ῌῌῌῌ
1)
!" #$
2)ῐ῎ῌ῏῍
%&'() *+,-./012,&) 34,567 89:/(Coan, 1977); <=>?@ABCD&) EF GHBI,J K+L %MNFO( PQRS) =TU PVWSXNL(Becker,
1992);YZ[?,\+X]) ^&'PR_)`Tabc9de
fX+/; YZ?,\g/hijkl!im!nop qQuality of Lifer stQOL.u vw&) xyT/]4:z{;QOL&) %O|
}( %FO}( +{U 4:/9) *f& %F9FSX~P) MMON/*( 4:) ,XTU PT. 4:/
fX+/ q) Diener, 1984u; 19604) }
*x^4:/*PVSXG&S) &
} +L %(SXfX+L;
SS) aj 4&1950200050,¡LX) ¢£&¤
,¥SX+/,]¡¦) FO,-./§&T/*&T
L(Diener & Seligman, 2004); %F&¨e,XO/,:¦(
:/M{,) ,-SXy+L %}( ©9ªf/
M{,TXNL4:/ q) «¬2002u;XFO80+ {®YZ,\+XON/&'9¡f/M{,TL*]¯NT 4:z{; ) °±,\+X~²T³9¡f) ³M{,²
1)´µ¶·¯?¯?¸F¹?vw[º»
1)´µ¶·¯??¼
῎ ῒ!"#$%&'()*+, + -./0") ῒ123456789 ῒ!8 :;῏,<=(> 1?@AB, CD῍AE FGHIJK<=L,B MN)F+6#O#PH8 (QRSTR+JUBV, WΐX Diener, Diener, & Diener, 1995Y Z+89 #O#PH/[\? CMNGDP], HL,BZ^_`(a"Z+ b1ῐcde(fg h89Z+i6789
jk1l .m6no pq89+^B r kAB s7t῏,"B, uvwx1ay"wz 1+,:; W.m6noL{jk1|}k1l~
;Y +wx1ay" ῒ1+,:;89(Water- man, 1993; Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ry#, 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2001)
Luvwx1ay+ .(1 . +.89+ uv 23+6
89 {Sno+,.ῑe,a\^
uvwx !#"
S ¡!B¢Nb(£¤AB, (Ryan &
Deci, 2001)¥¦8 §(-./0S.u¨uA+,
ῒ!1#$%&'(g?@A WΐX Kahneman, Diener, & Sch- warz, 1999Y wz1(subjective well-being):;(@\AB,
WΐXDiener & Lucas, 1999YZ:; ©ª1«ῌ89.n
o W.no¬Z+Y + l1«ῌjk1l®¯ W°
l~;(],Z+Y +}k1l±² W³l~;(V,Z+Y 3"´AB, Z:; ῒ!µ8tQOL¶
·¸¹º!"B7»¼AB, WΐX Cantril, 1965Y 7 89
!" #!
$%&'(#)* "+,-./$
(Ry#, 1989) 0 $ 1234
567894:;<=:>#?@ AB#+
CDE#FG #%&)* "
HHIJCFGK!-. L MNO PAB> FG $ 0#Q$
RSTKUVW"KU$ X ABYZ#[
K!\](Maslow, 1986; Rogers, 1961) ^_]`aT
(Erikson, 1959; Allport, 1961; Jung, 1933)#/RbTKU$
Ry# (1989) cd_"e#f -gh#$ij#
k lUmn op -q# rstuv wxyz %&#?@{|"/-M
(psychological well-being) 6}~RST -
6}~R ` K]K> !
`a! #"]#$]
P]AB]FG$ `aT
n%"8& 'f 8(
f)#Q*% ;
u -*+#, ` +#
`-C 6}~R1# -¡
¢£ ¤¥¦R)* " #f§%¨#$
©ª« ¬ ®¯ °±"eM#."¢£/²KU$
01%¨#$ ³1#2/3´µ³ (
¶·¸$¬¹ºKU$(Shmotkin, 1990; Diener &
Suh 1998) lU# 4(¶ ³1#5xzmU»¼(
$¬¹] ·¸$¬¹ KU$ XMroczek &
Kolarz, 1998; Charles, Reynolds, & Gatz, 2001
ῌ !
" #$%&'()*+,- ./(.0123
41 56(Ry#, 1989)
7*+(89:; <&=>?
7@?A B?ACD*+ EFAGH,0IJ?
7*K LM(8>:; NO!?
7PQ("06RST UVOW 7XYLM PQ(Z[)\>?
7PQ 6(W ]^OW 7PQ(6_`63
! "#$%&'()* +,- ! "#$%&'()* +,-
7abcd9e fcg`hg i=>?
