128.0 ⏃64%⏆ ښǵǵࡎ 19.8 ⏃18%⏆ 32.2 ⏃16%⏆ ࢸǵǵǵᵺ 26.4 ⏃24%⏆ 9.9 ⏃5%⏆ ᢊǵǵǵᰖ 15.4 ⏃14%⏆ 23.7 ⏃12%⏆ ɗǵɹǵЈ 6.6 ⏃6%⏆ 6.2 ⏃3%⏆ غǵǵǵ 110.0 ⏃100%⏆ 200.0 ⏃100%⏆
ȼވ֓ɐʳɭȦȩϟࡸɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсɹாࢀˁʱଖɗȩɭɐʳۊʛɫȡʳɭؾಁ ɴ⏋༇ອʍɹ᧟ਝଯɹʁɭɦɭჿៗɫȷʳ⏏ ǵ༇ອɴʭʱᮒ࡚ɹውඨˏ͇Ͳዝсȵࢀˁ؝ȿɛݭغ⏋ϗ࡚ɹ̲͞с႒ɹൕݛᯆዩȵ߂ȷ ȼވ֓ɐʳӃكɻؾܔɹჼᢒɫɻɲȼ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ԃݖɴʼɛɤɩȦʳ⏏ؾܕɫɻ⏋ 1987 ॷɴᐚȦɩ⏋ᓂॷɴɇʰɴ߂ȷɲ༇ອȵᇍᅊɌ⏋ᮒ࡚ዝсȵ߂ࢀˁ؝ȿɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋88/89 ॷɹᦅᅊᅋɻ៨᪼ᇕɴᲞȼɲɤɛɭɇȭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹɄ ɭɻ⏋༇ອɻᮒ࡚ɹᦅɴ߂ȷɲࢀˁήȭʳؙᯆ⏋ɗɹᐁཕᇕா߉ˁʱଖɗȩɭᦅˁ ߧȦጓɛɓʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ϗ࡚ɹс႒ɴɻᩂឹɲൕݛИˁѳ៷ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦ ʳ⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅɴɭɤɩ⏋༇ອɻ߂ȷɲըᏝИɫȡʳɭؾಁɴ⏋ܯсᅎˁᅊʛ Տɐˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɭʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹᦅȵ⏋ೣഀውඨˏ͇Ͳዝɴɭɤɩ ࢀɫȡʳրɹອɭ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ˁᦥգᅎɌ⏋̲͞сɹୟ߂ɴʭɤɩ༇ອࢀɴࢪਝɌɩȦ ʳࠒɻ⏋ؾܕɹᦅȵȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹɴȦȴɴര᥉ɴ᧟ਝɌɩȦʳȴˁኍɐ߫҅ɹೳ షɭȦȭʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʚɫ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɴȲȿʳЁɹȋ̓͡˹͑ȍɭȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍɴࢪɐʳውඨˏ͇Ͳɹڃዛ ᧧ି⏋̲͞сɹୟ߂ɴʭʳȋ̓Ͳ̠ȍʍɹ᧟ਝɹࠒɴɦȦɩ៨Ɍɩȷɛȵ⏋๖ɴرᇕɴʢ༇ ອ⏃̓Ͳ̠⏆ɴࢪɌɩڃዛ᧧ିɴʭʳ᧟ਝȵʼʶɩȷɛᚹԒᅒ 1991Ʉɭˁʛɩʛ ʭȩ⏏ 2.4ȁႤঃഎ͙̹ͅࢻକഐ؊ऩܿȪ८ͺζϋ֞ै̥ͣδυ֞ै͒ȫ ǵჼܧɹ̩ˠͻ͡ܩݖȵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖߂ɹ̓ͦዝсܩय़ɫȡʱ⏋Ёɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɫ ʢ̓ͦዝൕݛȵᇵ˃ɴʼʶɩȦʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ȡɛȴʢؾɫɻ⏋ᬖୖয়՟ȴʰ̓ͦዝсȵᇵ ˃ɴʼʶɩȷɛɭȦȩᢒˁ؝ȿʳȵ⏋ࡸɻ⏋̓ͦዝсȵୟ߂Ɍɻɍʠʳɹɻɗʶʓɰ౬ɹ ɄɭɫɻɲȦ⏏ჼܧᮒ࡚ɹς༑ɭɲɤɩȦʳውඨˏ͇Ͳዝൕݛʢ⏋ᦏॷɴࢷԂɇʶɛʢɹɫȡ ʳ⏏ࡸɻ⏋ᬖୖয়՟ɴɹݜॻɭɲɤɛዝсɻతˏ͇Ͳዝ⏃ཉອዝ⏆сɫȡɤɛ⏏˻͑ͩͻ ͡ɹዝൕݛɹرˁᦠȩɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ዝсɹ᧧ିڃዛɹ᧦ȵ⏋ࡸɻ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹᦅ ȵ༇ອɴ᧟ਝɐʳɛʠɹʁɭɦɹଯᇕ᧧ିɹᐄഗɫȡɤɛɄɭȵჿៗɫȷʳ⏏ ǵჼܧɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɫɻ᧑ᤉ⏋࣒ఫܩ⏋̲ͻ͡ˁ᭑ȷ⏋ೡᬖޕܩɻʓɭ˃ɰ༥߉ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋1851 ॷɴ˓˧͠˽కঌȵсଁɌɛؾɹܩܒɴʭʶɽ⏋ԃᯆዩ 2,421 ˛ͻˡͻɹȩɠ 768 ˛ͻˡͻȵೡᬖޕܩ⏃˻͑Ͳ˫͡⏆ɭɌɩ៨᪼ɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 6⏆⏏ܒ 2 ɭປᥒɐʶɽʭʱ ౩ʰȴɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʰೡᬖޕɹܤܩɻʓʖჼܧɹᔘྂܩɴ᠍য়Ɍ⏋য়ಁɹᮃᘺɭᦅᓚܩɻ ߂ȷɲᕶးݨᬿɹᲞʛɭॶܹɲະΫɴᮃμɌɩȦɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ᔘྂܩԒɴɻ˻͑Ͳ˫͡ ˁՖʱᬖȦɩᬖޕɌɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳᓚܩȵဣܧɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹᯆዩɻࢸɇȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋য় ಁɹዝсɹμਕɻ⏋̲ͻ͡ɹٞᦇɫʼʶɩȦɛ̓ͦዝсɫɻɲȼ⏋ະΫɫʼʶɩȦɛ ˏ˗˽ˏ͇Ͳዝсɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵ1851 ॷয়ಁɹೡᬖޕܩɻჼܧɹᓚܩɹᏝ 40%ɴȡɛʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʰɹೡᬖޕܩʢ 1913/14 ॷɴ сଁɇʶɛܩدॡɫɻɐʏɩ༥߉ɐʳ⏏Ϻɹ៨ૡɴʭʶɽ⏋য়ಁɻᔘྂܩˁيʞʓɭ ˃ɰɹᬖޕܩɫɻతˏ͇Ͳዝȵൕݛɇʶ⏋ᕶးݨᬿΫɹᲞʛɹܤܩɫɻ˻͖ͻ̜ʦˏ˗˽ ዝ⏋Υᨆɫɻˏ˗˽ዝɭˏ͇ͲዝɹཌྷȵʼʶɩȦɛȵ⏋жܩɫɹ̓ͦዝсɻᏳǾɭʼʶ ɩȦɛɴȹɲȦɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɴȲȿʳᰖաᓚܩգᅎრɹˁᝠɐᝠ 3 ȴʰʢ౩ʰȴɫȡʸȩ⏏إᓑɹ᠌ɴʭʶɽகອᤉˁ୫ɛɲȦয়ಁɹ̲ͻ͡ɹٞᦇɴсʰʶɛ ̓ͦᅒɻ⏋ᮒ࡚՟ೝɴɻ̯͡ɲɰɹُᝐࢸᛚɹᐓ߫ɹඞʛȴɭɲɤɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉʶʰɹُ ᝐࢸᛚɹࡔܧɭᮒ࡚՟ೝɹވອɴʭʳ༇ອɹ᭝ਸȵ⏋ᦅɴ̓ͦዝсˁ᧧ିɇɓɲȴɤɛς ɲჿᅓɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵГΫȴʰ 1851 ॷȴʰ 1910 ॷБʚɫɻ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɫɻ̲ͻٞ͡ᦇɫɹ̓ͦዝсɻద᧙ɇ ʶ⏋ɗɹБʼʱɦȦᦏʚɫ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹЈܩݖɹະɫʢШᐏᇕɴʼʶɩȷɛత ˏ͇ͲዝˁμਕɭɌɛዝсȵשᣴɌɩȦɛɄɭȵՕȴʳ⏏ɌȴɌɄɄɫᩂឹɲɄɭɻ⏋1851 ॷয়ಁɴ՟ɴՖʱᬖȴʶɩȦɛɹɻဣܧɐʳ̲ͻ͡ɭɗɹٞᦇɹᑃʦȴɲӃహˁʢɦᓚܩȵ ɦȼʳᔘྂܩɹܩךɫɻɲȼ⏋ʓʖॶܹɲᓚܩɫȡʳະɹܩךɫȡɤɛɭȦȩɄɭɭ⏋ ɗɹɴᬖȴʶɛᔘྂܩɫʢςɴൕݛɇʶɩȦɛɹɻతˏ͇Ͳዝɫȡʱ⏋̓ͦዝсɻɗʶ ʓɰᩂឹਸˁʢɤɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦȩϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹᓚܩɹୟ߂ዐɭשᣴɐʳత ˒ȁ1851 ා̤̫ͥͅΐλχȜσఆ͈ാ౷၌ဥેޙ
