初級日本語学習者の会話におけるCompensatory Strategies

初級日本語学習者の会話におけるCompensatory Strategies

著者 初鹿野 阿れ

雑誌名 Proceedings of the conference on second language research in Japan

発行年 1994‑03‑01

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1509/00000820/

t'5JJ k;Jk B :;$: Ug- * ^{~ ==1!fff 0:> ~ ~ ,~ ~ ':7 ~}

C<)mpensat<:>ry S t r a t e g i e s

fJJImJf MtL

~1R(J)7k*f-*~*~~

Abstract

When communicating in a foreign language, learners often experience difficulties understanding what their interlocutors said and expressing what they really want to say due to their limited linguistic knowledge. Thus communication strategies, which are used to bridge this gap, are important for learners (especially for beginners) to continue and act as an active participant in the conversation. In this study, I surveyed compensatory strategies (CpS) used by learners of Japanese at the beginning level in non- native/native conversation during one year. Compensatory strategies are types of communication strategies, defined as learners' attempts to solve problems in communication using their insufficient linguistic resources. (Ferch and Kasper (1983»

My main interest is to observe the change of frequency in the use of CpS, and the rate of L1-based strategies used by four learners. To study the effectiveness of CpS is also one of main objectives in this research.

I presupposed that frequency would decrease as proficiency rose, and this hypothesis was confirmed by the survey. It was also expected that the rate of Ll-based strategies used by the learners would decrease because they experience lesser difficulties in expressing themselves through one year study of Japanese. However, the rate of L1-based strategies did not change, or even increased rather than decrease.

The effectiveness of CpS was verified. From sixty to ninety percent of CpS used by the learners contributed to the continuance of conversation without causing serious breakdown or misunderstanding between the participants.

;r~OOGa~'ff ,.: ~~, -c~f1;ff(J):J ~

:J.

=- ^{'r - y}

³

^{/~~t1 ~~ oj c::. C 1;1:m~} ts: ^§ (f.j (J) t» c -:>

C' (fj ~

⁰

L ir· L,:J ~

^:J.

=- ^{'r - y}

^{3 /}

~~t1 c 1;1 C (J) ~ oj tJ~~t1C' (fj ~ (J) ir-; i" (J))E~ 1;1f,lQ C' (fj ~ oCanale & Swain(l980)I;1fi~~~t1 ~3t~(f.j~~t1 ,~~~~tJ ~~tJ .. tl~-gMf~((.J~~tJ, A r -7 -r ~ - ~~tJ (J) 3-:> iJ' i?~ ~ tL 7.> c ~~, A r ^'77" Y - ~~tJ 'd:--gMf~~tJ (J)~,@ ts c ,.:

~^"'?

-C :J

~ ^:J.

=- ^{'r - s-}

^{3 /}

^{(J) rp ltJi iJ{}

^~

^c::.

^"'?

^1:

^~

^{,;: .of: tL}

^~

^{fl& oj t.:}

^~

^{,;: ffl}

^~,

^{i? tL 7.> -gMf ((.J}

^,~

-ggg,(f.j:J ~

:J.

=- ^{'r - y}

^{3 / .}

^{A l- '7 7" ~ - t1'} i?JVt7.> c J;E~ L -C~' ~ 0-:> '£ t) ,~f1;ff(J)fi~

fj~tJ ~ rttJJ: ~ it ~ t: ~ ,.: 1;1 c::. tL i? ^3-:> (J) ~~t1 ~ ~ ~ .. ~*(f.j ,;: m ^{ffl C'} ~ ~ ~ oj m?1J ^{T 7.>} &,~

iJ{ (fj

~

c

~,

oj c::. C C' (fj

~⁰

!f'~q;: ~JJ~~f1;ff (J)~-fr,~ '.:!i~ L -C ~, 7.> ~~iJ{ ~ i? tL -C ~, 7.> t: ~, :J ~

:J.

=- ^{'r - y}

^{3 / .}

~~5~~-~~.~~~ffl~~~~~e~~ft~~~.¥~¥~~~~t~~~h~o

L iJ' L, :J _~. a: .::. 'r - -y

3 / -

A l- 7 _~ y - § 1* (j))E~ 'j: '* ^tf.)E '* ..., ^{-c: ~ \ ~ t 'j: § ~ f ,~}

~ ,;: $ It .Q ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ - tJ, (j) 7J' , I*J ~ =F (j) ~fW ,;: --:> ~ \ -c: (j) A ~ 7 ~ ~ - b -a- '* ^{h ~ (j) tr ,} '*

ft7*~~--~-1(j)~~~~m~~(j)~m~~A~7~y-,*~~~~(j)~~~~<

(j) ~~iJ{ tJ, ~ h -c: ~ \ ~ 0(Tarone ClBfll ); Ferch and Kasper(l983a), Bialystok(l990), t$)

'* t.:~~(l983)7J{mm L -c: ~\ ~ ~ ~ ';:, B _*~ 'j::J ~

^=to'::'

'r - _~

3 / -

A _~ 7 _{~ ~} - t ~\

oj mm7J{~~-~~ ts :lr.,*iJ' ~ iJ' ts ^t) a; ~ \ i!lm~~ffl ~ h -c: $ t) ,m!L (j) lmftg ,;: ts ..., -c: ~ \

o~~~~oo

*~ft~'j:,:J ~ ~.::.Jr - ~

^{3 :.--}

-A ~ 7 ~ ~ - ~.JVt~ 00- t ^--:> (j)1im~~ ~ t~~ ~

hoCompensatory strategies (Ferch and Kasper(l983a,1984»(~rCpst~~),~tJ,b

~*~~~.,*(j)ffi~~~m~.tt.:~,~~~~mLt.:~~~Moj~t~~...,-C:~(j)~

:m ^{~ fWiR: L ~ oj t t" 0 A ~ 7 ~ y - ,;: f!!.,rR.. ~ 3 -c: ,£J. 'F (j) ~ t ~ § ~ t L} -c:~ItJi((.Jt1f1C ~

2. EI ((.j

191*& B *m~~~7J{~~ ,;: $ It 0 ffiif!J-.(j) rp':HH;:M~t" o~, ~ (j) ~ ~ ';:CpS~{~ffl t. r

~ \ 0 iJ' ~ ,4 A ^(j) ~ ~ ~ (j) 1 ~ Pa' ,;: i1!t 0 jf ~1 ~ 7t:t1f1" 0 _~ t ,;: ~ t) DJ] ~ 7J' ,;: t" 0 o!f.f l;: 7!x (j) _~

~

ts: ,rR.. ,;: 7± EI t" 0

⁰

1) ~ ~ iJ{ :if! tn;: ^--:> h -c: CpS (j) -ue ffl !m ft 7J< ~ P t" 0 iJ'0 '* ^{t.: , ~ iHf ,;: ~ -? ~ \ i: A ~ 7 ~ y -}

iJe< ~ t) , B * m l;: _~ -? ~ \ t.: A _~ 7 _{~ ~} - _7J<:!~ Jm t" ~ 1;' 0

2) _~~ (j) tlrfh (j) lfl ~CpS'j:~~ ~ ,;: t ..., -C:1=f~JJ ts =f:~~ ~ ~ 7J' o!f.f ,;: ~jJ;!.JHf.J tJ, fillm (j)CpS,

'* ^{ft 'j: ffi~~JVt l;: *6'(} # ~ ,;: < ~ \ CpS7J< ~ ~ 7J' 0}

3. ~ft1ii~

~fl~7J<ffi~ ,;: rp,m~. t -c: ~\ 0 ~ t ~~ L -c: ~\ ~ c·~ ~ ~ h ~ ~~ lfl (j);f. - _~ ,1ff(j)

~ I ~ {$ ,~ L ,~ t) ~ L t ~ \ ..., ft ~ ~ ~ (j) t.: 'th ~ ~ \ ~ =r:Ht ^{iJ' t) ,;: CpS (j) ~ m ~ ~?tt L ft}

ⁿ

^{A ~}

7 ~ ~ - (j){Jl!ffliJ<DJ]ifH;:~HfJi~ ~ tJ, ~\~*'j:~ffif~~~';: 7 *

⁰

-7'~ 7'--{ :.-- ~ t:" ~­

~ft...,t.:o

M~~: ~~~ A - .::.

^{=to -}

~ -7 / r A*f:E,2o~ft,~m~m

~~~ B -

'::';1. -

~

^-

7 / r A~J.H1,20~f-t,~m~m

~~~c - 7 ^j I) 11 A*'11,20~f-t,~m~m

~~~ 0 - T / -:(' - 1 A!JJ'11,20~ft,tt~m~~

1992~8F:J 7J' _{~ ~~ ~} fmMio ~ h~ 1itr(j)~~~'j: tJ, L 08 B Pa1, 1 B 3ffifPu1 (j) m ^{lfl :J -} ~ -r:~

AJ tf.1&,4:imra'

^Q)

lfl rfJi ~~ lj.m6:im § 7J' ~ ~i1 ~Wfm, ~ (J)~ l:imru1 ,;: ITJr, 2ffif Pu1 (J)~~ ~1t It

-r~'~orf.4~itff-'H;1~~~IT~'tJ.7J<i?!&~Lt:.o ,An Introduction to Modern Japanese (Osamu lIizutani & Nobuko Yizutani, 1977, The Japan Times)~~;f;f c ^L -rfJem, ~ O)fm 1;1 ~jL ~ A _{~ ~} 3t *m w. ~ IT -:> -r ~, ~

⁰

A r ^{'7 .:;-} ~ - _~ ftf 1;1 !t# ,;: IT -:> 't: ~, ts ~,

⁰

~Th1IJH tm~wr1: 0) 4A 0) ~~m: 1;1 Ii ,£ 1m t C ~ -e ~, ~'iJ< ,~~~ C c ^D iJ<Mf~1.J fer. c: t> T iJ'~;: iQj ~'f:fl* ~1t tr ^t: oiifl!&~~ 71F.f7J' i? 211 fi.J ~(l9931F 12fi.J )0) t- ~ 11d;1 m~1itr~~ 7

.mJJt~, 8 *Mffi~:h~~4~O)m.~5?i0)*5*,&a~~.:;- A r 0)*5*~*t>-tt ~ c ,4AO)

io1 ~ ';1 , * m';;ff 0 c A iJqi 'i'lm t t'EJJt ,;: rill < ,~f1 ~ B b ~~ 1.J iJ< P L _{~ ~} iJ< Dc A ,;: jl( ~ , ,

*~::tf C 1;1fm0)3A';:Jt~ -r ~ ~'fll;~' v ~1v1: j) ~c ~;t i? tL ~ octtI)

~~~fl: ~~~c 8*AO)~~ - ~~~iJ<iI~' t: 8 gc.,;:"? ~'-r~m~j) ~ B*A~~

(~~ ~ -a- ^{t: 7 A)} iJ< -1 :,,- ~ l:"

