Diversity and Multicultural Awareness in the Japanese Classroom and the Use of NLP
Techniques
著者名(英) Alberto M. Albuquerque journal or
publication title
山梨学院大学現代ビジネス研究
volume 第6号
page range 23‑38
year 2013‑02‑01
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1188/00002994/
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapanese
ClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques。
AlbertoM.Albuquerque
【Abstract】
This article highlightshow the currentshiftinthe number ofimmigrantsinJapanhas Created a need for diversity and multiculturalawarenessin the classroom because of greatlyincreasedinteractionbetweenJapaneseandinternationalstudents.Italsoargues
thatNLP(Neuro−LinguisticProgramming)techniquessuchasrapport,mOdeling,fram一 ingandreframing,andanchoringcanbehelpfultooIsforincreasingclassroomefftctive−
nessandmakingapositiveimpactonthedynamicsoftheclassroom.
【Keyword】
NLP,education,teaChertraining,Classroom,Japan,diversity,multiculturalawareness
DemocratBarackObama′sfirstelectionto theUSpresidencyin2008wasmorethan
a victory over Republicans.It was also a Victory for allthe people who had prevト ously been ignored and bullied by the
mainstrearn Culture.Those peoplein−
cludedmanyof−variousethnic andrelig−
iouspersuasions,aSWellassexualorienta−
tions.Obama′ssecondvictorycanbeseen,
atleastin part,aS a COnfirmation that di一 VerSityandmulticulturalismintheUSare not merely passing fads,and that the WOrld overal1is becoming moreinclusive and arriving at a broader socialoutlook.
Many other nations around the globe are echoingthesamedemandfortherecogniL
tionandrespectofdiversity,includingJa−
pan.AlthoughIwillnotpresentadetailed
discussionofimmigrationissues through−
OutthehistoryofJapan,itisimportantto
notethatpost−WarJapanhaslargelydis−
COuragedimmigrationandhasengagedin various strategies to keel, the gopulation ethnically and culturally homogeneous.
However,during the economic expansion
Ofthe1980s,Japanactivelyturnedtofor−
eigners to fillits demand for workers.1 Since then,the numbers of both foreign Visitors and permanent foreign residents havebeenincreasing.Becausenewcomers arebecoming amuchlargerpart ofJapa−
nese society,thereis an urgent need to raise multiculturaland diversity aware−
ness,eSpeCiallyin the classrooms ofJar pan′seducationalinstitutions.
ー23−
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.
(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)
Classrooms are the prototypes of society.
Ateacher,muChliketheleaderofacoun−
try,Caneitherchoosetoplaythepartofa dictator that reinforces stereotypes and perpetuatesbullying,OrtOplaythepartof aleaderthatworkstomaximize thelearn−
ing of students while at the same time making sure all voices are heard and
takeninto consideration.As teachers,We must be readv to communicate the value
Ofdiversitytostudentsandmotivatethem to respect the differencesinherentin a multiculturalsociety.
riculum,theprocessofbecomingmulticul−
turallycompetent,andthe commitmentto
address societalinjustices. 12Multicultural education reaches beyond mere aware−
ness andunderstandingofculturaldiffer−
encesandavoidance ofstereotypes to es−
tablishaneffectiveandmeaningfuldimen−
sionfortheeducationofinternationalahd domesticstudents.
Iprefer to use the terminology′interna−
tionalstudent′insteadof′foreignstudent′
becauseitsounds正10reinclusive.Accord−
ing to Pedersen3,thereis some contro−
versy about whether the correct term is internationalstudent or foreign student.
Ashestates,thewordforeignhasanega−
tive connotation,Iagree to that,andIam also not fond of gaLan(shorter for gaLkr
Ok乙(伽 meaninganoutsiderorforeigner).
InthisarticleIwillavoidthetermforeign,
but for clarification purposesIwillmake
the distinction betweeninternationalstu−
dents,meaningpeoplewhoarecitizensof a country outside ofJapan,and domestic StudentsasresidentcitizensofJapan.