ˏ͇Ͳዝсȵ႒ʳɹɻ⏋ᔘྂܩɹᬖޕɹܐᮑɇɭతˏ͇ͲዝɹӦʶɛ᧟ਝȵ⏋য়ಁɹ ዝскᏙˁଁጓɇɓɩȦɛɭȦȩϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏رˁᐁɛЁ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɫɗɹɄɭɹᯆ ৯ˁʛʳɄɭɻʢɻʦɫȷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɗʶɫɻɲɕ⏋ɗʶʚɫς༑ɞɤɛతˏ͇Ͳዝсȵ ఔඉɇʶ⏋̓ͦዝсȵჼܧɹʭȩɴঃȼʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ ǵɹإᓑɴ៨ૡˁɛɰɤɩʢʰȦ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹςឹዝсࢀɴɦȦɩʚɭʠɛʢɹȵ ᝠ 4 ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᝠɴʛʰʶʳʭȩɴ༇ອɴʭʳˏ͇Ͳዝсɹࢀɻ 1920 ॷГᭇ⏋Ϻɹ៨ ૡɴʳ߂ៀฐɲʢɹɞȿɫʢჼܧʚɫ 5 ɴʼɛɤɩȲʱ⏋ɌȴʢɗɹࢀዐɻЈɹࢀ ɴປᥒɌɩ߂ȷȦ⏏ؾɹᦅɴʭʶɽ 1920 ॷȴʰ༇ອɹೝȵɻɍʚʱ⏋ɗʶɭɭʢ ɴᗔܕಁБ⏋̮˥˽̊ͲಁБ⏋ɗɌɩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ಁБɭ⏋༇ອеʢΫɌɩȷɩȦʳɭȦ ȩ⏏ɄɹჼᢒɻЁʚɫᐙᐚɌɩȲʱ⏋1974 ॷȴʰ 88 ॷɹᬚɴࢹɲȼɭʢ 60 cm ɻΫɌɛ ɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹ༇ອɹೝɭ༇ອеɹΫɴࢪɐʳ౩ተɲࡴᠦɻɲȦȵ⏋̩ˠͻ͡ȵеᒞɐʳ ນˏȁΐλχȜσఆ̤̫ͥͅ႒༆ࣈ౷၌ဥၚ͈་ا⏃%⏆ ॷ Хᓚܩ తˏ͇Ͳዝ ̓ͦዝ ɗɹЈ 1856 58 30 2 10 1900 40 35 10 15 1925 16 48 15 21 1950 25 19 28 28 1970 22 3 37 38 1989 0 0 67 33 ⏧˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹ 2 Ϻɹإᓑɹࡴɴʭʳ⏏ˁ 5 ɦɹܩݖɴՕȿ⏋ع ܩݖɅɭɹᯆዩࡴˁʢɭɴ፤ࡴɌɛᐄഗɫȡʳ⏏ȋɗɹЈȍɴɻ⏋ ˏ˗˽ዝ⏋ˏ͇Ͳዝ⏋˻͖ͻ̜Ȳʭʃ̲͞с႒ȵيʚʶʳ⏏ ນːȁΐλχȜσఆ͈৽ါैबٺႤ ॷ ǵсǵǵǵ႒ ǵࢀ ǵǵǵǵǵǵǵ܍ 1917 తውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ 100% ͤ̋ͅˡ⏃ࢀᛚ⏆ 1919 ̓ͦዝ 100% ውඨմɹ༇ອɭ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ 1920 తˏ͇Ͳዝ 75% ༇ອɭ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ 1921 తˏ͇Ͳዝ 75% ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ 1943 ˏ˗˽ዝ ᨆՕᇕ ༇ອ 1945 ̓ͦዝ ᨆՕᇕ ॵɽɦ⏃3 μ⑯4 μ⏆ 1974 ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ 100% ༇ອ⏃7 μ⑯9 μ⏆ ̓ͦዝ ᨆՕᇕ ॵɽɦ⏃3 μ⑯4 μ⏆ 1987 ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ 50% ༇ອ⏃8 ά⑯9 ά⏆ 1988 ̓ͦዝ ᨆՕᇕ ʱሁմɹ༇ອ⏃STW ܩݖ⏆ ውඨˏ͇Ͳዝ 75% ᬏೝᇕ༇ອ⏃6 Ϋ⑯8 μ⏆ 1989 ̲͞⏃ϗ࡚ᅣс⏆ 100% ಮᰟᮒ ̓ͦዝ ᨆՕᇕ ॵɽɦ
͍˫̠ᇮܩȵܩᣒ෯ᦶᇕɴໍᭇɌɩȦʳɭȦȩᠦȵȡʱ⏋200 ॷᬚɫ 9⑯12 ʢໍ˃ɞɭȦʼ ʶɩȦʳRashid 1977: 32⏏ ǵɭʢȡʶ⏋1920 ॷȴʰɻɍʚʳ̩ˠͻ͡ܩݖɹ༇ອɹೝɭ༇ອеɹΫɻ᧙ȴʰ ʢ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɴ߂ᩄɹ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ˁʃᦉʛ⏋ɗʶʚɫ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɹμਕᇕዝсɫȡɤ ɛతˏ͇Ͳዝ⏃ཉອዝ⏆ൕݛȵ߂ȷɲଠˁ؝ȿʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏1920, 21 ॷɹθॷɴɻᦹ ᐚɌɩ༇ອࢀˁ؝ȿʳɭɭʢɴ⏋େɌࢊɓɛ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ȵଁᔒμɹతˏ͇Ͳɴࢀˁή ȭ⏋ʚɛ⏋ؚዲೝɴɻ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ȦɴᅒɴԂɤɩȷɛ̦̀͊ɴʢࢀˁ؝ȿɩȦʳ⏏߂ᩄ ɴᇍᅊɌɛ̘́˓ˏˠ˓ɻԃ̲ͻ͡ˁុȦࣉȼɌ⏋إᓑɴʭʶɽ⏋ɭɁɹȡʳੲਸᮊᗳɹʛɲ ʰɑອඞُᝐࢸᛚʢࠒˁ༥ɌɛɭȦȩ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛ̲ͻ͡ɹᅊᄩޅɹɭతˏ͇ͲዝɹࢀȵϺɛɠɹᬠਕˁϗ࡚ɹ̓ͦዝс ɴكȿɇɓ⏋Ʉɹಁೝ⏋̲ͻٞ͡ᦇɴ̓ͦዝсᅒȵਸ਼ᦵɴୟ߂Ɍɛᐄഗ⏋ဌྰᅎອέɭɲɤ ɛ⏏ϗ࡚ɹဌྰɻ̲ͻ͡ˁςɲອ྇ɭɌɩȦʳȵ⏋˻͑ͩͻ͡ɫɻɗɹᅎອˁተѳɐʳɛʠ ɴ⏋ȋ˻͑Ͳˤ͡ Jangalȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ᧑ʢɌȼɻ߂ȷɲᅮɹ০ˁɌɛݫݨɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϻूᇕɲ ᢱອȵʼʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹݫݨɻ⏋३ 60⑯90 cm⏋Პɇ 1 ⏋ᬏȦʢɹɫ 1 km ɴؖʉʢɹɫ⏋ ᮒ࡚ɹᏺʼʱɴ̲ͻ͡ɹகອᤉɭϯेɐʳݭଘ⏃˻͑Ͳˤ͡ɹؤɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏆ˁᬔɍʳɄɭɴ ʭʱ⏋̲ͻ͡ɹʛɲʰɑᲞʛɹອᅒɴʢᢱອɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹɻɍʠɴɻਖឹɴਝɍ ɩɗɹؤˁៗఔɌ⏋ອᅒȵԢອȴʰӹʶʳʭȩɴகອɐʳ⏏Ʉɹᠭ፲ؤɻܤɫᬔɍʰʶ⏋ᬖȼ ɭȷɴɻܤȵगɇʶʳ⏏1920⑯30 ॷɹᬚɴɄɹʭȩɲ˻͑Ͳˤ͡ȵృɛɴ 17 ᒞɇʶ⏋Ё ʛʰʶʳϗ࡚ဌྰ̓ͦዝсɹݜኄȵсʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩᝠ 3 ɴኍɇʶʳʭ ȩɴ⏋1925 ॷȴʰ 50 ॷɴȴȿɩ⏋ؾɫɻ̓ͦዝൕݛȵୟ߂ɌɩȦʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋తˏ͇Ͳ ዝɹсЊȿრȵ߂३ɴཝࢹɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹ⏋̓ͦዝсɴɗɹς৲ɹএˁᡶɤɛᮒ࡚ ɹˏ͇Ͳዝсɻ⏋ᲞؚᩄڃዛࢷԂɴʭʳውඨˏ͇ͲዝൕݛɭɌɩࡴመɐʳʚɫɗɹࣙᬖˁ৺ɦ Ʉɭɴɲʳȵ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋1920 ॷБГᭇɹ˻͑ͩͻ͡ɴȲȿʳϗ࡚ዝсɹᇍࣙɻ⏋ᰈᇍ ɐʳˏ͇Ͳዝсɹ༇ອࢀɭȦȩȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹɴࢪɐʳᦅɹଯ᧟ਝɹᐄഗɭȭ ʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
3ȅࢻକచॐ͂କ࡙ٳอଽॐ͈൲̧
ǵೣጟɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɹອᣂ྇༇ອࢪፑˁ̮˥˽̊ͲಁБȴʰჼБɴᕸʳʚɫ رᇕɴჿɌɲȵʰ⏋ɗɹᔘಕɴȡʳȋ༇ອɹըਉȍɭȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɭȦȩʈɛɦɹਲ਼ ᇕ࿈༑ˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳԒᅒᚹǵ1992a; Ԓᅒǵ1998⏏ 3.1ȁΩ΅ΑΗϋশయ (1947-71)ȡඊၛා (1971)ȡ1989 ා ǵആ̾Ͳˤ͡ܩ⏃ჼܧɹ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖⏆ɹ༇ອɴࢪɐʳԇɹᠶɻ˓˧͠˽ᐏಁБ (1765 ⑯1947) ɴɻʓɭ˃ɰɲɇʶɩȲʰɑ⏋ؾܩɹ༇ອȵܕࢃᇕکᰍɭɌɩᇿˁ༟ʃʳɹɻആ̮˥˽̊ͲɹᅊГᭇɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ1954 ॷȴʰ 3 ॷᬚᦹᐚɌɩᣱȷɛ߂༇ອˁ؝ȿɩ⏋1957 ॷɴɻ˪͡ͻ˫ (J. A. Krug) ˁБᝠ ɭɐʳܕᦹଯᰘکȵ⏋1963 ॷɴɻӯ͊˹˹̴̒ͻໜᬖᇍࠇڊЦࠇڊᬏɹ̩ͻ̚ˑͲ (J. R. Hardin) ȵ⏋1964/65 ॷɴɻˠ͞Ͳ̋ɹ߂ఠஐ̍̒́ (J. Th. Thijsse) ȵ⏋ɗʶəʶ༇ອࢪፑɴᬠ ɐʳݬٚೆˁആ̮˥˽̊ͲకঌɴரՏɌɩȦʳ⏏عݬٚೆɹԒࢅˁࡩٮाɻ๖ɹʭȩɴʚɭʠ ɩȦʳࡩٮा 1991⏏ ǵ1) ˪͡ͻ˫͊̒˹͚Ͳɹݬٚೆɻອᬖᇍɴᬠɐʳᐵغᇕɲʢɹɫ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲໜाɹܕɫ ɻ⏋ܤܩգᅎˁيʛະˁሂয়ዐ៰ࢅɐʳອፑˁɭʳʏȷɞɭַٚɌɩȦʳ⏏2) ̩ͻ̚ˑ Ͳɻ͊˹˹̴̒ͻໜອɹᐁᱻˁᤑʚȭɩ⏋ΥɫɻݨᬿᅙˁַٚɌɲȵʰ⏋˪͡ͻ˫ʰɹ ୭ˁᤑ឴Ɍ⏋ະˁȡʳዐ៰ࢅɐʳܤܩգᅎˁ༇ອՃჿɹ֟ɲଝຍɭᓒȭɛ⏏3) ̍̒́ ɻܩݖɅɭɹອɴɦȦɩԍкᇕɲர൜ˁȩɭɭʢɴ⏋ܩάອᠭീɭɗɹգᅎˁַٚɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ ǵɄɄɫ႕ɴᇿɌɩȲȷɛȦɹɻ⏋˪͡ͻ˫͊̒˹͚ͲɴɌʸ̩ͻ̚ˑͲɴɌʸȋະˁ ៰ࢅɐʳȍɄɭˁմரɭɌɛອፑˁர൜ɌɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̍̒́ʢȋמՕɲᠭീ ˁɓɑɴέࡴɲໜाˁݨᬿɴᬔɍᦉʠʳɄɭɴؙࢪȍɌɩȦʳAdnan et al. 1992: 38⏏Ȧɑ ʶɹݬٚʢ⏋༇ອըਉɹɛʠɴံИɴໜाˁݨᬿԒɴࢬɍᦉʠɩɌʚȩɄɭˁַʠʳʢɹɫ ɻɲȴɤɛɄɭˁ៨ૡɌɩȲȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ ǵ˪͡ͻ˫͊̒˹͚Ͳɹݬٚೆˁ؝ȿɩ⏋ອᣂ྇ɭອᇍᮚԃкˁȩృɛɲకঌลᬠȋആ ̮˥˽̊Ͳອᣂ྇ᮚᬖᇍԇ (EPWAPDA)ȍȵ 1959 ॷɴጓɇʶɛ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹลᬠɴ ʭɤɩ⏋1975 ॷಁဣɹᰩషᕶᐌ᧒ଁˁμᬚᇿฌɭɌɛ 1965-85 ॷɹ 20 ॷᬚɴʼɛʳອᣂ྇ᬖ ᇍ͇˽̊ͻ̺͞Ͳȵ 1964 ॷɴсଁɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋য়ಁɹͤͻ̜ɫ 21 Ӝ̝͡ ⏃ɗɹᏝ 29%ȵ༠ȴʰɹஹ֖⏆ȴȿɩ⏋Ϊ߂ໜाɹθࣳˁيʞԃܕɴʼɛʳధן͇˓͡ɹݨ ᬿ⏋100 оʱɹ̋͡ͅͻ⏃ᥢμݨ⏆⏋ధȭȷʶɲȦອᬐʦɗɹЈɹອգేȴʰɲʳ߂ៀฐɲ 58 ɹ༇ອըਉகອ/ဌྰ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ (FCD/I: Flood Control, Drainage and/or Irrigation) ˁμਕɴ ஈȭɛʢɹɫȡɤɛHughes 1994: 34-35; Adnan et al. 1992: 39⏏