7j kl("0mn opqrstuv9 7*K wx(3yz{|(}!?
7*K ~T`(3! 9
./0123 4567 89)* ./23&:;<; ;=
./0123 4567 89)* ./23&:;<; ;=
7. ]??
7 (3 7(89N
7"
7OWOJW PU>?
>? @AB,CDE;<7 FG;HI<J5K<;
>? @AB,CDE;<7 FG;HI<J5K<;
7 >¡¢9*K?
7*+£¤>¡¢> 0 >?
7¥>?¦§(¨.J?
7©Yhg=>??i3 7*K*ª?W«¬>?
L &M1G7 NO7 PQR&ST)* ;=
L &M1G7 NO7 PQR&ST)* ;=
7*+®g3 *¯>?
73°® ±²`³l´Hµz¶·(¸¹9
7*K*ª³lfc>?
7*K*ª º»*+¼>?
! "#$Ry#& Singer, 2002%&' ()*+, - ./01234+* 56789:
;<=>?<@AB C3DEFDGB+HIJ&
KL()*+(Ry#, 1989),(K 789: MNOP B(QR "#$ Marmot, Ry#, Bumpass, Shipley, & Marks, 1997; Ry#, Magee, Kling, & Wing, 1999%STUVG789:
B WXY()*+(Ry#, Singer, & Palmersheim, 2004),
Z[\ &AR-\]^_89:Q`J()*
+, RLRK 89:abc +-de=fghi+* j1 kdlm]Z[FnopcqrR-QsKt 89:l m +&+4Lghu()*+ "#$ DienerKv 1995; Karasawa, Curhan, Markus, Kitayama, Singer, & Ry#, 2007%,&
jcwxy.yzdi+* 89:{1|=>* + +}-2~ 89:c#\R* \c<
c'R*+, 7ghi b
K)WLK &<c&A, 89:c#7\R* :J
K),Abeles (1991) :17Fn
opi+*5\J G}* ¡
¢JR*+, - nJ}*£¤
c~-R*+(Lachman & Firth, 2004), #$ y¥¦§i+*
:_)$¨©ª~rK) «¬¡R-®¯
°±²³´ª~w&KL()*+ "Selig- man, 1991µ%, ¶+ : ·(Lachaman &
Weaver, 1998) ]B¸ :¤c~-&
XY()*+(Rowe & Kahn, 1987),FnopQR* <
op¹1Fnº¹»+@ B+ :c¼4
(Lachman, 1986)Lachaman & Weaver (1998) 2 !"#$
%&# '(&)*+,-./012 3.456 7 -# )*+,89.4 5:;<=>?@ # A$B C DEFG( HI J 6KL<MNO P (QRSTU.VW6XY K$ DE FG5 ZL4[\&;]^_`abc&def#
$(Lachaman & Weaver, 1998) gZh bc<K
Ii;h$L [\&]^_`jkI;h$L.56
Z<;lm noa]^pqr;45 63# 7 stup4vw56x<
yP#4z5; {|} The New York Times (Leland, 2004) 5 44G~(/!55:;(Q,6
<x<#$ DEFG565(v #;h
$-# 590 550C5v #
$O $ xtup4&4
|;\3.456 K$ ZL4\
Ir<gI.#$lm46 Uchida, Kitayama, Mesquita, & Rayes (2001) Q- #DEFGZL4¡
¢£&¤¥¦§noef#g3#$ K$
vw¨ H©ª«54XY (Uchida, Kitayama, Mesqu- ita, Rayes, & Morling, 2008)Karasawa(2007) ps¬
z&;\ ®©(ZL4H©(<JI;VW6 L DEFG¯°.VWXY#$ (¢£&¤¥
ZL4 s¬±²aq³¦§56¢£&(Social Strain)´ µnoZL¶·. (Kitayama, Karas-
awa, Curhan, Ry#, & Marku, 2006)
!"# $%&'()*+,-./0 12 $%&345)67,89: ;<-=, >1? @<
ABC$%DE2F,GH$%&IJ=,KLF,"M GH NOPQ345RS( TU=,V WC=, >2?
V !Q, X῍Y Z*[\]^_
\F` aQb:cd῎)e f:ῌ1Pgh)i e7ja` $kNOPQTU=,lm7no"-<
F, pq῍ras,*tuv \ !"
