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Acta Med. Nagasaki 31 : 288-293

High Frequency Jet Ventilation (HFJV) in Infants with Cyanotic Heart Disease during Open-Heart Surgery

Yoshio HAYANO, Takayuki NOGUCHI, Shunsuke ODA

Kazuo TANIGUCHI and Natsuo HONDA

Dept. of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Oita, Oita Received for publication, June 30, 1986

ABSTRACT

As an anesthetic ventilation, high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) was applied to open-heart surgery in infants with cyanotic heart disease. A total of four patients were anesthetized with this HFJV. Two of them had cyanotic heart disease and the remainder, acyanotic one. The results of blood gas analysis were stable in each patient, and PaO, was not decreased even in patients with cyanotic heart disease with low pulmonary blood flow who might be infuluenced markedly by changes in alveolar pressure. In addition, hemodynamics was stable, and for surgeons, HFJV provided good accessibility to the surgical field and surgical procedure was facilitated. Taken altogether, HFJV is consider- ed a very useful method.

INTRODUCTION

When infants with cyanotic heart disease are anesthetized, arterial oxygen levels may be decreased, if intrathoracic pressure is elevated excessively during artificial ventila- tion. However, since artificial ventilation cannot be avoided during surgery, especially open heart surgery, in such patients, manual ventilation has so far been performed careful- ly. On the other hand, high-frequency ventilation has the advantage that the motion of the lungs is small and effective ventilation can be performed while intrathoracic pressure is kept low hemodynamics is kept stable. (1-8) In the present study, therefore, we applied this HFJV to cardiac surgery in four infants with cyanotic heart disease, etc. and obtained good

早 野 良 生,野 口 隆 之,織 田 俊介,谷 ー男,本 多 夏 生

288

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HFJV IN CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE 289 

results. This report describes that HFJV is useful for respiratory management during  anesthesia in patients with cyanotic heart disease. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

A total of four patients were included in the present study. As cyanotic heart  disease cases with low pulmonary blood flow, a 11‑month‑old male with tetralogy of Fallot  and a male aged one year and one month with pentalogy of Fallot plus PDA were studied. 

As acyanotic heart disease cases with high pulmonary blood flow, a female aged two years  and eight months with VSD associated with marked pulmonary hypertension and a one 

‑year‑old female with Pt)A were studied. In each patient, formation of shunt, closure of  VSD under an artificial heart‑lung machine or ligation of PDA was performed surgically. 

Anesthesia was induced by intramusular injection of ketamine in all patients and  maintained with high‑dose morphine in one and high‑dose fentanyl in three. In all  patients, manual ventilation was performed using Jackson‑Ree's circuit during induction,  while ventilation by HFJV was carried out using VS600 of IDC Co. after intubation. 

HFJV was used under the conditions of frequency, 150 to 200/min ; driving pressure, 6 to  8 psi ; and IT%, 30 to 50%. During anesthesia, each patient was given pancuronium and  was monitered by ECG, arterial pressure and CVP, and arterial blood gas analysis was  carried out appropriately. 

RESULTS 

In patients with cyanotic heart disease with low pulmonary blood flow,. neither  depressed Pa02 nor elevated PaC02 was noted, (Fig. I and 2) and blood pressure was stable. 

In one patient with the most remarkable cyanosis who might be influenced to a large  extent by changes in intrathoracic pressure, the blood pressure showed a marked change  only when the lungs w. e̲re expanded with a bag after shunt formation (Fig. 3). In two  patients with acyanotic heart disease with high pulmonary blood flow, Pa02 showed a  tendency toward a slight depression, but PaC02 was not elevated (Fig. 4). During open 

‑heart surgery, the lungs were expaned to a lesser extent and the motion of expansion and 

contraction was smaller for HFJV than for ordinary ventilators. Accordingly, it was easy 

for surgeons to observe a surgical field and carry out surgical manipulation. Further, 

neither blood pressure nor CVP showed any marked change. 

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290 Y.HAYANO ET∠4L

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70

60

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 Fio2=1.0

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l M8闇8

pr●inci5ion  op●n●dch●5t  clo50dch●5t

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Fig.1.