^{.:L -}

~ L -r ~ bO)o L iJ' L ,-1 :,,- ~ C

^{.:L -}

C ~, oj J: ~ B gc. 0) f*J

~ &;: "? ~, -r

⁰⁾

~~ c ~, -:> t: '11 ~ 0) iJ!i ~, b 0) 1: _,~1Hi b E1 EiJ &;: ftIT L -r ~, ~

⁰

-1 :..- ~ c'

.:L -

';1~ 111 Fl "'211 Fl ,;: 1 ffiJff~', IJij:ra' 1;1~ 10"'155to {f"Pi':;- - 7' &;:~{f( -$~00i) L .. 3t*ft L t:

⁰

mIra': 19921FllFl "'19931FI0fi.J m I WI: ~13~"'29~(' 921FllFl ",' 931F2fi.J)

~ II WI: ~30~"'47;11!(, 931F3Fl ",' 931F6fi.J)

m ^mWI: ~48;11!"'61j}!(' 931F7 fi.J ...' 93~10fi.J)

*~~I;1 4A 0)*f1~0)11F~jj§ L-cO)CpsO)fJefflM rUJ ~ B~ i? 7J' ,;: T ~ \: c ~ § (f.j c L-c

~, ~

⁰

~

^{\ :}

--c:, ffM J:t 0) -1 :,,- ~ t'

.:L - ,;:

~ &t ~ T - ~ 0) ~ ,;: c .; t> tL T I;: :N:WI (f.] mJf ^{1: "C 0) ~}

ft ~e~T ~ t: ~ I;: ,Jffl~{j!1LJ:411 Fl t: c ^I;: 3WH;:5t ,t ,5t;ffi-t-ff -:> t:

0

~~~4:fiJ<~ffl L t: A r '7 .:;- Y - 0) ffiJ~ 1;1 [~1-1"'4]0)jj! ~ 1: j) _~

0

L 7J' L, ¥lill 0) iiff

0) IJij: ra, ^{iJ< -j;E 1: 1;1 tJ.} <, * ^{t: -1 :,,- ~ l:"}

^.:L

^{-1Jij: ra' J*J I;: ';1 B} * ^{A 0) ~ ~ b ~} * ^{tL -c ~, Q t: ~ , \:}

0) ti:1l ~ 1t!~(H;:.lt~ Q ~ C 1;1 ^1: ~ fer. ~'o "C ~ ~ ,~fl~O)~~3t1!iiti:-t-.lli L .. 1 03t1!iiq:q;:

~ 't ~ CpSO)~ffl!RtJJt -t- [~'7 71] ,;:~ L t:.

⁰

Ctt2)

\: 0) ~ '7 7 _~ J! Q C ~ fl ~ A, B .. D

0)

fJem ~m: 1;1 WI ~ i& -:> -c ~~' L -r ~, Q

⁰

* ^{t:., ~~;;ff}

Cb m ^II WI ';:J:nMJQj -t-5F L -c~, Q 7J<,~ ill WI O)!RtJJt 1;1: * ^{I WI J: ~ ~ < fJ. -:> -c ~ ~ .. ~1* C}

L -rtlttcl ~~"M rUJ ,;: j) Q c -g;t Q

^{0 \ :}

tL,;1: ,~f1 iJ<~ fJ' ,;:"? tL -c fi~J: 0) rp,/Hi ~Mi t Q ~ C

~P~<~-:>t:.t:.~~m:~T~-:>t:.c~;ti?tLQo

O. 8 ---r---"'--

I =-..._--.--....;.. __._ ...-_ ..-.----···---;-·----·-·---1

i

L ;6' L .. ;: ;: "1? rr:>"fHI ts

⁰⁾

la: .. 4A

0)

ra' O)f~ffl ~ft

⁰⁾

~ ~MY

⁰⁾

tJJ* ~~10)(itiit:PO)Cps~m~ft

0)

i!! ~ qa: ;JoE: ~,

⁰⁾

WI ~J.t

⁰⁾

~ ~ ~ Clfllli: : @]/1 O)'(itrj)

L -C _~, Q C Ij; -g ~ ts ~, c ~, oj z C 1-.--....,....----....,....----....,....---.

c: j) Q o{1lj ~ Ii .. *fl==M B lj; fJ)M

0)

~Ji;6' ~ CpS

0)

~ ffl !m ft ;6< 1LI; <.. ^{M j,"}

O)tJJ*;6</J\ ~ ~'o L;6' L .. ~fl~ B

O)'!!f:flImMi~Wi"1?

⁰⁾

~~ft lj; ftB

⁰⁾

~ ~ C !t ~ -r ~ iJ' -") t: P ~t "1? Ij; ts

<.. ^{ts L ~ {ll; ~, Ii oj "1? j) -") t:}

^a

* ^{t: ..}

~fl==MDO)* I M'~~ttQ~ffl!m

ft Ij; 4A

0)t:P"1?~ ~,

li oj "1? Ij; tJ.

~,

iJ< .. ~WJ l;: ;Jolt .:, ~fl==M D

0)

fl~

fl Ij; ts L ~ j@j ~ 'Ii oj "1? j) -") t:

a

i"O)JJjH~c L-r~~ i?nQ;: c Ij; .. *

^{- r m -}

^{'~Mim;{jO) im L}

^n"1?

j) Q

⁰

~ f1;if B c 8 * A c

⁰⁾

~ ffi5 ~ lQ ~ T ~ C .. M ~~ iJ< ~ ~ ~ ,~ r Ij; ~, J r ~, ~, ~ J"1? ~ ~ ~ n Q J:. oj ts ~ rr:>' ~ L i: ~ .. fie ffl T ^Q ~ ~ ~ iJ' ts ~

^{:J /}

r ^{0 -} }v T ^Q C ~, -") ^t: iJ' ts: ~ Ij; -") ~

~ L t: 7

;t -

I) T - . r - -1 ~rr -") ^{-C~, Q}

⁰⁾

iJ<7t;6'':' o(t!3) c:.

^{0) ;:}

c lj; .. *fl==M B iJ<fl!#ttJ.

r*J?£?~~lJt 1- ~ ~\¥'f1 ~{ij; < L .. ~*ag l~CpS(J)~ffl!mf.l(J) ~ ~ l;:"? ts iJ< ~ ^-C ~, ~ c;if _{~ ~} nQo * ^{i: .. ~ ~ ~ iJ< ~ il EI t! ~ j@j < ;Jo < iJ' c' oj iJ' b CpS (J) !mJt ,~ ~ ~ ~ .g.;t -r ~, ~ c ~ ;t ~ n}

Q of1lJ;t Ii .. ~~==M B iJ< EI 7t (J) ~JJl"1? ~ ~ ~fm "1?~il ~;Jo ;: tJ: oj M ~ iJ< ~ ~ n ~ (J) '~M L ..

~~~ D Ij;-m- '~~il EH~~~ < ;Jo < M~iJ< j) ~ .. E17t0) b ~ -C~, ~ 8 *Mt~~:h£J.J:.(J) ;: C

~~J! L J:. oj c 1"" Q _M~ iJ< j) Q

^<)

i" (J) t:. O'~H;: ~il I;: rr:>,:m ~~ L:: Q ;: C iJ< ~ < tJ. l) .. CpSO)fse

ffl

~Jf

b

~

< tJ: -") -C

~,

Q (J) "1? ^j)

~

oj

a

;:(J)J:. oj '~ .. ~i?==Mra'(J)~Jf(J)~'~fl~Jft.:'t"'C'tJ: <.. ~, < "'?iJ,(J)¥~iJ<~~~.g.~ -C~' Q C _{~ ~ ~}

0)"1?

j) nli .. f~1:t (J)~~~O)!mftO)M~" b ~~J.t(J)~fttf.lt C ~rf#'t-r~ ~ Q ;: C lj; ~ ~ "1? Ia: tJ: ~, -c: ^j) ~ oj

0

if fl ~ e ~ L t:. ~ l) ~ lj; .. 8 * A ~ ~

0)

7

;t -

I) T - . r

- 71a:~r.( ,~~jjHO)~ L nA.. ^C ~ft L .. * t:.~~==M(J)~il §~(J)~)E';:xtT ^Q ~~,~ Ij; ~ li C'~ft Ij; ~ ~ n -r ~, tJ. ~'o ;: (J) ;: C ~~II'~ An ~ c .. fWjr.( 0)~f1;=lf (J) cps(J) ~ffl ~m:

⁰⁾

Mj,",~ lj; .. _~~iJ<~~ tf. c: c _'~J:. Q fl~Jf(J)~ft:b<* ~ < ~~ L _-r~' Q C _{~ ~ -r~3 ~} j)

Q c ^{Ji!=.t t>} n .:, iJ< .. ;: (J) ,f.i: lj; 4-~ (J)~!m c ^{L t:.} ~'o

~~Jlf4~7ttfT L t:.*5*w. r ^{(J) J:. oj} tJ: CpSiJ<e~ ~ n ^{t:. 0;:}

⁰⁾

7t~i'H;:"? ~'-r Ij; .. Frerch ^and

Kasper(I984)~~~'~fT -") -C~' Q iJ< .. ~*B9 I;: 1j;~~(J) ~f-f';:J!n t:. b (J) ~ i"

^{0) I)}

'J - A

c tJ: ~ -r ~, ^Q -g~ftC-m:~iJ' .. 8 *MfiJ' .. * ^{t:. i" (J) r:p ra' {(.J.t1:~ (J) b}

⁰⁾

^{iJ') c ~, ? iiJtf.i: c .. M~~}

(I) I) 'J - A ,:. et

~

5tm

•£J: MH:. ~ -:> < ^CpS

00[3-~~.J-£J:m~ft~*~~~OOm~~ffl~.~~t~~0

19tH> r IJ\~B(j -- relementary~~B(j

@[11 _~ 11 _T~{~J - £J:m, _~ t: 'j:*~~~oom_i_ B*m L? L < ~{f~ ~ 0 19tJ2> r~~j -- r"<' 1-"<' T -{ - 1 A j

• r.p Fa' ff.J ts CpS

@[~m~J - £J:m, _~ t: 'j:*~~~OOm-i- "C tL _{':.Mpr;~ ~} B*m,:. _{ill~ ~ ~} 0 _~ t: 'j:

~iO' L? ~m L ~ffl ~ ~ 0 (19tJ)(~~~~~~c. ,:.-:) ~\ L ,j:E:4_i_$J~ ~ i:. t )

-_

_---_ _---.- .. ---_.---- .. ---._----_ - .. ---._._

..

_----

..

- .. ---_

..