ǵ1971 ॷɹ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹႶጓ⏋ᦅᅊᅋވ֓ɹɛʠɹອᣂ྇ᬖᇍɻࢸៀฐဌྰˁμਕ ɭɌɛࢸៀฐɲ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴ့ဣȵয়ɩʰʶʳȵ⏋3) ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ອգᬖᇍ࣌ (BWDB) ɴৄ ȷᐙȵʶɛ EPWAPDA ɴʭʳ͇˽̊ͻ̺͞Ͳɫኍɇʶɛ߂ៀฐɲ FCD/I ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɻГ ʢᐚȿʰʶ⏋1947 ॷɹആ̮˥˽̊Ͳଁጓಁɴɻʼɑȴ 12 km ɞɤɛݨᬿȵ 1980 ॷБץɴ ɻᐵযᬏ 7,555 km ɴؖʃ⏋ອգేʢᏝ 8,000 ˁధȭʳɴᕸɤɩȦʳHaggart 1994: 26⏏1987 3) 1972 ॷɴγ᪃ȴʰՏɇʶɛݬٚೆˁ؝ȿɩ⏋ፀ 1 ๖ 5 ͶॷᅙɫʢɤɭʢᩂឹែɇʶɛɹɻࢸៀฐɲͅͲ̺ဌ ྰɭж˱˽̜ɹ FCD/I ɫȡɤɛ⏏Г⏋60 ॷБɴɻɍʠʰʶɛ߂ៀฐɲ FCD/I ɻᐙᐚɇʶʳȵ⏋༇ອըਉɴᬠ Ɍɩɻࢸៀฐ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ȵధȼࡸేɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛHossain 1987: 45-46⏏
ॷಁဣɫ⏋̮˥˽̊ͲಁБГഀᏺϛɌɛ FCD/I ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɻ 191⏋ᦽμɹ 114 ɹ̺ͦ˻˙ ˪̜ȵଁɐʶɽԃܕܤɹץՕГΫȵݨᬿɴܑʚʶ⏋ʚɛ⏋Ʉɹݨᬿলɹɛʠɹܤूᩄɻγ ᅠᇕɴʢ߂ៀฐɭȦʼʶSafi ullah 1989: 174⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອࢪፑȵݨᬿলɴћ ࡔɌɩȷɛɄɭˁᰒᘿɴኍɐ៷ृɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋߂ɲᣂᩆˁȴȿɩࡸేɇʶɩȷɛ FCD/I ɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢଁ֒ˁᏢʠɛɭɻៜȦᮑȦ Ⴅɴȡɤɛ⏏ݨᬿɴʭʳ༇ອըਉˁմᯆɴଠɠՏɌɛ͇˽̊ͻ̺͞Ͳȵ⏋ਖɑɌʢ˪͡ͻ ˫ʰɹȋະˁ៰ࢅɐʳȍɄɭˁմரɭɌɩȦɛɭɻᓒȭɴȼȦȵ⏋ЕɴɗȩɫȡɤɛɭɌɩ ʢ⏋লɇʶɛݨᬿɹȼɻȋອˁᬔɍᦉʠʳȍᐄഗɭɲɤɛ⏏ԃܕɴলɇʶɛ߂ࢸɹݨᬿ ȵᐨɹᇿɹʭȩɴʱीʰɇʶɛໜाʦອᤉˁ 1,000 ͶଘГΫɫՕుɐʳᐄഗɭɲʱ⏋ɗɹɛ ʠɴகອέᖪȵȦɛʳɭɄʸɫᇍᅊɌɩԃܕᇕɲکᰍɭɲɤɛHaggart 1994: 26⏏Ʉɹʭȩ ɲႥȴʰ⏋͇˽̊ͻ̺͞Ͳɗɹʢɹˁឿሁɗȩɭɹ֪ȷʢ 1980 ॷБץɴɻՏɩȼʳ⏏4) ɗɌɩ⏋1987, 88 ॷɴᦹᐚɌɛ߂༇ອɴឿᖏʼʶɛ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻ⏋ɗʶʚɫɹࢸៀฐɲ̺ ͦ˻˙˪̜ᩂែɹࠒֳȴʰ༇ອɴࢪɐʳೣᇕៗໆˁᇿ୭Ɍɩك᥊ழˁɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏༇ ອࢪፑϟ (FAP) ɹᇍɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʚɫອᣂ྇ᬖᇍஹ֖ˁᐚȿɩȷɛ̝̠ͻعܕعลᬠʢ⏋ ʢȩΥ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອکᰍɹៗໆፑˁឿሁɐɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 3.2ȁࢻକచॐমު FAP ͈อ௷Ȫ1989 ාȫ ǵ1987, 88 ॷɴᦹᐚɌɩ߂༇ອɴ឴ʼʶɛ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹয়ಁɹ᥅ϟకณɻ⏋ᬏೝᇕɲ༇ອ ըਉࢪፑɹਖឹਸˁγᅠɴ៲ȭȴȿɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ؝ȿɩ⏋̶͞Ͳ˽ɭ UNDP ⏃ܕᦹᬖᇍᅙ⏆ɻ ߂ៀฐɲݨᬿɹলɴʭʳȋ༇ອըਉȍˁ⏋USAID ⏃Ꭶܕܕ᭬ᬖᇍং⏆ɻȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍˁ մரɭɌɩᯃ෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳ̶̜̅ᇕࢪਝˁμਕɭɌɛࢪፑ൜ˁʚɭʠɛ⏏ ǵɄɹȩɠ⏋UNDP ɴʭʳݜೣ෯ɻ༇ອըਉˁ߂ᠩᰍɭɌɩ⏋ɗɹࢪፑɭɌɩɄʶʚɫࡸ ჼɇʶɲȴɤɛ߂ໜाɹݨᬿ෯፷ɭ༇ອᬿਉܩךɹךᅙɭȦȩ߂ៀฐܤೠूϟˁμਕɭɌ ɛ⏋ूᇕࢪਝˁԃᯆɴଠɠՏɌɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵɄɹݜೣ෯ɻ⏋ɗɹμਕɭɲʳ߂ໜाɹݨᬿ෯፷ɭ༇ອᬿਉܩךɹᬖᇍˁ 20 ॷɫଁɌ ʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉɹȩɠ፷ݨᅙɻˤͲ˻˽⏃̮̝͇ˁيʞ⏆̸͇̺̜͍͞͞ ˫̠ɹΪ߂ໜाɹθࣳ⏃͍˫̠ໜɻά༑ᨆ⏆ɭ̋̒ˡ॑ɴ᭰ஞɐʳ̚͞˽ͩ͠ໜृࣳˁيʞԃ ᬏ 1,500 km ɴʢؖʉʢɹɫ⏋ਖឹɴਝɍɛᡸࣳूɭ 45Ͷଘɹອգేᒞˁيʞॅ߂ɲᅙ ɫȡʳ⏏ूϟךᬚɻ 11 Օւɇʶ⏋عݨᬿɴɦȦɩ 2⑯3 ॷɹྈҺೝᬚɹ⏋ά༑ʍɹ৯ᯱˁᓒ ૅɌɩ⏋Ϋ༑ᨆɹ̸͇̺̜͞͞ृࣳȴʰመଝɇʶ⏃ूϟೝᬚ 1992⑯96 ॷ⏆⏋ά༑ᨆɴеᒞɐ 4) 1987 ॷɹ߂༇ອɹ BWDB ɴᒞɇʶɛࠇڊЦɻ⏋̝̠ͻɹஹ֖ˁ؝ȿɑɴႶᕶɹᠭീˁɤɛ⏏ɗɹݬٚɹ μɫ⏋1964 ॷɹ͇˽̊ͻ̺͞ͲɴݜɧȦɛ FCD/I ɹȡʱɴݜೣᇕɲᆄکˁᝠɐɭɭʢɴ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ʍ ɹ؝ᇰᓔؒ֓ɹਖឹਸˁᦚʏɩȦʳHaggart 1994: 6⏏
ʳ̮̝͇زࣳɻɴመू⏃ूϟೝᬚ 2006⑯10 ॷ⏆ɐʳɭɌɩȦʳUNDP 1989: 6.7-6.13⏏ʚ ɛ༇ອᬿਉܩךɹךᅙ (compartmentalization) ɫɻ⏋ιɌɩᣬʳࢷອᤉɭகອᤉ⏋Ϋά༑ܩ ךɹޅᅠɭɲʳ 2 ೣɹݨᬿɴܑʚʶɛܩךˁеךᅙɭɌ⏋᭰ஞɐʳ߂ໜा⏋ȡʳȦɻΫ༑ך ȴʰʱᦉ˃ɞ༇ອˁܩךԒɫȡʳዐະɇɓɛ⏋கອేɴʭʱໜाȡʳȦɻά༑ךʍ கອɐʳ⏏༇ອˁ༓ȼঃȼՕతɇɓɲȵʰά༑ךʍШȭɩȦȼɄɭɴʭʱ⏋༇ອࢀˁᑃٮɌʭ ȩɭɐʳʢɹɫ⏋Ϊ߂ໜाȦɹঃ፴ɲܩݖˁࢪᢒɭɌɩȦʳ⏏̮˓̜ͦ̒ܩךɭɌɩࡴɇ ʶɩȦʳᏝ 1 Ψ ha ɹеךᅙɫɻ⏋1988 ॷៀฐɹ༇ອȵᇍᅊɌɛݭغ⏋̋̒ˡЊᦏɫɻ 7 m ɹອཉȵ፷ݨɴʭɤɩ 6 m ʚɫ⏋ɇʰɴךᅙɴʭɤɩԃອཉɭɇʶʳ 4 m ʚɫжάɫȷʳ ɭ᠅፤ɇʶɩȦʳUNDP 1989: 5.36-5.40⏏ ǵɄɹ UNDP ɴʭʳ༇ອըਉˁμਕɭɌɛݜೣ෯ɻᣂᩆᯆɫɹکᰍˁيʛɲȵʰʢ⏋ᐳਸ਼ ɹៗໆፑˁʞ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌȴʰয়՟ɻᦎɇʶʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌूଯɴ ԃᯆᇕɴћࡔɌɛ༇ອըਉɹȡʱɻ⏋ౖࡔɹໜा˹˽̘͌ˁံែɌ⏋ᄩޅʦᦅᅊᏙʍ ɹੲ৯ᯱˁȼʢɹɫȡʳɭȦȩଫՠʢΥɫɻɫɩȷɛ⏏UNDP ɹݜೣ෯ɭಁˁؾɍȼɌ ɩ⏋ USAID ɻˤͲ˻˽̸͇̺̜͞͞ໜ༑ݖᡉܕˁࢪᢒɭɌɛອᣂ྇ᬖᇍ෯ˁፑࡴɌɩȦ ʳ⏏Ʉɹݬٚɹμɫɻ⏋1988 ॷɹ༇ອɴʭʳ߂ໜाɹໜ᧑ೃɴЫȦݨᬿȵቑޙఔඉɇʶ ɛёˁʱΫɁ⏋ूᇕɹʛɫɻࢪਝɌȷʶɲȦʓɰ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອៀฐɻܦ҉ ᇕɫȡʱ⏋ɇʰɴɰɹዐʚɫ༇ອеˁଵȭʳʏȷȴೡɞᐄᠶȵՏɩȦɲȦɭɌɛȩȭɫ⏋߂ ݨᬿɴʭʳ༇ອըਉɻ̊̚͡ɫɹᄩޅ̫͞Ͳ˽ˁቑޙɐʳΥ⏋߂ɲହᣂɻʚʶɲ߂༇ອɴ ࢪɌɩɹʛըਉɹ৲ւˁഗɛɐɞȿɫᐁཕᇕɴʢৄȷغʼɲȦɭଫՠˁ֓ȭɩȦʳRogers et al. 1989: 33-55⏏ହᣂˁȴȿɩ༇ອɗɹʢɹˁ႒ჿᇕɴըਉɐʳБʼʱɴ⏋᧫ᮑଘɹল⏋ʭ ʱᐳਸ਼ɹᰩషஹ֖ɭכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɹӱࡸ⏋༓ླྀອܩݖɹᦅܩˁࡪʳɄɭ⏋ܩݖᇕɲܩᝠகອ ᔨɹكΫɲɰᐁཕᇕଯᇕɴʢ֟ɫ⏋ȴɦᄩޅʍɹ৯ᯱȵࢸɇȦࢪፑȵਖឹɫȡʱ⏋ɗ ɹɛʠɴɻЦᓔʦс႒ᓔˁʢي˃ɞ᭬ᇕድɴʭɤɩ⏋ࢃԊؾкɫɰɹʭȩɲ ԃࢪፑȵɲɇʶɩȦʳȴ⏋ʚɛϜɇʶʳ༇ອɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɲൕݛ˹˽̘͌ȵɭʰʶɩȦ ʳɹȴɲɰ⏋ᦅȵ༇ອɭɭʢɴᅊȷɩȦʳࡸˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɄɭɄɗȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏ᦅɹȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɹଁ֒ёȴʰ⏋ܕࢃͤ̾͡ɫʢ֟ഗᇕɲ༇ອࢪፑȵʰʶʳɭ Ɍ⏋ȋܕ᭬ᇕஹ֖ɻ⏋ϺǾˁɌɩȏ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȑˁخᔨɲʰɌʠʳɛʠɴɲɇʶʳʏȷɫȡ ʳȍɭςɌɩȦʳRogers et al. 1989: 73-78⏏ ǵʚɛ BARC⏃̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᦅድଘ⏆ɻະᦅɴᬠɐʳ᭬ᇕድ̠́͊ͻɴᬠɐ ʳݬٚBARC 1989ɹμɫ⏋፷ݨɴʭʱ༇ອࢀᯆዩȵʞɌʸވ֓ɌɩȦʳɄɭˁؑ 40 ॷɹᣂషɴݜɧȦɩ୭Ɍɛȩȭɫ⏋ᰩషተѳᅊɹ៎ဣȴʰɻ⏋ਃഀɹᥢμݨিɴʭʳ ອᣂ྇ࢪፑʭʱʢ⏋ᲞؚᩄڃዛዝᔋషࢸៀฐဌྰɹࢷԂɹȵɻʳȴɴᢨɌɩȷɛɭᦚ ʏ⏋ɇʰɴɐʏɩɹݨᬿˁوࡴɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦɭɌɲȵʰʢ⏋ܩݖᇕɲԒອɹᦲອᔨжά⏋
ά༑ᨆɴȲȿʳ˹̜͡ໍɭᦲॷܩᝠອᩄɹཝࢹ⏋ݨԒɫɹܤޚᔋ໋ɹжάɭݨɹ༇ອе Ϋɲɰ⏋ݨᬿʦᥢμݨɹᦅྫɴήȭʳ৯ᯱɭکᰍဣˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏႕ɴᢩܐࣝɴɭɤɩ ɹྫɹᩂឹਸˁᠭɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ܩᝠອɻܤܩɴȼʰʏɩॶፈਸɹᲞȦᢧᅋɫȡʳɄɭ⏋ ɄʶˁཝɍʳɄɭɻέॶፈɴˁȴȿʳᐄഗɴɲʳɭᦚʏ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ᭝ਸˁɻʰ˃ɫȦ ʳݨᬿিɴБʼʳˁฐᏮɐʳɛʠ⏋༇ອݬٚȵኍɐЦᐁཕᇕ⏋ᄩޅᇕઝ٢ˁᐵغᇕɴ ປᥒՕഓɐʳృɛɲ̲͖ͤͻȵਖឹɫȡʳɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴ FAP ᇍˁմɴɌɩ⏋ȋ༇ອˁըਉȍɌʭȩɭɐʳᓒȭɭȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍᬠѥ ˁᩂែɌʭȩɭɐʳᓒȭȵዺɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛȵ⏋1989 ॷ 7 ɹ̮͠˵̜͊̒ɴȲȦ ɩȋ⏃̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອࢪፑɹ⏆ᐳਸ਼ɹਖឹਸȍȵࡺៜɇʶɛɄɭˁ؝ȿ⏋1989 ॷ 12 ⏋ ɄʶʰɹອɭໞɹʭȩɴɲɍʚɲȦࢪፑ൜ɴݜɧȷ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹ༇ອࢪፑϟ FAP ȵ γ᪃ɹ్ɴʭʱឿՖʱᇍɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵFAP ɻᐵغᇕɲ༇ອࢪፑɹፀ 1 ຍ᭥ɭɌɩ⏋1990⑯95 ॷɴᏝ 150 ӜԓˁȴȿɩعዛᠭീȲʭ ʃ̮˓̜̺ͦ̒ͦ˻˙˪̜ˁࡸేɐʳʢɹɭɌɩᬖࠃɇʶɛ⏏ᬖࠃɴȡɛʱ⏋̝̠ͻɭɲɤ ɛ 15 ɹܕɭܕ᭬ลᬠɹ༇ອɴࢪɐʳᓒȭȵʚɠʚɠɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋γ᪃ɹᠭҪɴʭʳʱ غʼɓȵ᠅ʛʰʶɛȵ⏋ᐄ࣌ɻعܕعลᬠȵႶᕶɹᓒȭɴݜɧȦɛ 26 ɹ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɭ ٧ɽʶʳϟˁࡸేɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛHaggart 1994: 2-5⏏Ʉɹ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɹԒࢅˁʛʳ ɭ⏋ςឹໜाԃкˁݨᬿɫᬔɍᦉʠɩɌʚȩɭȦȩ UNDP ʦ̶͞Ͳ˽ɹয়՟ɹ൜ɻɇɐȵɴ ࠒˁ༥Ɍɛȵ⏋̸͇̺̜͞͞ໜʦ͍˫̠ໜɹ߂ໜाɹݨᬿˁɻɍʠɭɌɩ⏋ςឹᨊ॑ɹ༇ອᬿ ਉݨʦ˵˓˪ͦͲᬿਉɹɛʠɹᬿ࿈ݨɲɰ⏋ݨᬿҥᩂςᒶȵς༑ˁװʠɩȦʳɄɭɴʼʱɻ ɲȦ⏏5) 26 ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɹȩɠ⏋ȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍˁմரɭɌɩᯃ෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳࢪፑˁዩෑᇕ ɴฐᏮɌɩȦʳʢɹɻ⏋ܩݖɹ༇ອࢪਝɹᠭീ (FAP14) ɭᓘ༇ອਸɹɴᬠɐʳᠭീ (FAP23) ɹ 2 ɦɴȹɲȦ⏏FAP ɹμɫɻȋԊᅊȍ༐ɻȡȼʚɫࢹధɫȡɤɛ⏏ 3.3ȁࢻକచॐমު FAP ոࢃȪ1989 ාȡ࡛हȫ ǵFAP ɹፀ 1 ̶˙ͻ̀ɹᏺݬٚೆɻ 1995 ॷɴՏɇʶ⏋6) ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɻɄɹᐄഗˁ؝
5) FAP ɻ 11 ɹ҅աϟ (Main Components) ɭ 15 ɹជ֖ᠭീ (Supporting Studies) ɹغ 26 ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ˁʢɤɩ ᇍɌɛ⏏҅աϟɻ Regional Study ɭ٧ɽʶʳع፬ךɹ༇ອᬿʦອᣂ྇፬ჿᅙɹɛʠɹ 5 ɦɹݜኄᠭീ ˁɻɍʠɭɌɩ⏋߂ໜाɹݨᬿᡸࣳςឹᨊ॑ɹ༇ອᬿᬿ࿈ݨɴʭʳ˵˓˪ͦͲᬿਉ༇ອϜᡰݬ˹˽̘ ͌ౙ༎֪ɹជ֖ɴᬠɐʳᠭീፈȴʰɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛជ֖ᠭീɻ⏋ౖࡔɹ༇ອըਉဌྰகອϟፈɹ ۊ፬ჿʦܤܩؚᅎԗඨɴᬠɐʳᠭീȲʭʃᄩޅྫʍɹ৯ᯱᠭീ⏋ܩݖɹ༇ອࢪਝɹࡸɭᓘ༇ອਸɹ ɴᬠɐʳᠭീ⏋ςឹໜाɹཀྵᩄʦܩ০ܒܩჿݬ˹˽̘͌ɹсଁ⏋༇ອɹధჿ͐̚͡ɭ༇ອ፬ჿɴᬠ ɐʳ͐̚͡෯ɹᬖᇍ⏋FAP ɹࡸేɴȡɛɤɩըΫਖឹɲИɹᠭീȲʭʃ˱Ͳ̮ͻ̜͍Ͳ̜⏃கອܩךɹ ᏳՕ⏆̮˓̜̺ͦ̒ͦ˻˙˪̜⏋֪ະɹ፬ჿɭໜ᧑ࡴ̮˓̜̺ͦ̒ͦ˻˙˪̜ፈȴʰଁʱጓɤ ɩȦʳFPCO 1994: s-3⏏ 6) Ʉɹݬٚೆɫɻ⏋Ё 10 ॷᬚɫ 2,530 Ӝԓˁȴȿɩ 65 ɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ˁࡸేɐʳɄɭȵர൜ɇʶɩȦʳFPCO 1994: 12-16⏏ʚɛ⏋፬ჿᅙೆɫɻ⏋1995⑯2000 ॷɹ 5 ॷᬚɫ 500 Ӝԓˁȴȿɩ 38 ɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜⏃1995 ॷГ մɴᬖࠃɇʶɛʢɹʢيʞ⏆ˁர൜ɌɩȦʳFPCO 1995: 18⏏
ȿɩȋ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ອᣂ྇Ȳʭʃ༇ອ፬ჿᅙȍFPCO 1995ˁᇍᝠɌɛ⏏7) Ʉɹȋ፬ჿ ᅙȍɻɄʶʚɫɹອգᅎᅙࢪፑɴᬠɐʳݬٚೆȵᮒ࡚ɹ༇ອըਉɭϗ࡚ɹဌྰɴᮃμɌ ɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋కঌɴʭʳᐏغᇕɲອᣂ྇༇ອ፬ჿɹ̶ͤͻ͌сʱˁᠭɐʳʢɹɫȡɤ ɛ⏏ܩᝠອɹʛɲʰɑܩάອˁʢي˃ɞϗ࡚ɴȲȿʳອᣂ྇ˁᭉɹʢɹɭɌɩȭ⏋ᦅ ́˪̊ͻɞȿɴᅥʚʰɑ⏋ྫʦूᖒɲɰɹ́˪̊ͻᬚ̫͞Ͳ˽ˁѳɦᅙˁʠ ɊɌ⏋ɗɹɛʠɹࡸేลᬠɹɲɰɴɦȦɩʢரៜɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹɲȴɫࢸៀฐɲဌྰʦ ᰰషອɹњᐌɴɦȦɩɻᬚɴКɓʳʏȷɭɌɲȵʰ⏋కঌȵμቁೝᇕɴᬠήɐʏȷకፑɭɌ ɩ⏋ȋ༇ອϜཀྵɭပࢀ፬ჿᔨɹȍ⏋ȋౖࡔ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹ፬ჿۊɹఒڵȍ⏋ȋϺؤ ዚࢌɲᨊ॑ʦςឹేɹ༇ອɭໜाѢᰩɲɰȴʰɹᬿਉȍ⏋ȋࢀˁ؝ȿʦɐȦܩݖԊؾкɴࢪ ɐʳᰰషອɹரњȍ⏋ȋᦅɴɭɤɩࡸేخᔨɲࢸៀฐ༇ອࢪፑɲɰɴʭʳ༇ອᓘਸɹ⏃̶ ̝̺̒͞͡ͻ̶ˑͲ˫⏧fl ood proofi ng⏆ȍ⏋ȋᦅྫ୷ᖂɹɛʠɹອᣂ྇༇ອ፬ჿ̺ͦ˻˙ ˪̜ɹࡸేȍɲɰɹਖឹਸɴɦȦɩᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋కঌȵᬏೝᇕɴᬠʼʳʏȷకፑɭɌ ɩ⏋ȋ߂ໜाɹ༇ອʦѢᰩࢪፑɭɌɩɹ߂ៀฐݨᬿলʦໜाूϟ⏋ςឹໜाɹᇿᇕᰄ᱔ू ɹলȍɹਖឹਸɴɦȦɩʢᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ȋ፬ჿᅙȍɻອᣂ྇༇ອࢪፑɴࢪ ɐʳᐵغᇕɲែဣˁي˃ɫȦʳɭȦȭʳȵ⏋༇ອࢪፑɭɌɩ߂ៀฐݨᬿলɹخᔨਸˁوࡴɌ ɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋FAP ᇍয়ಁɴʛʰʶɛݨᬿҥᩂςᒶɻɲʱˁ࿃ʠ⏋༇ອըਉ (fl ood control) ɭȦȩៜᘽɻ༇ອ፬ჿ (fl ood