70

■Hg

60

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opened

ches†

 こ  O

opened

shun↑

IPPV

●一一●PoO2

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、、 一一一一一一

9:00 10100   11:00

Fig。2.

12二〇〇 15:00

(time

(4)

HFJV IN CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE

】匿IPPV−HFJV】■■■■■■圏一コIPPV

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  pb

      ●

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  150

  100

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   0.5

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60  600

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30  300

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 11100 Fig.3.

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pr8incision   openod chest   cbsod

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  Fig.4.

che S t

291

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292  Y. HAYANO ET AL 

DISCUSSION 

Only a few anesthetic ventilators are available for infants. (6) But, ventilation must  be performed carefully, especially in cyanotic heart‑disease patients with a right‑to‑left  shunt, because elevated alveolar pressure due to artificial ventilation may elicite elevated  pressure in the right cardiac system, resulting in changes in the circulatory system,  increased shunts and abnormal arterial gases. Further, positive‑pressure ventilation,  which is essencial for open‑heart surgery, has so far been performed mainly by manual  ventilation. On the other hand, HFJV has the advantages that satisfactory ventilation can  be achieved regardless of small tidal volume, and movement of lungs can be fine while  alveolar pressure is kept low and hemodynamics is stable. (1‑5) This method seems  especially useful for artificial ventilation in patients with cyanotic heart disease. It is also  advantageous that the device required for this method is simple and compact. Further, it  is extremely desiralbe for complicated surgery within a very small surgical field, (6) such  as vascular anastomosis, that the lungs are expended to a lesser extent, and therefore, their  motion is minimized during ventilation. In the present study, these advantages of HFJV  could be utilized sufficiently and satisfactory results could be obtained for ventilation. 

HFJV could be used effectively under the condition of frequency, 150 to 200/min ; driving 

pressure, 6 to 8 psi ; and IT%, 30 to 50%. However, since the compliance of the lungs and 

thorax and diameter of endotracheal tubes may vary with each patient, it seems necessary 

to carefully determine the conditions of HFJV. Further, HFJV must always be used in an 

open system to prevent an elevation in alveolar pressure and occurrence of barotrauma, 

and, during ventilation with HFJV, careful observation by direct arterial pressure is 

considered absolutly necessary, since alveolar pressure may elevated depending upon the 

operation of HFJV. In the present study. VS600 of IDC Co. was used as HFJV, and the 

driving pressure used was its lowest effective pressure. It seems necessary to develop 

equipment with a more delicate driving‑pressure range. When HFJV was used under the 

same conditions in patients with acyanotic heart disease with high pulmonary blood flow, 

Pa02 was slightly decreased, presumably because ventilation was slightly decreased due to 

excess pulmonary blood flow. However, since Pa02 Was sufficiently high before operation 

and the degree of its depression was too small to present any particular problem. Further, 

surgical procedure was facilitated with this ventilator. Taken altogether, HFJV was 

considered very useful. 

(6)

usef ul 

HFJV IN CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE 293 

It is necessary to carry out further studies on HFJV, because it is considered a very  ventilation, though the present study had to be conducted on a few cases. 

REFERENCE 

1 ) DAVEY, A. J. et al. : Anaesthesia 37 : 670‑674, (1982). 

2 ) HAYANO, Y. et al. : J. Jap. Soc. Clin. Anesthesia 4 : 79‑83 (1984) (Japanese). 

3 ) HILDERBRAND, P. J. : Anaesthesia 39 : 1091‑l095 (1984). 

4 ) INOUE, T. et al. : Jap. J. Anesthesiol. 30 : 1225‑1233 (1981) (Japanese). 

5 ) MALINA, J. R. : Anesthesia and Analgesia 60 : 324‑330 (1981). 

6 ) MURAT. I. : Ann. FrL Anesth. Rean. 2 : 270‑272 (1983)  7 ) SUWA, K. : Kokyu to Junhan 29 : 589‑594 (1981) (Japanese). 

8 ) SUWA, K. : Kokyu to Junkan 29 : 829‑834 (1981) (Japanese). 

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