第 55 卷第 4 期
2020
年 8 月
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
Vol. 55 No. 4
Aug. 2020
ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.4.25
Research articleSocial Sciences
V
IETNAM
’
S
P
OLICIES ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
:
P
RACTICAL
I
MPLEMENTATION AND
S
OME
C
HALLENGES
越南的气候
变化政策：实际执行情况和一些挑战
Tran ThiHuong
Department of Party Building, Academy of Journalism and Communication Hanoi, Vietnam, [email protected]
Received: April 25, 2020 ▪ Review: June 21, 2020 ▪ Accepted: July 6, 2020
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Abstract
This study analyzes climate change policies and highlights encouraging practices as well as continuing challenges of effective multilevel climate governance in practice. The research is based on a quantitative analysis method using the outcomes from multi-stakeholders, policy-makers, researchers and representatives from non-governmental organizations. Study results touched on the following areas: (1) Vietnam’s policies on climate change, (2) multilevel activites implemented to copewith climate change, and (3) some barriers impedingthe implementation of climate change policies in practice.The study is written for both policy-makers and development practitioners working in Vietnam to facilitate development of multi-stakeholder, multilevel partnerships that are grounded in community engagement from the outset, with the aim of overcoming barriers to translate policies more effectively into on-the-ground action.
Keywords:Policies, Climate Change, Challenge, Implementation, Vietnam’s Policy
摘要 这项研究分析了气候变化政策，强调了鼓励做法以及有效的多层面气候治理在实践中所面临 的持续挑战。这项研究基于定量分析方法，利用了多方利益相关者，决策者，研究人员和非政府 组织代表的成果。研究结果涉及以下领域：（1）越南的气候变化政策；（2）为应对气候变化而 开展的多层次活动；（3）阻碍实践中实施气候变化政策的一些障碍。该研究是为在越南工作的政 策制定者和发展实践者而写的，以促进从一开始就以社区参与为基础的多利益相关方，多层次伙 伴关系的发展，目的是克服将政策更有效地转化为现实的障碍。地面行动。
2
关键词:政策，气候变化，挑战，实施，越南政策
I. I
NTRODUCTIONIdentified as one of the four countries most severely affected by climate change [1], [2], Vietnam has faced many unusual weather manifestations of weather in recent years, such as temperature and sea level rise, storms, floods, and droughts. These natural disasters have not only caused great losses of human lives and livelihoods, but they have also seriously affected the Vietnamese economy.
Recognizing dangers of climate change and the challenges they pose to Vietnam’s development, the federal Government has responded through a series of proactive policies, including various strategies, programs, and action plans to address the country’s vulnerability and promote the growth and development of national targets regarding climate change. Other measures have included the National strategy on climate change, the Green Growth Strategy, the Resolution No. 24 of the Party Central Committee's Executive Committee on proactive response to climate change, strengthening natural resource management and environmental protection, the Law on Environmental Protection, and 2014 National Program for Community-based Disaster Risk Management, Action Plan. These national policies have been designed to direct and prioritize actions to cope with climate change in Vietnam. They also represent an important platform for restructuring actions at all levels, including ministries, departments, and sectors.
Despite prior efforts intended to deal with climate change, inequalities in capacity to adapt to many new changes remain commonplace, particularly at the local level. The formulation and implementation of climate change policies at the provincial level has not been analyzed and evaluated systematically by the country’s regulatory agencies. Notably, climate change impacts on provinces can vary widely because of geographic factors and the varying types and levels of vulnerability to climate change, which require specific actions suitable to local characteristics.
Thus, the diffusion of national policies on climate change across lower levels of the administration system must be better understood, and gaps in the effectiveness of local climate change action plans on the ground must be identified.
II.
M
ETHODS/M
ATERIALSIn this paper, qualitative analysis was applied as a core paradigm to evaluate climate change policy-making at the national and sub-national levels, and to analyze local action plans of provinces and those programs that are successful. Qualitative analysis was conducted to examine the current factor and aspects related to climate change actions. These policies have been planned and applied in the same manner in all provinces, as provincial governments receive the same guidelines, have allocated the same budget, and receive the same timeline from the national government. Consequently, this research was conducted to reveal that the gaps between policies and practical actions. This may vary from one province to another due to a wide variety of factors such as differences in natural conditions, community engagement and stakeholder participation, qualifications and interests of local policy makers, institutional setting, policy coordination, and networking.