management) ɴɤɩБʼʰʶ⏋ɇʰɴ⏋FAP ɹࡸ ేɴʭɤɩᩂឹਸȵ᠗ᡫɇʶɞɌɛ̶̝̺̒͞͡ͻ̶ˑͲ˫ɭȦȩៜᘽȵ॑ณˁɛɄɭ ɻ߂ȷɲɹჼʶɭȦȭʳ⏏༇ອɻըਉɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋፬ჿɌ⏋ɗɹࢀˁࢸᭉɴଵȭ ʳʏȷࢪᢒɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵȋ༇ອ፬ჿȍɴɦȦɩγ᪃ɻ⏋ࢰഀᇕɲອգᅎᅙɹȡʱɴɦȦɩɹݬٚೆɹμɫȋر ᇕɴ⏋෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳ༇ອࢪፑɻ༇ອըਉ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ (fl ood control project) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȷɛ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋༇ອɴࢪɐʳԃɲըਉ (control) ɻ⏋႒ჿᇕɴʢᐁཕᇕɴʢʓɭ˃ɰέخᔨɴᦏȦ⏏ ᭝ਸȵᇖံɭȦȩɄɭɻȡʱȭɑ⏋ԃ (safe) ɭɻԃɴ᭝ਸɹɲȦɄɭ (risk-free) ˁઝ٢ ɌɲȦȵ⏋ᦏɫɻɄɹɄɭɴɦȦɩঃȼჿៗɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶʪȭ⏋෯ᦶ႒ɴʭʳ ༇ອࢪፑɻ⏋Ё⏋༇ອࢀжཝ (fl ood damage mitigation) ʚɛɻ⏋༇ອ፬ჿ (fl ood management) ɭ٧ɽʶɩȲʱ⏋༇ອࢪፑɭɌɩȏ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອ (controlled-fl ooding)ȑɹਖឹਸȵ᠗ʠʰʶ 7) ፀ 1 ̶˙ͻ̀Г⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫɻᡴЦɹៗతɭᐵ᧧୲ɹʦʱሁɌɲɰకᇕዷᇐȵᐚȦɛȵ⏋1996 ॷ 6 ɴృకณȵᇍɌɛɄɭˁ؝ȿ⏋FAP ɹፀ 2 ̶˙ͻ̀ʍɹకঌɹዩෑᇕɲӈȷȴȿɹᐄഗ⏋যᬏɇʶɛʢ ɹʦృɛɴࠃʠʰʶɛ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ˁيʠ⏋FAP ɹʢɭɫɻȼɹ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȵࡸేɇʶ⏋ɗʶʰɹȼɻ 2000 ॷʚɫɫʓʖᏺϛɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋FAP ɹፀ 2 ̶˙ͻ̀ɫɻፀ 1 ̶˙ͻ̀ɫʼʶɛʭȩɲԃкЦᡴɹ៨ ᪼ȵՏႆɇʶɩȦɲȦɄɭȴʰ⏋ஹ֖عܕลᬠɴʭʳ͇̘̍͡͞͞͡ɲஹ֖ɫɻɲȼ⏋҅աɲܕʦลᬠɭ ɹ̫˓̘͞͞͡ɲஹ֖ɭɲɤɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ݬٚೆɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖క ঌɭ҅աɹܕลᬠɹʛɫʱϯʼɇʶ⏋ʚɭʠɩԂଝɐʳɄɭȵܐᮑɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ɩȷɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȍWorld Bank 1998: 23ɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ؾಁೝɴՏɇʶɛաɹݬٚ ೆɫɻݨᬿɴɦȦɩȋcontrolled-fl ooding ɹᓒȭɴݜɧȦɛ༇ອࢀжཝʍɹᐵغᇕˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɴ ʭɤɩ⏋༇ອɹᅊʛՏɐգᇰˁᐣ୫ɐʳɭؾಁɴ⏋ɗɹࢀˁࢸᭉɴᅥʠʳɛʠɴ⏋ݨᬿ ɻȏ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອȑ ɹෙਥˁྃɛɐʭȩɲลᔨᇕ̚˸˓ͲɴɐʳਖឹਸȵȡʳȍWorld Bank and BCAS 1998: 84ɭɹரៜˁɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵࡸɻɄɹȋ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອȍɭɹᓒȭɻ⏋ʢɭʢɭ FAP ᇍಁɴ UNDP ɴʭɤɩர൜ɇ ʶ⏋FAP20 ɴʭɤɩךᅙ̮˓̜ͦ̒ϟ⏃Compartmentalization Pilot Project: Гά CPP ɭ៨ɐ⏆ ɭɌɩ⏋ɐɫɴ̊Ͳˤ˓͡ላɫ᠅ᱻᇕɴ᠅ʛʰʶɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏CPP ɹʢɭɫ⏋13,000 ha ɹ ܤܩȵ༇ອ፬ჿɹࡸᱻݭɭɲʱ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ܩݖɻݨᬿɫךՖʰʶ⏋ອᬐɴʭɤɩ༇ອᠭ፲ ȵʼʶʳ˱Ͳ̮ͻ̜͍Ͳ̜ɭ٧ɽʶʳךᅙɴՕւɇʶɛ⏏Ϋ༑ɹךᅙɫະɌɛ༇ອˁά༑ ɹךᬚɴ༑Ɍᦉʛ⏋ɇʰɴɗɹךᬚȴʰ๖ɹךᬚʍɭະˁǾɴά༑ךᬚʍ؝ȿ୫ɛɓ⏋ະ ˁܩݖԃкɴঃɁʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋عךᅙɹ༇ອеˁάɁʭȩɭɐʳγᅠᇕɴʛɩʢёɹɲȦ ᠅ʛɫȡɤɛ⏏FAP ɹ̺͞Ͳ̠ͻɻɄʶʰɹࢸៀฐɲеɫອ፬ჿȵɲɇʶʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ ᦅʦྫˁʱॎȼᄩޅʍɹᢦᗼȵࢹɲȼɲʳɄɭˁೝ৺Ɍɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉɹ̺ͦ ˻˙˪̜ȵଁ֒ɐʶɽ⏋ךᅙɴʭʳ༇ອըਉ͐̚͡ȵԃܕͤ̾͡ɫᅎɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʳɭ ȦʼʶɩȦɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵCPP ɻ๖ጟɫᦚʏʳʭȩɴȋзؒ֓ȍɹࡸᱻݭɫʢȡʱ⏋ɗɹɄɭɴᬠᦹɌɩɻȦȼɦ ȴɹکᰍˁɻʰ˃ɫȦɛɄɭɻوʠɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋FAP20 ɹᏺݬٚೆɻךᅙɴʭʳଯ ᇕɲکᰍɻʓʖៗ༥ɇʶɛɭɌɩ⏋Ʉɹȋ፬ჿɇʶɛ༇ອȍɹয়ਸˁȩɛȦȡɁWARPO 2000⏋γ᪃ʢʚɛɄɹᓒȭɴʭɤɩጓɦጓݭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵFAP20 ɹᏺਖ਼ɭɭʢɴଯᇕɲکᰍˁɻɍʠɭɌɩ⏋ȋךᅙȍɴЫȩɇʚɊʚɲჼࡸᇕک ᰍɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɭ̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹзɴৄȷཡɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏Ёɰɹʭȩɲک ᰍȵᝠᯆɐʳɹȴ⏋ჼಁဣɫɻϜཀྵɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹ CPP ɹࡸᱻˁᦲɌ ɩ⏋༇ອࢪፑΫɹʁɭɦɹਲ਼ȵ༝ȴʃΫȵɤɩȷɛɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻȴɦɩ̍̒ ́ʦ˪͡ͻ˫ɴʭɤɩڟȭʰʶɛȋະˁ៰ࢅɐʳȍ༇ອࢪፑɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏
ǵFAP ɭȦȩި߂ɲ᠅ᇕࡸᱻˁᦲɌɩ⏋༇ອɻըਉɇʶʳ (fl ood control) ʢɹȴʰࢀˁᥐ ཝ (fl ood mitigation)⏋ʢɌȼɻ፬ჿɇʶʳʏȷʢɹ (fl ood management) ɭɲʱ⏋ɗɌɩȋອȍɻ ᣂ྇ɭɌɩᐵغᇕɴ፬ჿɇʶʳʢɹʍɭውɌɛ⏏ɗɹ࿈༑ɹμɫ⏋߂ៀฐݨᬿɻوࡴɇʶɛ ʼȿɫɻɲȦʢɹɹ⏋ݨᬿɴࢪɐʳᓒȭɴȵჼʶɩȷɛ⏏˪͡ͻ˫ʦ̍̒́ʰɹڟȭɛ ȋະˁ៰ࢅɐʳȍਲ਼⏋ɐɲʼɠȋ༇ອɭɹԊᅊȍɴᐄʃɦȼᓒȭȵԗʃ༎ɐʳɄɭɴ
4ȅକ̪ͬ͛ͥȶ૽șȷ͂ȶ࣭زȷ