This articleis based on my own system−
atic observations and personalexaminar tion of aJapanese classroomin whichI taught during the past ten years.Iwas also fortunate to have been able to neト WOrk withinternationalcolleagues who
WOrk for public and private universities aroundthecountry.Theysharedsensitive portrayalsoftheirownclassroomsinrela−
tiontotheteachingofdiversityandtheirト
teractions between domestic andinterna−tionalstudents,eSpeCially withinternap
tionalstudents who do not fit the stereo−
type of the whiterskinned,blueueyed,
blond−haired foreigner.Idefine diversity as the presence of Bersonal differences
SuChasethnicity,nationality,gender,relig−
ion,SOCialclass,ability,SeXualpreference Or Orientation,1anguage and representa−
tionalsystem.As formulticulturaleduca−
tion,itisdefinedas ...acomplexapproach toteachingandlearningthatincludesthe
movement toward esuity in schools and
Classrooms,the transformation of the curL
When an educatoris clear about his/her personal involvement and understanding
Ofmulticulturalism,itthenbecomesneces−
SarytOfindandusetechniquesandmeth−
Odologies that better transmitl(nOWledge to a wider range of students.Among the various techniques and methodologies
usedbyteachersaroundtheworld,Ihigh−
1ight the use of the NLP model(Neuro−
Linguistic Programing)as a supportive
toolin(andout)oftheclassr00m,Whichis
relativelynewinJapan.NLPismostsim−
plydefinedasthestudyofexcellence.Ac−
COrding to n血neEitis more specifically definedas, ■Thestudyofthestructureof Subjective experience and what can be Calculated from that,andis predicated uponthebeliefthatallbehaviorhasstrucL ture. 4NLPisused for a variety of pur.
posesthatincludetherapy,Salesandcom−
munication skillsin addition to education.
According to PhilAtkinson,f●NLP has muchtodowithhelpingtoimprovelead−
ership・Capability amongst high achievers and,mOreimportantly,Can help people break from their comfort zones and work
across functional boundaries by radically improvinginter−perSOnalcommunication and building a culture of trust:.5 What goes oninside each person′s brain・is unique because eachperson′s experience Of the worldis uniquely subjective.With lOOpeopledoingthesametask,Whathap−
pensinternallyinthemindsandbodiesof thoselOOpeoplewillbedifferentforeach andeveryoneofthem.
NLPBackgrounc!
NLPis a modelthat was developed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder at the University of Californiain Santa Cruzin the mid−1970s.Bandler and Grinder Werebothinterestedinhowcertainpeople
were able to communicate and influence
more effectively thanothers.6Theystud−
ied highly successfultherapistslike Vir−
ginia Satir(family therapy),Franz Perls
(gestalttherapy)andMiltonErickson(1anA guagepatterns),identifyingthecommuni−
Cation techniques they used to facilitate positivechangeinothers,NLPisoftende−
SCribedasthestudyoftherelationshipbe−
tweenthebrain,languageandbehavior.7
The ■一Neuro‖of NLP acknowledges the concept that all behavior stems from the ways in which humans neurologicallV
process sight,SOund,Smell,taSte,tOuCh andfeeling.Thisproducesreactions,Opin−
ions,thoughts and behaviors.Use of the word Linguistics. indicates how we use language to communicate our thought to Others.Theword‖programming refersto ll techniques people can use to organize ideasand actionsinorder to produce the desired results.NLPis a systematic ap−
proach toinfluence perceptions,feelings andbehaviorsinone′sselfandinothers.It involvesseveraltheoriesofhowandwhy
peopleacquireinformationabouttheir en−
Vironment8
Bandler and Grinder modeled what suc〜
CeSSfulcommunicatorsdidandhowthey diditinstead of relying on a theory of
Why something might work.The basic appr〇aChtheytookwaspragmaticandreL Sults−Orientedratherthanjusttheoretical.
NLPfocusesonpositivity,aimingforade−
Sired outcome by focusing on what one
WantS rather than what one does not
Want.Forinstance,insteadoffocusingon
‖Idon twanttofailthisclass,OneWOuld †l focusinsteadon,r Iwanttosucceedinthis class:f
NLPcreates positive attitudes andbehav−
−25一
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.