III.
R
ESEARCHF
INDINGSA. Major Climate Change Policies of Vietnam The National Target Program on Responding to Climate Change is a policy considered to be at the forefront of climate change response and a lever for adaptation to changing environmental conditions. This program was first approved under the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 158/2008 / QD-TTg, signed on December 2, 2008. It is an initial step to raise awareness and improve the capacity to deal with the impact of climate change at both the national and provincial levels. The goal of the program is to assess the impact of climate change on various fields, sectors, and localities at each stage and develop a feasible action plan for both the short- and long term; the aims include sustainable development and the development of a low-carbon economy [3]. The program goals also entail formulating a development framework, which includes legal documents, mechanisms, and policies, to respond to climate change as well as re-issuing, supplementing, and updating all these mechanisms and policy documents in 2015.
In 2011, the Prime Minister approved the National Strategy on Climate Change, which has four specific objectives. The first involves ensuring food security, energy security, water security, poverty reduction, gender equality,
social security, and community health, improving living standards, and protecting natural resources. The second objective is developing a low-carbon and green growth economy. The third concerns raising awareness as well as the responsibility and capacity to respond to climate change, advocating environmentally friendly ways of life and consumption. The fourth objective is to actively cooperate with the international community in the response to climate change. In addition, the National Committee on Climate Change has the duty to advise the Prime Minister in proposing strategic solutions, mobilizing and coordinating resources to respond to climate change. The Committee is the main institutional body to monitor climate change policies. The head of the Committee is the Prime Minister, the members are a Deputy Prime Minister, the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, and representatives of National Assembly agencies, representatives of researched institutes, scientists and experts. The tasks set out in the Strategy include the development of climate change laws, policies and mechanisms suitable to each specific development stage, in line with global policies and international conventions of which Vietnam is a member [4]. To implement the Strategy, the National Action Plan on Climate Change for the period 2012-2020 was issued in 2012. The action plan set targets and listed 65 programs, projects and proposing plans that regulated implementation time and agencies responsible for implementation. One of the tasks was to determine the basis for developing a climate change law.
In the same year of 2012, Vietnam issued two important strategies, that werethe National Strategy for Environmental Protection to 2020 with vision to 2030 [10] and the Green Growth Strategy. The environmental protection strategy was presided over by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and approved by the Prime Minister on September 5, 2012. The objective of the strategy was to control and basically to limit the trend of increasing pollution, degradation, depletion of resources, and degradation of biodiversity, to by 2020 improve living environment quality and proactive capacity responding to climate change and to prevent and reverse the climate change by 2030. The strategy gave four major directions for environmental protection: (a) prevent and control pollution sources; (b) rehabilitate and restore the environment including polluted and degraded areas, boost fresh water supply and environmental sanitation services; (c) effectively and sustainably use natural resources, conserve
nature and biodiversity; and (d) build capacity to respond to climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The strategy will be a comprehensive and overall orientation document on environmental protection to sectors and levels to develop and implement the 5-year and annual plans on environmental protection, contributing to successful implementation of the objectives of the country’s sustainable development [5]. In September 2012 (September 25, 2012), the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 1393 / QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Green Growth. This strategy identifies three specific objectives: First, restructure and improve economic institutions towards greening the existing sectors, encourage the development of economic regions, efficient use of energy and resources with high added value. Secondly, research and apply advanced technologies aiming more effectively use natural resources, reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions, contribute to effective response to climate change; specifically, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8-10% in the period 2011 - 2020 (compared to 2010 emissions); and reduce emissions at least 1.5% - 2% a year by 2030. Third, improve people's living standard, build environmentally friendly lifestyles through creating jobs from green industries, green agriculture and services. investing in natural capital and developing green infrastructure [5].
To proactively respond to climate change, strengthen resource management and environmental protection, the Party Central Committee issued Resolution 24 in 2013. This resolution aimed to further strengthen the integration of climate change and sustainable development in Vietnam. This resolution aimed at a green growth model facilitating businesses to invest in green growth. Together with it, the government had to set up a legal framework and develop specific policies to support businesses [6].
