Arrangement of Woody Species of Coppice Forest in Relation to Landform in the Takadate Hills, Northeastern Japan

Arrangement of Woody Species of Coppice Forest

in Relation to Landform in the Takadate Hills,

Northeastern Japan

著者

Matsubayashi Takashi

雑誌名

The science reports of the Tohoku University.

7th series, Geography

巻

50

号

2

ページ

149-160

発行年

2000-12

URL

http://hdl.handle.net/10097/45252

149

Arrangement of

Relation to Landform

Woody

Species

of Coppice

Forest

in

in the Takadate

Hills, Northeastern

Japan

Takeshi MATSUBAYASHI*

Abstract Coppice forest was one of the most popular vegetation in the hills

surrounding settlements in Japan. However, it has been recently decreased

quantitatively and changing qualitatively. This paper aims to describe the

vegetation structure of the coppice forest in the hills in its relation with micro-landform units.

Every woody species has a different distribution pattern across a hillslope

from bottom to crest. And the composition of woody species changes

gradu-ally from bottom to crest. Moreover the arrangement of woody species shift

toward bottom/crest according to the variation of plan-convexity/concavity of

landform along the hillslope. These facts suggest that the landform has an

influence on the arrangement of woody species of coppice forests through soil moisture and hillslope process in the hills.

Key words : coppice forest, woody species, belt transect, micro-landform units,

break of slope, hills

I. Introduction

Coppice forest consisting of various deciduous trees such as Quercus serrata,

Quercus acutissirna and Castanea crenata was one of the most popular vegetation in the

hills surrounding traditional settlements in Japan. Coppice forest has been repeatedly

felled for providing fuel woods in an interval of about 15 to 30 years. As a result, they

stayed at seral stage in succession, and they had a peculiar ecosystem. However,

since the fuel revolution which occurred in the late 1950s and the early 1960s, the

succession has not been stopped by the felling and the previous vegetation structure

has been changing (e.g., Takahashi et al., 1983 ; Kamada and Nakagoshi, 1990).

Moreover, coppice forest was reduced rapidly in the high economic growth which

followed the fuel revolution, because large-scale residential development proceeded

particularly in the hills surrounding urban areas (Matsui et al., 1990). The situation

of qualitative change and quantitative decreasing of coppice forest insists to describe

the structure of left coppice forest.

* Graduate Student_{, Institute of Geography, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan} Science Reports of Tohoku University, 7th Series (Geography)

150 Takeshi MATSUBAYASHI

Previous studies of natural and secondary forest in the hills indicate close

relation-ship between vegetation and landform in micro-scale units (e.g., Miura and Kikuchi,

1978 ; Kikuchi, 1985 ; Nagamatsu and Miura, 1997). The fact suggests that

micro-landforms represent the difference in various environmental factors such as

micro-climate, soil moisture, nutrient status, disturbance regime, etc.

This paper describes the vegetation structure of the coppice forest in the hills in

its relation with micro-landform units.

2. Study area and method

The Takadate Hills, which are located in the Sendai Plain, Northeastern Japan,

have typical characteristics of landform and land-cover of the hills in Japan (Fig. 1).

Hillslopes of the Takadate Hills are a little steeper and the relative height is rather

high as compared with other hills in the Sendai Plain. The elevation of the study area

ranges between 130 m and 290 m a.s.l. The bedrock of the area is andesite, tuff

breccia and tuff of the Miocene (Tamura, 1983). According to the record observed in

Sendai, approximately 15 km north from the study area, climate of the area is

char-acterized as follows : The monthly mean temperature (1961-1990) is 1.0°C in January

and 22.0°C in July, and the annual mean temperature is 11.9°C. The mean annual

precipitation is 1,205 mm (Japan Meteorological Agency, 1991). The warmth index

and the coldness index by Kira (cited from Imanishi and Kira, 1953) that is calculated

from the monthly normals from 1961 to 1990 (Japan Meteorological Agency, 1991) are

92.7 and —9.5, respectively. The vegetation around the study area is coppice forest

dominated by Quercus serrata. Aerial photographs taken in 1975 suggest that the last

0

-1VO

11772

drlaln

0 10km

Fig. 1 Study area

Solid square of the right map indicates the area of the left map.

S : Sendai City T : The Takadate Hills

Arrangement of Woody Species of Coppice Forest in Relation to Landform 151 1 /I 'I I , gr -', Upper Convex Break of Slope Lower Convex

_.,..- ...=

N

• (----.._._,...,-,...-= -,-7._•.,_,i = ,—\3_.—c--- r."1L__.•.../.7-,„ .1-/ ,..g..,'---.,--1' '..' r?_--- _{— i} 7 e , •N i / ' _{.../ •• — = /} •--1 s1 I / ,- .1 ''''. _{•-•• . ‘..., ... ". .."'-••.' \} .t: k• - tr', '2•-• 'i _{-I' ••"... /. -'' \-, ... ^ 'I ''.'..1 '...--1} t) -= t, ../ F.__ N, s _..., „...' '`, ''''•-•6 ...,, -./.., -: L i\ ' = = ' :''' ..-s / tr- i r e l'. ‘, , a •---_ . ....,„„ , ,1 . . . ... , 1..._,,,- _.: _., ,-',.... .', , ,,'N's %._1:;-; <sub>4 ,,^-•-^, _ ''" L ,...z..:,_,</sub> ... i, _ - ----,. ,=-•..g\17''''‘.._.-',^r"----,....,_`,,`,.‘L..,•_ '-.''- <sub>,,.--.., ‘..:•-^,`,_., „.; k'''.:,.::, 7.:...!---,::::-</sub> ti... ', 1---:,_., ' 1, ,.. '- _{`,</sub> - i ! ^ ‘„ -`-' _{---, '',....: , - - ..- 1"-- :,} s. , 8 — • . 1 -, ..1.. 1.1, N, , _{•-- ._ ;} ..., r-1...-••-ni '.'N.,„,.,.. .--. ( ‘:-..% ', ' ...I I 1.. Break of Slope Channelway 200m 2 LEGEND • • \ - ,..-'s '. '-,•-.6 - --... . ) iL, ! t 1 _'^ ...„.. ‘,.., ‘•-•rj ' .,...-Th _ ,..."'...) I N) 1 _{L...',....c.is.} - _ _ _{— i} _ _ _ _6.),../ ," .., ..., %, N. .0 ; ',-, ri- ...,...,. .... ^ '... ....".` " , / — ‘ . •, ) 1 1 C.,.. . .,--- ;:... •--., , ,_ . ,,,, , ...„, i _, _ ., — ., . \ , • ') <sub>--'= - i ' • , i ---..`i - / 1,-. -- . - '''' ' . N (:^:::-, ‘} ....1.1:!?'''' -.1 .^-•r.- .--. l .., .::. lk ( --N..- ml-, r , .— _{.. •_,,, ,} ' is.::: --.7.-,, ,--„ --- ( ---•-•-.-..--- _{..,_'-;-_ . 7 7' .} ... -,. , ' t. ; !„. ‘,,,. ., ,__,',.... . ..--,,,,,, ^,.. ..,:_{, -,} ••,' ,,-•\ "1 ,_,--- , y- — I. •,_{.. N.I., 1,} '_{, ,.i \ ., = -} . j t...- .--.. ,..,•- - " , ,.:-._', i \) ( 5 s 4 3

Fig. 2 Geomorphological map of the study area and the locations of 3 lines investigated

1: Crestslope 2 : Headmost wall 3 : Upper sideslope 4 : Head hollow 5 : Lower

sideslope, Footslope and Bottmland 6 : Bottomland

felling of coppice forest at the study area is estimated to have been made in the

beginning of the 1970s.

This study focuses on the woody species which compose the coppice forest.

Arrangements of woody species according to the micro-landforms were studied using

3 lines across hillslopes from bottom to crest (Fig. 2). In order to grasp the

distribu-tion of micro-landform units defined by Tamura (1987a, b), the micro-landform

classification was made in the study area using aerial photographs taken in 1994.

Lines are set on hillslopes that have typical arrangement of micro-landform units with

various plan- and profile-convexity/concavity and direction. Line 1 is set on a

west-facing plan-straight slope. Line 2 is set on a north-facing slightly plan-concave slope.

Line 3 is set on a southwest-facing plan-convex slope. Hillslope profiles of each line

are measured using a slope profiler TRS-20. As for the vegetation, all shoot systems

of woody species which occurs on a 6 m wide belt centered on the line are recorded. A

belt was longitudinally divided to 2 m distance and the number of each species was

totaled in every subquadrat of 2 m long and 6 m wide. The investigations along Line

1, Line 2 and Line 3 were conducted in June 1997, August 1997, and October 1997, respectively.

152 Takeshi MATSUBAYAS H I

3. Results and discussion

The population of woody species on three lines is 11595. The number of woody

species on three lines is 70. Population of each woody species existing on the three

lines is totaled in each micro-landform unit. Fig. 3 shows a population ratio of woody

species, which occurs at more than 3 subquadrats, on each micro-landform unit*. It

demonstrates that every woody species has a different distribution pattern. Many

woody species show a trend in distribution pattern. For example, Kerria japonica,

Staphylea bumalda and the like tend to be distributed more frequenthy on the lower

part, while Clethra barbinervis, Vaccinium japonicum and the like on the upper part. Of course, some major species which compose of a tree layer, e.g. Quercus serrata and

Castanea crenata are widely distributed throughout hillslopes. It is the same as

reported in previous studies (e.g., Kikuchi, 1985). This fact suggests that there is a

close relationship between arrangement of woody species and micro-landforms as

habitats of vegetation. It is therefore considered a result of the relationship that the

composition of woody species changes gradually from bottom to crest.

Fig. 4, Fig. 6 and Fig. 8 show the profiles of Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3, respectively,

and Fig. 5, Fig. 7 and Fig. 9 show the distribution of woody species on Line 1, Line 2 and

Line 3, respectively.

The profile of Line 1, which is set on a plan-straight slope, is composed of Lower

Sideslope, Upper Sideslope and Crestslope (Fig. 4). The Lower Sideslope is separated

from the Upper Sideslope by a comparatively clear convex break of slope. Slope

form of the Lower Sideslope is rectilinear and its average inclination is about 45

degrees. Soil of the Lower Sideslope is very thin. The Upper Sideslope has

rectilin-ear profile and its average inclination is about 35 degrees. Form of the bedrock

surface, i.e. the bottom of solum, on the Upper Sideslope is waving, and soil depth

ranges from 0 cm to 80 cm. Crestslope is a gentle slope with inclination of less than

20 degrees. The soil depth on the crest is more than 100 cm.

The population of woody species on Line 1 is 975. The number of woody species

on Line 1 is 38. Fig. 5 which shows the distribution of species on Line 1 demonstrates

that Wei gela decora, Staphylea bumalda, Helwingia japonica and Carpinus tschonoskii

are distributed only the Lower Sideslope, while Castanea crenata, Quercus serrata,

Hamamelis japonica and the like are widely distributed throughout the slope.

How-ever, the lower limits of distribution of 36 woody species out of 38 woody species that

are distributed on Line 1 appear one after another from the bottom (Subquadrat 1) to

a half of the Upper Sideslope (Subquadrat 18) and the boundaries of the area where

many woody species are distributed do not coincide with those of micro-landform

units. The composition of woody species thus changes gradually from the bottom to

Arrangement of Woody Species of Coppice Forest in Relation to Landform 153 Kerria japonica Staphylea bumalda Zanthoxylum piperitum Carpinus tschonoskii Zelkova serrata Weigela decors Acer amoenum Helwingia japonica Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus

Lespedeza bicolorvar. japonica

Acer mono var. marmoratum f. dissectum

Carpinus cordata Fag-us Japonica Meliosma myriantha Stephanandra incisa Symplocos chinensis var. leucocarpa fipilosa Akebia trikliata Viburnum dilatatum Aucuba japonica Styrax japonica Stachyurus praecox Wisteria floribunda Cotylus sieboldiana Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii Euonymus oxyphyllus

Pourthiaea villosa var. laevis

Sorbus japonica Benthamidia japonica Buckleya lanceolata Prunus grayana Carpinus laxiflora Sapium japonicum Castanea crenata Styrax obassia Acer japonicum Callicarpa japonica Acer sieboldianum Acer rufinerve Quercus serrata Fraxinus sieboldiana Pinus densiflora Quercus crispula Lindera umbellata var. membranacea

Viburnum phlebotrichum Hamamelis japonica Smilax china Abelia spathulata Rhododendron obtusum var. kaempferi

Pertya glabrescens Prunus verecunda Vaccinium oldhamii Rhus trichocarpa Sorbus alniklia Ilex macropoda Vaccinium japonicum Clethra barvinervis Fig. 3 Presence of 0 woody 10 20 species 30 on each 40 50 (%) 60 micro-landform 70

•

E

0

unit 80 90 100 Lower Sideslope Upper Sideslope Crestslope

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gSubquadrat and Subquadrat

no.

5 0 0

10

20

30

40

50

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Fig. 4 Geomorphic

profile of Line 1

The location of Line 1 is shown in Fig. 2

60

The profile of Line 2, which is set on a slightly plan-concave slope, is composed of

Footslope, Lower Sideslope, Upper Sideslope and Crestslope (Fig. 6). Comparatively

thick colluvial soil is accumulated at the Footslope. The Lower Sideslope has

con-cave profile and its average inclination is about 47 degrees. Soil of the Lower

Sideslope is very thin and bedrock crops out in places. The Upper Sideslope shows

rectilinear profile and its average inclination is about 41 degrees. The soil depth of the

Upper Sideslope ranges from 50 cm to more than 100 cm. The Crestslope is a gentle

slope with inclination of less than 20 degrees. The soil depth of the Crestslope is more

than 100 cm. Clear convex breaks of slope form boundaries between micro-landform

units.

The population of woody species on Line 2 is 1625. The number of woody species

on Line 2 is 51. On Line 2, arrangement of woody species is similar to that on Line 1

(Fig. 7), but lower limits of distribution of species appear one after another throughout

the slope. Moreover, Castanea crenata, Quercus serrata and Hamamelis japonica,

which are widely distributed throughout the slope on Line 1, are not distributed at

Lower Sideslope on Line 2. It means that the arrangement of woody species of Line

2 is shifted toward crest as compared with Line 1. It would be due to that Line 2 is

Arrangement of Woody Species of Coppice Forest in Relation to Lanclform 155 va AP 0 .-

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and then the soil moisture must be increased and hillslope processes is expected to be

more active as compared with plan-straight slope.

The profile of Line 3, which is set on a plan-convex slope, is composed of Lower

Sideslope, Upper Sideslope and Crestslope (Fig. 8). The Lower Sideslope has convex

profile and its average inclination is about 44 degrees. The soil depth of the Lower

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156 Takeshi MATSUBAYASHI

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10-0V0

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Subquadrat and Subquadrat no.

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Fig. 6 Geomorphic profile of Line 2 The location of Line 2 is shown in Fig. 2

50 60

Upper Sideslope is more than 80 cm. Crestslope is a gentle slope with inclination of

less than 17 degrees. Comparatively indistinct convex break of slope divides

micro-landform units.

The population of woody species on Line 3 is 8995. The number of woody species

on Line 3 is 59. The composition of woody species of Line 3 also changes gradually

from the bottom to the crest (Fig. 9). However, it is different from the other line that

many woody species are distributed _{at the Lower Sideslope . Thirty-five woody}

species out of fifty-nine woody species which exist on Line 3 are distributed at the

Lower Sideslope and half of them are distributed throughout the slope. Most of them,

e.g. Viburnum phlebotrichum, Pertya glabrescens, Rhododendron obtusum var.

kaemp-feri and Fraxinus sieboldiana, are not distributed at the Lower Sideslope on the other

lines. The arrangement of woody species of Line 3 is thus shifted toward bottom as

compared with Line 1. It would be due to that Line 3 is set on a plan-convex slope.

Water is dispersed on the plan-convex slope, and then the soil moisture must be

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158 Takeshi MATSUBAYASHI

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50 Fig. 2 60 70 plan-straight slope. 4. Conculuding Remarks

This study described the vegetation structure of the coppice forest in the hills in

its relation with micro-landform units. Every woody species has a different

distribu-tion pattern across a hillslope from bottom to crest. The boundaries of the area

where many species are distributed do not coincide with the boundaries of

micro-landform units, and the composition of woody species does not change completely at

the boundaries of micro-landform units. However, the composition of woody species

changes gradually from bottom to crest. Moreover the arrangement of woody species

shift toward bottom/crest according to the variation of plan-convexity/concavity of

landform along the hillslope. These facts suggest that the landform has an influence

on the arrangement of woody species of coppice forests through soil moisture and

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160 Takeshi MATSUBAYASHI

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Prof. T. Tamura of Tohoku University for his essential guidance in the study. I also wish to thank Prof. K. Saijo of Miyagi University of Education and Mr. A. Sasaki at Tohoku University for their valuable discussions and suggestions at the study area. Sincere thanks are extended to many staff members and students of the Institute of Geography, Tohoku University, for their support during my work.

* Indivi

Note

duals at the Footslope of Line 2 are totaled up as ones at the Lower Sideslope.

References (*in Japanese, **in Japanese with English abstract)

Imanishi, K. and Kira, T. (1953) : Biogeography*. In : Fukui, E. ed. Physical Geography II, Asakura Shoten, Tokyo, 233-313.

Japan Meteorogical Agency (1991) : Climatic table of Japan, Volume 1*. Japan Meteorogical Agency.

Kamada, M. and Nakagoshi, N. (1990) : Pattern and processes of secondary vegetation at a farm village in southwestern Japan after the 1960s**. Jpn. J. Ecol., 40, 137-150. Kikuchi, T. (1985) : Small- and micro-scale distribution pattern in vegetation**. The

nary Res., 24, 215-220.

Matsui, T., Takeuchi, K., and Tamura, T. (eds.) (1990) : Natural environments of hilly land regions : Their characteristics and conservation*. Kokon Shoin, Tokyo.

Miura, 0. and Kikuchi, T. (1978) : Preliminary investigation of a vegetation and forms at a valley head in the hills*. Papers on plant ecology in the memory of Dr.

Kuniji Yoshioka, 466-477.

Nagamatsu, D. and Miura, 0. (1997) : Soil disturbance regime in relation to micro-scale landforms and its effects on vegetation structure in a hilly area in Japan. Plant

Ecology, 133, 191-200.

Takahashi, K., Hasegawa, T., and Hukusima, T. (1983) : Comparison of the structures of secondry forests on south and north slopes in urban areas (1)**. Tech. Bull., Fac. Hort.,

Chiba Univ., 32, 107-117.

Tamura, T. (1983) : Geomorphology and geology of the Takadate-Sengan'yama Nature vation Area, Miyagi Prefecture*. Reserch Report of the Takadate-Sengan'yama Nature

Conservation Area, Miyagi Prefecture, Miyagi Pref. Govt., 3-20 +maps.

Tamura, T. (1987a) : Landforms and soils of humid temperate hills*. Pedologist, 31, 135-146. Tamura, T. (1987b) : A geomorphological map (scale 1 : 10,000) of the high-relief hills composed

of Neogene volcanic and pyroclastic rocks near Sendai. (Abstract)*. Ann. Tohoku

Geogr. Assoc., 39, 222-223.