_---

19tJ3> [NS: t ~,c'r7t~~fiiI-i- L ~ L f t i O ' o . t>

-:>,

LA: £> -, c'r;1"",. ·~~W;fioreturn? (£rUn

--

...

---...

--_

..

_---_

...

---_._- ... -- .. ---.---

...

---.---_

....

_--_.---

* ^{r -j -; ",jff} ~} (return home)J!iO' L? ~~Hto

@[~MfJ - B*m~~mm~IH:.~b-ttLMf-i-~~ 0

*~?i1t-r: 'j: f"'_i_ L ~ ~ JI t ~\ -j ~ -r:fJJ~iiJ _i_~ ~ 'r - A L iO,e~ c; tL ts: iJ'

-:>

t: 0 19t14> r~_i_~~ j -- r c' -j -F L ~ ~ j

• B *~ ,:. ^{~-?' ~\ t.:CpS}

@[~~.~J-et~-.ff.J~m~et~~~.~

19tJ5> ['superv i se.] -- f ~ ~ ~ JI

(6)[IDlBJ3ff.J§~\.~ ] - ~~~~fjgtJ. c' ~1ta1¥~~BJ3

---

...

---_ .... -

^...

---._----_._---_.

__

... -.---_._

..

19t16> [LB: £>-,t·er~~~? t>- -jA,0

NS: _{---_.} Em&? ~ A, i::fi~r.p,:.? Em&? (frF1)

__

._--

..

---_

..__

._---_ ..

_-_ _..

--._----_ - _---_ --_._--_._-_ .. -

_

_-_._ _-_ -

* r~w*foJJ~:li,*

~[.h¥*]-M~~~.h-i-*~~

135t~~m L t: ~\J*J~-i-1trp'~~-r:rfiiI-r:~;6'.nt rp' -j b ~ C ,19tJ7~q) et -j ':'I35tiJ<

mH:',~

^-:>

L ~ \ ~ ~J].;6<lE L ~ \ iJ' C -j iJ';6<5t;6' L? f c ~ £>;t f~ffiS L ts. iJ< L? MffiS~ ,:.

~7J_i_*~ ~ t ~\"? t.:U{E~~*~ et -j tJ·t1:jt~ijj{~\ A l- 7 T Y - iO<e~c; tt.t:o~

~'j:J:n-{

_{.__}

._._._-_ :..- ... f'

_

*- ... ---_._-_._---_._--_._._ ^y

³

/'~~~~ tL~o ...

__..

- .... _---_

..

---_

...._

.. ---_

..

_--- ..-

..

--- ..

__

._-.

__

... -.---_ ...

__

... - ...

19tJ7> [.LC: A,-,(~)£>-,·c5,~~BI~.{l, store,

NS: c' i:. _r: 'r - .;f- _i_ il

~

\

~

L i: ;6'0 ? Iv

[ LC: ~~? oh,~c;lv(~)

NS: 'r -.;f-~ c;A,o

i:. ~CpS'j:CD;6' L? @ ~ ~ ~ ~"'" L _~ A l- 7 T :J - t Imltf ':'~b tL ~ iiJ~gttiJ< £> _~ o19tJ

~ ,t, [3 - t-:'~.J~~~ ~ rp'IllH:.M;& Let -j t L tJ;6< ~,lmltf ,:. "C tt. _i_~rp' ~~-r:

M~~':.~~\ t: VJ ,J:n-{ /' f' *- ^s-

^{3 / '}

^{~~~~ ~ i:. t ,:. et} ~ .h-i-*~ ~ b ~ _r: t> ~ 0 L iJ' L , I) 'J - A ,:. et ~ 5t~ ,:. :10 ~ \ L ,j: 'IX ~ et -j tJ 19tJ ,j: 00;6' L? @ _i_ fl9G ~ ~ 0

._ ---_

..-

_---

..

-._--_ - - -

..

_-_._.. -.---_.

__

-._-_._---.

__.._

.._._

__

.-

__

-

..

19tJ8> [LD: Tc;A,'j::tife~~~~~ lacquer ware (fJ.r~)

NS: ,j:

~\?

L? <,

®[~~ffl~.~~*]-B*m~~~~~~.~~fi~~~ti~~M.~~.~~*~~

fJlJ9> rj)~-··· B*mtrf;O'L ~\oj C 2 )~~~ ,;:. ~ ~ * 'Q) -3 ;0' c:oj ^{;0' ,;:} J: -3 7t~

.B~ffl~.~~*

J: ~c. ~ (1) ,;: (l);O' !? @ "£ ~ ~ ~ ti fJlJ ~ tP ~ r ^fPI ~ T ;0' .n c ~ \

^-:>

t: ~ rp' ^ff3 ~.f$ oj b ~ , "£ i:

l;tJ::1f-1 /' r '* - ^y

^{:1 / '}

^{~~~ ~ nt:. b ~ ~-a-~ 1":. b ~}

• ~~ B~ ffl~.~ ~*

J:~c.~($)

.~~.~ A l- 7 .:r :.; -

J:~c.~ (D;O' !? (Q) ~ tP ~1trp' a: ff3~ J::1f -1 / r '* - ^y

^{:1 / '}

^{~f$fJ tJ; ~\ b ~}

⁰

~~~~~cpS~neffl-fijj(f11~ I) 'J - A C ts -3 -gm';:~rj' ~\ t:.7t~';: J:

^-:>

~~ L i: ~ 7 7

;0< [ ~ 7 72-1"'4] ~ j) -3

0 .::

n l;t ~WJ ,;: ~fJ ~ ;O<tJeffl L t: ~CpS ,;: ~ ':1' -3 i:" n 7C n ~ tim ~

~S~~'Q)-3~*~fflL1":.b~~j)-3o

~ ~ ~ A l;t £l:m ,;: ~ rj' ~ \ ^t: A l- 7 .:r :.; - c B* m ,;: ~ rj' ~ \ ^t: A l- 7 .:r :.; - ~ ,~ I~'1iiJ t ~

*~neffl L ~ ~ ~ ,tP ra'((.J ^ts: b ~ l;t'~ c ~ c'~ffl ~ n ~ ~\ ^tJ; ~\ 0"£ ti: ; li:F~ji L ~ i- ~flJ.rtJJ

,;::* ~ ts: ~{t l;t ~ !? n ^tJ; ;0'

-:>

1":.

⁰

~fl~ A ~WJJ1IJCpStJeffl$

o ^{20 40 60 CllitiL: 80 mJ) 100}

42 37.8%

10 9.0%

1 0.9%

o 0.0%

6 5.4%

3 2.7%

44 39.6%

5 4.5%

40 50.6%

5 6.3%

o ^0.0%

o ^0.0%

2 2.5%

o 0.0%

31 39.2%

1 1. 3%

21 38.9%

4 7.4%

2 3.7%

1 1. 9%

o ^0.0%

o 0.0%

24 44.4%

2 3.7%

[~'7

72-2]

33 47.8%

1 1. 4%

4 5.8%

o 0.0%

1 1. 4%

it 3 4.3%

25 36.2%

2 2.9%

36 85.7%

o ^0.0%

o 0.0%

o 0.0%

o 0.0%

it 1 2.4%

5 11. 9%

o 0.0%

23 59.0%

2 5.1%

1 2.6%

1 2.6%

o ^0.0%

it 2 5.1%

10 25.6%

o 0.0%

~~;=tf B ,;t £3:~l':~~ < A " '7 -T:J - _,~l': [:J - 1'"~#!](J)tI.l1itJ<* ~ < ,f} IImJ l.: ,;t~

1*

(J)

90~)l! < ^l.: t

(J)

'i' "? "t'

^{t, \}

Q

0

f} ill mJ ^l.: :S

^t,

\"t' ,;t:pj. LF 60~flJJt l':~ "? "t'

^{t, \}

Q tJ<, [ :J - r ~

#! ]tJ{ c·

^(J)

^{et oj l.: fi} t> n ^"t'

^{t, \}

^{Q tJ'} ~ ~ L < ~~t T Q C ,~~ ~ B ,;t ~ l.: f} ill mJ l? [ :J - I'" ~ tlJ~llt~llttLl?rroj (~J10)t.:l:tl?';ttS. < ,~Jit'i,rvisit places in Japan.lzo J; oj l.:j}j~iiJ

C ~ ~iiJ ,j}j~iiJ C ;IJ~iiJ C

^{t, \}

"? t: 2"? f,{J:

(J)

~ ~iiJ

(J)

J4 ts. Q llt~ ~ 1i t> it t: ~ l?, £ t: ,;t 1ii ~)(

(J)

lltfft l? (~JI l)fi"? "t'

^t,\

Q 1tJJ1i1J<* ~

^t,\

z C 1J<t> 1J' Q

⁰

[~2] "? £ t) ,~~~ B ,;t 8

* m ( J ) ) ( (J)

~~lj.

^(J)

t:P l?7}1J' &? rs

^{t, \}

lltm

(J)

lj. ~~m l.: ~#! T Q t.: l:t l? ,;t ts: < ,* ^{~ ts: £ c £ t) C L}

't: ~JJ.l?~ ts.

t,\

I*J~~ -c-

^(J)

^{£ £} ~m l.:~tl T Q C

^t,\

"? t: ^{A l- '7 -T :.J -} ~ 1J'ds. t) 'fieffl L"t'

^t,\

Q C

^{t, \}

oj z C l? ~ Q

0

~

(J)

i:. C ~ ~ it Q C f} ill mJ l.: :S l:t Q ~ ~ ~ B

(J) [

:J - I'" ~ #!]

(J)

[E] It

(J)

iJi&~ ,;t 1l'T L t ~iift

^(J)

~~fi

^(J)

~~ ~ ~'* L "t'

t, \

Q t> l:t l? ,;t ts

^{t, \}

C -g it Q

⁰

~J1

0> [NS-:-..

-i1-ti:;{-:;.-~·1i~£··Ct=·tJ~~···--··----·--····-·-··

--- -.i>..::.... ^.?t..

^~.~.

LB: ---

__

_--_ _-_ _--- ---_

..

--_

~

---_ -

..

- ---_ ----.---_._--_ ,AJ - ,bi0in

~{/'

--- .. ---.

~Jll> [LB·:···i>·=·~~e"i"i:·~~~~~···--···-···-···-'

.."'.."

NS : _{----._} ~ - ,-c- ^oj l? T ,-c- ^oj l? T 1J'

⁰

..

---_

...

---

..

---.----

...

----

^...

----.---_.---_

...

_---_ ... ---

..

_---

...

-- .... ----._---.----.-

f}ImJ f}llmJ f}illmJ f}ImJ f}llmJ f}illmJ

~~;=tfA

9.5~ 15.0~ O.O~

~~;lfB 21.

2~ 13.9~ 30.4~

~~;=tfC

20.6~ 38.5~ 45.8~

~~~D 10.0~

20.0~ 27.8~

~~:tfc lj:m ImIcmmmH~s'tQ£l:aft'~~--j,~,t~A l' 7' T :/-~<60%1JiI1& ... 8*MH~~

--j"~' t: A l' 7' T:/ - 0)f!effl$~<40%5Pi c tJ.

