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(1)

Diversity and Multicultural Awareness in the Japanese Classroom and the Use of NLP

Techniques

著者名(英) Alberto M. Albuquerque journal or

publication title

山梨学院大学現代ビジネス研究

volume 第6号

page range 23‑38

year 2013‑02‑01

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1188/00002994/

(2)

DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapanese  

ClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques。  

AlbertoM.Albuquerque  

【Abstract】   

This article highlightshow the currentshiftinthe number ofimmigrantsinJapanhas   Created a need for diversity and multiculturalawarenessin the classroom because of   greatlyincreasedinteractionbetweenJapaneseandinternationalstudents.Italsoargues  

thatNLP(Neuro−LinguisticProgramming)techniquessuchasrapport,mOdeling,fram一   ingandreframing,andanchoringcanbehelpfultooIsforincreasingclassroomefftctive−  

nessandmakingapositiveimpactonthedynamicsoftheclassroom.  

【Keyword】   

NLP,education,teaChertraining,Classroom,Japan,diversity,multiculturalawareness  

DemocratBarackObama′sfirstelectionto   theUSpresidencyin2008wasmorethan  

a victory over Republicans.It was also a   Victory for allthe people who had prevト   ously been ignored and bullied by the 

mainstrearn Culture.Those peoplein−  

cludedmanyof−variousethnic andrelig−  

iouspersuasions,aSWellassexualorienta−  

tions.Obama′ssecondvictorycanbeseen,  

atleastin part,aS a COnfirmation that di一   VerSityandmulticulturalismintheUSare   not merely passing fads,and that the   WOrld overal1is becoming moreinclusive   and arriving at a broader socialoutlook.  

Many other nations around the globe are   echoingthesamedemandfortherecogniL  

tionandrespectofdiversity,includingJa−  

pan.AlthoughIwillnotpresentadetailed  

discussionofimmigrationissues through−  

OutthehistoryofJapan,itisimportantto  

notethatpost−WarJapanhaslargelydis−  

COuragedimmigrationandhasengagedin   various strategies to keel, the gopulation  ethnically and culturally homogeneous.  

However,during the economic expansion  

Ofthe1980s,Japanactivelyturnedtofor−  

eigners to fillits demand for workers.1   Since then,the numbers of both foreign   Visitors and permanent foreign residents   havebeenincreasing.Becausenewcomers   arebecoming amuchlargerpart ofJapa−  

nese society,thereis an urgent need to   raise multiculturaland diversity aware−  

ness,eSpeCiallyin the classrooms ofJar   pan′seducationalinstitutions.  

ー23−   

(3)

DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.  

(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)  

Classrooms are the prototypes of society.  

Ateacher,muChliketheleaderofacoun−  

try,Caneitherchoosetoplaythepartofa   dictator that reinforces stereotypes and   perpetuatesbullying,OrtOplaythepartof   aleaderthatworkstomaximize thelearn−  

ing of students while at the same time   making sure all voices are heard and 

takeninto consideration.As teachers,We   must be readv to communicate the value 

Ofdiversitytostudentsandmotivatethem   to respect the differencesinherentin a   multiculturalsociety.  

riculum,theprocessofbecomingmulticul−  

turallycompetent,andthe commitmentto  

address societalinjustices. 12Multicultural   education reaches beyond mere aware−  

ness andunderstandingofculturaldiffer−  

encesandavoidance ofstereotypes to es−  

tablishaneffectiveandmeaningfuldimen−  

sionfortheeducationofinternationalahd   domesticstudents.  

Iprefer to use the terminology′interna−  

tionalstudent′insteadof′foreignstudent′  

becauseitsounds正10reinclusive.Accord−  

ing to Pedersen3,thereis some contro−  

versy about whether the correct term is  internationalstudent or foreign student.  

Ashestates,thewordforeignhasanega−  

tive connotation,Iagree to that,andIam   also not fond of gaLan(shorter for gaLkr  

Ok乙(伽 meaninganoutsiderorforeigner).  

InthisarticleIwillavoidthetermforeign,  

but for clarification purposesIwillmake  

the distinction betweeninternationalstu−  

dents,meaningpeoplewhoarecitizensof   a country outside ofJapan,and domestic   StudentsasresidentcitizensofJapan.  