)wx!(῏y Brim, Ry#, & Kessleret, 2004) z{|}~
Qj"`QZ*F` $%&PQ)W@
Q, $%& ῍=,V ῐas,q῍CaABC
GH ῍! 7GHNO 3=,V27,F
1(Brim< 2004) \ !" Q/0
MQe
1
1 # ¡¢@Q,q῍C$%&£¤
C¥¤C&¦2P§¨ Q ©3Pª« T¬!Qe
$%& ®1)`2Q34@, " R Sj $%&¯° ±²=m567` J³:`
2 ´µ&)$%& M µ¶&)$%& 'M,89:)F,·1
¸ ¹º»&`2 Cz¼º)$%& M
Cµ¶$%& 'M,o<,
ΐ
(Midlife in the United States: MIDUS)! "#$%&'(&
)*!+,-./01 (Midlife in Japan: MIDJA) 234῎5 678 9:;<=> ':?ῌ>@
) ABCKarasawaDE 2007F5
ῒῌῑῐ῏
GH MIDUS2343.IJD 40KLM75KNO=
(PQ&5 (2006R AST971R UT1035RF VW
54.28K)X5 MIDJA234#Y '(419R AS
T170R UT249RF VW53.19K)X5
῎῍
LZ2[\]῎5 ^1 _ῑ`#)ab c῍Ade fgaG-3hi jklmGnop)qF rs!
tu`vw Ade fg rs!xJyῐvwz{&"!n)
|}~ AFqF aῒT Ade fgrs #>
"!~ aG "!npqF 1/3
Ade fg'|"!npqF (
` Ade fg p)X ῏"!d~
AFqF ab= Ade fg#!X (!
¡¢& =& @£qF 6[Z¤\]JD~} ¥¦
#$& f§¨©&~ª1q JD f§¨©ª7q7«¬
®&@)5 ^2 ¯ `°utu`±6
Ade ²& ³´J~µF !¶u`±6 Ade ·z6~
¸ΐ~~µF \](Mroczek & Kolarz, 1998))5 ¹º»µ¼]
1 5 5
!"#$% &&'( Andreoletti, Zebrowitz, & Lachman (2001) )*+,-.-/20123 !"#$%45 ,-'( 67 !"#$%89:;<49=>?@A BC DE( FG8H&.IJK'HL MN -/'(
O7 !"#$%-/8PQ8RSTU-VWXK3=>
?@ BCDE( FGYZ[M\'( 9]
A MN =>^+( _`1 _`K7 7WXab+
cde RSfg$"hi4jk7fg$".RSl m8nohi4jk7-/20123p &20 123'( qrsZ't$"u$( vw( +xy3z{
hia|} BCDE( ~~'( M3D+
KN .lm8no BCDE( ~~'( M3 ab
KN ?( _`1 _`K7 7WXab+
7^K5=>( GYMG
\
( B7.5757N .4 B !"#$
%.cdeN( ( ( +¡#!¢£¡ad¤
¥¦§¨© Bª2N57 B«¬®a.91,¯°a.94N
57 B«¬®a.87,¯°a.88N( ,- B«¬®a.62,¯°
a.69N .-/ B«¬®a.62,¯°a.69N(jk7fg$" B«¬
®a.56,¯°a.60N.jk7-/ B«¬®a.63,¯°a.50Nc
!"#$%&'()*+, -./, 6/
%&'(0123 !"#$456 7 a8.76, a8.679--: ;<=>?1/'(0@,3 -AB C !"#$%&'(DE!FGE!$HI JK0>LM32t>E0N 7O29PQ !"#$R ST!DE!$HUVMW%&'(IJKXYZ[
῏ῑ῎ῌῒῐ῍
\, ]^ _`abc daefcg$h X "#$ijMkl0>?M32 IJmno!pqr5s 0N 3/"#$0tM !"#$ DE!$H GE!$H O2 u'(\v3IJmwxm
w x
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) y!"#$(a8.76, .67) 5.55 ( .79) 5.47 ( .82)
z{|}(a8.56, .55) 5.60 (1.13) 5.40 (1.15)
RST!(a8.38, .39) 5.45 (1.29) 5.29 (1.26)
~daefcg(a8.51, .30) 5.48 (1.14) 5.27 (1.16)
DE!h(a8.59, .23) 5.22 (1.40) 5.42 (1.37)
z{(a8.57, .54) 5.91 (1.03) 5.86 (1.15)
z(a8.36, .33) 5.62 (1.04) 5.54 (1.14)
!"#$
DE!$H(a8.91, .94) 3.43 ( .73) 3.34 ( .77) GE!$H(a8.87, .88) 1.46 ( .59) 1.61 ( .67) daefcg$
$(a8.67, .81) 5.69 (1.05) 5.42 (1.14)
$(a8.62, .69) 2.90 (1.50) 3.13 (1.59)
h
!ce(a8.56, .60) 3.39 ( .44) 3.44 ( .45)
!(a8.63, .50) 2.01 ( .42) 2.15 ( .44)
aX X 0tM