-:>

L S t) ... £J:aftA,.O)ftiffJ.l~<~ ~i@j~' c ~, oj {ljrUJ

I ^{:J -} _{11 7' P} ^p.~:ft. _7'~{t ^{34 53.1%} _{4 6.3%}

::: ~MtjR 1 1.6%

r ~Mt 0 0.0%

mImI _1it~.;t 0 0.0%

&BJHI9B

~,W!;t

0 0.0%

1hb-n~>R

24 37.5%

:::: ~BJ3iT-\lj'Jl1rh 7J 1 1.6%

I _11}7

^::J-

_P ^r~~ _7'Mt1~ ^{13 38.2%} _{1 2.9%}

::::~~~ 1 2.9%

mrrmI ^~aft 0 0.0%

i ~.;t 0 0.0%

~ B)Hf.J Ei

_~,#!;t

0 0.0%

1

17J~>R

19 55.9%

---- -

BJ3/J-\lj _~fbi,iJ 0 0.0%

:-:-

'"

m ^{: J -} p'~. 24 47.1%

.. ~? P 7'Mt1~ 7 13.7%

::::

~Mt~

2 3.9%

mmmJ .' ^~Mt 0 o. O~_

i

~W!;t

0 0.0%

if

BJUfJ B ~ ':W!;t 1 2.0%

fr7I~.>K

15 29.4%

--

BJ-j

/T'if'l fhh J I

2 3.9%

[1'"772-3]

[~l7'

72-4]