ǵܧܩɹᐁᱻհɴݜɧȦɩʼʶʳᦅʦЦᅊ༎ɻ⏋ಁɭɌɩܩకʦܕࢃɹᩍɭࢪ ጓɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ೣጟɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹອɴࢪɐʳᓒȭɹ᧓ȦȴʰᅊɍɛϺǾɭܩక⏋ܕ ࢃɭɹዺɴ့ဣˁȡɩʳ⏏ɗɹʁɭɦɻᮒ࡚ɹ֪ᇕອయᄩޅˁᓒૅɓɑɴʼʶɛ᧑ᤉল ˁीʳࢪጓԒᅒᚹ 1994ɭзˁࡪʳɻɑɹݨᬿˁзȵᕶʰՖʱगɐ̸̮̒͠˪ ˡ̜̒ ŋPublic CutŌ ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩʢȩʁɭɦɻ FAP20 ɴȲȿʳзؒ֓ɹکᰍԒᅒ 1998: 111-118; Ԓᅒໜغ 1997: 51-58ɫȡʳ⏏ 4.1ȁȶ൲എକ۪ޏȷ͂Ψϋ΄ ǵధͶʢɹᬚ⏋ླྀອႥɴȲȴʶʳ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅܩݖɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹШᐏᇕϯᦲଝຍ ɻࢸᖐɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɭ⏋ɭᅘɹᐁཕᇕϯ༑ȵᦏॷᇵ˃ɴɲʳɴɦʶ⏋᭜Ϋϯᦲɹ ਖឹਸȵވɌɩȷɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɫʢອ໗ɌɲȦ᧑ᤉলȵິʠʰʶɻɍʠɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ჼܧ⏋ Ϻɹᐁཕ༎֪ˁዩෑᇕɴఌȭʳᇿᇕɫ⏋Ʉɹᦅ᧑ᤉɹলɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᦅᬖᇍɴ Ȳȿʳʢᩂឹɲϟɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ܤɫсʰʶɩȦʳɭɻȦȭᦅ᧑ᤉʢອ༑ɹ ᭭ࢀ႒ɭɲʳ⏏ອ༑ˁઝᡫɌɲȦᦅ᧑ᤉɹলɻ⏋ܩݖɹȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹॶႥˁग ɌʦɐȦ⏏ೣ፲ɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹະɴеᒞɐʳ̊Ͳˤ˓͡ላ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏ ɹᠭീȴʰʰʶɛȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹᐣ୫ˁीʳᦅɭకɹࢪጓɴɦȦɩᦚʏʳ⏏ ǵܒ 7 ɻ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏˁʱॎȼॶॷ⏃̓͡˹͑⏆ɹອɹ༑ʶˁᝠɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɄɄɴኍɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏɹᓚܩɴؖʉᮒ࡚ɹອɹ༑ʶɴɻ߂ȷȼʈɛɭ Ȳʱȡʳ⏏ɗɹȩɠ⏋༑ᩄʢ߂ȷȼؾɹᓚܩɹ߂ᨆՕɴ৯ᯱˁήȭʳ༑ʶɻ⏋ᕶးໜाɫȡ ʳ̩ͦ˻͚ͲाɭሁᐄɌɛីᨆˁ༑ʶʳໜ⏃̮̊͡ˡͲ̚ˑˡͻ͡⏆ȴʰɹྍ༑ȵ⏋ˏ ˽̶ˎ̜͡ᖋខɇʶɛ 2 ೣɹςឹॻᐻ᧑ᤉΫɹยˁดՖʱ⏋ɇʰɴȦȼɦȴɹ᧑ᤉɴȿʰʶ ɛᦲອేɭ᧑ᤉɹगޙᨆ⏋ໜɭ̲ͻ͡ˁᐁɩؾɹីᨆɴᕸʳ༑ʶɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ༑ʶɻ ᏺᇕɴɻ⏋ؾԒɴȡʳͦͲ˰̝́͡ɭ٧ɽʶʳ̲ͻ͡ˁᐁɩ⏋ɹആᨆʍ༑ʶՏɩȦʳ⏃ ីȴʰɹ༑ʶ⏆⏏ʚɛ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏɹˁ༑ʶʳ߂ȷɲໜ⏃͞Ͳ˫͓͠ˡͻ͡⏆ ȴʰɹອʢ⏋ໜɴሁᐄɐʳகອᤉɭ̲ͻ͡ɴྍʶՏɛ⏋ؾɴȦȼɦȴɹ᧑ᤉˁดՖʱɲ ȵʰؾɴᕸʱ⏋ɹആᨆɴ༑ʶՏɩȦʳ⏃ȴʰɹ༑ʶ⏆⏏ ǵɄɄɫᩂឹɲɄɭɻ⏋ໜȴʰྍʶՏɛອȵ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏʍᕸʳʚɫɹᬚɴ᧑ᤉɴ сʰʶɛยʦˡ̫͡ͻ̜⏃᧑ᤉɹάˁดՖʳகອའ⏆ɲɰɹᦲອేˁᦲɐʳɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ Ȧȼɦȴɹȋ̫Ͳˤ bangaȍɭ٧ɽʶʳ᧑ᤉɹगޙᨆˁᐁɩ༑άɌɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ܒɴኍ ɇʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ɭȼɴȴʰɹ༑ʶ᧑ɴɗɹధȵȦ⏏߂ࢸɇʚɊʚɹ̫Ͳˤɹȼɻϗ࡚ɴ ɻɗɹʚʚɫ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴɻጭɹยˁഡȿʳɄɭɴʭʱਂɫཡʳɄɭʢخᔨɭɲʳȵ⏋Ϊᥢᕶ᥊ ɫϺˁώɓʳ͠˥˹͑ riksha ʦႌ⏋̾Ͳˤ͠ bengari ɭ٧ɽʶʳᗼ႒ெɹཡབɻ⏋ᮒ
࡚ɻʢɠʸ˃ɹɄɭ⏋ϗ࡚ɴȲȦɩɇȭʢέخᔨɭɲʳݭغʢȡʳ⏏ ǵ᧑ᤉɹᦲɭȦȩᯆȴʰՠుɐʶɽ̫ͲˤɹࡔܧɻʞɌʸ᧹ɭɇȭȦȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ʢɌ ʢɄʶʰɹ̫ͲˤȵჼܧȡʳеᒞɴࡔܧɌɲȿʶɽ⏋̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏˁʱॎȼອɹ༑ ʶɻԃȼᅵɲɤɛʢɹɴɲɤɩȦʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫ̫Ͳˤɹࡔܧɻ⏋ჼܧɹ̝̒˥ Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏˁʱॎȼȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍˁсʱՏɌɩȦʳᩂឹɲឹᏬɫȡʳɄɭɴᬚ᧓Ȧ ɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩࡸɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ̫Ͳˤɹȼɻᮒ࡚ɹࢸᖐɹᦲᤉɭɌɩਖឹέخ๕ɲɽȴʱɫɲ ȼ⏋ɲȴɴɻᓚܩɹᦲகອɹɛʠɴᦅᕶʰɴʭɤɩϺूᇕɴсʰʶɛʢɹʢȡʳ⏏ܒɴኍɇ ʶɛ̫ͲˤɹȩɠƦ⏋Ƨɻ⏋1987⏋88 ॷɴБᝠɇʶʳʭȩɲ߂༇ອɹᐄഗɫȷɛʢɹɫ⏋ƨ⏋ Ʃɻਃഀȴʰɹໜɹᦲʱ᧑ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩƪ⏋ƫȵГάɴᦚʏʳᐁᑅɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϻဤᇕɴс ˓ȁΡΛ΅ϋΙλθςͺఆ͈ȶ൲എକ۪ޏȷ
ʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹܩݖɫፀ 2 ɹॻᐻ᧑ᤉΫɴеᒞɐʳƪɻ⏋ჼܧɫɻ३Ꮭ 15 ɴʢɲɤɛ̫Ͳˤȵ⏋ɗ ɹȋਖឹਸȍʪȭɴ⏋ؑ 20 ॷГΫɴʢʼɛɤɩఔᒞɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᬚɹϟ ˁ⏋̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏɹ͇̊̓ͻ͡ matabbar⏃ɹᰑ৲⏆ɹ 1 Ϻɻ๖ɹʭȩɴᠦ౩Ɍɛ⏏ ǵȋ1965 ॷ⏋ᨃȵᅮɹΫɴ 1-1.5 ̩̜̒⏃⏖ ̩̜̒ɻᏝ 45 cm⏆३ɫܤᇵʱɌɩࢸɇɲ᧑ˁсɤ ɛȵ⏋ɗɹಁɻʚɞ̫Ͳˤɻɲȴɤɛ⏏1967 ॷ⏋ॻᐻ᧑ᤉɴɐʳɛʠɴᨃɹ᧑ᤉୟ̺ͦ˻˙ ˪̜ȵࠃʚʱ⏋ɗɹಁɹɹБᝠɴɻᕶՕȵɲɤɛ⏏᧑ᤉɹୟ३ɴЫɤɩਖឹɴɲʳᦲອؤˁ ተѳɐʳɛʠ̫ͲˤˁсʳɄɭɴɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌɰɄɴсʳȴɻ̫Ͳˤɹ᭰ஞᓚܩȵ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱ ˁ؝ȿʳɄɭɭܤܩɹଘณʢᐉ˃ɫȦʳɛʠ⏋ɲȴɲȴᮑɌȦکᰍˁɻʰ˃ɫȦɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ ៗໆɐʳɛʠ⏋ɄɄɭ᭰ɹ̢͘ˠͲ⏃̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹࢸకе⏆ɹᡴᬏ 2 Ϻɭᦏ᭰ 7 ɹ͇̊̓ͻ͡ȵᮃʚɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩᓚܩɹс႒ɴࢀˁՏɇɑ⏋ͦͲ˰̝́͡ɴᦵʦȴɴகອ ɫȷʳʭȩɴɭ⏋ԃڊΥᕹɫჼܧɹеᒞɴໆʠɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴɻጭยȵਖឹɫȡʳɄɭȴʰ৲ݭɴ ɗɹᐁᢹˁՏɇɓɛȵ⏋ɗʶГ⏋ຘॷɗɹᩆɫጭยˁсʳɄɭɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏1972 ॷɹ᧑ ᤉѹಁɴยˁᒞɐʳɄɭˁឹິɌɛȵ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɲȴɤɛ⏏1982 ॷ⏋ԗɹѹȵ ʼʶɛಁɴʢยɹলˁឹິɌɛȵ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɲȴɤɛ⏏Ёʚɫ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɑɴȷɩȦ ʳ⏏ ǵ᧑ᤉলГմɻகອȵܯΥɴɲɇʶɩȦɛɛʠ⏋ܩݖΥय़ɻᮒ࡚ɴɻؾɍеɹອе⏃2⑯3 ̩̜̒⏧1 ̩̜̒ɻᏝ 40 cm⏆ɞɤɛ⏏᧑ᤉȵɫȷɩȴʰɻ⏋Гմɴɻីɹȴʰ༑ʶՏɩȦ ɛອʢɄɹ̫ͲˤɴᮃʚʳɹɫகອɌȷʶɑ⏋ɹᓚܩɹȵʭʱʢອȵࢹɌཉȦ⏏̓͡ ˹͑ɫɻɄɹອеेɴʭʳέѤɻ႕ɴɲȦȵ⏋తˏ˗˽ˏ͇ͲዝˁсЊȿɌɩȦɛɴ ɻ⏋᧑ᤉɹলˁޅɴؚᩄȵ 3 Օɹ 2 ɴཝɤɛ⏏ȍ ǵƫɻ᧑ᤉɴ᭰ஞɐʳᓚܩɹଘᦅʰɴʭʳឹິɴʢȴȴʼʰɑᦲகອȵᓒૅɇʶɲȦʚʚ ᧑ᤉȵсʰʶɛɛʠ⏋ᓂॷ⏋ᦅʰɴʭɤɩ᧑ȵՖʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹᬚɹᐁᑅɴɦȦɩ ᬠѥᦅɹ 1 Ϻɻ๖ɹʭȩɴᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ ǵȋɄɄɴɻʢɭɻᅒɹᅮȵȡɤɛȵ⏋1973 ॷɴ৲ݭȵ 3⑯4 ̩̜̒ܤᇵʱɌɩ᧑ᤉɴɌɛ⏏ʼ ɌʰɻɄɄɴɻីɹᅒȴʰആɹᅒʍອˁᦲɐɛʠɴ̫ͲˤȵឹʳɭៜȦɤɛȵ⏋৲Ϻɻȏʢ Ɍʢਖឹɲʰᮒ࡚ɴɲɤɩȴʰՖʶɽȦȦȑɭៜɤɩᓬɄȩɭɻɌɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹॷ⏋̫Ͳ ˤɹីɹᅒɫɻᮒ࡚ɹອȵகອɫȷɑ⏋ዝȵʓɭ˃ɰɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ᓂॷ⏋ˏ˗˽ˏ͇Ͳ ዝɹዛմɹ 4 ɅʸɴʼɌɹࢃɴᅒɹ୫ɠςȵᮃʚʱ⏋ɄɄɴ̫Ͳˤˁсʰɷɽዝȵԃྙɐ ʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴཉອɴɲʳʭȩɲʰɽɄɹ᧑ˁगɐɄɭɴɌʭȩɭ᠌Ɍغɤɛ⏏ɗɹˏ˹͑ͻ͡ ashar ⏃6 μ⑯7 μ⏆ɴཉອȵՏɛȵ᧑ᤉˁՖɤɩ̫Ͳˤˁсʱ⏋ആɹᅒɴອˁ༑Ɍ ɛɹɫዝɻံϟɞɤɛ⏃ആɹᅒɴ༑ʶᦉ˃ɞອɻ⏋ɗɹʚʚӃహɴɤɩആɴ༑ʶՏɩ⏋ໜ