1 !"#$%&'() *!+ "#$%&'(), -./0123,4 5, %&'()678!+
9:0+ ;:1$ <+ 2 ='>?)@A B12 A$2CAD $8E: BFGHIJ)>$FGH2CD
K3!+ LMHNOPQRSTU$4V 5, 1 WX,YZE!+ [\H]^A B_`abcR2d.01,pe.05;fghR2d.04, pe.001D+ iZHAj B_`abc R2d.03, pe.001; fgh R2d.07, pe .001D+kZHAj B_`abc R2d.03,pe.001;fgh R2d.04,pe.01D
<lm 5 [\H]^AWn+ _`ab !"#,o T!pqrst+ %&'()oTtuv(bd.07,pe.05)<
+ fg !%&'()oTtpqrst+ "#,oT wxy+ z{|+ }~:E
fg |
;: 9:
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) t
5.03 ( .63) 4.95 ( .61) 14.85῍῍῍
5.34 ( .92) 5.23 ( .99) 4.17῍῍῍
5.30 ( .99) 5.26 (1.02) 1.63
4.84 ( .99) 4.78 ( .95) 10.51῍῍῍
4.62 ( .94) 4.83 ( .98) 10.15῍῍῍
5.35 ( .97) 5.17 ( .93) 12.24῍῍῍
4.72 (1.18) 4.38 (1.15) 17.71῍῍῍
3.28 ( .67) 3.41 ( .71) .74
1.61 ( .66) 1.84 ( .71) 5.98῍῍῍
5.10 ( .78) 4.79 ( .77) 13.84῍῍῍
3.19 (1.13) 3.16 (1.27) 2.20῍
2.61 ( .47) 2.72 ( .55) 25.36῍῍῍
1.87 ( .37) 2.01 ( .41) 5.41
(῍῍῍pe.001,῍῍pe.01,῍pe.05)
(b.21, p.001) b.15,p.001;!" b#.25,p.001$%&'()*
b.08,p.05;!" b#.16,p.05$%+,-./01 2 (b#.11,p.001)%&'()*(b
#.14,p.001)34,-./01 !"&'()*3/
056 78/0,-9:(b#.10,p.05)
;2<=>? @ABC DR2.55,p.001;!"
DR2.44,p.001$ DR2.24,p.001;!"D DR2 .18, p.001$ EF2 DR2.25, p.001; !"
DR2.23,p.001$ GHIJ3,-.KL @A BC M(NO*P%QIR3S3TJ ,-./0U1 VW(b.27,p.001)WX(b#.18,p .001) YZ[\*N(b.19, p.001) YZWX(b#.07, p.01) 9: ]4 !" WX3/016 VW(b.52, p .001) YZ[\*N(b.24, p.001) YZWX(b#.11, p.05) ,-./01 @ABC
%^_ 4`3abTJ VW(b.27,p.001)WX(b#.14,p c3 @ABC%d2ef8
@ABC
!" %3 ghij
b t
.03 .21῍῍῍ 3.54῍῍῍
&'()* .07῍ .00 ῌ13.21῍῍῍
VW .51῍῍῍ .52῍῍῍ # .31 WX ῌ.18῍῍῍ #.02 4.89῍῍῍
YZ[\*N .19῍῍῍ .24῍῍῍ # 1.25 YZWX ῌ.07῍῍ ῌ.11῍ # 1.87 0 !"1,kR0 lR1
.001) (b .15, p.001) (b .10, p.01) !"#(b .17,p.01)
(b .30,p.001)$%& '%( )*"+(
, -./0 123456(789#:;( !"(b
.25, p.001) "(b .22, p.001) (b .07, p
.05)(b .13,p.001)
2$%&< !"(b .12,p.05)"(b .23,
p.001) (b .26,p.001)$%&
=>?@" A*"+ )*"+2B&C&(7DE FGH I JHKL" MNO2PQ9RSOT'&
BU ?@"(VWXY9Z[2\]^_`89a( b< DE JHKL" MNO2c56defgO2hijkl c562m n%opmqr9s4]tu '%( \]^_`89a(c5 6#2vwxyzx{ |Aiken & West, 1991}~ UU \]
2Z[(M -./001# 3456 2
e
A*"+ )*"+
-./0 \]#2
vwxy -./0 \]#2 vwxy
b t b t
.15῍῍῍ .25῍῍ 1.00 .11῍῍῍ .09῍ .05
.08῍῍῍ .16῍ 3.11῍῍ .14῍῍῍ .14 4.22῍῍῍
.27῍῍῍ .17῍῍ 2.11῍ .25῍῍῍ .12῍ .94
.14῍῍῍ .07 1.28 .22῍῍῍ .23῍῍῍ .04
.15῍῍῍ .30῍῍῍ 2.63῍ .07῍ .05 .87
.10῍῍῍ .08 .58 .13῍῍῍ .26῍῍῍ 3.66῍῍῍
῍῍῍p.001,῍῍p.01,῍p.05
!"#$%&'()1*+,- .
%/0'1234()2*+,- )3*+,-5!"67 8 #$%&'678 .%/0'1 9:;<;=>678 234 9?@ AB'/<?@ ;=>678CDEFG(HIJKLM NO PQ(RS T3UV(W
X78CDEFG(JKYZ 9)3*+,->
(DR2[.06 p\.001) (DR2[.01, p\.001)
(DR2[.01,p\.001)]^N_3`abcQdef
ghiVdjk5lbhmdWno ]^ !"678(b[.07, p\.001) #$%&'678(b[ p.23, p\.001) ;=678(b[.12,p\.001)CDEFGd`a5qS ]^ #$%&'678(b[p.07,p\.01):;6 78(b[p.06,p\.05) ?@ AB'/678(b[.07, p\.01)CDEF Gd`a5qS ]^ #$%&'678(b[.09, p\
.001)?@ ;=678(b[.09,p\.001)CDEFGd`a5qS
ῌ ῍
rs15 jktu!(v wxyzj{(|}~
udhQ(R (ghdj k5lbh4(f UV Rrs 9Karasawaf
2007> wxyz dj{ du^mdW no (gh78ghmdf
bS
]^ wxyzj{ d" cd
^d #$%&' wxyzd5qhmdWno
;= j{wxyz]^d^
4dWo ]^ !"h78 fbS
!"#$%& '% ()
*+,- ./0123% 45 67890123%& :./
;< =>+?@ABC$DE3%
:FGH23%& #C IJ9K8L?@
AMC$DE3% NO45)P :F,-QRS*TU!"#$%&
EC +IJ9K8LVWX /YZ2 ./[\Q]^*+_`D2+T U ab+& c d3/ ef[\g Qh+()Qij*+ Zk2+lmC
$+& n$/ [\.o+NOZk FE3%& d3/ 456789Qpq*+
hC$ 45D)PQrs*+ :Qtu*+
!"#$%&
2
vw1 [\QVW*+`X?@+Ax!#$% [\
Nyz{|}/~E& {|N*+
VWX?@AxQ /&
{| {| [\Ny}/Larson (1978) .o+ 30=?Q82}NyF Q%& +{|[\Ny {|
#(Okun & George, 1984)& ;< ./
(1984; 1993)g ¡Liang (1989)D~y vwEC {|[\NyF ¢£#$/+&
$'vw¤ ¥¦§¨D{|©ª«¬®/
!" # $ %&'()*+,
-. /01234 567!89:;
<=>?@ABC5DE -F#BGHIJKLMB N#.BOP QRSTU5 )
*KLMV#F ?=>W@XYPZ[\])*
KLM^#F _ ?! 234GHJKL`
a!.bc defghijklm4 n/opq rs)*Bt:?Buv w
011bcxyz{|}~
?! rs)* qP? XYPZ[\]3
B
rs)* !0B 10B
5 t .B!
qP? 29O -$ t% B
=>%!1B 0B !
" t%=>W$qP?B
!. 5 029 a
XYPZ[\] D ¡9O¢£ ¤¥BW D ¦§£ |. %! 1B %
#4B $ 4¨©
!"#$%&'() *+4,- #$!"'(./)0&t'1"23)- 45 .67&89:;!<=>)- ?
@ ABCDEF<GH&IJ @:KEF<GH&
IL3)-
ABCD?:K&89 MN OPQRS TQUVSWX?Y Z< &[\.]^"'(./)0&#$%_`abcdef"
23)- ghi@ _j /- kl1?mn& 3o"p.ghi&q r1s tuv_@MN?OPQRS" r2stuv&@TQUVSWX *wX
?xX, ?YZ *yz{|SU?yzx, "}~)-
ef45"+5&p)- r1stuv&8/b1Zi@ ABC D&89 @GH_L3)< (R2.03,p
.001) (R2.06,p.001)@GH_j3)- :K_
@ ghi_GH_j3) * R2.04,p.001;
R2.05,p.001; R2.03,p.01,-
&89 ABCD_@MN?OPQRS5<>L3)<
:K_@MN(b.19,p.001)&/5<=>)- &8 9 ABCD_MN(b.14,p.001)?OPQRS(b.13,p.001)&
/5<> :K_@OPQRS5=)(b.24, p
.001)->& &89@ #$_MN *ABCD b
.21,p.001; b.14,p.01 b.12,p
.001; b.13,p.05
2 !"#$%& '()*+,-./0& 123456 DR2.10,p.001;DR2.12,p.001&78912:;
DR2.10,p.001;DR2.09,p.001&<=9>?@A
DR2.06,p.001;DR2.04,p.01$BC 12345
6,DEF& $%& GH9IJKLMN& O@P(b.22, p .001)& @QP(b.07,p.05)& RSFGH9@Q(b.09,p.05), TU ,DEF%& @QPLMN& O@P(b.13,p V4 W12XY
Z8 [8
Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
123456 7.35 (1.61) 7.29 (1.79) 78912:; 2.48 (2.68) 3.18 (2.91)
<=9>?@A 1.55 ( .85) 1.77 ( .89)
V5 12:;,\]^
123456
_`
abcd
b t
ef .01 .19῍῍῍ 3.73῍῍῍
.04 .03 ῌ3.65῍῍῍
O@P .22῍῍῍ .13῍ .54
@QP ῌ.07῍ .09 .07 GH9IJK .05 .12῍ 1.01 GH9@Q ῌ.09῍ ῌ.18῍῍῍ ῌ2.24῍ 0& 1;[80& Z81
.05)(b .12,p.05)(b .18,p.01) !"#$%
&'( )*(b .19,p.001)*(b .12,p.001) (b 10,p.01)+,-./012. 34% +,-.
56(b .25,p.001) 789:;<
=>?@-./012 !"#$% &'( )
*(b .07,p.01) *(b .15,p.001) (b .10,
p.001)+,-./012. 34% +,-%
56(b .13,p.05) ABCDECFGH=IJKL
34 ABL
D E
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) t
6.95 (1.83) 6.74 (1.90) 4.93῍῍῍
2.57 (2.15) 3.74 (2.65) 2.86῍
1.21 ( .43) 1.33 ( .55) 12.05῍῍῍
῍῍῍p.001,῍῍p.01,῍p.05
MNOPQRS@-
789:;
!"#$ 34 AB=5
TUVW !"#$ 34 AB=5 TUVW
b t b t
ῌ.14῍ .05 1.79 .21῍῍῍ .14῍῍ 1.41 ῌ.13῍῍῍ ῌ.24῍῍῍ .53 ῌ.12῍῍῍ ῌ.13῍ ῌ5.55῍῍῍
ῌ.19῍῍῍ .02 2.23῍ ῌ.07῍ .02 1.81
.12῍῍῍ .07 1.35 .15῍῍ .11 .90
.00 .03 .11 .00 .01 .49
.10῍῍ .25῍῍῍ 2.78῍ .10῍῍ .13῍ 1.13
῍῍῍p.001,῍῍p.01,῍p.05
!"#$%&' () *+1,-. /012 3
!456 7849 :;<=>?@ (%A%.B@ CD>?
@EFGHIJKLM1NOPQ. RJSTLUVW!M2 NOPQ. (@EM3NOPQFGXYZ HIJKLXYZ RJS TLU [\:]:^_XYZ VW! [`a4bcLS]`a4:^_
XYZdefghij@ kl4mno,-pq&' r5.,- st&'
u>?YZdefghij@&vw [M3NOPQ_ . / 012(DR2x.02py.0013!456(DR2x.01,py.01)7849
:;(DR2x.02, py.001).z{Em|}W?~,% (%
A%<=>?.BCD>?)"#$%&' /012.z{E FGXYZ(bx.10,py.001) HIJKLXYZ(b x.09,py.001)`a4:^XYZ(bx.06,py.05)defgh~
q&' 3!456.z{E \:XYZ(bx.07,py.05)`a 4:^XYZ(bx.07, py.01)defgh~q&' 7849 :
;.z{E HIJKLXYZdefgh~q&(bx.14,
py.001)' .B@E ,- YZ{
$%&YZ. E\:{
`a4:^{{. *+1
)D.$%&'
*+2 .B/012564.z {EYZ%& *+1 .qE¡¢
£qE{&' ¤¤¥¦§¨.©{Eª
«127849 ;¬.®E{)"#$
!"#$%! &'($)* +,- . $)*
/012$!345.6789 :;- <=.>?
$@ABCDEF$G8HIJKL? /0MN$O 3PQ.RS$TQUR.VW XYZ[\J 3.]^-%_ 8`8.a bZcd\e($!fg 3HIJKL?`_ Gh$O;!ijkl3fg-3m 3.VW`_ $O nS=XY Z[\3fg$HIJ>?`_ bZcd\e(3fg$o $)*-pk(.q =.9 <=.
Ka3$r8 -Gh3fg.ma ij kl.9 =.9_ +,stku$O 3.v+,st3ku(w!"#$%
!. bZcd\e(xGh3fg$o HIJ.KL?`_
<3<=`a $r8 &'($)* bZcd\e(=Gh .@Ay!45$HIJ%z <=.>{?= Q
῏ ῍ ῌ ῎
|}- ~3qnr=82o3$_ =
$O;!&'(x3q9J=&'(x3HIF. a`
$_
3|}=$ 3PQ.&'(3. 3$
r8 (D!<=.>? =)*
MNqD!"#.% <3<= 33/0
1"# 3/0q"# Heme, 2003 =D!
z Christopher (1999) |}=!(5
r.//+$o MND!$ ~3V¡¢(
!" #$% &'( ) * + ,-. /012 34 Diener, Suh, Smith, & Shao (1995)" 56076 !8 9:;< !=
#$%->?@AB'/04CEid & Diener
(2001)" D9E9F"GHI$%8JK0"LMNOP
4Q #$%=R ST%F=0@AB'/0 4C2 UK 9:;<V0'O WX 03NYZ[
\M] ^_`abcde fgAC'Oh /0'Oi%jkl84NO/0FBmn2 oN OpF" WX /0"Q=qrZUF"
#$stuZ[\M] vVi%wx"yz3N@
A8B/081{3N2 C84 kl|O"}'O
~"'AFB'/0"8B2
K i%0kl8~'O/0=4C '2 9:;<PO"p= %
i%"3N pV" ^_C4/0Fi%
8 4NO2 C84 /N4"klUOF SOde3NMrF" i%SO o84N=
"C'2 i%|" GF" i%0O`
j`a%8yz3NO8 pD~F" 0
|c8yz3N o"C/08i%0n~
0=¡¢O Markus & Kitayama, 19912 ~
F" V:<£¤¥8~'O¦3NO02 'Oi%= oN§N¨©MNOT~¦ªj«¬
O®3NO/02 UK W`a"^_j/00"¯
3N°3N=FB ``±7FK²c ³ o N´ µ/0F¶3NX ·¸¹!`aº»¼00 9
!"
#$%&#' ()* +,!-.%/#0121 34%
56%789:;<=>?@ AB%CDEF GHI JKLMN6O῍%:;<PQ:56R!STU G .#$%VWX#Y AZ[\K]^_?@ `ab RcdIJK;<ef!ghQi#$%& IJ KjkbRlm`a%nop!q;<!rs/#$%&#$
%%t#' $u*fv wx!yz/#.({|K}~!
῏*:?#$%! /#?u' *b*
;* ;<!#Xt@
$ῌK%>K%;ῐ pp
XRt%:ῌF%;<!SKyz/#
! *:#'
, ¡:¢1:£WX¢?#$%
῎C*ti¤tRt:' $¢ 1wx!¥f¦§*
¢?# , Xuwx¨©ª«t#%/
¤ +,i#wx/¬¦§X:#%Rt:?u' ῌKwx¢ 3`a%K;<Y `af%d2
®¯°t;<?#$%¦§X:# ±²7(³
Xu ´µ®¯°t;<¶E·¸¹:t:' ±º +,4 wxPQ:¢»¼, bR X#?u'
ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍
Aiken, L., & West, S. (1991).Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interac- tions.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Abeles, R. (1991). Sense of control, quality of life, and frail older people. In J. E.
Birren, J. E. Lubben, J. C. Rowe, & D. E. Deutchman (Eds.), The concept and measurement of quality of life in the frail elderly, 297῍314. San Diego: Academ- ic Press
Allport, G. (1961).Pattern and growth in personality.New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston.
Andreoletti, C., Zebrowitz, L., & Lachman, M. (2001). Physical appearance and control beliefs in young, middle-aged, and older adults.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 969῍981.
Becker, L. (1992). Good lives: Prolegomena.Social Philosophy and Policy, 9, 15῍37.
Brim, O., Ry#, C., & Kessler, R. (2004). The MIDUS national surver: An Overview Im O. Brin., C. Ry#, & R. Kessler (Eds.),How healthy are We?:Anational study of well-being at midlife.1῍34. Universitty of Chicago Press.
Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns.New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Charles, S., Reynolds, C. & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related di#erences and change in positive and negative a#ect over 23 years.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 136῍151.
Christopher, J. (1999). Situating psychological well-being: Exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research.Journal of Counseling and Development, 17, 141῍152.
Coan, R. (1977).Hero, artist, sage, or saint?A survey of what is variously called mental health, normality, maturity, self-actualization, and human fulfillment.
New York: Columbia University Press.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being.Psycholgical Bulletein, 95, 542῍575.
Diener, E., & Lucas, R. (1999). Personality, and subjective well-being. In D.
Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz, (Eds.),Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, 213῍229. Russell Sage Foundation Press: New York.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well- being.Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1῍31.
Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis.Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, 17, 304῍324.
Diener, E., Diener, C., & Diener, M. (1995). Factors Predicting the Subjective Well-being of Nations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69. 851῍ 864.
Diener, E., Suh, E., Smith, H., & Shao, L. (1995). National and culturaldi#erences in reported subjective well-being: Why do they occur? Social Indicators Re- search, 34, 7῍32.
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in di#erent cul- tures: Inter-and within-nation di#erences.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869῍885.
Erikson, E. (1959). Identity and the life cycle.Psychological Issues, 1, 18῍164.
Heine, S. (2003). Self-enhancement in Japan? A reply to Brown and Kobayashi.
Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 75῍84.
Jung, C. (1933). Modern man in search of a soul. New York: Harcourt Brace &
World.
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.). (1999).Well-being:Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, Russell Sage Foundation Press: New York
Karasawa, K., Curhan, K., Markus, H., Kitayama, S., Singer, B., & Ry#, C. (2007).
Aging, Culture and well-being: Japan-US Comparison. Postr presented at The
19th meeting of The Association for Psychological Science, Washington D.C.
Keyes, C., Shmotkin, D. & Ry#, C. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 82, 1007῍1022.
Kitayama, K., Karasawa, M., Curhan, K., Ry#, C., & Markus, H. R. (2006). Independ- ence, Interdependence, and well-being: Divergent patterns in the United States and Japan. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
(1984). ῌ
ῌ !"#$%& 20, 59῍64.
(1993). #' ()ῌ*+,-./012345067ῌ
89,:& 8, 111῍125.
Lachman, M., & Firth, K. (2004). The adaptive value of feeling in control in midlife. In O, Brim, C. Ry#, & R. Kessler (Eds.),How healty are we?:A National Study of well-being at midlife.350῍372. University of Chicago Press.
Lachman, M., & Weaver, S. (1998). The sense of control as a moderator of social class di#erences in health and well-being. being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 763῍773.
Lachman, M. (1986). Locus of control in aging research: A case for multi- dimensional and domain-specific assessment.Psychology and Aging, 1, 34῍40.
Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans.Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109῍125.
Leland, J. (2004). Faith in the future: Why Americans see the silver lining. The New York Times, Section 4, p. 1. June 13.
;<=>?@AB?CDE?FGH?I<JK?Liang, J. (1989).LMN *+ !"#$%& 30, 3῍16.
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.Psychological Review, 98, 224῍253.
Marmot, M., Ry#, C., Bumpass, L., Shipley, M, & Marks, N. (1997). Social in- equalities in health: next questions and converging evidence.Social Science and Medicine, 44, 901῍910.
Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
OPQ(2002).RSTUV 98WXYZ STU[\(QOL)!"]^& !
"]^[\_`ab"c_d efg 8῍28.
Mroczek, D., & Kolarz, C. (1998). The e#ect of age on positive and negative a#ect:
A developmental perspective on happiness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333῍1349.
Okun, M., & George, L. (1984). Physician and self-ratings of health, neuroticism and subjective well-being among men and women.Personality and Individual Di#erences, 5, 533῍539.
Rogers, C. (1961). On Becoming a Person. Boston: Houghton-Mi%in.
Rowe, J., & Kahn, R. (1987). Human aging: Usual and successful.Science, 237, 143῍ 149.
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of
research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being.Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141῍166.
Ry#, C., & Singer, B. (2002). From social structure to biology: integrative science in pursuit of human health and well-being. In. C. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.).
Handbook of Positive Psychology.Oxford: Oxford University Press. 541῍555.
Ry#, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069῍1081.
Ry#, C., Magee, W., Kling, K., & Wing, E. (1999). Forging macro῍micro linkages in the study of psychological well-being. In C., Ry#& V. Marshall (Eds.),The self and society in aging processes.247῍278. New York: Springer.
Ry#, C., Singer, B., & Palmersheim, K. (2004). Social inequalities in health and well-being: the role of relational and religious protective factors. In O. Brim, C. Ry#& R. Kessler, (Eds.),How healthy are we?: A national study of well-being at midlife.90῍123. University of Chicago Press.
Seligman, M. (1991).Learned optimism.New York: Knopf.
Shmotkin, D. (1990). Subjective well-being as a function of age and gender: a multivariate look for di#erentiated trends. Social Indicators Research, 23, 201῍230.
Uchida, Y., Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B. Reyes, J., & Morling, B. (2008). Is perceived emotional support beneficial: Well-being and health in independent and interdependent cultures.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 741῍ 745.
Uchida, Y., Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B., & Rayes, J. (2001). Interpersonal sources of happiness: The relative significance in three cultures. Paper presented at 13th annual convention of the American Psychological Society, Toronto, Canada.
Waterman, A. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal ex- pressiveness (Eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678῍691.