~~:tf c O)mI»IJCpSf!effl$

o 20 4,0

~~~D (1)mJ»UCpSf!effl$

o ^{20 40}

60

60

Clt!{ft : rm)

80 100

1 .JJ~)f<.

2

1 71~;-K

4

38.5%

5.8%

1.9%

0.0%

3.8%

36.5%

3.8%

9.6%

53.2%

4.3%

6.4%

2.1%

8.5%

14.9%

8.5%

2.1%

69.2%

11. 5%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

7.7%

11. 5%

0.0%

i:l< ~ 0 i:l< .. * ^{n WH;:} ~ ~\""C ,;1: ~ O)tJ.I*i:l<~~ L""C ~\'o

⁰

L i:l' L .. [:J - ":'~~JO) r*J~~:.t9i~t

L ""C 7-). 0 C .. _~.i¥ =If B IRlfJ .. 1ii -? Jtlf!UL -r: 0) _~~ i:l< i:l' tJ, t) ~ < .. _~ ,;: _~ n ^{WI ..} ~m WI -r:1;1: ftl! 0)

~'J1=1f c.lt~""C ~ O)fJjtoJi:l<m~-r: ~ 00-:> * t) ~i¥~ C I;: -:> ~\""C b .. ~3WI I;: ~ ,t 0 HJ:MH;:

ll;-:J < A "7':;- Y - O)ttl*O)i1i£Pi:l< .. ~jPtH;:~ffT oJJt*~\i:l<PtJ, < tJ, ~ t: C ~\ -j :. C ~

~'* L ""C ~ \ 0 C ,;1: ~ ;{. .t: ~ \ -r: ~ -? '3 0

~f1=1f D ';1:ftg0)4A C _~tJ, t) .. ~ I WI I;: :f.nt 0 8 *lHtl;:~-:J ~\ i: A " 7':;- y - _O)-neffl~*

i:l< - _~ fr'lJ < ..WI _{~:iS. ~} ""C _~ 0) _~ * i:l< i1i£ P L ""C _~ \ 0

⁰

_~ I;: _~ I WI -r: 0) [iBllJ"ij ((.] _{~ ~} \ _~;t ] 0) _~ ffl i:l< EllI _~ .. _~ i¥ =If D _{i:l<~ ~} f.JJ WI 0) _~ m; -r:.. _~~ 0) _r~mHH;: M L-c 8 *lHt -r: iBl lJJ3 L t: t] .. E _~ \ _~

;t 0 :. C -r:flfj ~ '3 C L""C ~ \ 0 :. C i:l<7ti:l' ~ 0

:. n L? 0) ?t;tfiiffti:l' &? .. 4AO)~i¥=lf0)HJ:lHt I;:~-:J ~\ t: A " 7 .:;- Y - _~1~ffl T 0 _ttl*';1:~

i¥ _{i:l<~ ~} -r: b i1i£Ptt-r .. ts L -? ilrofJj toJ T ^i; J! &? n 0 C _~ \ _~ i: .. 3:fJJ 0) T:t! C ,;1: BiM 0) _~*

C ts ~ t: 0:' n 1;1: .. M~=lfi:l< ~ 0 ~JJt~lHt~lmfWT 0 C ~\ '3 :. C ~~i¥=lfi:l<~,Q I;: ~-:J ~ ..

1i~ ~rr '3 '3 ;t -r:.t t) ~~ -r:.. lt1ra'(('] I;: b 1J! < ~,*i:l<~~-r: ~ 0 [:J - I"~~J-? [11 7 11 -r

~itJ~!if~ -r:~ffl To .t '3 I;: ts ~ t: t: _~ C 1fj;t i; n 0

⁰

* t: .. Bialystok(l983)i:l<m1i L""C

~ \ 0 .t '3 I;: [iBllJ"ij ((.] ~ ~ \ ~ ;t ] -? [ lit ~ ~ ;t ] 0) .t '3 ts 8 * lHt I;: ~ -:J < A " 7 7 :J - ,;1: ~ 0 ~ JJt0)8*m~~~~¥-r:~t) .. *t:.~n~~~.~O)P~~~-neffl-r:~OA"7':;-Y-0)

~m~m~L""CL*'3o:'O).t'3~M~~&? .. *~~O)~.=lfO).t'3~:fJJ~~~O)~~~-r:

,;1: :. n&?O) A " 7 7 Y - ~ +?t I;: m ^{ffl-r: ~ ts ~ \ C ~ \ '3:' C b lij{ ~ 0) V-} C -:> -r: ~ -? '3 0 7X I;: .. M~=If I;:~:7J ~;]< ~ 0 i:l' C '3 i:l' -r:~i¥=If O)cps-nem fJjtoJ ~?t;fff L t:.

0

[7' 7 73-1 "'4 ]

:. 0) 7' 7 7 _~ J! 0 C _~1f1=1f Ace i:l<~111 L t:. fJj toJ _~~ L ""C _~ t) .. i:l' tJ, t) ~ ~ \ tJ.I*-r:t-f'~

=lfl;:~:7J~;]<~ 0 A " 77 Y - _~~ffl L""C _~\ 0 :. C i:l<?ti:l' 0 _o~I;:~~~ A ,;1: .. ~i*0)60~'"

70~i:l<[IJ"ij~((']~:7J¥*J-r:~oo Li:l' L .. ~i¥~B ';1:~ I WI-r:';1:60~:il!< -r:~ ~ t:.~*i:l<WI~

:if! ~ ""C i1I&P L ""C ~ \ 00* t::. .. _~i¥=If D 1;1: ftl! O)~i¥~ c ~ tJ, t) .. ~Jtij ~jjI t -c [1JJ3 ~((']~fJ ~* ]

O)'fieffl~J*i:l<~'M I;:~ < .. ~i*0) 10~"'15~ L i:l''fieffl ~ n""C ~\ tJ, ~\ 0:' n i; ,;1: .. ~~=lf0)1i~0)

rp'lHiI;:t-f'9l!! T 0 ~~i:l<~flA -r: ~ tJ, ~ ""C ~\ 0 :. C ~~ L ""C ~\ 0 C S ;t 00-:> * t) .. ~1f1~ A eel;: 1;1: M~=If c ~fJ L ""C~,*~1i~ L .t '3 C To fIj toJ i:l< ~ 0 0) I;: M L ""C .. ~i¥~ D ,;1: M

~=lfI;:~fJ~*~oO)-r:';1:tJ, < .. _tJ,o~< 137t-r:fWikL.t '3 cTo~~i:l<~~\ .. ~ L""C~i¥

=If B ,;1: WI ~:iS. ~ ""C ~,Q I;: ~ 0) ~ ~ i:l< ~ it L ""C ~ \ 0 C ~ \ '3 :. C -r: ~ -? '3 0 [7' 7 73-1 ]

[ill _~~1J 44 39.6%

%IWI ~ ~1JJ3~((']~1J 5 4.5%

IT 1JJ3~((']~:7J~* 62 55.9%

2~~1J 22 27.8%

%nWl ~ ~1JJ3~((']~:7J 1 1.3%

2: 1JJ3~((']~1J¥* 56 70.9%

JD ~~1J 20 37.0%

J;f;m:JUj ~ ~FIJJ3~(f.j~1J 2 3.7%

2: UJ3~(f.j~:7J¥* 32 59.3%

[1' '7 73-2J

~t{b7J 28 40.6%

mrWl ^~ B"ijll'((.] t{b7J 2 2.9%

'7: B"ijll'((.]t{b7J ~ ^* 39 56.5%

~t{b7J 22 52.4%

mnWl ^~ B"ijll'((.]t{b7J 0 0.0%

: B"ijll'((.]t{b7J~* 20 47.6%

~t{b7J 24 61. 5%

mmWl ~B"ijll'((']~7J 0 0.0%

2: B"ijll'((.]t{b7J~* 15 38.5%

[1' '7 73-3J _~fi'~ c O)IB"ij~((.]t{b7J~*Jfj!m~

o 20 40

(-'-ill: : @))

60 80 100

~~7J 32 50.0%

mrWl ^~ B"ijll'((.]t{b7J 1 1.6%

7' B"ijll'((.]t{b7J~* 31 48.4%

~t{b7J 9 26.5%

~nWl ^~B"ij ll'((.]t{b7J 0 0.0%

:::: B"ijll'((.]t{b7J~* 25 73.5%

?Ft{b7J 21 41. 2%

mmWl ^~ B"ijll'((.] t{b7J 2 3.9%

2 B"ijll'((.] t{b7J ~ * 28 54.9%

[1" '7 73-4J

~t{b7J 42 80.8%

mrWl ^~ B"ijll'((.] t{b7J 5 9.6%

BAll'((.]t{b7J ~ * 5 9.6%

~t{b7J 39 83.0%

~nWl ~B"ij ll'((.] t{b7J 1 2.1%

B"ijll'((.]t{b7J ~* 7 14.9%

~t{b7J 22 84.6%

~mWl ^~ B"ijll' ((.]t{b7J 0 0.0%

B"ijll'((']~7J~* 4 15.4%

~0)~~~~~fi'~0Mg~~t{b7J~*~~~~'7~~-0)~ffl~mA~~~~~~0) Ii, I) 'J - x ^C ts ~ -g~ I;:~-:> < cpsO)~m ,~I;: [~B"ij(t-J ~ It\~.:t J~ [II ~ 1l.:t J O)~m it<,

~fi'~O)~~tJ~ff4)(7J C ^{It\ -;)} t: B *~O)~~7JO)[@j~I;:~.~1tlt ~

⁰⁾

I;:M L, t{b7J~*

~ ~ iJ' c: ^{~ iJ' C It\ ~} rp,m li~fmJAO)~~O) rp,m ^I;:Mt" ~ ~~0)~1t\iJ<iff~&~~~ ~ iJ' ~

l:ct.>-?~o

CpSl~ ~,*O)fiil l;: t:> tt Q rp,a ~ ~ l;:Ii~ L i: ~~-c:flfi oj I: c t;: ~ ..., -rfW~ L ~ oj c T

Q A " '7 T :/ -""C:' ~ Q

0

~;.t t;:CpSt;: ~ ..., -r~,*O)fiiliJ<ilJVt""C:' ~ tz.t» c' '5 iJ' l~m~ tJ rp,a

""C:' ~ Q o7!x.0)f9tJ12>""C:'~ffl ~ n t:.CpS'~fiil ~ilJiX: L ,~~~Mf~ ~ it -r~' Q

⁰

f9tJ12> [NS: ~ - , {ij!f1J ""C:' To

·LA.: '~.~._~.?'~.~.. ~_?.~~:-.~~:-_~.. ~.:'.~~:'..~.~~_ _ _ ~~J_~_!.? ..

L iJ' L ,cps l~ 1it t;: ~ '*

⁰⁾

fiil ~ ilJVt""C:' ~ Q t> tt ""C:' l~ tJ < ,f9tJ13>

⁰⁾

~

^{I ) 0)}

~ oj t;: rp mT ~

iJ I _{~ ~} z ^L, i:' n t;: iJ I _{~ ~} < ~'*~~(negotiation of meaning)(t±5)0) iJ I _{~ ~} t;: ts: Q b

0)

~ ~ Q

⁰

i:. i:. ""C:' B *A ^{l~ r*fllO) fiiJ? J c} lIfWiJC'f'liJ~~""C:' ~ ..., t: i:. c ~ BJHi t;:~ L -r ~, Q

⁰

f9tJ13> [LO: C -,em··*fllO)-,;.t-~tl) ,iJ<~ ~ ~ To A.,-.;4¥~;i%~2)

⁰

NS: ;.t - ^{,A., -} *fll

⁰⁾

fiiI? ~'n

[ LO: ~~~~~~~$~6~"~~3)o WI61~

NS: Q? oj' A, oj A, oj A., oj A., oj

[ LO: ~H~~I'~~To4) -c-rJv o

NS: A., oj A., .

~

, -c -r Jv

⁰ ~ ~^-

[ LO:

NS:

_{--_}

~;O' ~

_{--- --}..---..

* ^{L t:}

__⁰..-..

"';.t -

----_ ----

i:' oj

_---_

-c: T ~

..---

;.t

⁰..---_ -..-..

_--_

- ..

_---

..--- --..--- _---

~ t: ; f9tJ14>0) ~ oj t;:~11iJ<~ < ~fW t;: ~ --:iiJ' T~~iJ<~A,""C:' L ~ oj i:. c b ~ Q

⁰

i:.

⁰⁾

~ oj tt. 'r - A l~ ~,*O)~il c ~, oj lftg""C:'~;.t t:.~.g.rp,a""C:' ~ Q c -g;.t ~

⁰

f9tJ 14> [NS: ~ - ,tfutt

⁰

'5 - A, i:' oj ""C:' T;O'

⁰

LB: tt~, it"'?

⁰

c - , ~ - ,~? ;Iv yeah,,~~'

⁰

··*·r-tf~~·~·:;·ji£!f~o)·~~·i:··2.·7!·rdete~ti·~eJi£1fij.O)-~i#i::r:-~~·ti":.c··~;··~-~···

L 7J' L ,CpSO) b oj -"'?

0)

~~J '~fiil t;:rp,aiJ<JEg ~ t: c ~ t;:~~~iJ<~~~~ < ~?h -r L

~...,t:.~,~§~~~a~~~t:>I:~...,t:.~TQi:.C~<~~~Mf~~itQi:.c""C:'~QC

~;.t &? n Q of9tJ;.t li ,7.X0)f9tJ15>""C:' l~~1> ,~2) ,~B)Hii ts rpmT c tJ ..., -rM~~iJ' &? lIfW~liJ U~""C:' ~ Q c ~'oj ll~((.j tJ&J;t~iJl ~ ~ i:. L -r l~~' tJ ~'iJ<,fiilO)ilJVtt;: b~~#~'-r~' ts

-_

__.._---..

-_ ---_ _--_._---

---_..---_ _-_._--- _ _ r ...

11tJ15> [LB: t: C ;.tl;t-, W~?I)~2)

⁰

L ~ -, L ~?ho L ~ ?ho~3) hobby

NS: ;t to?

[

LB: _~,*o oj A,o

NS_:_.. ~ .. ~~~~.:-.~~? ?..~.? _ _..__ __ _ _ .

'£ ^i: ,f7lJ16>0)~3) ,tf-PS·1) b ,~I) C ~2}

⁰⁾

J: -j 'i: g:rrlfi.:a: iJl ~ ~ \: -t Jjj{~ c ^,;t ts

^"?

-c~'

ts ~,t;{, r lacquer wareJ c ~, -j ~'*

⁰⁾

fi~

⁰⁾

~JiX: 'i: b ~l:j. L -c ~, ts ~'o \: (J) J: -j ts CpS,;t M

~tf

⁰⁾

J3i.JZt;< t,r tr\

^--:>

i: t] _,Ilt~l: as

^--:>

t: '? -t ~ i: ¥J 'i:, t: c ;t ~,*fi~t;<~JiX:~ n -c ~, t: c

L -C b ,f7lJ15>

0)

r ~ $ ~ f7lJ16>

0)

~4}

⁰⁾

J: -j 'i: *.~ tf (J) 1Qtl (J) 1i~~JiX:

⁰⁾

~.7j. .:a: 2JJt 3JJt c ^M!

MG ~ -tt ~ ~ * t;< ~ ~ ,

⁰

f7lJ16> 'i: S _~ , -C ,;ttf.JSS

⁴⁾0)

~, ~ &? 'i: A r ⁷ T ~ - :6< 20 [ill b ~~ L -C 'fie ffl ~ n ^i: :f&,lmffHi: ~

^--:>

-C ~, ~

⁰

f7lJ 16> [. LO ·:···~·~·~·~·.~~·i)··-ia~q~~r··~ar~···_···ia~q~~r··~ar~~·ia~q~~·~~~G6ffa

NS: Iv? 7 :J?

[

LO: tffit~~~,3)hum hum,~~~H~~~R~~

NS: J,-Iv

[

LO:

~~4)oem

NS.: _~~ .. ~.~.?~gy~!. _.

~ (J) J: -j 'i:CpS'i: ,;t ~~

⁰⁾

i!.tn 'i:!> ~'-c 2"'?

0)

~1fJJ:6<~ t] ,1it 'i: ~'* 0)1i~:6{1IjIG ~ n ~

b ~1l: ,;t t,r ~'oCpS(J) ~,*fi~t;<+7tl: ts < -C b ~

⁰⁾

mtn

⁰⁾

g:r l:, b -j Y L jIG.:a: au ^{'1 ,;r9t:6'}

~ t;, h L n t,r~, c au ~ =F:6{~Jmr L i: '? ,.J: t] * ~ t,r~,*l: (J)~~(J) 1*J?~(J)fi~ 'i: ,;trp'JHit;<

t,r ~, c ~Jmr ~ n t:..t~* 'i: ,;t, ~~

0)

m~t;{fljIG~ n ~ (J) l: as ~

⁰

z

0)

~*,CpS,;t:ft~(('] ts ~ ,*(J)1iil'i:~~ * l:O)C* t.:,;t+7tt,r~,*1i~.:a:mc~ L~~.:a:jIG'i:jf§¥J ~ * l:(J) _))iJi~,gC

L -C au ~ =FO)lmfW.:a: lfh '1 ,~~.:a:Mf~ ~ -tt ~ ~1J~.:a:*t:.. L -c~, ~

⁰

fJ.J::,f7lJ 12>:6' &? f7lJ 16>l:~~t L t: *5*.:a: l1: 'i: ,*f1tft;<'fiem L i: CpS.:a: ~~ (J) i!.tn 'i: S '1

~ 2"'? O)~tu c ~, -j e,gl: '£ c ^¥J ~ c (X(J) J: -j 'i: t,r ~

⁰

CD~ffii(('] 'i: ,;t ~~(J)i!.tn.:a: f;Jj ~fTm~ ~ -tt -c~, Q t;< ,~~ ';t1iilJ::

0)

rl:J,m .:a:fWiR L -C S &?

T~fWO)Jjj{~ c t,r

^--:>

-c~, ~

⁰

z O)~*,*f1tf, 8 *A~tf~1i c ^b ~fW 'i: ~--?~, -c~, t,r

@*~tfO)~,*fiilJ:: (J) rl:J,m c ~, -j ,g l: ,;t ,M~tf(J) +71' t,rlmfW 'i: ,;t*5 '(Y"'? t;, t,r ~,t;<, fi~

~JiX: 'i: _{~ ~} * l: (J) ( * t: ,;t+71't,r ~,*1iil.:a: mc~ L _,~~.:a: JIG 'i:jf§ ¥J _~ J::l: (J) _))iJi~,g c

L-C:J~~~7-Y3/.:a:Mf~~-tt~o

* ^t: ,~,*1i~t;<~~ 'i: ,;t~JiX: ~ n -C~, ~ (J)'i: b :6':6' b &? T ,M~tf:6<tt~x ,;t, 1Ii~ t,r

J3i.JZ.:a: L t: t:.. ¥J ,*fltf 'i:fi~O)~.7j..:a:~~ ~ -tt-C~' ~

⁰

~~~e~~~~~~.fl~*fiL,§*~#~~fflL~C~~~~~~~~~~~~~

oj _t~1~~J~* i: L i: iJ'~7X.~ ~"7 7 ,;:~"t o[ _~"7 74-1 "'4] t: n ^,;t§mJ ~~CpS';::to tt ~ CD

1;' ~ @~CpS~ t!i 8'J ~ 1nJ*~ ci) ~

⁰

[~7 74-1]

o 0.0%

o 20

^(~{ft

: @))

40 60 80 100

[~"7 74-2]

[~"7 74-3]

o 0.0%

5 7.2%

15 21. 7%

49 71. 0%

1 2.4%

3 7.1%

3 7.1%

35 83.3%

1 2.6%

2 5.1%

3 7.7%

33 84.6%

20

[1'774-4J

(-'-ill: : @)

~ 0) l' 7 7 ~ ~ ~ c ,~~ 1lf Ace ,;t ~ 1J1 L i: MrI3J ~ ~ L L ~ ^l') ,~ I M:b' ~ ~ II .M t;: :b' '" L _fiil~nX:$ (@ 0) 1fJJ * ^{):b{ :t yf$ rJ ,} * ^{ill WI ~ ~ t.:~' L r:b{}

^--:l

^{L~' ¢}

⁰

^{~ ~ 1lf A 0) fi~~}

fiX: $ t;t ~1*0) 70%J;t.l: ~~"l¥1lf c ^{J:. l')} ~ ~ ~ ~':b{, ,~ '~'1Rl t:: c -g

^--:>

L ~, ~, ~ ~ ~ oj o~ ,;:.~

tfJT ~ ~M ,;: ~ rJ # ~, t: CpS( l' 7 7 0)(D c ® ) ,;t~"l¥ 1lf A , C c t> ,;: 7%.flEJJt c ts

^--:l

L ~, ~

⁰

~~1lf B O)fi~O)~nX:$';t~f/1lfO) ~ ~-:mr@j < * ^{ill WI~} ';t80%J;t.l:';: t> ~ L L~' ~ Cl~

M ~ ~ tfJT ~ ~ I ~ JfB ~ L t: CpS,;t:lJl:fSJ ~ 1 O%~JJt c ts

^--:l

L ~ l') ,~f/1lf A, C J:. l') ,;t~' L ~ ~, J:.

oj ~ ~ ~ :b{~1* eLL ,;t ,~ '~'1Rl t::.flEll c ~ L ~, ~,~ ~ ~ oj

0

~"l¥ 1lf B ,;t CpsO)~ffl ~Il t> -m; < , ~ 0) l' 7 7 c * ^{t> -tt L~·;t ~ C} 9£~l: O)fi~ 0)ru'JHH;:

oj ~ < M9.l1 L L~' ~ J:. -j ,;:~;t ~ oiffl~~ L < iQ~ L L ~ ~ c ,~f/1lf B ,;tfi~~ff oj~,

fi~ § ~ O)~)E ~ ~ ~ t) ~ < ~:b' f , § 71'0) Iff~· tJ.[5:m ';:"':J ~'L § 71':b{ ~ ;t ~ ~c ~;iff~

,;:fi;t L ~, ~ J:. oj ~ ~ ~ ofi~ 0)ru,:m ,;: ~ L L t> 1mlm ~ -tt f , if~1lf:b{lmM~~ ¢ J:. oj tJ.1i:

~~f!Effl T ~ ts: c'~JJ*(('] ,;: A t- 7 T :J - ~'fieffl L L~' ~ J:. oj ~ ~ ~

⁰

~f/1lf 0 ,;tCpsO) ~~ ,;: ~ ,t ~ ~1fJJ c ~, oj iQ,p'::b' &; 0)71'Jr ,;: ~ ~'L t> ,fIB 0)3A c ~ < ~

rs

^--:l

t: ~* c tJ.

^--:>

i:

⁰

~ I WJ ,;: ~ 't ~ fi~~nX:$ ,;t30%5Pj c ~'.i ,;: {ll; < ,~[ffi 0) ~ I ~ ~ c tJ.

--:>

t.: CpS t> ~1*0) 15% c .rt~((.]~~'

⁰

L :b'L ~ II WI,~ ill WI C~q ';:fi~~nX:$:b{ftBO)~~~

c IRl ~JJt ,;: ~ ~ j@j < tJ. ~ , ~ rm t> ~ ~ L ,;: < < tJ.

^--:l

L ~, ~

⁰

"':J ~ t) ~ f/1lf D ,;t ~ I WI ~ ,;t, B ;4: A ,;:fi t> l') ,;: <

~,cps~~ffl

L L

~,

t.::b{,

~r.(

,;: CpS 0) 'fieffl

:b{~7J*((.H;:

tJ.

^--:l

L

~, ~

c

~,

oj

~

c ,;: tJ.

~0

L:b\ L ,*~1lf 0 O)f!Effl L t.:CpS:b{~ I WI,~ IIWJ ,;: ~~, L ~[ffi:a:-JfB ~ L ~ T:b\

--:l

t.::b\ ~

C ~,

^--:>

L , ~ 0) ffifWI ,;: *f/1lf DO) :J ~ :J. =- Jr - Y 3 / :b{ftB 0)~f/1lf c .It oI'(!ff ,;: ffSI~~ ~

^--:>

t.: c ~, oj ~ C ~ ,;t tJ. ~,

0 [

l' 7 7 1 J ~ ~ L t.: J:. oj ';:, * ~ 1lf D 0)CpS 0) 'fie ffl !pj JJt ,;t ~ I WI ~ ~

~ 1lf A J:. l') ,;t {ll; < , ~ t.: ~ fi 1lf B , CeO) ~ t> A ,~ c: -r: ,;t tJ. ~,

⁰

~ t.: ~ II WI ,;: ,;t ~ f/1lf A , C J:. VJ {ll; < , B et fRj~Ji: ,;: £ ~~~ L L It' ~

⁰

~ 0) ~ c :a:-.g.b -tt L;f[;;t ~ C ,*~~ D ,j:cps:a:-

f~ffl T ~ J:. oj tJ. filll: 0)ru'1m :a:- ~ t:: ~ ~ c ,;t ~ ~ l') ~ < tJ. ~, 0) tt:b{ ,ru'!HI:b{ ~ ~

^--:l

t.: ffif ,;:

~ ¢ _71m:b{~ I WI, ~ IIWJ -r: ,;t ~ ~ ~ ~JJ*(('] -r: ,;t tJ.:b\

^--:l

t.: c ~, oj _~ c -r: ~ ~

⁰

~ t.: ,,+fi;ff

D~fill§~~j@j<~<MrI3J~~t),:J~:J.=-Jr-~3/0)~rm~JfB~~cif~1lfO)lmM

:b< f,&JI.E T ~ ~ ~ fi~ 0) ~ t1 ~ ~ t) ~ T MrI3J :b{ ~

^--:l

t.:

0

~ 0) ~ c t> , IRl ffifWIt;: ~5 ~, L fill 0) II

fiX:$ :b{ {ll; < t J.

^--:>

t.: mUt9 -r: ~ ~ oj

0

c::. n&?O) *5*-a: ~ c '9J -3 C ,~~~iJ<neffl L ftCpSli, -t

⁰⁾

60%"'80%iJ<~~O)mtn ,.::. t>~'"t' , lE1J(i rs lmW,H.::. ~ -:J t: iJ' c -j iJ' li 51IH.::. L"t' t ,~~J tJ &,*fiil

⁰⁾

ro,a -a: ~ I ~ If9 c::. T c::. c ts. <

::J

~

^:J,.

=- ^{'r - ~}

^{3 /}

O)M!*.JH.::. ~Ji: -:J "t'~, -3

⁰

~ i: ; rp rf]f~~M '.::.*S O:#~, t: to) li -i:i*0) 8%

1itr1&~ L iJ' ts: < ,CpS'i iJ' ts t) 1if~JJ tJ: A l- "7 T Y - 0-c: cl) -3 c g;t -3 -c: cl) -? -j

⁰

tx. ,.::. ,*f ,.::. ~~:ilnX: ,.::. 1if~jj tJ: CpSiJ< cl) -3 iJ', ~ i: rprf]f ,.::. *5 0: # ~ ~ T ~ 'cpsO)fj~rH.::. tJ: Iv &?

tr-

0) { ;

[iij iJ< J! &? n -3 iJ' -a: ~ ~ -3 ^t: '9J ,.::. , fl!:l

⁰⁾

fj ~ 51IJ ,.::. fiiff

0)

:il nX:$ -a: ~ ft L i:

⁰

L iJ' L ,

*~ftO)*S*iJ' &? 'i*fj;EO);fi~O)cpSiJ<~,*fi:ilO)1if~jjtt c fMli!! L"t'~' -3 c ~, -j ***'i~

&? n ts iJ' -:J i:

0

c'

⁰⁾

A l- "7 T Y - t neffl ~ n t: lID It ,.::. Jtf1tJ L "t':ilnX:$ iJ<j@j < ,ftJ!

0)

CpS c Jt

~"t' ~ ,.::. 1if~JJ ,.::. I1J ~, "t' ~, -3 CpS'i *fj;E 1't -c: ~ ts 7J' -:J i:

⁰

c::. n 'i -i:i*

0)

fi:il:ilnX:$iJ< 60%"'80%

C j@j~' c::. c -a:~;t -3 c 3~~ cl) -3 c g;t J: -j

⁰

~ i: ; rp IfJi ,.::. *5 0:# ~, ftCpS t -i:i* ,.::. ItiJ<P ts ~, t: '9J -~1't -c: ~ -3 J: -j ts: *5* 'i ~ &? n rs

iJ'-:Jt.:o

4AO)~~~~fi~~0)~a~ML"t'nefflLftC~-a:l$~.t)~ftLft*S*-a:*c'9J-3

c 7.x

⁰⁾

J: -j ,.::. tJ: -3

⁰

1) ~~~o)CpSO)neffl!}JJJt'i~f1jlMiJ<jltn.::. --:> n-c«ltlV;£PT -3

⁰

L iJ' L ,~~~O) B *~

0)

~~Jltt.:~:t iJ<!}JJlt ,.::. ~f)-a:l:j:;t -3

0)

~ 'i tJ: < ,M~~O) 7 -t I) T - • " - ~ ~ ,~~~

7J<~j;ET -3 fi~ 13 ~O) ~ ~ iJ<* ~ < fU)-f;% L -c~, Q c ~;t &? n -3

⁰

2) ~~~'ifi~O) ro'JHU.::.M~T -3 t: '9J~!:I tJ: A l- "7 T Y - -a:neffl L"t'~' -3 o*f'.::.-m:MH.::.~

-j'

~

^,

i: A " "7 T Y - 'i -t

⁰⁾

ne ffl ttl '* ^{iJ< ~ < ,-t}

^{0) { ;}

^{[iij li ~ ~ iJ< jllv ~ t ~ 1't L tJ: ~,}

⁰

^~

ft 'i ~ f1 ~ ,.::. J: -:J "t' 'i it 1m T -3 {; [iij T &? J! &? n ft

0

c::. n 'i , B* ~

⁰⁾

f1 ~ JJt iJ< _~ iJ< n ,;r, -m:m ,.::. ~ ff. L ft A " "7 T Y - li ~ P T -3

⁰⁾

-c: li tJ ~, iJ' c ~, -j 3 fJJ

⁰⁾

T:m c li ~

⁰⁾

***

c~-:Jftoc::.O)~~~M~~~cl)-3ftJlt~m-a:~~T-3c::.c,~ft~~cM~~cO)A OOOO-f;%~~~~tt-3~i!!n"t',g~~~~ • • ~~OOt~~-3B*~~~~<~s~~

~:t ft,~ -j iJ<::J ~

^:J,.