ȴʰ̩ͦ˻͚Ͳाɴ༑ʶᘺɠʳ⏆⏏1978 ॷɴʚɛ৲ݭȴʰ̫Ͳˤˁݏʠʳʭȩɴៜɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ ʼɌʰɻံែɌɛ⏏1982 ॷɴ৲ݭȵ᧑ᤉˁѹჿɐʳಁ⏋̫Ͳˤʢ 4 ̩̜̒Օɞȿݏʠɛȵԃ ᨆᬔɍɇɓɛʼȿɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ʼɌʰɻɄɹ̫ͲˤˁݏʠʳɄɭˁኧɌɩȷɛȵ⏋৳ʰɻ ؝ȿԂʶɲȦ⏏1986 ॷɴɻԗᬔɍʰʶɛ̫ͲˤˁՖʰɷɽɲʰ˃ȴɤɛ⏏ЁʚɫɄɄɴ ˡ̫͡ͻ̜ˁсʳʭȩ৲ݭɹᡴᬏɴлʢᅕᠱɌɩȷɛȵлɹፐȭʢᦐɤɩɄɑ⏋Ʉɹ̫Ͳˤ ɹɛʠɴᮒ࡚ɹጭยɇȭсʸȩɭɻɌɲȦ⏏ຘॷ⏋ʼɌʰɫጭยˁсɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻዝˁ ཉອȴʰࡪʳɛʠɭϺɹȷഀɹɛʠɴ⏋ˡ̫͡ͻ̜ȵೣয়ɴਖឹɲ˃ɞ⏏ȍ ǵɄɄɫЂɌɛ 2 ɦɹёɹȩɠ⏋մᓔɻ⏋ܩݖᇕɲঃȵʱˁ୫ɤɛȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹᐣ୫ ȵঃݖɴʼɛʳᏼᑩɴʭɤɩخᔨɭɲʱ⏋ȴɦ⏋̫Ͳˤɹࡔܧˁకүɴ᠗ʠɇɓʳɄɭɹ ɫȷɛёɫȡʱ⏋ᓔɻᓚܩɫɹ࣌ଘᇕɲȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍɹᐣ୫ˁకɭɹࢪጓɹμɫࡸჼ Ɍɩȷɛёɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫܒ 7 ɴɻɴჼܧɹອɹ༑ʶɽȴʱɫɻɲȼ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍ ˁᐣ୫ɌʭȩɭɌɲȵʰ⏋رᇕɴ᧑ᤉɴխʛᦉ˃ɫȷɛᦅɹઝਚɹᙢዩˁʢᠧʛɭʳɄɭ ȵɫȷʳ⏏ ǵ˓Ͳ̲͖̊ͻɴፐȭɛ̝̒˥Ͳ̍͑͌͠ˏɭɗɹᦏ᭰ɹᦅɹȼɻ⏋కүɹȋᦲகອ ɹែဣɹ๕߭ȍˁ؏ɌȼଫՠɌɩȦʳ⏏Ϋᦚɹ 2 ёɫʢ⏋ยʢɌȼɻˡ̫͡ͻ̜ɭȦȩᦲອే ɹਖឹਸˁᦅȵ៲ȭɩȦʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋కүɴɻዩෑᇕɲៗໆˁᇿ୭ɐࠒֳɻʛʰ ʶɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹʭȩɲకүɹࠒֳȵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ܕԒɴȲȦɩ⏋༇ອᇍᅊಁɴݨᬿʦ ᧑ᤉˁՖʱगɇɑɴɻȲʰʶɲȦႥˁԃܕᇕɴధȼсʱՏɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵౖࡔɹ FCD/I ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ˁ̲͖ͤͻɌɛ FAP12 ɹݬٚೆɻɗɹμɫ⏋༇ອɴ᭬ɌɩϺǾ ȵᕶʰݨᬿˁՖɤɩகອɐʳȋ̸̮̒͠˪ˡ̜̒ȍȵȦɛʳɭɄʸɫᇍᅊɌɩȦʳɄɭˁ୭ Ɍ⏋ᠭീࢪᢒɭɌɛ 17 ɹ FCD/I ɹȩɠ⏋9 ɦɹݨᬿɫ̸̮̒͠˪ˡ̜̒ȵʼʶɩȦɛɄ ɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦʳFPCO 1992: 3-14⏏༇ອȴʰзˁࡪʳɛʠɴলɇʶɛɻɑɹݨᬿ ȵзᕶ᤹ɴʭɤɩՖʱगɇʶʳɭȦȩɄɹᇤᔀɲჼᢒɻ⏋ࡸɻ⏋ݨᬿɹԒүɹອɹகອɴࢪ ɐʳᥐែɭȦȩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɹݜೣᇕɲࠒֳɴ܍ˁິʠʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏కঌɹȩ ϟɫɻ⏋ȼɹݭغɴʚɑݨᬿȵсʰʶ⏋ݨᬿɹԒүɹகອᅙɻᧆȿʶɽధॷɴࡸేɇ ʶʳ⏏ᐣ୫፬ჿɻ՟ȴʰံែɇʶʳӃكɴȡʱ⏋கອᤉɴݡዩɌɛܤቆɻکᰍȵཉխɴɲɤ ɩȴʰ᭑ؑɇʶʳɄɭȵȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴᮃμᭇᮒʦݨᬿɹүȴʰਸ਼ɴອȵԂʱᦉ˃ɫȷɛ ݭغɴɻ⏋கອέᖪɴʭɤɩݨᬿɹԒүɫ༇ອȵᇍᅊɐʳɹɫȡʳ⏏8) ̸̮̒͠˪ˡ̜̒ɭ ɻ⏋зɴʭʳԃࢪፑɫȡʳɭؾಁɴ⏋ȋ֪ᇕອయᄩޅȍˁံែɐʳݨᬿకɴࢪɐʳз ɹଫՠɹჼʶɭʢɭʰȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ 4.2ȁFAP ̤̫ͥͅȶਯྦྷ४حȷ ǵFAP ᇍয়ಁ⏋᥅ϟకณȵᐚȦɩȦɛᬚɴɻܕԒɫԇɴɇʶɛݬɻࢹɲȼ⏋ܕɹȼȵ
FAP ɴɦȦɩɻʓɭ˃ɰሾʰɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏1990 ॷБɴԂɤɩȴʰɻࡸే ɴውɇʶɛ FAP ɹ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɴɦȦɩᡴᠶɐʳͩͻ˪˹͚̺̒ʦ̠́͊ͻȵȦȼɦȴᬖ ȴʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛȵ⏋ؒ֓ᓔɻᬠѥድᓔʦᅙጓ൜ᓔɴᭉʰʶʳӃكɴȡɤɛɛʠ⏋Υᖔ ɹϺǾɻʚɞ FAP ɴᬠɐʳకፑᇕکᰍʦᡴᠶˁሾʳጓݭɴɻɲȴɤɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉ ɹʭȩɴܕȴʰύᮐɌɩᦽɌɩȦɛ FAP ʢ⏋ʦȵɩܕɹմɴɗɹࠒˁ౩ʰȴɴɓɊʳ ˁȭɲȦႥȵᅊʚʶɩȼʳ⏏FAP ɹᠭീ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ȵࡸేɇʶʳɴਃȦ⏋ɗɹݬٚೆ ȵȋзؒ֓ȍɹਖឹਸˁᕶʰ៲ȭՏɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɴɗʶʚɫΥᨆɹሾᡫϺɴᭉࡴɇʶ ɩȦɛ FAP ɭϺǾɭɹȴȴʼʱȵ⏋ܕΥᖔɹؒ֓⏋ɐɲʼɠȋзؒ֓ȍɹکᰍɭɌɩࣙ ᬖɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵFAP ɴȋзؒ֓ȍɹਖឹਸˁ᠗ᡫɇɓʳᐄഗɭɲɤɛጩᇕɲёɹʁɭɦɻ⏋Ϋᦚɹ FAP12 ɹݬٚೆɹμɫ୭ɇʶɛȋ̸̮̒͠˪ˡ̜̒ȍɫȡʳ⏏FAP ɻᕶʰɄɹکᰍȵȋᅙ ፬ჿۊɴܩݖзɹؒ֓ȵံȴɤɛȍɄɭɴᣱ܍ɐʳɄɭˁ᠗ʠɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛɹ ɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋෯ᦶ႒ɹলʦ̺ͦ˫͌͞ᧅɴЫȩອ໗ܩݖɲɰɹᅎܩஞؚɴᬠʼʳᠭീˁ ɤɛ FAP15 ɻ⏋ȋܤܩˁஞؚɇʶʳϺǾˁ⏋ውзӴʦࡴзɹɛʠɴਖឹɲፑɹໆࡴɴؒ֓ ɇɓʳʏȷɫȡʳȍɭɌɩ⏋౫ɲȋ؝ᇰᓔɹؒ֓ȍɭȦȩᓒȭˁܤܩˁ߉ȩϺǾˁʢᓒૅ ɴԂʶɩѹɐʏȷɫȡʳɄɭˁ៲ȭɩȦʳWorld Bank and GoB. 1992: 21⏏ؾΥʢɌȼɻ᭰ ஞɐʳܩݖɹμɫȋ؝ᇰᓔȍɭȋܤܩˁ߉ȩࢀᓔȍȵࡔܧɐʳɭȦȩჼࡸȴʰ⏋؝ᇰᓔɭ ࢀᓔɹዺˁៗໆɐʳɛʠɹȋзؒ֓ȍɹਖឹਸȵ౩ʰȴɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲȋзؒ֓ȍɴࢪɐʳ̝̠ͻʦకঌɹᓒȭɹˁ؝ȿ⏋1992 ॷ 3 ɴᬖҼ ɇʶɛፀ 2 ܌ FAP ЦᡴʚɫɴɻɄɹȋзؒ֓ȍʍɹృɛɲᓒȭȵʓʖࡴመɌɞɌ⏋ɗʶ ʚɫɹݬٚೆɭɻࢪᢒᇕɴȋᅙᧅ፬ჿۊʍɹܩݖ˱̢͖͊ˑ̘ˑɹؒ֓ȍʦȋܩݖ зɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹ᧧ࡴ (identifi cation) ʍɹᬠήȍɹਖឹਸȵᑵʱᦐɌᠭɇʶʳɄɭɴɲɤ ɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ȋᣱɄʱʳکᰍɭዺɻ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹࡸేɴӴɞɤɩៗໆɇʶʳʏȷɫȡʳȍ ɭɹឿᡫʢଠɠՏɇʶɩȦʳWorld Bank and GoB. 1992: 21⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ֪ȷɭሂʚɤɩ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹ FAP ˱Ͳͅͻ̦Ͳ̜ɫɻعࢪᢒܩݖɫɹзɹઝ كˁໄʛʸȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛȵɲɇʶɛʱ⏋FAP ԒᨆɫӈȼܩӯɹଯᓔʦܕϺࢭᬐࢃȵᕶՕ ɛɠɹ༎֪ɹμɫܩݖзɭɹ˱Ͳ̊˪̜ˁ٨ɴܒʸȩɭ֗ɐʳࠒʢʛʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤ ɛɹɫȡʳHughes 1994: 64⏏ 8) ࡸɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲݨᬿɴʭʳࢀɻ⏋Гմȴʰ୭ɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏˓˧͠˽కঌɹဌྰଯᓔɫȡʳ ˗ˑ͡˱̒˪˽ɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ɹᐏಁБɴɐɫɴ᧑ᤉʦᩮ᧑ˁࡪʳɛʠɴ˓˧͠˽కঌȵౖࡔɹອయᄩޅˁံ ែɌɩݨᬿˁলɌɛɛʠɴ⏋༇ອȵᰈᇍɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭଫՠɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹȩȭɫ⏋ݨᬿɹ᧟য়ɲݭଘ ˁՖʱगɐɄɭɴʭʱໜाɹອˁະΫɴȡʈʶՏɇɓ⏋ܤޚɹᔋ໋ܤɹވ֓ʦɛʠɹᢱອ⏋ܤޚອՕɹ ተѳȵخᔨɫȡʳɭςɌɩȦɛɹɫȡʳWillcocks 1930⏏