This articleis based on my own system−  

atic observations and personalexaminar   tion of aJapanese classroomin whichI   taught during the past ten years.Iwas   also fortunate to have been able to neト   WOrk withinternationalcolleagues who  

WOrk for public and private universities   aroundthecountry.Theysharedsensitive   portrayalsoftheirownclassroomsinrela−  

tiontotheteachingofdiversityandtheirト  

teractions between domestic andinterna−  

tionalstudents,eSpeCially withinternap  

tionalstudents who do not fit the stereo−  

type of the whiterskinned,blueueyed,  

blond−haired foreigner.Idefine diversity   as the presence of Bersonal differences 

SuChasethnicity,nationality,gender,relig−  

ion,SOCialclass,ability,SeXualpreference   Or Orientation,1anguage and representa−  

tionalsystem.As formulticulturaleduca−  

tion,itisdefinedas ...acomplexapproach   toteachingandlearningthatincludesthe  

movement toward esuity in schools and 

Classrooms,the transformation of the curL  

When an educatoris clear about his/her   personal involvement and understanding 

Ofmulticulturalism,itthenbecomesneces−  

SarytOfindandusetechniquesandmeth−  

Odologies that better transmitl(nOWledge   to a wider range of students.Among the   various techniques and methodologies  

usedbyteachersaroundtheworld,Ihigh−  

1ight the use of the NLP model(Neuro−  

Linguistic Programing)as a supportive  

toolin(andout)oftheclassr00m,Whichis   

(4)

relativelynewinJapan.NLPismostsim−  

plydefinedasthestudyofexcellence.Ac−  

COrding to n血neEitis more specifically   definedas, ■Thestudyofthestructureof   Subjective experience and what can be   Calculated from that,andis predicated   uponthebeliefthatallbehaviorhasstrucL   ture. 4NLPisused for a variety of pur.  

posesthatincludetherapy,Salesandcom−  

munication skillsin addition to education.  

According to PhilAtkinson,f●NLP has   muchtodowithhelpingtoimprovelead−  

ership・Capability amongst high achievers   and,mOreimportantly,Can help people   break from their comfort zones and work 

across functional boundaries by radically  improvinginter−perSOnalcommunication   and building a culture of trust:.5 What   goes oninside each person′s brain・is   unique because eachperson′s experience   Of the worldis uniquely subjective.With   lOOpeopledoingthesametask,Whathap−  

pensinternallyinthemindsandbodiesof   thoselOOpeoplewillbedifferentforeach   andeveryoneofthem.   

NLPBackgrounc!   

NLPis a modelthat was developed by   Richard Bandler and John Grinder at the  University of Californiain Santa Cruzin   the mid−1970s.Bandler and Grinder   Werebothinterestedinhowcertainpeople  

were able to communicate and influence 

more effectively thanothers.6Theystud−  

ied highly successfultherapistslike Vir−  

ginia Satir(family therapy),Franz Perls  

(gestalttherapy)andMiltonErickson(1anA   guagepatterns),identifyingthecommuni−  

Cation techniques they used to facilitate   positivechangeinothers,NLPisoftende−  

SCribedasthestudyoftherelationshipbe−  

tweenthebrain,languageandbehavior.7  

The ■一Neuro‖of NLP acknowledges the   concept that all behavior stems from the  ways in which humans neurologicallV 

process sight,SOund,Smell,taSte,tOuCh   andfeeling.Thisproducesreactions,Opin−  

ions,thoughts and behaviors.Use of the   word Linguistics. indicates how we use   language to communicate our thought to   Others.Theword‖programming refersto ll    techniques people can use to organize   ideasand actionsinorder to produce the   desired results.NLPis a systematic ap−  

proach toinfluence perceptions,feelings   andbehaviorsinone′sselfandinothers.It   involvesseveraltheoriesofhowandwhy  

peopleacquireinformationabouttheir en−  

Vironment8  

Bandler and Grinder modeled what suc〜  

CeSSfulcommunicatorsdidandhowthey   diditinstead of relying on a theory of  

Why something might work.The basic   appr〇aChtheytookwaspragmaticandreL   Sults−Orientedratherthanjusttheoretical.  

NLPfocusesonpositivity,aimingforade−  

Sired outcome by focusing on what one  

WantS rather than what one does not  

Want.Forinstance,insteadoffocusingon  

‖Idon twanttofailthisclass,OneWOuld †l    focusinsteadon,r Iwanttosucceedinthis   class:f  

NLPcreates positive attitudes andbehav−   

−25一  

(5)

DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.  

(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)  

sultincertaincharacteristics beinghighly  

prizedintheeducationalsystem.Theseir卜   clude perseverance,diligence,hard work,  

respect,mannerS and so on.Children are   taughttohavetherightmentalattitudeto〜  

wards their goal,tO engagein complex   groupactivitiesaswellasroutinecleaning   tasks.EducationinJapanis aligned with   its collectivist culture,Which basically   means thatindividuals tend to see them−  

selves as members of a group and con−  

sider the needs of the group to be more   importantthanpersonalneeds.Becauseof  

this,Japanese education emphasizes ‖a   greater pressure toward uniformity and  

homogeneitythantowardindividualityof  

expression. 10These culturaland educa−  

tionalsygtemsaredeeplyembeddedinthe   Japanesemindset,andeverymemberofa   groupperceiveshowthingsaretobedone   andwhatisexpectedofthemwithoutnecL   essarily being explicitly told and without  the expression of personalopinions.In a   classroomwherethe teacherandstudents   arefamiliarwiththesame culturalnorms,  

there willnaturally be a common under−  

standing.Butin a diverse classroom,  

meaning one thatincludesinternational   studentsaswellasJapanesestudentswho   have been educated abroad,many might   feelaconstantsenseoffrustrationandun−  

certainty.This state of confusion on the   part of some students is caused by not  knowing exactly how or why thihgs are   being donein a certain way.This may   blockthediscussiononhowstudentswho  

share a different culture and understand−  

ina can overcome personal fears of ex‑ 

iorsthathelppeopleunderstandandiden−  

tifywhatsuccessisandhowtheycancre−  

ateit for themselves and others.Itis also   used by many companies that are abarr   doning the old approach of conducting   trainings consisting only of an instructor 

talkingattraineesformanyhours.Instead,  

they are experimenting with alternative   techniques that build psychologicalele−  

mentsinto the training to maximize pro−  

ductivity,9NLP uses a variety of strate−  

gies,principles and beliefs about human   COmmunication,perCeptionandsubjective  

experience.Thecoreprincipleisthatindi一   viduals′thoughts,geStureSand wordsin−  

teract to create their perception of the  

worldaroundthem.  

AccordingtoNLP,eaChofushasaninner  

‖map‖or modelofthe world;a grOup Of   assumptionsfromwhichwecommunicate   byourdailybehaviorsthatincludetoneof   voice,geStureS,Choice of words and de−  

greeofeyecontact.Theseareunderlying   assumptions that constitute what is   knownas ccmmLHフ元署血 andwhichcre−  

ate a framework for understanding one   another.Therefore,a teaCherin the class−  

room would takeinto consideration not  

Only his/her words or the subject being   taught,butalsohowtheinstructionisbe−  

ingdelivered.   

Education,CollectivismandNLP   

Generallyspeaking,the goalof education   is being reevaluated around the world to   fit the demandsofa rapidly changing en−  

vironment.CulturaltraditionsinJapan reL  

(6)

pressioninthe classroom,Simplybecause   there may be no space for personalex−  

pression.Forbetterorworse,manyteaCh−  

ersinJapanhavebeeneducatedinthetrar   ditional ways and are not accustomed to  COeXisting with differences or expressing   personalopinionsconfidently.一■Adultedu−  

CatOrS,historically,mOdeltheirteachingaf−  

terthe classroomlectures theyremember   fromtheirchildhoods: 11  

encesinlearning styles as wellasin→  

CreaSeStheattentionpaidtothe transmis−  

Sionandunderstandingofamessage.Fur−  

thermore,itis highly effectivein educat−  

ingyoungsters,helpingthemtoovercome  

fears,anXieties andlimitations.Itcanalso   be very useful in preparing domestic stu‑ 

dents for a globalcareer where the ex−  

pressionofopinionsandanunderstanding   of diversity will be both encouraged and 

expected.NLPalsooffersexceptionaltech−  

niques and tips that can mal(e an enOrL   mousimpactin the classroom by helping   teachers to get their message across eas−  

ily.AITlOng the various techniques avaiト   ableIwillhighlight four thatIthink are   essentialtotheimprovementofclassroom   dynamics.Theyinclu〔lel御αtmO(おHng  

カ召〟プ血gβ刀dノ℃カ召ノ刀血g β月dβ刀dα血g  

Afterintroducing these NLP techniques,I   Willdescribe my personalexperiencesin   usingthem.   

Rapport   

Rapportis a complex phenomenon that   Canbedefinedasarelationshipofrespon−  

Siveness to self or others.13It can also be  

defined as having a positive,harmonious  

and sympathetic attention or relation to   anotherperson.Rapportisoneofthemost   prominentfeaturesofunconscioushuman  

interactionandisoftenoneofthefirstele−  

ments to emergein any relationship.It   doesnotmeanthatpeople whohave rap−  

portareinlove witheachother,although   peoplewhoareinlovewouldtypicallybe  

expectedtohavegoodrapport.Itisacom−  

monality of perspective,Of beingin tune    Mypersonalopinionisthateveryeducator  

mustfirstbecomeawareoftheirpersonal   limitations and develop a broad under−  

Standingofdiversepatternsandlifestyles,  

aswellasl(nOWingtheircorevaluesasin−  

dividuals.BycorevaluesImeanwhatwe   StrOnglybelievetobetrueintherealmsof  

ethicsandideology.Second,Ibelieveitis   Criticalthateducatorsevaluate themselves  

for personalbias,StereOtypeS,and dis−  

Crimination.Knowingaboutandrevealing   hiddenpreconceptionscangiveteachersa  

higher degree of self▼aWareneSS.Re−  

Cently,muCh attention has been given to   SelfLeValuation and understanding per←  

SOnalvalues.Asanexample,pSyChologists   at Harvard University,the University of  

VirginiaandtheUniversityofWashington  

developedaHiddenBiasTestnamed伽r  

.わcthTPhtlt12Itis used to measure un−  

COnSCiousbias,andtohelpstopprejudice   年nddiscrimination.  

TheuseofNLPintheclassroomsupports   the teacher and enhances the effective−  

ness of classroom communication while   facilitatinglearningandpersonaldevelop▼  

ment.It promotes awareness of differ−  

−27−  

(7)

DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.  

(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)  

port to happen,teaChers should give up   their dominant role and be more of an    equallearningpartner.. 14whenateacher   has positive rapport with students and   Showsgenuineinterestintheirlearning,it   tendstoimprovestudents′academicwork   andhelpstokeepthemmotivatedandon  

task15  

With eachother,Of mutualunderstanding   thatis facilitatedin part by communica−  

tion that occurs easily.People who have   good rapport with each other tend to re−  

flectandmatcheachotherinposture,geS−  

tureandeyecontact.0necantellifacour   ple has goodrappottbecause their move−  

mentsareusual1ysynchronized.Mk7tWing   is a technisue used to build rapport in a 

one−OnpOneSituationinorder toconnect  

energetically.Mirroringissimplytheproc−  

essofmimickingsubtlebehaviorssuchas  

SpeeChpatterns,bodylanguage,1anguage   patterns,paCe,tempO,pitch,tOne and vol−  

umewithanotherperson.  

EarlyresearchersofNLPnoticedthatpeo−  

pleexperiencetheworldwiththeirsenses,  

and those experiences are keptintheir  

brains as visual,auditory,kinesthetic,01−  

factory 

VAKOG senses,also known as thel研一   5e乃由伽耶由m5ノβ or β/血dノ℃pノで−  

sen由比沼als3$teH7)170ursensesoftaste   and touch are also capable of providing   VaStquantitiesofinformationtoourbrain.  

Thepreferredrepresentationalsystemhas   beenusedfordecades,andmanyteachers  

have noted how a student′s modality   strengths and weaknesses should be  

takenintoconsiderationbecauseastudent   learns more wheninstructionis modified   to match preferred modality patterns.We   use our regresentation systems in nearly 

everything we do,includinglearning,re−  

membering,planning,fantasizing and   problemsoIving.  

Aseducators,ゐclbl耶Sわアブisthefirst   toolusedtobuildrapportandsetstudents  

atease.Forexample,Whenteacherssmile   inclass,Studentswillunconsciouslyhave  

afeeling that the teacheris happy to see   them,andthiswillproduceapleasantfeeト   ingin them and an overallcongenialatT   mosphere.Teachers′ body language   should be alert and confident,aVOiding   hands on hips,folding arms or feet to−  

gether.The teacher should maintain an   equaltreatment of allstudents and be   courteous towards everyone.This might   be a challenge,takinginto consideration   thatmanyteachershavefavoritestudents  

inclass(whicharethestudentswhousu−  

al1ymatchthesamecommunicationstyle  

astheteacher).  

In English one can observe the individ‑ 

ual′spreferredrepresentationalsystemby   the words thev use in such exampies as  thefollowing: Iseewhatyoumean (visL   ual);一 oh,Ihearyou■l(auditory);Or Ifeel   Icandoit (1(inesthetic).However,inJapa−  

neseitis a bit more challenging because   Rapport,therefore,is aboutmutualityand  

not domination,andit should build trust  

between a teacher and students.For rap−  

(8)

thelanguageismoreestablishedandstan−  

dardized(additionallinguistic researchin   thisareaisrequiredinordertoidentifyinL   dividualrepresentationalstyles through  

the use of wordsinJapanese).Another   way of finding students′1earning styles  

(visual,auditory or kinesthetic)is by ob−  

SerVingtheireyemovements(seefigurel   below).There are differencesin people′s   bodieswhentheyarethinkinginacertain   Way.The way we think affects ourbody   andthewayweuseourbodyaffectsour   Way Of thinking.We move our eyesin a   SyStematicwaydependingonhowweare  

thinking.In NLP,itis called eye−aCCeSS−  

ing cues18because they are thevisual   CueSthatlet us know howpeople are ac−  

CeSSinginformation.Whenwelookup,We   are generally connecting with pictures.  

Moving the eyes down and to the right  COnneCtS uS With kinesthetic sensations,  

feelings and our own self−talk.Moving   the eyesleftandrighthorizontally at the  

mind‑line of sight invokes our auditory 

Channels.Ifweareabletodiscernthepre¶  

ferredvisual,auditory and kinesthetic se−  

quences of the person with whom we   WanttOCOmmunicate,WeCanCOnVeyOur  

messagetothatpersoninher/hisownlan−  

guage style,Whichmal(eSfor more effec−  

tivecommunication  

Fig.01  

1〜(KC)Accessing touch,taSte,Smelland   feelings.  

2−Hearinginternaldialogue.  

3−(AC)Rememberingsounds.  

4r(VC)Constructingpictures.  

5−(VC)RememberingPictures.  

6−(AC)Constructingsounds.   

KC:Kinestheticcues   AC:Auditorycues  

VC:Visualcues  

Thisoftenproducesamazing resultseven   thoughitisonlyamodel.Inordertogain  

COnfidence in eye−aCCeSSing cues,a   teacher should start by asking questions  

and observing the subsequent eye moveL   ments of students.When a teacheris   aware of how students are accessing the   information being taught,the teaching/  

1earningprocesswillbesmoother.ForexL  

ample,ifstudents keeploolくing up during   theconversation,theyareaccessingvisual   informationandagreatersenseofrapport  

WOuldbegainedbyusingvisualterminoト  

Ogy.Similarly,if students arelooking to   thesides,thisindicatestheyareaccessing   auditory information by remembering or  imagining sounds.Auditory thinkers   Spend alot of timelooking down and to  

theirleft while thinking.Al(inesthetic   thinker will look down and to the right 

and tend to move more slowly than othL   ers.A teacher who talks toofast to some−  

【29−   

(9)

DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.  

(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)  

One Whois a kinesthetic thinker willnot  

getgoodcommunicationfeedback.0verall,  

itisveryimportantthat the teacheradapt   to students who are visual,auditory and   kinestheticin order to transmitinforma−  

tioneffectivelyandpromotegoodcommu−  

nication.  

ingofcertainbehaviors.  

Whether at the conscious or unconscious   level,Wheneverweneedtodosomething   for the first time,We aCCeSS Our rnemOry   archives to find information about others  Who did a similar task remarkably well.  

For example,at the beginning of my  

teachingcareer,Iusedtomodelmyselfaf−  

ter one of my university professors who   wasatthesametimebothlikeable andin−  

Spiring.He hadaverypleasant voice and   alwayssmiled,andwhenhe spokeit was   asifheweresharingsomegoodnews.On   myfirstdayintheclassroomworkingas   a teacher,Ispokein a similar tone and  

keptonsmilingashedid.Asaresult,Ifelt   moreconfidenttogoonandkeepimprov−  

ing my teaching skills while developing   mypersonalstyleofteaching.  

Apart from the VAKOG senses,perSOnal   andculturalexperiences,aSWellasvalues   andbeliefs,have aninfluence on anindiL  

vidual′sperceptionoftheworldandwhat  

Willbekeptinthememory.Thereatealso  

Students who are moreleft−brained,  

meaning they are more rationaland ana−  

1ytical,While others are more nkht−  

Lm血ed meaning more prone to creative   andintuitiveexplanations,discussionsand   experientiallearning.Bothgroupsmustbe   accommodated・19   

Modeling   

InNLP,SuCCeSSfulbehaviorshouldbeobL  

SerVed,replicated and modeled.We can   alsolearn whatever skills wi11work well  

for others.Thisis one of the foundations   Of NLP andis called mo(由肋?g20Itis   based on the presupposition thatif some−  

One else can do something extraordinary,  

then anyone can.Itis about achieving an   OutCOme by studying how someone else  

goes aboutit.Modelinginvolves the dis−  

COVeryOfwhatmakesanotherpersonper−  

form so well.This discovery can occur   through close,trained observation that   anyone has the ability to undertal(e.The   key is to find the thinking strategies and  patternsbeing used,nOt merely the copy−  

The following are the three steps of suc−  

CeSSfulmodeling:1)Gatherinformation   byfocusingonl−what‖thepersondoes(beL   havior and physiology),‖how‖they doit  

(internalthinking strategies)and ‖why‖  

theydoit(supportingbeliefsandassump−  

tions)−On a Side note,itis necessary to   COnSiderhowtoapproachthegatheringof   information so thatis respectfulto the   Subject being modeled;2)Identify what   elements are significant or relevant and   What exactly thesubjectdoesthat makes   adifference;and3)Designandorganize   patternsinto a modelfor usein a certain  

context.Once theinformation on how to  

apply a particular sl(illis obtained,the  

learning canbe transformedinto a model   

(10)

fromwhichotherscanalsobenefit.  

Whatone chooses tofocus on.Reframing   involves a change of perspective.Events   Canbelookedatandinterpretedinvarious   WayS,Changing the meaning of the event   to the personwho experiencedit without   Changing theeventitself.In the case of a   student who might feel extremely disap‑ 

pointedbecause of alow grade on an asr   Signment,framingandreframingcanbea   usefultooltoencouragethestudent.Inthe   NLP approach,thereis no such thing as  

failure,Only feedback.Itis essentialthat   students understand that a mistake is not  SynOnymOuSWithfailure.  

NLPModelingisanexcellentprocessthat   Can aCCelerate thelearning of skills.In   COOking,a reCipeis a kind of modelfor  

howtocreateaparticulardish.Inarchitec−  

ture,drawingsaremodelsofhowtocreate   buildings,large structures and other edi−  

fices.Educatorscanalsomakeuseofmod,  

eling to gain valuable teaching skills that   theymaylackatpresent,   

FramingandReframing   

伽加gishowwemakesenseofsome−  

thing and how we structure our experiT  

ences.21Aswefaceacertainepisode,We   will automatically decode what happened 

and,depending the context,We might   frame the situation positively or nega−  

tively.Memoriescanbegoodorbad,butin   reality memories are not responsible for  

Our emOtions.One part of the brain(the   hippocampus)is responsible for the storL   age,retrievaland reproduction oflong¶  

term memories while another (the   amygdala)is responsible for producing   emotions.22 BeCause emotions are not  

StOredinthememory,theyaremerelyref−  

erences,Which meansitis possible to   Change the emotion associated with a   

memOry.  

In the case of the student who received a  

lowgrade,theteachershouldaskhim/her   to see the situation through a third−per−  

SOnperSpeCtive,aSl(ing thestudent todis−  

tance him/herself from the situation and   frameit,aSifit were apicture.Iusually   tellmystudentsthateachoneofushasa  

littlemuseum,fullofpictures,Whichreprer   SentOureXperiences,andfromwhich we  

Canlearnmanythings.Inthecaseoffram−  

ing and reframing,the teacher helps the   Student to put the situationinto perspec−  

tive.Thelow gradeis only onelearning   experience among many others,andlike   everysituationinlife,itcanbeseenposip   tively or negatively.The moreimportant   questioniswhatthestudentlearnedfrom  

thesituation.Sometimes,Studentscometo   class with a preconceived negative idea 

about the subject,aSin‖Thisis too diffト   cultandIcan′tlearnit. Inacaselikethis,  

the teacher shouldhelp the student to re−  

frame andjettison the negative belief.By  

Rehamカ7g23 something to changeits  

meaningis donebyputtingitin a differ−  

entsetting,COnteXtOrframe.Thebasisfor   reframing comes from the fact that the  

COntentOrmeaningofasituationisdeter   mined by the contextit appearsin,Or  

−31−   

(11)

DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.  

(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)  

plinetheclass,andyetanotherforwhenit   istime toassignhomework.Ineach case,  

the actionmustbeunique to onelocation   and used consistently.After a certain   amount of time,Students willbecome ac−  

CuStOmedtoit,anditwillnotbenecessary   to repeat the same sermon at the beginr   ning of class along thelines of‖Be quiet   andpayattentiontowhatIhavetosay:.  

using positivelanguage to reframe sitt卜   ations,WeCanCreateamOrepOSitiveenvi−  

ronmentinour classrooms.Students need   encouragement to continually grow their   CapaCity to accentuate the positive.This   Wi11puttheminbettercontroloftheirlife   aswellasincreasetheirself−eSteem.  

Anchor   

Ananchα一isastimulusthatalwayscalls   for the same reaction and desired feeト   ings.24It can function consciously or un−  

COnSCiously,anditcanbeobservedorcan   take the form of a change orinner state.  

An anchor is a form of conditioning and  Stimulatingthebraintobeinanystate as   Wellas creating aroutine.Routines are a   fundamentalpartofourlivesandwecon−  

SCiously or unconsciously depend upon   themdailyinouractionsandbehaviors.It   isthesameideawhencreatinganchorsin  

the classroc)m・A teacher can use various   anchors to set the mood of the class,tO   transmit key messages,and mostimpor−  

tant of allto speakless.The concept and   thesignalwillbeconnectedandanchored  

by one another.Therefore,in many situp   ations,WOrdswillbecomeunnecessary.  

Someanchorsneedtobeexplainedforan  

immediate response.For example,at the   beginningofmylessonsIplayaCD with  

SOme nice music.Onthefirstday,Ioften   explain to my students that during the  

musictheclassisnotyetstartedandthey  

CanChat,takeanap,Checktheirphone,etC.  

However,aS SOOn aS the music stops,the   lessonbeginsandtheirfullattentionisre−  

quired−In allmy classes,When theinitial   music ends,eVeryOne knowsitis time to  

bequietandIdonotneedtokeep asking  

them to pay attention.The truly distincL   tive effect that anchors have is that they  become rituals that act as a bond and tie   the class together with a shared under−  

Standingofwhatisexpected.   

TheFirstContactwithaNewCJass   

This article is based on the following 

ClassesthatIteach:SeminarsA,B,andC  

Whereinstudentslearn about communica−  

tionforinternationaltravel,Culture,public   Speakingandmakingpresentation畠.InorL   dertoavoidminorbehavioralproblems,it  

is necessary on the first day to set the   OVeralltoneoftheclassandgivestudents   perspective by raising awareness about    There are verbaland nonverbalanchors,  

Whichisimportant because there will   likelybestudentswhoarevisual,auditory   and kinestheticlearnersin the classroom.  

Itisagoodideatodesignandutilizevari−  

OuSStylesofanchors.Ateacher canset a  

certainlocationintheroomthatisusedto  

get the attention of the class,Or anOther  

thatis usedwhenitis necessary to disci−  

(12)

showupsaying, Ihadacold:一NowItell   them that if they are going to miss class  they must contact me by emailsoIwill   knowinadvance,Incaseswheretheyare   absent for more than two weeks because  

ofani11ness,theymustpresentadoctor′s   Verification.If they failto bring me such   evidence,Iwillreducetheirgradeoreven   failthemdepending of the numberof ab−  

SenCeS.Ialso tellthem,however,that the   gradeIgivedoesnotmeanthatIlikeordo  

notlike them;my gradingis based on   theirmeritandfollowingestablishedclass  

rules.  

theirgoals.OneofthebasicbeliefsofNLP   is thatknowing whatone wants willaid  

Onein obtainingit.On the other hand,if   Onedoesnotknowwhatonewants,itwill  

bemuchmore difficult(ifnotimpossible)  

to obtainit.Many university students at−  

tend classes just because they are sup−  

posedto,Withouthavingaspecificgoalor   Without giving much thought to what   they willdo with their university degree.  

Such students tend to become distracted   anddisturbtheclassmoreoften  

Onthefirstdayofclass,afterintroducing   myselftothestudentsandthestudentsto  

each other,Ithen present the class rules.  

ThisisparticularlyeffectivehereinJapan   Wherepeoplearegenerallyusedtofollow−  

ing rules.The classroomis no different,  

and once they know the rules,they will   feel more comfortable and safe knowing  Whatisexpected Students are often corr   Cernedaboutwhattheyneedtodotopass   theclass,andgivingalltheinformationon   the first day willavoid future anxiety.  

Theserulesareappliedtoallstudents,and   inclasses thatincludeinternationalstu−  

dents,Itake the time to research their   countrV and culture in order to better  COmmunicatewiththem.  

As for attitude,Ienforce that we are a  

team,andasateamweneedtobecourte−  

OuS and respectfultowards each other.  

Somestudentsarejustplainrude,andthis  

isasadrealityofmoderntimes.However,  

educatorswhounderstandthe NLPmodel   Shouldalwaysemphasizeandfocusonthe   positive.  

AfterIintroduce therules,Igive mystuL   dents a piece of paper so they can write   What they expect from me as a teacher   andfrom theclass(giving their namesis   Optionalfor this activity).After collecting   theiranswers,Ireadthemoutloudto the  

whole class.OftenIget commentslike lI   expectyourclasstobeveryshortwithno  

homework and no tests.‖Ilikeit when   they make commentslike this becauseit  

gives me achance totalkabout personal  

responsibility.AsIread,Iadd bits of   dramatizationsuchas, oh,thatissuch a   greatidea!Thirty−minutelessons would   Iamalsostrictaboutclassattendanceand  

having a positive attitude,andImake a   pointofexplainingthedifferencebetween   havingapositiveattitudeandbeingapas−  

Sivelearner.In the past,Ihad problems   With students who would disappear for  

two or three weeks and then suddenly  

−33−   

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DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.  

(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)  

andtoseethisclassasonewaytosupport   theachievementofthosegoals.Duringthe   semester,Ikeep on reminding them of  

those same questions.Ireinforce theim−  

portance of clearly understanding the   benefits they can obtain by getting a  

meaningfuleducation.Tal(ing a class   without aninterest or desire tolearn  

would otherwise become a tedious and   pointlessexperience.  

be wonderful!No homework and no tests  

tocorrectwillsavemealotoftime!‖Then   Ipause,aSifIjustrememberedsomething   important, oh,Wait.Icannot do that be−  

CauSeWhenIwashired,Imadeapromise   thatIwouldteachyouforninetyminutes   perlesson and make sure you arelearn−  

ing.WhenIgiveyouhomeworkandtests,  

I do that to make sure uou understand 

WhatIam teaching.AIso,ifIonly had a   thirtyLminutelesson,Iwouldbebreaking  

my promise to the university,and you  

′ WOuldnotbegettingyourmoneysworth   for the tuition you ve paid.Iwilldo the   bestIcan to make this classinteresting   andwillnotoverloadyouwithhomework   andtests,butIdoneedyourhelpingiving  

megoodfeedback.Areyouokwiththat?   

Theywi1loftenanswer, lYes.   

Theword promise‖isemphasizedbecause   Ihave noticed that peopleinJapan are   genuineaboutfo1lowinguponapromise.I   Wantrny Students tohave the same seri−  

OuSneSS about theirlearning.Once the   rules are understood,Imove towards   stimulating their motivation.Ifirst ask   them the following questions:What are   your dreams?What do you see yourself   doingfiveyearsfromnow?Howcanthis   Class help yourpersonalandprofessional   life?Manystudentsfeelpuzzledby these   questions because they might have as−  

sumed thatIwould startlecturing from   Chapter one of the textbook.For me,itis   WOrth spending the first day explaining   the rules and putting theminto perspec−  

tive.Iwantthemtothinkabouttheirgoals,  

Only after allof that doIthenintroduce  

theclasssubject.Ingroupsoftwotofour,  

l  

Iaskthemtodiscusshowmyclassmight   helpthemintheirfuture.Idonotaskthem   to share their answers with the whole   classbecauseIamstillworking onbuild−  

ing rapport with them.Ialso startputting   into place the anchors thatIwilluse  

throughoutthe semester.Iamalwaysex−  

tremely carefulto send both verbaland  

nonverbalcues such as, Itis ok to ask   questions: whenever someone mal(eS a   comment,Ithank her/him f()rit and say   thatIlikehearingstudents′questionsand   COmmentS.IalsohighlightthatIviewmis−  

takes as a positive part of the learning  process.Idonotcallanyspecialattention   tointernationalstudents during the first   dayofclassbecauseusuallytheyaretry−  

ing to conform to their fellow students.  

During′thesecondclass,Iaskstudentsto   more fullyintroduce themselves,and by  

thistimetheyaremorecomfortablewith   eachother′sdifferences.  

Unfortunately,many Students do not  

Show up on the first day of class.Ofterr  

(14)

times,neWStudentswillnotshowupuntil   the secondor thirddayof classes.Those   newstudentshave not receiiTed the same  

Orientation as the students who came on  

the first day,and may therefore feelat a   loss.Irecentlyincorporated a short video   explaining the class,including the rules.  

Students who miss my first class are  

asked to watch the video.Afterwards,  

theyarerequiredtosendmeanemailsayr   ing whether they agree with the class   rulesornotandif theywant to continue   taking my class.Ireinforce thatIwill   grade them according to their merit and   followingestablishedclassrules.  

Conc[usion   

The worldisslowlywakingup to theob¶  

Vious¶that each one of usis unique and   We CannOlongerbe expected to think or   functioninexactlythesamewaysasoth−  

ers.Eachofushasadifferentapproach to   andpurposeinlife,One thatis ours alone  

to fulfill.Unfortunately,SOmetimes we   have not even been allowed or given the  

OppOrtunity toimprove our abilities and   talents,Whichis often a result of social   pressures.Aseducators,We muSt prOVide   a positive and safe environment where  

our students find it possible to be their  uniqueselves,learn enoughtofulfilltheir   dreams,and have aninternationally−Ori−  

entedmindofacceptance,reSpeCt and so−  

Ciability.These goals can be easily at−  

tainedin amulticulturaland diverse enviA   

ronment.  

A significant factorin my classroomis   that mylessons are taughtin English,a   languagethatisnotnativetothestudents.  

Having to communicatein a secondlan−  

guage puts the students in a vulnerable  Situation whereitis safer not to speakin   Order to avoid mal(ing mistakes and feeト   ing embarrassed,Another factor thatin−  

itiallyaffects the dynamicsofthe classis   the presence of some internationalstu−  

dents,Who arelikely to be more aggres−  

Sivewhenspeakingthanthedomesticstu¶  

dents.Thiscancause someinitialfriction,  

butIconsider such encounters to be rich   learning opportunities for understanding   and accepting culturaldifferences.There−  

fore,Iorganize group activitiesin class   Where students from different nationali−  

ties can experience working together.Af−  

ter a while,the differences tend to melt   intotheunityandwholenessoftheclass.  

Inadditiontothesubjectcontentweteach,  

one of the purposes of our classes is to  Prepare Students for their own personal  

growth,maturityanddevelopmenttobeト   terembodywhotheyreallyare.TheNLP  

tooIsarereadytobeusedtomaximizeour  

potentialas teachers,and help our stu−  

dentsin fulfilling their own potential.As   theworldchanges,itispreciselyourabil−  

ityaseducatorstoidentifydifferencesand   manage them respectfully that will make  ameaningfulimpactintheclassroom.  

NLPoffersnewskillsandwaysofdealing   with people from various cultural back  grounds aswellaslistening andidentify一   

−35−  

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DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques・  

(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)  

ing people′s preferred representational   systems.Eachis clearly recognizable   when one knows what signs tolook for.  

The instant recognition that comes with  timeandpracticeallowsteacherstoeffecL   tivelycommunicatewithstudentsinboth   verbalandnonMVerballanguages.  

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cates for diversity and multiculturalism,I   canalsosaythatNLPhashelpedmetolisr  

ten actively andbe fully present bothin   andoutoftheclassroom.Learningandap−  

plying NLPin my dailyinteractions has   given me a similar experience to that of   consultant GrahamYemm: For me,One   of the mostpowerfulapplicationsofNLP  

was usingit on myself.It helped me to   knowmyselfevenbetter,tOreCOgnizethat   Icould develop even more flexibilityin   my actions and interactions and to take  more responsibilityformyownthoughts  

andactions.‖25  

Ifirmly believein the NLP modelas an  

educationalandinterculturaltool.Ialsobe−  

1ieve that educators can make an enor−  

mousimpactonsocietybystartinginthe   classroom.Diversity and multiculturalism   are notmerelypassingfads,andJapanis   becoming more and more international  andbroaderinits socialoutlook.Itis err  

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COuldbe anethnicJapaneseoraJapanese  

whowasbornandeducatedabroad.  

(16)

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