ᱧผㇺᏒ㒐ἴ⺰ᢥ㓸 Vol.2㧔2008ᐕ10㧕
Ꮢ᳃ෳടࠍଦㅴߔࠆߚߩ
ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍ↪ߒߚἴኂ࿑⸠✵㧔
DIG㧕ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
㧙㜞㦂⠪߿ᤤ㑆ਇ⠪ߩᄙߊߩᱧผၞࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ㧙
RESEARCH ON DISASTER IMAGINATION GAME USING THE INTERNET TO PROMOTE
THE CITIZEN'S PARTICIPATION
– for Large Number of Traditional Areas with Aged or Daytime Absentee Dwellers -
ᄢ┄ஜਯ
1ḡ⟤♿
2Takeyuki OKUBO, Miki MAYU
1┙㙚ᄢቇᢎ ℂᎿቇㇱㇺᏒࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᎿቇ⑼㧔ޥ525-8577 ṑ⾐⋵⨲ᵤᏒ㊁〝᧲1-1-1㧕
Professor, Ritsumeikan University, Dept. of Civil Engineering
2દ⮮ᔘ࠹ࠢࡁ࠰ࡘ࡚ࠪࡦ࠭ᩣᑼળ␠㧔ޥ100-6080 ᧲੩ㇺජઍ↰㔰߇㑐3-2-5 㔰߇㑐ࡆ࡞㧕
Engineer, ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation
Disaster Imagination Game (DIG) is the method for disaster prevention, in which participants do brainstorm and build local disaster planning. This study proposes a virtual workshop through internet, which provide solution to fundamental problems of existing DIG. Participants don't have to gather at the same place, and at the same time. They can enjoy this computerized workshop at a decided time, from anywhere. This study moreover provides anybody an access to workshop results, and let them write their opinions even after the workshop. This will make it easier for local disaster planning to get a wide variety of useful information.
Key Words : Local disaster preparedness, Disaster prevention map, Disaster Imagination Game, Internet,
Citizen's participation 㧝㧚⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊ߣ⋡⊛ ἴኂ࿑⸠✵㧝㧕㧔એਅ DIG ߣߔࠆ㧕ߣߪޔෳട⠪߇࿑ߩߦᦠ߈ㄟߺࠍⴕߥ߇ࠄޔၞߦ߅ߌࠆ㒐 ἴߩ⺖㗴߿ኻ╷ߥߤߦߟߡࡉࠗࡦࠬ࠻ࡒࡦࠣࠍⴕޔᚑᨐࠍ㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊߣߒߡ࿑ߦ߹ߣࠆߎ ߣߩߢ߈ࠆ㒐ἴ⸠✵ᚻᴺߢࠆޕࠃࠅലߥᚑᨐࠍߍࠆߚߦߪޔᄙ᭽ߥ┙႐ߩၞ᳃ߩෳട߇ᦸ߹ࠇ ࠆ߇ޔ․ߦવ⛔⊛ߥᧁㅧၞߩᄙߊߢߪޔ㜞㦂ൻ߇ㅴ৻ᣇᣣਛਇߩ⧯᳃߽ᄙޕߎࠇࠄࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ ࠶ࡊળ႐ߦ⋥ធ⿷ࠍㆇ߱ߎߣ߇࿎㔍ߥੱޘߩᗧࠍߤ߁ᤋߒޔἴኂᤨߦታജߣߥࠅ߁ࠆ⧯ઍߩ᳃ ߦ߆ߦ㑐ࠊߞߡ߽ࠄ߁߆߇ߩDIG ߩ⺖㗴ὐߣ߃ࠆޕ DIG ߢߪޔᄢ߈ߥ࿑ࠍෳട⠪ߢ࿐ߺޔߦㅘࠪ࠻ࠍ㊀ߨߡࡑࠫ࠶ࠢ߿ઃ▐⚕ޔࠞࠪ࡞ߥߤࠍ ↪ߡᖱႎߩᦠ߈ㄟߺࠍߔࠆޕDIG ࠍⴕ߁⋡⊛ߦࠃߞߡᦠ߈ㄟߺౝኈߪᄌൻߔࠆ߇ޔ߃߫㔡ἴኂᤨߩኻ ᔕࠍᗐቯߒߚ↸ౝળනߩⷙᮨߢⴕ߁DIG ߢߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥᖱႎࠍᦠ߈ㄟޕ ̒ ၞߩ⁁ ̄ ㆱ㔍ᚲߩ⟎ ̄ ἴኂᤨߦ㊀ⷐߥᣉ⸳㧔∛㒮㒐ἴౕེᐶ㘩ᢱຠᐫߥߤ㧕ߩ⟎ ̄ ᢿ᳓ᤨߦ߽↪น⢻ߥ᳓ߩ⟎㧔⥄ὼ᳓ޔ⾂᳓ᮏߥߤ㧕 ̄ ᶖἫེߩ⟎ ̄ ἴኂᤨ⥄ജߢㆱ㔍ߔࠆߎߣ߇㔍ߒੱߩኅߩ⟎