ǵFAP ᇍয়՟ɻ̝̠ͻʦ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɴΥᰘɞɴɇʶɲȴɤɛȋзؒ֓ȍɭȦȩៜ ᘽȵ॑ณˁɩ⏋ܕȵᡴᠶɴؒ֓ɐʳܤޚˁᅊʛՏɌɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋(a) 1991, 92 ॷɹςᇕ ᧧୲ɴʭɤɩ⏋ʭʱςᇕɲᄩޅȵᅊʚʶɛɄɭ⏋(b) ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖Ԓɫɹ̝̠ͻʦܦ кɹ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿɩ⏋FAP ɹʭʱᦩ౩ɲۊȵʚʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɄɭ⏋(c) FAP ɹࡸేɴ ʭɤɩሁஞ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿʳܩݖɫᏼᑩɞɤɛؙਝȵᣱȷɛɄɭ⏋ɲɰȵȡɁʰʶʳAdnan et al. 1992: 56-57⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɄɹɄɭɻࡸɻ⏋̝̠ͻʦకঌȵዩෑᇕɴᕶʰᦽ˃ɫȋзؒ֓ȍˁர ൜ɌɩȷɛɹɫɻɲȦɄɭˁತኍɌɩȦʳ⏏Ԓɹܦɭɗʶɴࢪɐʳ FAP ɹؙਝȵγᅠᇕ ᇿˁ༟ʃʳɲȴ⏋˻˙˽̍͑ͻɭɌɩɹȋзؒ֓ȍɹ٧ʃȴȿɭʢɭʶʳϟȵᣱȷɩȦ ʳ⏏̮˓̜ͦ̒ϟɹʁɭɦˁёɴɭʱ⏋FAP ɴȲȿʳзؒ֓ɹჼࡸˁʛɩʛʭȩ⏏ ǵCPP ɻ༇ອըਉɹଯᇕɭɌɩɹʛɲʰɑ⏋FAP ɴȲȿʳȋзؒ֓ȍɹ͐̚͡ɭɌ ɩʢᇿɇʶɩȦʳʢɹɫʢȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɗɹࡸɻ FAP ȵᕶʰፑࡴɌɛȋˤ˓̝͞˓ Ͳȍ9) ɴɤɛȋзؒ֓ȍɭɻȴȿᮐʶɛʢɹɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏ȋзؒ֓ȍɴࢪɐʳ FAP ɹ༥ ෑᇕࠒֳȵзɴࢪɐʳᠦ౩έɭɲɤɩჼʶ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹࡸేɴЫȩውзʦជӤɴᬠ Ɍɩέˁៅȭɛзʢȼ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴؙࢪɐʳ֪ȷʢ༎ᇍɫȡɤɛHaggart 1994: 128-129⏏ ǵCPP ɹȋзؒ֓ȍɴࢪɐʳ༥ෑᇕࠒֳɻ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹᇍಁȴʰʛʰʶʳAdnan 1995: 12-13⏏CPP ɹ̢ͻ̀ˏ́˽͍Ͳ̜ɹɛʠɹϺǾɭɹ᠌ɌغȦ (public consultation) ɻ 1992 ॷ 1 μȴʰ 4 Ͷᬚɴʼɛɤɩʼʶɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹ߂ᨆՕɹϺȵਖ ឹɭ᠗ʠɛɹɻȋϗ࡚сˁࢅ౫ɴɐʳɛʠɹᮒ࡚ሁɹகອఒᖪȍɫȡʱ⏋ȋݨᬿूϟˁЫȩ ךᅙȍɫɻɲȦɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛ⏏ ǵɄʶˁ؝ȿɩԗɹ᠌ɌغȦȵ 5 28 ȴʰϜࡴɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋Ʉɹຍ᭥ɫ FAP үȵμᬚ ݬٚɹೝᭉՖʶˁჿᅓɴԇᬖ២ᡴˁଠɠՖʳɭȦȩϟɴ᭒ɤɛ⏏1992-93 ॷɹলूϟɻԇ ᬖ២ᡴɹᐁɴᬠѥɲȼᦽʠʰʶ⏋ूϟɹԂɻ๖ɹԇᬖ២ᡴȵᬖࠃɇʶʳմɴԇኍɇʶɩɌ ʚɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶГ⏋̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹϺǾɻȋךᅙГɹ᧧ିȍ10) ˁᕶՕɛɠɹઝឿɭ Ɍɩᝠ౩ɐʳลЦˁϠɭήȭʰʶʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛ⏏ ǵɄɹёȵˤ˓̝͞˓ͲɴؙɐʳɄɭɻ౩ʰȴɫȡʳȵ⏋ȋзؒ֓ȍˁުᲞɴςɌɲȵʰ⏋
9) ȋзؒ֓ˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳȍɻ 1993 ॷ 3 ⏋FPCO (Flood Plan Coordination Organization) ɴʭɤɩரኍɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹ ᇿᇕɭɐʳʢɹɻȋ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɴȲȿʳؑɹᬖᇍᅙɫɻ⏋ϺǾɹؒ֓ˁѦɐ᧟য়ɲȵɲȴɤɛɛ ʠ⏋Цᐁཕᬖᇍɹᇿฌɴզ᧒ɫȷɑ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹգᇰˁੈ।ᇕɴՕᨗɐʳɄɭȵɫȷɲȴɤɛȍɭɹؙ ህȴʰ⏋зؒ֓ɴࢪɐʳΥᖔᇕឿៗˁᦚʏʳɭɭʢɴ⏋̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹࡸేɴʭɤɩ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿʳϺǾˁȦ ȴɴɌɩ⏋ɗɹᇍ൜ȴʰᐣ୫፬ჿʚɫɹعຍ᭥ɫؒ֓ɇɓʳȴˁԍкᇕɴኍɐɄɭɴȡʳFPCO 1993⏏ 10) য়՟˱Ͳ˵̊͡Ͳ̜ȵʚɭʠɛȋ᧧ିᔊȍɻ⏋(1) ౖࡔອᤉɹ༕ཨɴʭʳ͐Ͳ˽ͻͲմɹகອఒᖪɭᰖɹው ֪ᤉɹተѳ⏋(2) ອᤉ༕ཨɴЫȩ͐Ͳ˽ͻͲೝɹ༇ອɹ᭝ਸˁཝɍʳɛʠɴ⏋(1) ɴ֓ȭɩໜाʦອᤉɹ༑Ԃ ܩဣɴႷዼᨆˁсʳ⏋(3) (2) ɴ֓ȭɩ༑ԂܩဣɴȲȿʳອᬐᒞɭʭʱᲞɲ༇ອըਉɹɛʠɹݨᬿɹᒞ⏋(4) ԃɲ༇ອըਉɹ 4 ɦɫȡɤɛAdnan et al. 1992: 75⏏
ࡸɻɗʶˁ˃ɫȦɲȦɭʢɭʶʳȡȦʚȦɲࠒֳɻ CPP ɹȦɛʳɭɄʸɫతឿɇʶ⏋፬ჿ ۊຍ᭥ɴȲȿʳȋзؒ֓ȍɹᢒਐɫȡʳ༇ອ፬ჿᏼᑩɹ෯ଁɴɦȦɩʢʛʰʶʳ⏏CPP ɹ ךᅙ (compartment) ɻ⏋ࢸе (chawk) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ༇ອ፬ჿɹɛʠɹࢹеȵȦȼɦȴᮃʚɤ ɛྈךᅙ (sub-compartment) ȵɇʰɴȦȼɦȴᮃʚɤɩ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̊Ͳˤ˓͡ɹ CPP ɻ 137 ɹࢸе⏋16 ɹྈךᅙȴʰଁʱጓɠ⏋ɗʶəʶȵзɹБᝠˁࠇڊɭɐʳ༇ອ፬ჿᏼᑩˁ ୫ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ჿៗɌᮑȦɄɭɴࢸеࠇڊЦ (Chawk Committee: CC) ɹ෯ଁڊɻςɴᓚ ܩˁଘɐʳᦅࢃɹᅖਸɫȡʱ⏋ߨਸྫܤܩံɌᦅɭȦɤɛ᭥ࣝɹБᝠȵᦢʱᦉʚ ʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ɐʏɩɹ᭥ࣝɹϺǾȵࠇڊɭɌɩؒ֓ɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ྈךᅙອ፬ჿࠇڊЦ (Sub-Compartmental Water Management Committee: SCWMC) ȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ߨਸʦܤܩံɌᦅɭȦɤ ɛȦጓݭɴȡʳ᭥ࣝȵ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹᅊ༎ɴΥᅱࢌመɌɛܩݖɴᬠɐʳᇍៜȵ៰ɇʶɩȦɲȦ ɹɫȡʳ⏏11) CC ɫɲ˃ʰɹณᭉʢήȭʰʶɑ⏋NGO ʦకঌɹᠭҪɹӯɴ SCWMC ɫɹʛήȭʰ ʶʳȋ፬ჿɇʶɛᇍៜณȍɻ⏋ɗɹʚʚȋ፬ჿɇʶɛзؒ֓ȍˁઝ٢ɌɩȦʳ⏏ˤ˓̝͞˓ Ͳɫᠭɇʶɛɻɑɹᓔఛཕɹჿਥɻ⏋ɄɄɫɻጋȩɄɭȵɫȷɲȦ⏏CPP ɹȋзؒ֓ȍ ɴࢪɐʳࠒֳȵɄɄɴ౩ተɴჼʶɩȦʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋FAP ȵγᅠᇕɲஹ֖ˁ؝ȿɲȵʰ ࡸేɇʶɛܕࢃᇕϟ⏋ɐɲʼɠԇԊϟɫȡʳɄɭˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋Ʉɹȋзؒ֓ȍɹჼࡸɻ ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌɴʭʳܕɹᥐែɹࠒֳˁጩᇕɴჼɌɩȦʳɭȦʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏
