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(2) ^. à K_bcde_8fgh_iajk, ,**2 Y +, Z 2 [\] ,**3 Y 3 Z + [\,. An Empirical Relationship between Ground-surface Temperature and Heat-discharge Rate on Steaming Ground: Field Experiments Using IR Thermometer and Ice Box Calorimetry , ῌ ῌῌῌῌ ῌῌῌ Higashi UCHIDAῌ, Takahisa SATOῌῌ, Takatsugu YAMASHITAῌῌῌ and Akihiko TERADAῌ. The heat balance model can be used to readily calculate the total heat-discharge rate through steaming ground based on the distribution of surface temperature obtained by an infrared radiation (IR) thermometer. This method is convenient ; however, the model involves some critical assumptions and large uncertainties. With the aim of developing a simple method for reliable measurements of the total heat-discharge rate, we carried out field experiments at the geothermal field of Yoshioka hot springs, Aso volcano, Japan. To directly measure the heat-discharge rate at each measurement site, we used Ice Box Calorimetry (IBC), which can be used to measure the combined conductive and convective heat-discharge rate, Q (W/m,), from the ground surface, based on the time required to melt ice housed within an aluminum box placed on the ground. At the same time, we used an IR thermometer to measure the ground-surface temperature, T ( ), at each site. Our observations revealed the Q*) and the temperature anomaly T (

(3) T. relationship between the heat-discharge rate anomaly Q (

(4) Q. T*), where. Q* and. T* were the average ground-surface temperature and the average heat-discharge rate outside the geothermal area, respectively. Although the obtained data show a degree of scatter, the value of Q increases almost linearly with T, consistent with the heat balance model : Q

(5) C T, where C is the proportional coe$cient, which is estimated to be /+ , (W/m,/ ) from the least squares method. We consider that this empirical relationship is applicable in obtaining accurate estimates of the total heat-discharge rate from steaming ground. To assess the reliability of the linear relation and determine appropriate values of C, it would be necessary to conduct additional accurate, simultaneous observations of Q and T at sites on many di#erent volcanoes and under various meteorological conditions. Furthermore, we carried out measurements when the ground surface was wet due to rainfall. As a result, we obtained Q* of ,,* W/m,, larger than the value obtained with a dry ground surface. This experiment suggests that the presence of rainwater enhances heat convection, including latent heat, near the ground surface. Key words : steaming ground, Ice Box Calorimetry, IR thermometer, heat-discharge rate, ground surface temperature 32-ῌ*2., +ῌ-ῌ+/ 203ῌ+.*. !" /,2* #$%&#$ '()*)*+,*-./01234*-.567 Sendai District Meteorological Observatory, Japan Mete8-.9:;< Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Kyoto University, /,2* orological Agency (JMA), +ῌ-ῌ+/ Gorin, Miyaginoku, Sendai 32-ῌ*2.,, Japan. Kawayo, Minami-Aso, Kumamoto 203ῌ+.*., Japan. 2+*ῌ**/, =>?@)A +ῌ,ῌ-0 BC : -11ῌ+1++ DEFGHIJHI 0.+ῌ-0 #$%=>&#$ K'LM)*78NO-.9:;< Fukuoka District Meteorological Observatory, JMA, Present address. Volcanic Fluid Research Center, +ῌ,ῌ-0 Oohori, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 2+*ῌ**/,, Japan. Tokyo Institute of Technology, 0.+ῌ-0 Kusatsu, Gunma 203ῌ,03/ PQJ2 /*.ῌ+ -11ῌ+1++, Japan. #$%878RSTUVWX Aso Local Cooperative O$ce for Volcanic Disaster Corresponding author : Higashi Uchida Mitigation, JMA, /*.ῌ+ Miyaji, Ichinomiya, Aso, Kumae-mail : [email protected] moto 203ῌ,03/, Japan..

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(188) 4 Q $< !" $¶·* T /01273 ! ? $m]"< . '/7!? $< DN Q * T SI! DN7&" *. *. Q* 8 ,,* Wῌm, ooi<¥(3 [½ . ! 4vDN(¥ $. <1(7Kῒ8i]! !] ῐ ῕ ῔ ῑ Benseman, R.F. (+3/3) The calorimetry of steaming ground in thermal areas. J. Geophys. Res., 0., +,-ῌ+,0. 9 MK (+32*) '῍J$ K , +-ῌ,1. d¡¢ £ 9j 9 ¤ (,**.) 4῍t`¥- VW¦§¨`_!/©Q4 ª«cN5 ¬i F6VW ¢£ +- ,ῌ1. Harris, A. J.L. and Maciejewski, A. J.H. (,***) Thermal surveys of the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field +33.ῌ+333 : evidence for fumarole migration and sealing. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., +*,, ++3ῌ+.1. ª °UC «d¥W (,**-) ῏ ¬J$®*1¯5 °±±² ,**- 7³ΐ²´-ῑ r!i ´¶ CD-ROM V*//ῌ*.,. Hochstein, M.P. and Bromley, C. J. (,**/) Measurement of heat flux from steaming ground. Geothermics, -., +-+ῌ +/2. ·¥¸ ¹¸º ¹º » Hetty Triastuty 6 » (,**1) ,**0 7·¼ῌqjF6 n¥ o i¼½VW[7¢ /*B -.3ῌ-/1. Italiano, F. and Nuccio, P.M. (+33,) Volcanic steam.

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(190) . output directly measured in fumaroles : the observed variations at Vulcano Island, Italy, between +32- and +321. Bull. Volcanol., /., 0,-ῌ0-*. Matsushima, N. (,**-) Mathematical simulation of magmahydrothermal activity associated with the +311 eruption of Usu volcano. Earth Planets Space, //, //3ῌ/02. Oppenheimer, C.M.M. and Rothery, D.A. (+33+) Infrared monitoring of volcanoes by satellite. J. Geol. Soc., London, +.2, /0-ῌ/03. Sekioka, M. (+32-) Proposal of a convenient version of the heat balance technique estimating heat flux on geothermal and volcanic fields by means of infrared remote sensing. Memoirs of the National Defense Academy Japan, ,-, 3/ῌ+*-. Sekioka, M. and Yuhara, K. (+31.) Heat flux estimation in geothermal areas based on the heat balance of the ground. surface. J. Geophys. Res., 13, ,*/-ῌ,*/2. (,**.) !"#$% &'()*+ , ,* - 01ῌ3+. Terada, A., Kagiyama, T. and Oshima, H. (,**2) Ice Box Calorimetry : a useful method for estimating heat discharge rates through steaming ground. Earth Planets Space, 0*, 033ῌ1*-. ./01234 (,**2) 56789: !;<=>?@ABCDE'FGH=IJK(L M@NOP QR!STUVWXY1Z V+/+ῌ*+3. Terada, A. and Sudo, Y. (,**3) Geothermal activity within the western slope geothermal zone of Aso volcano, Japan : development of a new geothermal field in ,**0. Geothermics, submitted. [\]^ _2à.

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