=- ^{' r - y}

^{3 /}

^{iJ< A A -;;(} ,.::.jI~'" c ~, -j c::. c iJ<~f1~ ,.::. ~f)~l:j:;t t.:

0)

~ 'i tJ: ~, iJ' c ~ ;t &? n -3

⁰

~ t.: _{,~f1 ~}

0)

B*m

⁰⁾

l/ _~ )v 7J< ~ T ~ -c , ~ tf.. B*m ,.::. ~ - j < A " "7 T Y - -a: +71' ,.::. iiS ffl-C: _~ -3 ~ ~ -c: 'i tJ: ~, c::. c t fij: m ,.::. ~ ~< A " 7 T Y -

~~PLtt~-:Jft~~O)Oc--:>-C:cl)-?-jo

M~~,.::.~j]-a:*'9J Q 7J' c -j 7J"ifIA~iJ<* ~ < ,~~i1'~O)fi:ilO) ro,a'.::.MT -3 ~~

O)jt~,

iJ<BJH;(H.::.Jj!tt

ft~*

c tJ: -:J ft

⁰

3) ~~ O)mtn

⁰⁾

rp ~CpSiJ<1if~;'n.::.neffl ~ tL ft 7J' c -j iJ' -a: ,~,*O)fiil c ~~O)M!~ c ~, -j CpSO) 2--:> O)~ttl ,.::. ~ ~ ~'-c 7ttfi L t.: _o*S;~I~'di 60%...80%O)CpSiJ< ,lEUi tJ: fi:il7J< ~ ~ ft 7J' li

~IH'::' L"t' t ,~~tl tJ:~~~ rprf]f-a: ~I ~ If9 c::. T c::. c tJ: < ~~-a:.~T -3 c::. c ,'::'~l:j: T -3 *T

~JJ ts: A r "7 T :/ -'1: ct.> ~ i: C. iJ<7t iJ' .., i: 0'£ t: , ~ rfJi ,;: *fi l1 # ~, t: CpSl;t ~f* 0) 8%'1: L iJ'

ts iJ' .., t:

0

1m 0) CpS t ^.It ~ l."!f.f ,;: ~~ 0) ~nX:, '£ i: l;t ~ rtJi ,;: ~ l1 # ~ ~ T ~'1I1Jj 0) CpS l;t *~ ~-e

l;t!f.f)E1t -e ~ tj, iJ' .., t: 0

1)

:J

~

^:J.

=- ^{'r - ~}

^{3 ;,-.}

^{A l- "7 T :/ - ,;: ~ &? f ,A r "7 T :/ -liJf ~ l;t i" 0) ~ ~ , 7t;fi'11 ~ iJ<}

'£ tf. +51' ,;: ^{utTI: ~ tL l." ~, ~ c l;t ~ it} ts ~'o~ [ill 0) fJq~ ,;: t3 ~, l." b ,jff-l 0) l&~, 7t;fi'11~

ts. c' ,;: ~ < O)WJHmiJ<~ c; tL t: 0~1&,~f1;ffO)CpS~ffl iJ<.k lj ~e((..n;:7t;fi'-e~ ~ e:t oj ts

11it-~(J) utTI:iJ<1Z'~ c c; ^{tL.k oj} 0

2) ~[ffi (J)~~I;tXl~;ffiJ< B *~(J)~m-e ct.> .., t: t:?h ,CpS(J)1f~JJtE,;:"?~, l." (J)7t;fi'{fflW:~

-~ (J) B*}d;: b JA 'f ~ i: c l;t * ^{3 -e ct.> ~ c l;t -g it tJ, ~'o [ ::r - !'=" ~m J ~ [:IJ !1 :IJ T ~H}

1t .1 ts c' (J)

~

,;: l;t ji. 00 A 0)

~

L11,;: 11 ^tL l."

~, ~

iJ' &?

~fW

-e

~

i: c

~,

oj b (J) b ct.>

_~

-e Jj ;;, oj 0 t> ~ lj ji. 00 A c # ~ *.., ^{t: i: c (J) tj, ~,} B* A ,;:Xl L l." b CpSiJ< ^iii] t .k oj l;: ~JJ *((.] ^l:

t> ~ (J) iJ' l;t ~F 'ffi ,;: "!I*1JI! ~, ,~ -e ^Jj lj ,4-~ (J) if ~ IDJ!m c. L l." ~ 1tE, 7ttIT ~ ~,1j. t: _~, 0 3) CpS(J) ~~ '" (J) 1Zffl b 4-1&if~ (J)1Z\~iJ< Jj ~ 0*~1tt-e l;t ~f1;ff ,;: A r "7 T :/ - ~ff l;t

fr.., l."~' tj,~' iJ<,~i1;ffl;t4A c b ~I--I rs. ^A r "7 T:/ - -c:fi~(J) ro'fHi ';:M1l& L l."~' ~ 0 ^i:

(J) i: c ~~;t ~ CAr "7 T:/ - C ~, oj _{t3t~~~;t ~} i: c. ,;:]lt~ ~ilt < 1Z\~l;t tj,~' c-g

;t _~ iJ' b L tL tj, ~'04- [ill 0) ~1tE{fflW: l;t,~" L ;;, fi~J: 0) ro,m,;:Xl L l." A r "7 T :/ - ~~

*((.,n;:ii5fflT ~ 0) l;:~1L"? e:t oj tj,im~,3t~~"ffO)1Z\~tt~~~ L l." ~,,~ c ~.;t &? tL _~

0

4) 4- ^[ill (J) ~ltEM~;ff l;t, 3AiJ<~im Rfl (J)~i1;ff, lAiJ< T ;,- "<' - 1 infpt~S:~;ff -c: ^{Jj ..,} t: iJ<, y:.

1treI (J);W: tj, ~ ~~;ff iJ< iii] _~ (J) A r "7 T :/ - (J) -tJeffl fiji InJ ~ ~ 1" iJ' b !ffl~1JI! ~',~ -e Jj ~ 0 f91J

;t Ii, 7 :/ 7 ~ 0)~i1;ff iJ<fi~ (J) ro'fHi l;: M L l."~7J ~ *?h ^{~ fiji InJ iJ<~~' iJ'} c ^oj iJ' ,~~fi

tj, c (J) ~im (J) ji.ooMf~ ~ ffl T ~ iJ' c ^oj iJ' tJ, c l;: -fi: (J) M InJ iJ< 56 ~ tL ~ "iiJfj~tt ,;t Jj 7.> -e

~;;'ojo

B *~ (J) m 2-g~if~ ,;: t3 ~, l." ,1i~ ,;: iJ' iJ' V ~ A r "7 T :/ - (J) ~lliE ~Hi1fYl ,;t '£ If. Jj '£ lj

~ < ^tj, ~'o (Ozaki (1989),~~C1993), l1J*099l),:tJif*0991), "f!f*, 1'f.J~(1992),~ HI( 1993)

~) *~~il< i: (J)7tJH;: t3 ,t ~ Jr - A A!1 T -( - eLl.", V- c"? (J) AT ':/ 7' c tJ, nli$~' -c:t>~o

[#~2. J*m l;t t3~(J) 7k*-=f*~*~~~±IDJ!~AY:.tf~if~f~ B*-gm3t1tml& ,;: t3 ,t ~

~nX:5~JJt~±~Y:.rm~ B *~~i1;ff~Xl~ c. L

t:.:J

~

^:J.

=- ^{Jr -} ~

^{3 :--.}

A r "7 T:/ - (J)

mrtJi((']if~j(J) - $ ,;: :1JD~~lE L t:. b (J) -e ~ ~ 0

1. B *~fj~7J~~O)m~'j:r B *Mtfj~7J~~3·4~~~rp,m#U(ft1*rtEfm, 1992, 7 )v ~ )tJ'\

~ fFJ£ L I:. o~~ 'j: ,)(~·Mf~(46rp', 92,f,t~,f,t ),J[i!;~( 15rp', 60,f,t ),~fW·)(~(50rp' ,200,f,t)

* ^{m- 352,f,t ~ ,f,t -c: rr .., I:.}

⁰

^{*tt~JHj: W. "F}

⁰⁾

^{jjfi t)}

⁰

)(*.~~ ~fW ^~fW·)(~ *m-

~~;ffA 90,f,t(97.8%) 44,f,t (73. 3%) 180,f,t (90%) 314.f,t ( 89. 2%)

~~;ffB 92,f,t C1 00%) 56,~(93. 3%) 160,f,t ( 80% ) 308,f,t (87. 5%)

~i?;ffC 74.f,t(80.4%) 48,f,t (80. O~) 160,f,t (80~) 282,~(80. 1~)

~~;ffD 76,f,t (82. 6%) 48,~(80. O~) 180,f,t (90~) 304,~ (86.4%)

~~T A t- 'j: ,~~;fftJ< B*A c IRJ-O)~Im ,;:"?~, -C~~~rr.., -C~' ¢ b

0)

~571'-~ffl:

~1f L, llA O)*-=:.;ff ,;:W¥fIffi L -C b &? .., I:. oiPfflffi;~~nj: ~j(~~fl1J ~ tJ'\ &? 7"'81f.0) B *Mt~Mi

s. ^{(J B} *~~¥fW:J&O) *~~~oW¥fIffi 'j: ~1;ft § (~fWfj~7J ,)(~fm7J ,~1t7J ,~~ilfflfj~7J,

~~;fi\JJ£fj~7J ,}£1f)~ 1tJ'\ &? 5 ~ -c: 0) 5$5HW-c:W¥fIffi"9 ¢ b 0) o,~fl'j: ~1;ft 13 O):lJ!-:t~L~ O)*m- -c: "f,t tJ< ~ ~, 11 tJ< fj~7J tJ< (@j ~, c W¥fIffi ~ n I:. ~ c ,;: t,;. ¢

⁰

~fW ^)(~ Mf~ ~~ilffl ~~;fi\JJ£ }£1f *m-

~~;ffA 3.9 2.4 2.3 3. 1 3.0 2.5 17.2

~~;ffB 3.6 2.6 2. 1 3.0 2.6, 2.7 16.6

~~;ffC 3. 1 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.0 2.5 13.0

~ll;ffD 3.7 2.6 2.5 3. 1 2.9 2.8 17.6

2. -M:(fH;:}£~O)71'-tlT,;:~~'-c)i:jij]lt~!lHftc L -Ct& oj ~ c 'j:~W1-c:~ ¢ C 'j: ~,;t t,;.~,

tJ< ,*71'-tIT ,;: ~~, -C 'j: ,~ll~O)~~~iiO) § ti c L -c3tjij]fl~1*ffl L t: ~)(jij] 'j:¥*(f] ,;:

l!RR'1' 7 A #~Mt-c: et> ¢ o~ll~tJ< IRJ t.:: -g~~fJ t) ~ L -C~, ¢ ig;-@-,l!RR~IHj: 1)(jij] c L,

#~Mt, ~ I:. 'j:Mt0)-$ 0) fJ t) ~ L 'j:)i:jij] c ~Qj t,;.~, ~ eeL I:. o"? ~ t) .f 'j: ,:ffi~ .. ~~,

~ "9 ,~ LI:.

⁰

J 'j: 2)i:itJi c ts ^t) ,r:ffi,:ffi ~ .. ¥I ~,~ "9,!i ~,~ L t:

⁰

J 'j: 4:)(jij] c ts ^¢

⁰

~ 1:., ~

~, ~ c ^lj.

⁰⁾

r ct> - J, r AJ - J t,;. c 'j: ~jfJ~iiJ c L -C l!RJiMt ,;: ~ Qj I:.

⁰

~ t: ,}£~ q:. ';:mn ^{I:.~Mt'j: B *~O))( 0) q:. -c: ,-,-~~ - A -C:~ffl ~} n ^{-C \" ¢ b 0) ,;:"?}

\" -C 'j: .. B *~ ';:?l/! t.:: I:.

0

~ i: ; 1i] ~JiJ, )i:!l!{ft -c:~ t> n ^{-C \" ¢ b 0) ,;: IYJ L -C 'j:, 3Mt} ~ 1)()tri c IRJ~ c ~ t,;. L.ttl L I:. o( z n 'j:7k~( 1991)0) q:. 0), ~ L ~ ~O) 1)(0):lJ!-:tS.l (J)~ ~ 'j:~Mf

;6< 6"'9Mf ,;: i't L , B *~ 'j: 2)i:itJi 't: et> ¢ c \" oj 71'-tIT tJ'\ &? tJJ ^t) ttl L I:.

^{0 )}

71'-tlTiff-'Hj:m I WI O)*-ffiI 13 (~~ fJJJttrJ~*13:ilM 13 ~ I:. ,j:* 14XM § ),m ill WI (J)ft~@] (*

61XM § ),lk (J li l£q:. ra' c ~;t &? n ^¢ *36~ § _(~f1~ C ,j:x!ito) I:. QjJl:ilM(J)*37)l§ §)O) iff4 ~ ~ffl L I:.

0

if~l q:., ~ < IRJ t.:: ~ -c: CpStJ< 2ffiI w.J:~ It -C ~ffl c; n ^{-C \" ¢} ~* 'j: , 1ffiI c

L -c_ttl L 1:.

0

3. *fM~1: ,oj: 7

;t -

I) -r -. ~ - ~ ,;: --::>~, -C O)~fit{f] tJfM~'oj:::ff ~ -C~, tJ~'

⁰

L 7;' L ,~~

:ff c ^{j;f'g L} -C~',:, B *A~:ffA,.O) l' './ 7 c·.:L - O)*li;~JL~~:ff 8 ,;:j;f'T':' 7

;t - I)

-r -.

~ - _~ ,;: --::> _~, -C rm ^tl

⁰⁾

~ ~ iO< ct> .:, t:. c ^iO< t> iO' ~ t:

⁰

4. f7tJ3tO) ~~2. ,;:~t> n ^-C ~, .:, ~2.-% 11<.. rJ¥-fiJ3t*,oj:£{ TO) 1*J?fI.~~ L -C~, .:, oj: T2~0)~

~ ,oj: rm ^IF.f ';:ti:iO' &; ;tl'A,.mttt -ct.:> 'J ,J:T iO<:m ts ~ -c ~, .:, :g~7t 'oj:~:ff

⁰⁾

§£~iO<:m rs ~ -c ~, .:,

:g~7t1: ct> .:, oWI)JJiiO<~~ T':' _CpS~~T

0

~2.-%: NS - B*A~:ff

LA/LB/LC/LD - ~~:ff A/ 8/ C / D

? - J:Jf1' './ ~*-y

³

'./1:§£~~nt::,bO)

• - ~lfYO)~-;(

~~tt - fiiiO</J\ ~ ~', £ t: ,oj: ^A to- t-:" iOqoj: ~ ~'§B~

5. ~~,;:t.:>~'-Cli.~'iO<JlM L*~',~~~JV(:1l~ -tt-c~' < j&z~iO<~,*O)~~O):iMl;fi1:ct> 'J, Varonis and Gass(l985) ,oj: * ^mr

⁰⁾

^{iJ I ~ 1i2 c tJ .:, §B~ ,;: fj{J} ~ =FiO<lIfW~fiJ~~1: ct> .:, t:. c :a-

~ L t::.IF.f,~iO' &; Mi *.:, ^~'*~~~ "non-understanding routine" c L -C ~ T )vft L -C~'':'

⁰

* ^{~ ~ 1: ~ ~}

⁰⁾

^{iJTt n ,;: t.:> tt .:, CpS}

⁰⁾

^{~ ttl ~ ~ ~ T .:, ,;: ~ i: 'J , t:.}

⁰⁾

^{~ T )v ~ $~ ,;: L t:}

⁰

Bialystok, E. (1983) "Some factors in the selection and implementation of communication strategies." In

F~rch,

C. and Kasper, G.(ed.) Strategies in Interlanguage

Communicati?~.

Longman pp.100-118

Bialystok, E. (1990) Communication Strategies. Basil Blackwell

Canale, M. and Swain, M. (1980) "Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing." Applied Linguistics.

Vol. 1,No. 1 pp.1-47

Canale, M. (1983) "From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy." In Richards,J. and Schmidt,R.(ed.) Language and Communication.

Longman pp.2-27

Corder, P. (1978) "Strategies of communication." AFinLA 23. Reprinted in

F~rch,C.

and Kasper,G. (ed.) (1983) Strategies in _}nte.rlanguage Communication. Longman pp.15-19

Ellis, R. (1985) Understanding Second Language Acquisi tion. Oxford University Press,

.r. I) A"

0 ':1

r nf~2-g~~Pll~0)~IlJ ~Jf~E~ (1988)

'::'.:I.

-71 l/ / " -1 / ~ --j-

y

3

-j-)v

F~rch,

C. and Kasper, G. (1983a) "Plans and strategies in foreign language communication." In Farch , C. and Kasper, G. (ed.) Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. Longmanpp.20-60

F~rch,

C. and Kasper, G. (1983b) "On identifying communication strategies in interlanguage production." In

F~rch,

C. and Kasper, G.(ed.) Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. Longman pp.210-237

F~rch,

C. and Kasper, G. (1984) "Two ways of defining communication strategies." Language Learning. Vol.34,No.1

Ozaki, A. (1989) Request For Clarification in Conversation between Japanese and Non-Japanese.. Pacific Linquistics Series B-102, Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University

Paribakht, T. (1985) "Strategic competence and language proficiency" Applied

·Linguistics. Vol.6 No.2 pp.132-146

Poulisse, N. (1990) The Use of Compensatory Strategies by Dutch Learners of English. Foris Publication

Raupach, M. (1983) "Analysis and evaluation of communication strategies" In

F~rch,

C. and Kasper, G.(ed.) Strategies in Interlanguage Communication.

Longman pp.199-209

Tarone, E., Cohen, A. and Demas, G. (1976) "A closer look at some

interlanguage terminology: a framework for communication strategies." In

Working Papers on Bilingualism. 9,pp.76-90. Reprinted in Farch , C. and

Kasper, G.(ed.) (1983) Strategies in Interlanguage

.Commu~ication.

Longman pp.4-14

Tarone, E. (1981) "Some thoughts on the notion of 'communication strategy'."

TESOL Quarterly. 15,pp.285-295. Reprinted in Frerch,C. and Kasper,G. (ed.) (1983) Strategies in

Interlangu~ge

Communication. Longman pp.61-74

Tarone, E. (1980) "Communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage." Language Learning. Vol.30 No.2 pp.417-431

Varonis, E. and Gass, S. (1985) "Non-native/non-native conversations: A model for negotiation of meaning." Applied Linguistics. Vol.6 No.1 pp.71- 90

Varadi, T. (1980) "Strategies of target language learner communication:

message-adjustment." IRAL,Vol.XVIII/1,Feb. pp.59-72. Reprinted in Frerch, C. and Kasper, G.(ed.) (1983) Strategies in Interlanguage Communication.

Longman pp.79-99

~*~-,((.]~±~ (1992) r1' '/~ 1::';1.-<:O)::r ~ ;1.=-'r-~

³ ' / - ; { "

'7T~-f~JfH;:"'?~\-CJ NSF~r:p B *MHi1f~if!M'~~¥IH5·:tf rj'}OOAtl~-1t~iJf:re1!f£;:MT ~ ~IHtJI~1ft B _*~

?/iW::r - ;{ 0):i1!-g ,;: 00 T ~ ~&IE((']i1f:reJ PP.99-119

~dS1B~A (1993) rmMtlkffijO)grlE;{ " '7 T ~ - - r~ ~ ~ L JO)~~~m~ ^Q) <*.., -C - J r B *~f{f.1 1 81{j- pp, 19-30

~~Il~A (1981) r J:~ 8 *~~~:f:O)~~~~tJl;:"'? ~\ -cJ r B *~?/i¥1 J 45~ pp.41-52

~EHm-=f (1993) rj'}OOAtlkffij';::t,nt~B*~~fl1!fc B*m~1!fO)~~O)7ttfiJ ~~§t*~*

~ I~Jt)(~i1f~l4 ~±~tiiffii3t

fiif*artlt (1991) r B *Mff9J~~f11!fO)~ffl T ~ ::r ~

^:l.

=- ^{'r -} ~

^{3 ' / -;{}

l- '7 T ~ - J C:lJ!nX:3$/l B*~f{W~~~**~~~~3t)

7k~fg-=f (1985) r~ L i: c ,!O)3t~J < -? L ~tfjWi

1rurat!lHiJ (1990) rmMtlkffij';:~'t~{lfl1tgrlE*':J r'7-~J rB*mf{Wl 71{j- pp.171-181

;l « T - r ,~-=f (1992) _r~~7tlfi J < -? L tittlWi

W*M~-=f (1991) rB*~~fl1!f1JlIJO)::r~ :l.=-'r-~

^{3 ' / - ; {}

l- '7Ty-';:"'?~\-CJ r~~~*

~B*~ft B*m?/i¥1~3t~J ~2{j- pp.116-132