̒ ᗐቯߔࠆⵍኂ⁁ᴫਅߢ੍ᗐߐࠇࠆߎߣ ̄ ἴኂᤨ㐽Ⴇߒߡߒ߹߁ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ⚦ⴝ〝 ̄ ㆱ㔍ᤨߦෂ㒾ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ႐ᚲߩ⟎㧔ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ႖ୟუ߿ო߿⋴᧼ߩ⪭ਅߩᕟࠇߩࠆ႐ᚲߥߤ㧕 ㅘࠪ࠻ࠍ㊀ߨߡᦠ߈ㄟߎߣߢޔᦠ߈ㄟߺߩୃᱜ߇น⢻ߦߥࠅޔ߹ߚޔࠪ࠻ࠍࠊߌࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ ᐔᏱᤨߣἴኂᤨߥߤޔ⇣ߥࠆ⁁ᴫ߿ᗐቯࠍޘߩࠗࡗߦಽߌߡᦠ߈ㄟߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕDIG ߪෳട⠪߇ ⥄ࠄࡑࠫ࠶ࠢࠍᜬߞߡ⥄⊒⊛ߦᦠ߈ㄟࠎߢߊᬺ߇߹ࠇࠆߩߢޔෳട⠪ਥߩࠗࡔࠫ࠻࠾ࡦࠣߣ ߃ࠆޕ߹ߚᦠ߈ㄟߺߣ૬ⴕߒߡޔᦠ߈ㄟߺౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆࡉࠗࡦࠬ࠻ࡒࡦࠣ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߩߢޔᄙߊߩᗧ ࠍ឵ߢ߈ࠆ᳇ߠ߈ߩ႐ߢ߽ࠆޕၞߩᖱႎߦ♖ㅢߒߡࠆၞ᳃ߩᚻߦࠃߞߡἴኂࠍᗐቯߒߚDIG ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠇ߫ޔၞߦኒ⌕ߒߚ㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊ߇ᒻߣߒߡᱷࠆߣ߁ࡔ࠶࠻߇ࠆޕ߹ߚޔἴኂߩⵍኂ⁁ᴫࠍ ᗐቯߒޔ㕖Ᏹᤨߩኻᔕࠍౕ⊛ߥၞߩ࿑ࠍߥ߇ࠄ⠨߃ࠆߩߢޔࠃࠅߘߩ⁁ᴫਅߦ߅߆ࠇߚ⥄ಽࠍࠗࡔ ࠫߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆޕ ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻㧔એਅࡀ࠶ ࠻ߣߔࠆ㧕ࠍ↪ߒߚᖱႎࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ DIGߦᵴ↪ߔࠆߎߣߢޔ㜞㦂⠪߿り㓚⠪ޔ ⡯⠪ߥߤߩᒰᣣળ႐߳ⴕߌߥੱߢ߽ޔ ⓨ㑆⊛ߦ᜔᧤ߐࠇߕߦࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߦෳ ടߒޔวᗧᒻᚑࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣࠍน⢻ߣߔࠆߣ ߦޔᓟᣣޔࡀ࠶࠻ߢࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߩ ㅊ㛎ࠍࠥࡓᒻᑼߢታᣉน⢻ߣߔࠆߎߣ ߢޔᒰᣣߪᤨ㑆⊛ߦ߽ෳടߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚੱ ߆ࠄ߽ޔᐢߊᗧ߿ᖱႎߩ㓸ࠍน⢻ߣߔ ࠆߚߩޔࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊᚻᴺߩ㐿⊒ߣ⹜ ⴕࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ㧔࿑㧝㧕 㧞㧚ࡀ࠶࠻ෳടဳDIGߩ⁁ߣቯ⟵ ၞ㒐ἴࠍᡰេߔࠆ࠷࡞ߣߒߡߪޔᐞߟ߆ߩᣢᓔ⎇ⓥታ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧞㧕ޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔᣢሽߩ GIS߇ࠞࡃߒߡࠆ▸࿐ౝߢߒ߆↪ߢ߈ߥޔኾ↪ࠕࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠍࠗࡦࠬ࠻࡞ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޔ ၞ․ᕈߦଐࠄߥ৻⥸⊛⁁ᴫߦ㑐ߔࠆౝኈߩߺߢ㛎⠪ޘߩၞ⊛ᖱႎࠍᗐቯߒߡࠗࡔࠫ࠻࠾ࡦ ࠣࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪߢ߈ߥޔ╬ߩ⺖㗴߇ᱷߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔߎࠇࠄߩ⺖㗴ࠍ૬ߖߡᡷༀߔࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔࠢࠗࠕࡦ࠻ߩࡉ࠙ࠩߩߺߢㆇ↪น⢻ߥޔኾ↪ߩGIS߿࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕࠍᔅⷐߣߖߕޔ߆ ߟၞ․ᕈࠍᨵエߦขࠅㄟࠆࠃ߁ߥޔࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍዉߒߚޟࡀ࠶࠻ෳടဳDIGޠࠍ㐿⊒ߔࠆޕߘߩ ᒻᘒߦߟߡޔෳട⠪ߩ㑐ࠊࠅᣇ߆ࠄએਅߩ㧞ߟߦಽ㘃ߒߡቯ⟵ߔࠆޕ Ԙࡀ࠶࠻ળ⼏ဳ&+) ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ㐿ߒߡDIG ࠍⴕޔ㆙㓒߆ࠄ߽ࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡓߦࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻⚻↱ߢDIG ߦෳടߔࠆޕ ԙࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+) ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߩᚑᨐࠍࡌࠬߣߒޔߘࠇ߇⚳ੌߒߚᓟ߆ࠄㅊ㛎߿࿑߳ߩㅊ⸥ߥߤࠍࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍ ߒߡⴕ߁ޕ 㧟㧚ࡀ࠶࠻ෳടဳDIGࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⸳⸘ ታ㓙ߦ⸳⸘㐿⊒ߒߚࡀ࠶࠻ෳടဳDIGߩၮᧄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧦ฬ⒓markmap ߩ᭽ࠍએਅߦ␜ߔޕ C ৻⥸⊛ߥ࠙ࠚࡉࡉ࠙ࠩࠍ↪ߔࠆ ኾ↪ߩ࠰ࡈ࠻ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߥޔ࠙ࠚࡉࡉ࠙ࠩࠍ↪ߒߚࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣߔࠆޕߥ߅ᧄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪMicrosoft ␠ߩInternet Explorer ver6.0 એߩߺߢᱜᏱߦേߔࠆޕ
D છᗧߩၞߩ࿑ࠍขࠅㄟߺน⢻ߣߔࠆ
JPEGޔGIF ߥߤ࠙ࠚࡉࡉ࠙ࠩߢ␜ߢ߈ࠆ↹ࠍ␜ߢ߈ࠆߩߢޔኻ⽎ၞߩ࿑ࠍࠬࠠࡖࡦߒߡ࠺ࠫ ࠲࡞↹ൻߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔߤߩၞߢ߽◲නߦPC ࠍ↪ߚDIG߇ⴕ߃ࠆޕ
E ࿑߳ߩᦠ߈ㄟߺ࠷࡞ߩታⵝ ⍱ᒻឬ↹࠷࡞ޔឬ↹࠷࡞ޔ⋥✢ឬ↹࠷࡞ޔ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻࠷࡞ޔࠬ࠲ࡦࡊ࠷࡞ࠍḰߒޔࡑ࠙ࠬࠍ ↪ߡPC ↹㕙ߦ␜ߒߚ࿑߳ߩᦠ߈ㄟߺࠍน⢻ߣߔࠆޕ F ࠗࡗᯏ⢻ࠍታⵝ ࠗࡗᯏ⢻ࠍḰߒޔ࿑߳ߩᦠ߈ㄟߺᖱႎࠍౝኈߩ⒳㘃ߏߣߦࠗࡗߦಽ㘃น⢻ߣߔࠆޕߎࠇߦࠃߞ ߡ⚕ࡌࠬߩ࿑߳ᦠ߈ㄟ႐วߣ⇣ߥࠅޔߚᖱႎߩߺࠍ◲නߦ␜ߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕෳട⠪ߦ⽶ ᜂ߇߆߆ࠄߥࠃ߁ޔ▤ℂ⠪↹㕙߆ࠄࠗࡗߩಾࠅᦧ߃߇ⴕ߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆޕ G ࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡓߩᖱႎ ࠨࡃPCࠍḰߒޔࠢࠗࠕࡦ࠻PC ߆ࠄᦠ߈ㄟ߹ࠇߚᖱႎࠍోߡࠨࡃ߳ㅍାߒޔߘߎ߆ࠄోࠢ ࠗࠕࡦ࠻PCߦᦝᣂߐࠇߚᖱႎࠍ㈩ାߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߎߣߢᦠ߈ㄟߺᖱႎߩࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡓࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆޕ H ࠴ࡖ࠶࠻ᯏ⢻ࠁ߮ߐߒᯏ⢻ ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ห჻߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠍߣࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ࠴ࡖ࠶࠻ᯏ⢻ࠍઃടߔࠆޕ࿑ࠍᜰߐ ߒߡ⼏⺰ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ࿑ࠍࠢ࠶ࠢߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ࠴ࡖ࠶࠻ߦᐳᮡࠍᦠ߈ㄟߺޔઁߩෳട⠪߇ߘߩ ᐳᮡࠍࠢ࠶ࠢߔࠆߎߣߢޔᦠ߈ㄟ߹ࠇߚᐳᮡ߹ߢ↹㕙߇ࠬࠢࡠ࡞ߔࠆᯏ⢻㧔ࠁ߮ߐߒᯏ⢻㧕ࠍታⵝߔࠆޕ I ળ႐ߩࡆ࠺ࠝᤋࠍਛ⛮ ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ߦࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊળ႐ߩㅴⴕߩ᭽ሶࠍࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡓߦવ߃ࠆߚߦޔળ႐ߩࡆ࠺ࠝ ᤋࠍࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍߒߡࠬ࠻ࡒࡦࠣਛ⛮ࠍน⢻ߣߔࠆޕ J ἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓߩታⵝ ᚑߒߚ㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊࠍၮߦޔἴኂᤨߩ⁁ᴫࠍࠃࠅታᗵࠍ߽ߞߡࠗࡔࠫߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥޔἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓ ࠍḰߔࠆޕ K )25࠺࠲ࠍ↪ߒߡ౮⌀ࠍᓇὐߦ␜ ࿑ࠍනߦ↹ߣߒߡᛒ߁ߛߌߢߥߊޔ✲ᐲ⚻ᐲߣ↹ߩ⟎ࠍኻᔕߠߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆޕ ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡޔ࠲࠙ࡦ࠙ࠜ࠶࠴ࡦࠣߩ㓙ߦ)25ߢขᓧߒߚ✲ᐲ⚻ᐲᖱႎࠍ↪ߡޔ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞ࠞࡔߢᓇ ߒߚ౮⌀ࠍᓇὐߦวࠊߖߡ␜น⢻ߣߔࠆޕ 㧠㧚ࡀ࠶࠻ෳടဳDIGߩታ㛎߅ࠃ߮ታ〣 ࡀ࠶࠻ળ⼏ဳ&+)ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᬌ⸽ታ㛎 ࡀ࠶࠻ળ⼏ဳ&+)ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߒޔ⹜㛎⊛ߦㆇ↪ߔࠆߎߣߢ⺖㗴ὐࠍߔࠆߚߩᬌ⸽ࠍⴕߞߚޕ ᐔᚑᐕᣣߩ੩ㇺᏒ᩵ၞߢ㐿ߒߚታ㛎ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߢߪޔ&+)߅ࠃ߮ἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓࠍታᣉ ߒߚޕળ႐᭴ᚑࠍ࿑㧞ߦޔࡀ࠶࠻ߢᚑߐࠇߚ࿑ࠍ࿑㧟ߦ␜ߔޕ ෳട⠪ߪ৻⥸ߒޔฬ㧔↵ᕈฬޔᅚᕈฬޔᐕ㦂ᱦ㨪ᱦ㧕ߩෳട⠪ߢࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍⴕߞߚޕ ࿑㧞㧦ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᬌ⸽ታ㛎ળ႐ ࿑㧟㧦ᚑߐࠇߚ㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊߩ৻
ෳട⠪ߩਛ߆ࠄฬ㧔↵ᕈฬޔᅚᕈฬ㧕ࠍࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ߣ⸳ቯߒߚޕᱷࠅߩੱࠍࠣ࡞ࡊߦಽ ߌޔ⋥ធෳട⃰㧔⃰ޔ⃰㧕ߣࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⃰⃰ ߩ⃰᭴ᚑߢࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍⴕߞߚޕ ታ㛎ᓟߦⴕߞߚෳട⠪ߦኻߔࠆࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐޔએਅߩ⹏ଔὐ߇ߍࠄࠇߚޕߥ߅ޔߕࠇߩ⃰ߩ ෳട⠪੍߽⍮⼂ߦᏅߩߥ⁁ᴫߢታ㛎ߦෳടߒߡࠆޕ Ԙ2%ࠍ↪ߒߚ႐วߩ⋥ធෳടဳ&+)ߢ߽ޔၞߩෂ㒾ⷐ⚛ߩ⏕߿ἴኂߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ะߥߤޔᓥ᧪ߩ⚕ ࿑ߢⴕ߁႐วߩ⋥ធෳടဳ&+)ߣห᭽ߩലᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚޕ ԙࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ߩ⃰ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠴ࡖ࠶࠻ࠍߒߚ⼏⺰ߢ߽ޔ⋥ធෳടဳߩ⃰ߣห᭽ߦ⼏⺰߇ⴕ߃ߚߚ ޔⓨ㑆⊛ߦ᜔᧤ߐࠇߕߦ&+)߇ⴕ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ ԚᶖἫᣉ⸳ߩᄙዋ߿ታ㓙ߩㆱ㔍ᤨߩෂ㒾▎ᚲߥߤߩၞ․ᕈࠍᤋߒߚἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓ߇ታᣉߢ߈ߚޕ ৻ᣇߩ⺖㗴ὐߣߒߡߪޔᠲ߇㔍ߒޔ↹㕙ߩᣇ߇⦟ߊಽ߆ࠄߥޔࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ߪ⋥ធෳട ⠪ߩ႐วߣᲧߴߡޔᬺߩㅴᣇߥߤߢᖱႎ㊂߿ℂ⸃ᐲ߇⇣ߥࠆ╬ߩὐ߇ߍࠄࠇޔએਅߩᡷༀᣇ㊎ࠍᓧߚޕ Ԙࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ߢߪࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡓߦᠲᣇᴺࠍ⺑ߔࠆࡈࠔࠪ࠹࠲߇ሽߒߥߩߢޔ࠴ࡘ࠻ ࠕ࡞ࠍߟߌࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔ⺑ߦઍ߃ࠆޕ ԙ࿑ߩᦠ߈ㄟߺᤨߦࠟࠗ࠼ࡔ࠶ࠫࠍ␜ߒޔಠߣࠊߖߡᦠ߈ㄟߺᣇᴺ߿ౝኈ߇ಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆޕ Ԛࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ߦ㐿ߒߚ႐วߦߪޔࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߢ⺑ߒߚౝኈࠍ⺑ߔࠆࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷ࠍḰߔࠆޕ ࡀ࠶࠻ળ⼏ဳ&+)ߩታ⸽ታ㛎 ⸥ߢᬌ⸽ߒߚࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⺖㗴ࠍୃᱜߒޔᐔᚑᐕᣣߦવ⛔⊛ߥᧁㅧኒ㓸ၞࠍᄢ㒋Ꮢਛᄩ ᧲ᐔၞࠍኻ⽎ߦޔ৻ৼ⋡ർ↸ౝળߢታᣉߐࠇߚၞ㒐ἴࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߢታ〣⊛ߥㆇ↪ࠍ⹜ߺߚޕᒰ ၞߪ↸ᢿጀ♽ߩᵴᢿጀߦࠃࠅ㔡ᐲᒝߩ㔡ⵍኂ߇੍᷹ߐࠇߡࠆၞߢ߽ࠆޕ ෳട⠪ߪኻ⽎ၞౝ⠪߆ࠄߒޔฬ㧔↵ᅚ᭴ᚑ㧦↵ᕈฬޔᅚᕈฬޔᐕ㦂㧦ᱦ㨪ᱦޔዬ ᒻᘒ㧦ࡑࡦ࡚ࠪࡦዬ⠪ฬޔ㐳ደዬ⠪ฬޔ৻イኅዬ⠪ฬ㧕ߩෳട⠪ߢࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍⴕߞߚޕ ෳട⠪ߩ߁ߜฬ㧔↵ᕈ㧕ࠍࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ߦ⸳ቯߒߚޕᱷࠅߩෳട⠪ࠍ⃰ߦಽߌޔ⋥ធෳട⃰ ⃰᭴ᚑߣߒߚޕࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪߇ዋߥ߆ߞߚߚޔ࿁ߪ⋥ធෳട⃰⃰ߩౝ৻ߟߩ⃰ߩ৻ຬߣߒߡޔ ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍߒߡߎߩ⃰ߢߩᬺߦෳടߔࠆᒻᘒࠍߣߞߚޕ એਅߢߪ․ߦޔ࿑⸠✵ᓟߦታᣉߒߚἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓߦߟߡౕ⊛ߦ␜ߔޕ C ೋᦼᶖἫࠥࡓ ೋᦼᶖἫߩᗐ㛎ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕછᗧߦ⥄ቛ╬ߩ࿐ߢἫὐࠍᜰቯߒߚߢޔᦨነࠅߩᶖἫ⸳ࠍㆬ ᛯߒޔᶖἫ⸳ࠍㆇ߱⚻〝ࠍ࿑ߦឬߊߎߣߢޔἫὐ߆ࠄᦨነࠅߩᶖἫ⸳ߩ⟎ࠍ⏕ߒޔ߹ߚޔ ߘߩᶖἫ⸳ߣἫὐ߹ߢߩ〒㔌ࠍ㓐ᤨ⏕น⢻ߣߒߚޕ㧔࿑㧠㧕 ౕ⊛ߦߪޔೋᦼᶖἫߩ㊀ⷐᕈߦὶὐࠍߡޔၞߢߩᶖἫེ᳓ࡃࠤ࠷ḳ᳓ߥߤߩೋᦼᶖἫߦ↪ ߢ߈ࠆᶖἫ⸳ߩ⟎ࠍౣ⏕ߒߡ߽ࠄߞߚߢޔᗐ⊛ߦ⸳ቯߒߡ߽ࠄߞߚ⥄ቛߩ࿐ߢἫὐࠍᜰቯߒ ߡ߽ࠄޔᦨነࠅߩᶖἫ⸳ࠍㆬᛯߔࠆޕߘߒߡޔᶖἫ⸳ࠍㆇ߱⚻〝ࠍ࿑ߦឬߡ߽ࠄޔߘߩߩ ࠅ߆ࠄೋᦼᶖἫ߇น⢻߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ್ቯߒߡ␜ߔࠆޕߎߩࠥࡓࠍ㛎ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔኻ⽎ၞߩ࿑ ߢޔἫὐ߆ࠄᦨነࠅߩᶖἫ⸳ߩ⟎ࠍ⏕ߒޔ߹ߚޔߘߩᶖἫ⸳ߣἫὐ߹ߢߩ〒㔌ࠍ⏕ߔ ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ D ἴኂㆱ㔍ࠥࡓ ἴኂᤨޔߦਇᘠࠇߥⷰశቴ߿ᄛ㑆߿ᾍߦᏎ߆ࠇߚⷞ㊁ߩᖡ⁁ᴫਅߢߩㆱ㔍ᵴേߩ㛎ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ ৻ᐲߦ߃ࠆⷞ㊁ࠍ⁜ߊߒߚ࿑ߢޔㆱ㔍႐ᚲ߹ߢߩㆱ㔍⚻〝ࠍㄡࠆޕ߹ߚἫἴᑧ▸࿐ޔㅢⴕਇน▸࿐ ߥߤࠍ⸥ߒߚࠗࡌࡦ࠻ࠗࡗࠍ↪ᗧߒޔἴኂߩㅴⴕ߇੍᷹ਇน⢻ߥ⁁ᴫਅߢߩㆱ㔍ࠍࠗࡔࠫน⢻ߣߒߚޕ 㧔࿑㧡㧕 ౕ⊛ߦߪޔᄛ㑆߿ᾍߦᏎ߆ࠇߚⷞ⇇ߩᖡ⁁ᴫਅߢߩㆱ㔍ߩ⁁ᴫࠍࠗࡔࠫߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߚߦޔ↹㕙ߩ ᄢ₸ࠍߦߒޔߐࠄߦ࠙ࠖࡦ࠼࠙ߩᄢ߈ߐࠍ⁜ߡޔ৻ᐲߦ߃ࠆⷞ㊁ࠍ⁜ߊߒߚ࿑ߢ⥄ቛ߆ࠄㆱ 㔍႐ᚲ߹ߢߩㆱ㔍⚻〝ࠍㄡߞߡ߽ࠄ߁ޕ߹ߚޔἫἴᑧ▸࿐ޔㅢⴕਇน▸࿐ߥߤࠍ⸥ߒߚࠗࡌࡦ࠻ࠗࡗ ࠍ↪ᗧߒޔᄛ㑆ㆱ㔍ࠥࡓਛߦࠗࡌࡦ࠻ࠗࡗࠍߐߖࠆߎߣߢޔⷞ㊁ߩ⁜ߊޔἴኂ߇੍᷹ਇน⢻ߥ⁁ ᘒߢߩㆱ㔍ࠍࠗࡔࠫߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߎߣࠍᗧ࿑ߒߚޕ
E ⹏ଔߣ⺖㗴 వߩ᩵ߢߩᬌ⸽ࠍ〯߹߃ߚ᧲ᐔߢߩታ⸽ታ㛎ߩ㓙ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓୃᱜὐߣޔߘߩ⹏ଔࠍએਅߦ␜ߔޕ Ԙၮᧄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᡷༀὐ ̒ ࠬ࠲ࡦࡊߩ⒳㘃ࠍჇ߿ߒޔࠃࠅಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔ↹㕙␜߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦୃᱜߒߚޕ ԙἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓߩᡷༀὐ ̒ ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐߩะߩߚޔᤨ㑆〒㔌ࠍ㓐ᤨ␜ߐߖࠆᯏ⢻ࠍઃടߒߚޕ ̒ ታᕈߩะߩߚޔࠥࡓታᣉᤨߦ⺑ࠍ␜ߐߖࠆࠃ߁ߦୃᱜߒߚޕ߹ߚޔⷞ㊁߇⁜ߊߥࠆࠍ↹ 㕙ߩᄢ₸ߣ࠙ࠖࡦ࠼࠙ࠨࠗ࠭ࠍᄌ߃ࠆᣇᴺ߆ࠄޔ㤥↹ࠍ㊀ߨߡ␜ߐߖࠆᣇᴺߦᄌᦝߒޔࠃࠅⷞ⇇ߩ ᖡ⁁ᴫߩࠗࡔࠫߦㄭߠߌࠆࠃ߁ୃᱜࠍⴕߞߚޕ ̒ ೋᦼᶖἫߩᚑุߦ㑐ࠊࠄߕޔᶖἫ⸳ߪ৻ᐲ↪ߒߚᓟߪ↪ਇนߣߥࠆࠃ߁ୃᱜߒߚޕ Ԛ⹏ଔߢ߈ߚὐ ࿑߳ߩᦠ߈ㄟߺޔἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓ߇ਇㇺวߥߊㅴⴕߒޔἴኂᤨߩၞߩ⁁ᴫߦ㑐ߔࠆౕ⊛ߥ⼏⺰߇ⴕ ߃ߚߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ ԛ⺖㗴ߩᱷߞߚὐ ৻ᣇߢޔ⺖㗴ὐߣߒߡޔએਅߩࠃ߁ߦ2%ߦਇᘠࠇߥෳട⠪ߢ߽ᦠ߈ㄟߺ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޔ ࠥࡓౝኈߦߟߡ⼏⺰߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߥߤߩὐ߇ߍࠄࠇޔએਅߩ㗄⋡ߦߟߡޔᡷༀᣇ ㊎߇ߢ߈ߚޕ ̒ ၮᧄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⺖㗴ὐߣᡷༀᣇ㊎ 㜞㦂⠪ߥߤᣣߏࠈ߆ࠄ2%ࠍ⸅ࠆᯏળ߇ዋߥߣᗐቯߐࠇࠆෳട⠪ߩߚߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡈࠚࠬߩะ ̒ ἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓߩ⺖㗴ὐߣᡷༀᣇ㊎ ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߐߩะ㧦HNCUJ╬ࠍ↪ࠆߎߣߢޔㆱ㔍ߩ࿎㔍ߐ߿ᑧᄢߩᕟࠈߒߐࠍṶߔࠆᎿᄦ ⼏⺰ଦㅴߩᔅⷐ㧦ㆱ㔍⚻〝߿ᶖἫ⸳ߩ⟎⏕ߦߣߤ߹ࠄߥ⼏⺰ࠍ⺃⊒ߔࠆ⚵ߺߠߊࠅ ̒ ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ߩෳടᒻᘒߩ⺖㗴ὐߣᡷༀᣇ㊎ ࡀ࠶࠻ෳട⠪ߩߺߩࠣ࡞ࡊߩ᭴ᚑ߽ߒߊߪޔ㖸ჿ࠴ࡖ࠶࠻ߥߤߩዉ ߹ߚޔ2%ߦਇᘠࠇߥෳട⠪ߦ߽ᠲߒ߿ߔߊߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣ߁⺖㗴ߦߟߡߪޔࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+) ߢ߽㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߣߥࠅޔᠲᣇᴺࠍࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔߊ⺑ߒߚ࠴ࡘ࠻ࠕ࡞߿ᦠ߈ㄟߺᤨߩࠟࠗ࠼ࡔ࠶ࠫ ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆߎߣࠍౣ⼂ߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕ ࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ߩታ⸽ታ㛎 એਅߩ㗄⋡ߦߟߡࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᡷ⦟ࠍታᣉߒޔหߓߊ᧲ᐔߩ᳃ߩදജࠍᓧߡޔࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ࠍ ታ⸽⹏ଔߒߚޕ Ԙࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ߩߚߩㅊട᭽ ̒ ࠴ࡘ࠻ࠕ࡞ߩḰ ࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ߢߪࠕ࡞࠲ࠗࡓߦᠲᣇᴺࠍ⺑ߔࠆࡈࠔࠪ࠹࠲߇ሽߒߥߩߢޔ࠴ࡘ࠻ࠕ ࡞ࠍḰߒޔᠲᣇᴺࠍ✵⠌ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߚޕ ࿑㧠㧦ೋᦼᶖἫࠥࡓߩ↹㕙 ࿑㧡㧦ἴኂㆱ㔍ࠥࡓߩ↹㕙
̒ ࠟࠗ࠼ࡔ࠶ࠫߩḰ ࿑߳ߩᦠ߈ㄟߺᤨߦࠟࠗ࠼ࡔ࠶ࠫࠍ␜ߒޔಠࠍタߖࠆߎߣߢᦠ߈ㄟߺౝኈ߇ಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߚޕ ̒ ⺑ࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷ߩḰ ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ߦ㐿ߒߚ႐วޔࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߢ⺑ߒߚౝኈࠍવ߃ࠆߚߦޔ⺑ߔࠆࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷ ࠍḰߒߚޕḰߒߚ㗄⋡ߦߟߡߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊⷐ㧦ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߢⴕࠊࠇߚౝኈࠍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ 㒐ἴ⊛⍮⼂ߦߟߡ㧦ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊਛߦ⺑ߐࠇߚ㒐ἴߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂ߦߟߡ⚫ߒߡࠆ 㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊ㧦ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍㅢߒߡᚑߐࠇߚ㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊࠍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ޔᦠ߈ㄟߺ߇ߢ߈ࠆ ἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓ㧦ἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓࠍޔᄖㇱ߆ࠄࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍߒߡ㛎ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ ԙࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ߩ⺖㗴ὐ ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩߺߩ㗴ߣߪ⸒ಾࠇߥޔࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ࠍ㐿ㆇ↪ߔࠆ㓙ߩᓟߩ⺖㗴ߦߟߡߍࠆޕ ̒ ၞߦ㚔ᨴߺᷓ⽿છਥ߇ਥዉߔࠆ ࡎࡓࡍࠫࠍ㐿ߔࠆਥߣߒߡޔ↸ౝળߥߤၞߦ㚔ᨴߺ߇ࠅޔᔃᗵߩࠆ࿅߇ฬ೨ࠍ⸥ߒ ߡⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ̒ ᐢႎᵴേߦߟߣࠆ ↸ౝળࠍㅢߒߡᐢႎߔࠆߥߤޔⓍᭂ⊛ߦᐢႎᵴേࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ৻ᣇߢޔᖡᗧࠍ߽ߞߚਇ․ቯᄙᢙߩ ෳടࠍ㒢ߔࠆߚޔෳട⠪ߦߪ㧵㧰╬ࠍ㈩Ꮣߔࠆ╬ߩኻ╷߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆޕ ̒ ࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉࠍᜬߚߖࠆ Ⓧᭂ⊛ߥෳടࠍଦߔߚߦޔࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉࠍᜬߚߖࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ 㧠㧚⚿⺰ એߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄޔࡀ࠶࠻ળ⼏ဳ&+)ߦߟߡએਅߩᚑᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚޕ Ԙⓨ㑆⊛ߦ᜔᧤ߐࠇߥ&+)߇น⢻ߣߥߞߚ ԙၞ․ᕈࠍᤋߒߚἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓ߇㐿⊒ߢ߈ߚ Ԛࠬ࠲ࡦࡊ㧔ಠ㧕ߩᢙࠍჇ߿ߔޔᤨ㑆〒㔌␜ᯏ⢻ࠍઃടߔࠆߥߤࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᡷༀࠍⴕ߃ߚ ߹ߚޔࡀ࠶࠻ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)ߦߟߡޔએਅߩࠃ߁ߥᚑᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚޕ Ԙᠲᣇᴺ߇✵⠌ߢ߈ࠆ࠴ࡘ࠻ࠕ࡞ߩᢛ ԙ࿑߳ߩᦠ߈ㄟߺᤨߦࠟࠗ࠼ࡔ࠶ࠫߩ␜ Ԛࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊౝኈߩ⺑ࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷ߩᢛ ޔో࿖ߩવ⛔⊛ߥᱧผၞߢ㜞㦂ൻ߿ࡌ࠶࠼࠲࠙ࡦൻ߇ㅴⴕߒߡ߅ࠅޔᧄ᧪ἴኂᤨߦߪහᤨኻᔕࠍㄼ ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ᳃ߩ⋡✢ߦ┙ߞߚ㒐ἴ⸘↹ߩᔅⷐᕈ߇ต߫ࠇࠆ৻ᣇߢޔり߿ᤨ㑆ߩ⚂ߦࠃࠅ᳃ ⥄り߇⸘↹ߩ╷ቯᬺߦෳടߔࠆߎߣ߇࿎㔍ߥࠤ߽ࠬᄙޕᧄ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߪಣߦߡ߽㒐ἴࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ ࡊߦෳടߢ߈ࠆⅣႺߩታߦ⾗ߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠅޔߎߩὐߦ߅ߡ․ߦᱧผㇺᏒ㒐ἴߦነਈߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡޔၮᧄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦߟߡߪޔ⺕ߢ߽߇ኈᤃߦ↪ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥࠗࡦ࠲ࡈࠚࠬ߳ߩᡷ ༀޔળ႐ߩ᭽ሶ߇વࠊࠆേ↹ߩ9GD㈩ାߥߤ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕἴኂ㛎ࠥࡓߦߟߡߪޔἴኂᤨߩ⁁ᴫࠍࠗ ࡔࠫߒ߿ߔᣇᴺߩᎿᄦޔ⼏⺰ࠍଦߔࠥࡓㅴⴕߩᡷༀ߿ㅊ⸥ဳ&+)߳ߩෳടᗧ᰼ࠍะߐߖࠆᎿᄦ ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕᓟߪࡀ࠶࠻ߢߩㆇ↪ࠍㅢߓߡޔᏒ᳃ߩᗧ߇㓐ᤨࠕ࠶ࡊ࠺࠻ߐࠇޔੱߩ⍮߇⫾Ⓧ ߐࠇߡߊޔ↢߈ߚ㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊߩ᭴▽߇น⢻ߥࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚޕ ⻢ㄉ㧦⎇ⓥߩㆀⴕߦᒰߚࠅޔ੩ㇺᏒ᩵ၞޔᄢ㒋Ꮢ᧲ᐔၞߩ᳃ߩ⊝᭽ߦߏදജࠍߚߛߚޕ⸥ߒߡ⻢ᗧࠍߔࠆޕ ਥⷐෳ⠨ᢥ₂ 㧝㧕ዊ㓉ผᐔ㊁㧦࿑⸠✵&+)ߦߟߡၞోቇળ⺰ᢥႎ๔㓸RRᐕ ߶߆ 㧞㧕ਥߥߣߒߡޔԘ㜞↰⼾ᢥ㧦ᐔᚑᐕᐲታ⸽ታ㛎ታ❣ႎ๔ᦠ╙࿁ਃ㊀⋵)+5ታ⸽ታ㛎ႎ๔ળᐔᚑᐕᐲޔԙ 㘧↰Ảผિᄦዊፉብ┨㧦ἴኂ࿑⸠✵ၞ㒐ἴࡑ࠶ࡊᚑࠪࠬ࠹ࡓޟ㔡&+)ޠᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળቇ⻠Ṷ ᪪ 㓸 $ RR ᐕ ޔ Ԛ 㒐 ἴ ᛛ ⴚ ᩣ ᑼ ળ ␠ 㧦 &)+465 㧔 ℂ ᖱ ႎ ࠕ ࡞ ࠲ ࠗ ࡓ 㧕 ࠪ ࠬ ࠹ ࡓ JVVR GFRVEQOYYYRTQFWEVIKUPGVFIKTVUJVO ޔ ԛ ✚ ോ ⋭ ᶖ 㒐 ᐡ 㧦 㒐 ἴ ෂ ᯏ ▤ ℂ G ࠞ ࠶ ࠫ JVVR YYYGEQNNGIGHFOCIQLRVQRJVON╬߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ㧔ᐕࠕ࠼ࠬ⏕ᷣߺ㧕