(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)
sultincertaincharacteristics beinghighly
prizedintheeducationalsystem.Theseir卜 clude perseverance,diligence,hard work,
respect,mannerS and so on.Children are taughttohavetherightmentalattitudeto〜
wards their goal,tO engagein complex groupactivitiesaswellasroutinecleaning tasks.EducationinJapanis aligned with its collectivist culture,Which basically means thatindividuals tend to see them−
selves as members of a group and con−
sider the needs of the group to be more importantthanpersonalneeds.Becauseof
this,Japanese education emphasizes ‖a greater pressure toward uniformity and
homogeneitythantowardindividualityof
expression. 10These culturaland educa−
tionalsygtemsaredeeplyembeddedinthe Japanesemindset,andeverymemberofa groupperceiveshowthingsaretobedone andwhatisexpectedofthemwithoutnecL essarily being explicitly told and without the expression of personalopinions.In a classroomwherethe teacherandstudents arefamiliarwiththesame culturalnorms,
there willnaturally be a common under−
standing.Butin a diverse classroom,
meaning one thatincludesinternational studentsaswellasJapanesestudentswho have been educated abroad,many might feelaconstantsenseoffrustrationandun−
certainty.This state of confusion on the part of some students is caused by not knowing exactly how or why thihgs are being donein a certain way.This may blockthediscussiononhowstudentswho
share a different culture and understand−
ina can overcome personal fears of ex‑
iorsthathelppeopleunderstandandiden−
tifywhatsuccessisandhowtheycancre−
ateit for themselves and others.Itis also used by many companies that are abarr doning the old approach of conducting trainings consisting only of an instructor
talkingattraineesformanyhours.Instead,
they are experimenting with alternative techniques that build psychologicalele−
mentsinto the training to maximize pro−
ductivity,9NLP uses a variety of strate−
gies,principles and beliefs about human COmmunication,perCeptionandsubjective
experience.Thecoreprincipleisthatindi一 viduals′thoughts,geStureSand wordsin−
teract to create their perception of the
worldaroundthem.
AccordingtoNLP,eaChofushasaninner
‖map‖or modelofthe world;a grOup Of assumptionsfromwhichwecommunicate byourdailybehaviorsthatincludetoneof voice,geStureS,Choice of words and de−
greeofeyecontact.Theseareunderlying assumptions that constitute what is knownas ccmmLHフ元署血 andwhichcre−
ate a framework for understanding one another.Therefore,a teaCherin the class−
room would takeinto consideration not
Only his/her words or the subject being taught,butalsohowtheinstructionisbe−
ingdelivered.
Education,CollectivismandNLP
Generallyspeaking,the goalof education is being reevaluated around the world to fit the demandsofa rapidly changing en−
vironment.CulturaltraditionsinJapan reL
pressioninthe classroom,Simplybecause there may be no space for personalex−
pression.Forbetterorworse,manyteaCh−
ersinJapanhavebeeneducatedinthetrar ditional ways and are not accustomed to COeXisting with differences or expressing personalopinionsconfidently.一■Adultedu−
CatOrS,historically,mOdeltheirteachingaf−
terthe classroomlectures theyremember fromtheirchildhoods: 11
encesinlearning styles as wellasin→
CreaSeStheattentionpaidtothe transmis−
Sionandunderstandingofamessage.Fur−
thermore,itis highly effectivein educat−
ingyoungsters,helpingthemtoovercome
fears,anXieties andlimitations.Itcanalso be very useful in preparing domestic stu‑
dents for a globalcareer where the ex−
pressionofopinionsandanunderstanding of diversity will be both encouraged and
expected.NLPalsooffersexceptionaltech−
niques and tips that can mal(e an enOrL mousimpactin the classroom by helping teachers to get their message across eas−
ily.AITlOng the various techniques avaiト ableIwillhighlight four thatIthink are essentialtotheimprovementofclassroom dynamics.Theyinclu〔lel御αtmO(おHng
カ召〟プ血gβ刀dノ℃カ召ノ刀血g β月dβ刀dα血g
Afterintroducing these NLP techniques,I Willdescribe my personalexperiencesin usingthem.
Rapport
Rapportis a complex phenomenon that Canbedefinedasarelationshipofrespon−
Siveness to self or others.13It can also be
defined as having a positive,harmonious
and sympathetic attention or relation to anotherperson.Rapportisoneofthemost prominentfeaturesofunconscioushuman
interactionandisoftenoneofthefirstele−
ments to emergein any relationship.It doesnotmeanthatpeople whohave rap−
portareinlove witheachother,although peoplewhoareinlovewouldtypicallybe
expectedtohavegoodrapport.Itisacom−
monality of perspective,Of beingin tune Mypersonalopinionisthateveryeducator
mustfirstbecomeawareoftheirpersonal limitations and develop a broad under−
Standingofdiversepatternsandlifestyles,
aswellasl(nOWingtheircorevaluesasin−
dividuals.BycorevaluesImeanwhatwe StrOnglybelievetobetrueintherealmsof
ethicsandideology.Second,Ibelieveitis Criticalthateducatorsevaluate themselves
for personalbias,StereOtypeS,and dis−
Crimination.Knowingaboutandrevealing hiddenpreconceptionscangiveteachersa
higher degree of self▼aWareneSS.Re−
Cently,muCh attention has been given to SelfLeValuation and understanding per←
SOnalvalues.Asanexample,pSyChologists at Harvard University,the University of
VirginiaandtheUniversityofWashington
developedaHiddenBiasTestnamed伽r
.わcthTPhtlt12Itis used to measure un−
COnSCiousbias,andtohelpstopprejudice 年nddiscrimination.
TheuseofNLPintheclassroomsupports the teacher and enhances the effective−
ness of classroom communication while facilitatinglearningandpersonaldevelop▼
ment.It promotes awareness of differ−
−27−
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.
(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)
port to happen,teaChers should give up their dominant role and be more of an equallearningpartner.. 14whenateacher has positive rapport with students and Showsgenuineinterestintheirlearning,it tendstoimprovestudents′academicwork andhelpstokeepthemmotivatedandon
task15
With eachother,Of mutualunderstanding thatis facilitatedin part by communica−
tion that occurs easily.People who have good rapport with each other tend to re−
flectandmatcheachotherinposture,geS−
tureandeyecontact.0necantellifacour ple has goodrappottbecause their move−
mentsareusual1ysynchronized.Mk7tWing is a technisue used to build rapport in a
one−OnpOneSituationinorder toconnect
energetically.Mirroringissimplytheproc−
essofmimickingsubtlebehaviorssuchas
SpeeChpatterns,bodylanguage,1anguage patterns,paCe,tempO,pitch,tOne and vol−
umewithanotherperson.
EarlyresearchersofNLPnoticedthatpeo−
pleexperiencetheworldwiththeirsenses,
and those experiences are keptintheir
brains as visual,auditory,kinesthetic,01−
factory
VAKOG senses,also known as thel研一 5e乃由伽耶由m5ノβ or β/血dノ℃pノで−
sen由比沼als3$teH7)170ursensesoftaste and touch are also capable of providing VaStquantitiesofinformationtoourbrain.
Thepreferredrepresentationalsystemhas beenusedfordecades,andmanyteachers
have noted how a student′s modality strengths and weaknesses should be
takenintoconsiderationbecauseastudent learns more wheninstructionis modified to match preferred modality patterns.We use our regresentation systems in nearly
everything we do,includinglearning,re−
membering,planning,fantasizing and problemsoIving.
Aseducators,ゐclbl耶Sわアブisthefirst toolusedtobuildrapportandsetstudents
atease.Forexample,Whenteacherssmile inclass,Studentswillunconsciouslyhave
afeeling that the teacheris happy to see them,andthiswillproduceapleasantfeeト ingin them and an overallcongenialatT mosphere.Teachers′ body language should be alert and confident,aVOiding hands on hips,folding arms or feet to−
gether.The teacher should maintain an equaltreatment of allstudents and be courteous towards everyone.This might be a challenge,takinginto consideration thatmanyteachershavefavoritestudents
inclass(whicharethestudentswhousu−
al1ymatchthesamecommunicationstyle
astheteacher).
In English one can observe the individ‑
ual′spreferredrepresentationalsystemby the words thev use in such exampies as thefollowing: Iseewhatyoumean (visL ual);一 oh,Ihearyou■l(auditory);Or Ifeel Icandoit (1(inesthetic).However,inJapa−
neseitis a bit more challenging because Rapport,therefore,is aboutmutualityand
not domination,andit should build trust
between a teacher and students.For rap−
thelanguageismoreestablishedandstan−
dardized(additionallinguistic researchin thisareaisrequiredinordertoidentifyinL dividualrepresentationalstyles through
the use of wordsinJapanese).Another way of finding students′1earning styles
(visual,auditory or kinesthetic)is by ob−
SerVingtheireyemovements(seefigurel below).There are differencesin people′s bodieswhentheyarethinkinginacertain Way.The way we think affects ourbody andthewayweuseourbodyaffectsour Way Of thinking.We move our eyesin a SyStematicwaydependingonhowweare
thinking.In NLP,itis called eye−aCCeSS−
ing cues18because they are thevisual CueSthatlet us know howpeople are ac−
CeSSinginformation.Whenwelookup,We are generally connecting with pictures.
Moving the eyes down and to the right COnneCtS uS With kinesthetic sensations,
feelings and our own self−talk.Moving the eyesleftandrighthorizontally at the
mind‑line of sight invokes our auditory
Channels.Ifweareabletodiscernthepre¶
ferredvisual,auditory and kinesthetic se−
quences of the person with whom we WanttOCOmmunicate,WeCanCOnVeyOur
messagetothatpersoninher/hisownlan−
guage style,Whichmal(eSfor more effec−
tivecommunication
Fig.01
1〜(KC)Accessing touch,taSte,Smelland feelings.
2−Hearinginternaldialogue.
3−(AC)Rememberingsounds.
4r(VC)Constructingpictures.
5−(VC)RememberingPictures.
6−(AC)Constructingsounds.
KC:Kinestheticcues AC:Auditorycues
VC:Visualcues
Thisoftenproducesamazing resultseven thoughitisonlyamodel.Inordertogain
COnfidence in eye−aCCeSSing cues,a teacher should start by asking questions
and observing the subsequent eye moveL ments of students.When a teacheris aware of how students are accessing the information being taught,the teaching/
1earningprocesswillbesmoother.ForexL
ample,ifstudents keeploolくing up during theconversation,theyareaccessingvisual informationandagreatersenseofrapport
WOuldbegainedbyusingvisualterminoト
Ogy.Similarly,if students arelooking to thesides,thisindicatestheyareaccessing auditory information by remembering or imagining sounds.Auditory thinkers Spend alot of timelooking down and to
theirleft while thinking.Al(inesthetic thinker will look down and to the right
and tend to move more slowly than othL ers.A teacher who talks toofast to some−
【29−
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.
(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)
One Whois a kinesthetic thinker willnot
getgoodcommunicationfeedback.0verall,
itisveryimportantthat the teacheradapt to students who are visual,auditory and kinestheticin order to transmitinforma−
tioneffectivelyandpromotegoodcommu−
nication.
ingofcertainbehaviors.
Whether at the conscious or unconscious level,Wheneverweneedtodosomething for the first time,We aCCeSS Our rnemOry archives to find information about others Who did a similar task remarkably well.
For example,at the beginning of my
teachingcareer,Iusedtomodelmyselfaf−
ter one of my university professors who wasatthesametimebothlikeable andin−
Spiring.He hadaverypleasant voice and alwayssmiled,andwhenhe spokeit was asifheweresharingsomegoodnews.On myfirstdayintheclassroomworkingas a teacher,Ispokein a similar tone and
keptonsmilingashedid.Asaresult,Ifelt moreconfidenttogoonandkeepimprov−
ing my teaching skills while developing mypersonalstyleofteaching.
Apart from the VAKOG senses,perSOnal andculturalexperiences,aSWellasvalues andbeliefs,have aninfluence on anindiL
vidual′sperceptionoftheworldandwhat
Willbekeptinthememory.Thereatealso
Students who are moreleft−brained,
meaning they are more rationaland ana−
1ytical,While others are more nkht−
Lm血ed meaning more prone to creative andintuitiveexplanations,discussionsand experientiallearning.Bothgroupsmustbe accommodated・19
Modeling
InNLP,SuCCeSSfulbehaviorshouldbeobL
SerVed,replicated and modeled.We can alsolearn whatever skills wi11work well
for others.Thisis one of the foundations Of NLP andis called mo(由肋?g20Itis based on the presupposition thatif some−
One else can do something extraordinary,
then anyone can.Itis about achieving an OutCOme by studying how someone else
goes aboutit.Modelinginvolves the dis−
COVeryOfwhatmakesanotherpersonper−
form so well.This discovery can occur through close,trained observation that anyone has the ability to undertal(e.The key is to find the thinking strategies and patternsbeing used,nOt merely the copy−
The following are the three steps of suc−
CeSSfulmodeling:1)Gatherinformation byfocusingonl−what‖thepersondoes(beL havior and physiology),‖how‖they doit
(internalthinking strategies)and ‖why‖
theydoit(supportingbeliefsandassump−
tions)−On a Side note,itis necessary to COnSiderhowtoapproachthegatheringof information so thatis respectfulto the Subject being modeled;2)Identify what elements are significant or relevant and What exactly thesubjectdoesthat makes adifference;and3)Designandorganize patternsinto a modelfor usein a certain
context.Once theinformation on how to
apply a particular sl(illis obtained,the
learning canbe transformedinto a model
fromwhichotherscanalsobenefit.
Whatone chooses tofocus on.Reframing involves a change of perspective.Events Canbelookedatandinterpretedinvarious WayS,Changing the meaning of the event to the personwho experiencedit without Changing theeventitself.In the case of a student who might feel extremely disap‑
pointedbecause of alow grade on an asr Signment,framingandreframingcanbea usefultooltoencouragethestudent.Inthe NLP approach,thereis no such thing as
failure,Only feedback.Itis essentialthat students understand that a mistake is not SynOnymOuSWithfailure.
NLPModelingisanexcellentprocessthat Can aCCelerate thelearning of skills.In COOking,a reCipeis a kind of modelfor
howtocreateaparticulardish.Inarchitec−
ture,drawingsaremodelsofhowtocreate buildings,large structures and other edi−
fices.Educatorscanalsomakeuseofmod,
eling to gain valuable teaching skills that theymaylackatpresent,
FramingandReframing
伽加gishowwemakesenseofsome−
thing and how we structure our experiT
ences.21Aswefaceacertainepisode,We will automatically decode what happened
and,depending the context,We might frame the situation positively or nega−
tively.Memoriescanbegoodorbad,butin reality memories are not responsible for
Our emOtions.One part of the brain(the hippocampus)is responsible for the storL age,retrievaland reproduction oflong¶
term memories while another (the amygdala)is responsible for producing emotions.22 BeCause emotions are not
StOredinthememory,theyaremerelyref−
erences,Which meansitis possible to Change the emotion associated with a
memOry.
In the case of the student who received a
lowgrade,theteachershouldaskhim/her to see the situation through a third−per−
SOnperSpeCtive,aSl(ing thestudent todis−
tance him/herself from the situation and frameit,aSifit were apicture.Iusually tellmystudentsthateachoneofushasa
littlemuseum,fullofpictures,Whichreprer SentOureXperiences,andfromwhich we
Canlearnmanythings.Inthecaseoffram−
ing and reframing,the teacher helps the Student to put the situationinto perspec−
tive.Thelow gradeis only onelearning experience among many others,andlike everysituationinlife,itcanbeseenposip tively or negatively.The moreimportant questioniswhatthestudentlearnedfrom
thesituation.Sometimes,Studentscometo class with a preconceived negative idea
about the subject,aSin‖Thisis too diffト cultandIcan′tlearnit. Inacaselikethis,
the teacher shouldhelp the student to re−
frame andjettison the negative belief.By
Rehamカ7g23 something to changeits
meaningis donebyputtingitin a differ−
entsetting,COnteXtOrframe.Thebasisfor reframing comes from the fact that the
COntentOrmeaningofasituationisdeter mined by the contextit appearsin,Or
−31−
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.
(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)
plinetheclass,andyetanotherforwhenit istime toassignhomework.Ineach case,
the actionmustbeunique to onelocation and used consistently.After a certain amount of time,Students willbecome ac−
CuStOmedtoit,anditwillnotbenecessary to repeat the same sermon at the beginr ning of class along thelines of‖Be quiet andpayattentiontowhatIhavetosay:.
using positivelanguage to reframe sitt卜 ations,WeCanCreateamOrepOSitiveenvi−
ronmentinour classrooms.Students need encouragement to continually grow their CapaCity to accentuate the positive.This Wi11puttheminbettercontroloftheirlife aswellasincreasetheirself−eSteem.
Anchor
Ananchα一isastimulusthatalwayscalls for the same reaction and desired feeト ings.24It can function consciously or un−
COnSCiously,anditcanbeobservedorcan take the form of a change orinner state.
An anchor is a form of conditioning and Stimulatingthebraintobeinanystate as Wellas creating aroutine.Routines are a fundamentalpartofourlivesandwecon−
SCiously or unconsciously depend upon themdailyinouractionsandbehaviors.It isthesameideawhencreatinganchorsin
the classroc)m・A teacher can use various anchors to set the mood of the class,tO transmit key messages,and mostimpor−
tant of allto speakless.The concept and thesignalwillbeconnectedandanchored
by one another.Therefore,in many situp ations,WOrdswillbecomeunnecessary.
Someanchorsneedtobeexplainedforan
immediate response.For example,at the beginningofmylessonsIplayaCD with
SOme nice music.Onthefirstday,Ioften explain to my students that during the
musictheclassisnotyetstartedandthey
CanChat,takeanap,Checktheirphone,etC.
However,aS SOOn aS the music stops,the lessonbeginsandtheirfullattentionisre−
quired−In allmy classes,When theinitial music ends,eVeryOne knowsitis time to
bequietandIdonotneedtokeep asking
them to pay attention.The truly distincL tive effect that anchors have is that they become rituals that act as a bond and tie the class together with a shared under−
Standingofwhatisexpected.
TheFirstContactwithaNewCJass
This article is based on the following
ClassesthatIteach:SeminarsA,B,andC
Whereinstudentslearn about communica−
tionforinternationaltravel,Culture,public Speakingandmakingpresentation畠.InorL dertoavoidminorbehavioralproblems,it
is necessary on the first day to set the OVeralltoneoftheclassandgivestudents perspective by raising awareness about There are verbaland nonverbalanchors,
Whichisimportant because there will likelybestudentswhoarevisual,auditory and kinestheticlearnersin the classroom.
Itisagoodideatodesignandutilizevari−
OuSStylesofanchors.Ateacher canset a
certainlocationintheroomthatisusedto
get the attention of the class,Or anOther
thatis usedwhenitis necessary to disci−
showupsaying, Ihadacold:一NowItell them that if they are going to miss class they must contact me by emailsoIwill knowinadvance,Incaseswheretheyare absent for more than two weeks because
ofani11ness,theymustpresentadoctor′s Verification.If they failto bring me such evidence,Iwillreducetheirgradeoreven failthemdepending of the numberof ab−
SenCeS.Ialso tellthem,however,that the gradeIgivedoesnotmeanthatIlikeordo
notlike them;my gradingis based on theirmeritandfollowingestablishedclass
rules.
theirgoals.OneofthebasicbeliefsofNLP is thatknowing whatone wants willaid
Onein obtainingit.On the other hand,if Onedoesnotknowwhatonewants,itwill
bemuchmore difficult(ifnotimpossible)
to obtainit.Many university students at−
tend classes just because they are sup−
posedto,Withouthavingaspecificgoalor Without giving much thought to what they willdo with their university degree.
Such students tend to become distracted anddisturbtheclassmoreoften
Onthefirstdayofclass,afterintroducing myselftothestudentsandthestudentsto
each other,Ithen present the class rules.
ThisisparticularlyeffectivehereinJapan Wherepeoplearegenerallyusedtofollow−
ing rules.The classroomis no different,
and once they know the rules,they will feel more comfortable and safe knowing Whatisexpected Students are often corr Cernedaboutwhattheyneedtodotopass theclass,andgivingalltheinformationon the first day willavoid future anxiety.
Theserulesareappliedtoallstudents,and inclasses thatincludeinternationalstu−
dents,Itake the time to research their countrV and culture in order to better COmmunicatewiththem.
As for attitude,Ienforce that we are a
team,andasateamweneedtobecourte−
OuS and respectfultowards each other.
Somestudentsarejustplainrude,andthis
isasadrealityofmoderntimes.However,
educatorswhounderstandthe NLPmodel Shouldalwaysemphasizeandfocusonthe positive.
AfterIintroduce therules,Igive mystuL dents a piece of paper so they can write What they expect from me as a teacher andfrom theclass(giving their namesis Optionalfor this activity).After collecting theiranswers,Ireadthemoutloudto the
whole class.OftenIget commentslike lI expectyourclasstobeveryshortwithno
homework and no tests.‖Ilikeit when they make commentslike this becauseit
gives me achance totalkabout personal
responsibility.AsIread,Iadd bits of dramatizationsuchas, oh,thatissuch a greatidea!Thirty−minutelessons would Iamalsostrictaboutclassattendanceand
having a positive attitude,andImake a pointofexplainingthedifferencebetween havingapositiveattitudeandbeingapas−
Sivelearner.In the past,Ihad problems With students who would disappear for
two or three weeks and then suddenly
−33−
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques.
(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)
andtoseethisclassasonewaytosupport theachievementofthosegoals.Duringthe semester,Ikeep on reminding them of
those same questions.Ireinforce theim−
portance of clearly understanding the benefits they can obtain by getting a
meaningfuleducation.Tal(ing a class without aninterest or desire tolearn
would otherwise become a tedious and pointlessexperience.
be wonderful!No homework and no tests
tocorrectwillsavemealotoftime!‖Then Ipause,aSifIjustrememberedsomething important, oh,Wait.Icannot do that be−
CauSeWhenIwashired,Imadeapromise thatIwouldteachyouforninetyminutes perlesson and make sure you arelearn−
ing.WhenIgiveyouhomeworkandtests,
I do that to make sure uou understand
WhatIam teaching.AIso,ifIonly had a thirtyLminutelesson,Iwouldbebreaking
my promise to the university,and you
′ WOuldnotbegettingyourmoneysworth for the tuition you ve paid.Iwilldo the bestIcan to make this classinteresting andwillnotoverloadyouwithhomework andtests,butIdoneedyourhelpingiving
megoodfeedback.Areyouokwiththat?
Theywi1loftenanswer, lYes.
Theword promise‖isemphasizedbecause Ihave noticed that peopleinJapan are genuineaboutfo1lowinguponapromise.I Wantrny Students tohave the same seri−
OuSneSS about theirlearning.Once the rules are understood,Imove towards stimulating their motivation.Ifirst ask them the following questions:What are your dreams?What do you see yourself doingfiveyearsfromnow?Howcanthis Class help yourpersonalandprofessional life?Manystudentsfeelpuzzledby these questions because they might have as−
sumed thatIwould startlecturing from Chapter one of the textbook.For me,itis WOrth spending the first day explaining the rules and putting theminto perspec−
tive.Iwantthemtothinkabouttheirgoals,
Only after allof that doIthenintroduce
theclasssubject.Ingroupsoftwotofour,
lIaskthemtodiscusshowmyclassmight helpthemintheirfuture.Idonotaskthem to share their answers with the whole classbecauseIamstillworking onbuild−
ing rapport with them.Ialso startputting into place the anchors thatIwilluse
throughoutthe semester.Iamalwaysex−
tremely carefulto send both verbaland
nonverbalcues such as, Itis ok to ask questions: whenever someone mal(eS a comment,Ithank her/him f()rit and say thatIlikehearingstudents′questionsand COmmentS.IalsohighlightthatIviewmis−
takes as a positive part of the learning process.Idonotcallanyspecialattention tointernationalstudents during the first dayofclassbecauseusuallytheyaretry−
ing to conform to their fellow students.
During′thesecondclass,Iaskstudentsto more fullyintroduce themselves,and by
thistimetheyaremorecomfortablewith eachother′sdifferences.
Unfortunately,many Students do not
Show up on the first day of class.Ofterr
times,neWStudentswillnotshowupuntil the secondor thirddayof classes.Those newstudentshave not receiiTed the same
Orientation as the students who came on
the first day,and may therefore feelat a loss.Irecentlyincorporated a short video explaining the class,including the rules.
Students who miss my first class are
asked to watch the video.Afterwards,
theyarerequiredtosendmeanemailsayr ing whether they agree with the class rulesornotandif theywant to continue taking my class.Ireinforce thatIwill grade them according to their merit and followingestablishedclassrules.
Conc[usion
The worldisslowlywakingup to theob¶
Vious¶that each one of usis unique and We CannOlongerbe expected to think or functioninexactlythesamewaysasoth−
ers.Eachofushasadifferentapproach to andpurposeinlife,One thatis ours alone
to fulfill.Unfortunately,SOmetimes we have not even been allowed or given the
OppOrtunity toimprove our abilities and talents,Whichis often a result of social pressures.Aseducators,We muSt prOVide a positive and safe environment where
our students find it possible to be their uniqueselves,learn enoughtofulfilltheir dreams,and have aninternationally−Ori−
entedmindofacceptance,reSpeCt and so−
Ciability.These goals can be easily at−
tainedin amulticulturaland diverse enviA
ronment.
A significant factorin my classroomis that mylessons are taughtin English,a languagethatisnotnativetothestudents.
Having to communicatein a secondlan−
guage puts the students in a vulnerable Situation whereitis safer not to speakin Order to avoid mal(ing mistakes and feeト ing embarrassed,Another factor thatin−
itiallyaffects the dynamicsofthe classis the presence of some internationalstu−
dents,Who arelikely to be more aggres−
Sivewhenspeakingthanthedomesticstu¶
dents.Thiscancause someinitialfriction,
butIconsider such encounters to be rich learning opportunities for understanding and accepting culturaldifferences.There−
fore,Iorganize group activitiesin class Where students from different nationali−
ties can experience working together.Af−
ter a while,the differences tend to melt intotheunityandwholenessoftheclass.
Inadditiontothesubjectcontentweteach,
one of the purposes of our classes is to Prepare Students for their own personal
growth,maturityanddevelopmenttobeト terembodywhotheyreallyare.TheNLP
tooIsarereadytobeusedtomaximizeour
potentialas teachers,and help our stu−
dentsin fulfilling their own potential.As theworldchanges,itispreciselyourabil−
ityaseducatorstoidentifydifferencesand manage them respectfully that will make ameaningfulimpactintheclassroom.
NLPoffersnewskillsandwaysofdealing with people from various cultural back grounds aswellaslistening andidentify一
−35−
DiversityandMulticulturalAwarenessintheJapaneseClassroomandtheuseofNLPTechniques・
(AlbertoM.Albuquerque)
ing people′s preferred representational systems.Eachis clearly recognizable when one knows what signs tolook for.
The instant recognition that comes with timeandpracticeallowsteacherstoeffecL tivelycommunicatewithstudentsinboth verbalandnonMVerballanguages.
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