In June 2014, the revised Law on Environmental Protection was approved. This law took effect on January 1, 2015, created a legal corridor and showed a strong government commitment to environmental protection and climate change response. This law required environmental protection activities to be harmonized with climate change response. It added a chapter on responding to climate change that required integration of climate change into socio-economic development programs, management greenhouse gases, management of ozone depleting substances, promotion of clean and renewable forms of energy; eco-friendly
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production and consumption, recycling waste into energy, defining community rights and responsibilities in responding to climate change; developing and applying scientific and technological advances; and international cooperation [7].
Following the will and determination to respond to climate change, the Government of Vietnam has developed and approved the implementation plan of the Paris Agreement on October 28, 2016 [8]. The content of the plan includes 5 components (1) Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions (for the period 2016-2020 and 2021-2030); (2) Adapting to climate change ((2016-2020 and 2021-2030); (3) Developing and using resources effectively (4) Setting up system transparency (MRV) and (5) Generating development and amendment of policy institutions. The plan also shows that in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, by 2030, Vietnam is committed to reducing 8% of greenhouse gas emissions compared to the Business as usual cenario (BAU) when using national resources and up to 25% when receiving international assistance.The emission reduction targets will be periodically reviewed, evaluated and revised according to the conditions of social economic development in each period. In terms of climate change adaptation, Vietnam will continue its programs and projects to adapt to climate change within the national strategy on climate change in order to improve resilience, protect the lives and livelihoods of the people and significantly contribute to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases [8].
To sum up, the package “Resolutions, Strategies, Programs of Viet Nam related to Climate Change”identified the important tasks of continuing to build and complete policies and laws on climate change. In addition, in the process of socio-economic construction and development, policies and laws related to climate change have been mentioned in a number of related fields such as water resources, biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, construction, irrigation, transportation, energy, industry, medical, environment ect. This shows that the issue of climate change in Vietnam's policies and laws, is not only about issuing documents on climate change (adaptation to climate change, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions) but also focusing on integrating into legal policies of sectors that are directly related.
B. SpecificImplementation Activities to Respond to Vietnam’s Climate Change On the basis of the introduced policies, the government of Vietnam has been taking aggressive actions through practical plans to respond to climate change, as well as joining programs in cooperation with world communities. At the national level, the Vietnamese government focuses on projects that address broad issues such as maritime areas, policy development, water resources, disaster risk reduction, rural development, education and needs for urban areas. Most priorities of these projects are to build capacity, perform research, share knowledge, raise awareness and assess vulnerability and introduce projects related to community-based adaptation and practice. At the international level, Vietnam is involved in the signing of treaties, commitments of the international community, and participation in projects to cope with climate change. At the national level, a series of action programs are funded by the government, as well as by the international community. Some are listed as follows:
First is the project "Benefits of adapting to climate change from models of small and medium-sized hydropower plants, in sync with rural development", conducted by the Institute of Hydrometeorology and Environment with the support of DANIDA, the Embassy of Denmark and the participation of many local, national and international experts. The project was implemented from 2006-2009 and piloted in Lao Cai. The objective of the project is twofold: to understand the benefits that small- and medium-scale hydropower plants in the context of climate change adaptation and rural economic development; and to propose mitigation measures to minimize the effects of small- and medium-scale power plant models on the environment and on the population, especially on poor residents.
The “Adaptation Support to Climate Change” program, implemented by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, with support from Japan and France, aims to support activities and policies related to the responses to climate change within the framework of the National Target Program to adapt to climate change [12].
The "Management of Mekong Delta water for rural development" project, implemented from 2011 to 2017, was chaired by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and supported by the World Bank. The goal of the project is to protect and enhance the use of water resources in the Mekong Delta provinces, to stabilize agricultural production and to help
households gain to access to clean water supplies and to adapt to climate change [13].
The "Nordic Development Fund supports the National Target Program on Climate Change" project was coordinated by the ADB and the Ministry of Industry and Trade. It was implemented from 2011 to 2013 with the support of the government of Vietnam and the Fund Nordic development. In particular, priority is given to urban development, transportation, and government. The project is piloted in Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang and Thanh Hoa. The goal of the project is to help Vietnam to implement the National Target Program by helping Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, and Thanh Hoa province to plan and implement effective measures to cope with climate change [14].
The Climate Change and Coastal Ecosystems Program was implemented under a delegated cooperation arrangement between Australia and Germany and covers the provinces of An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Kien Giang, and Soc Trang. The program was aimed at assisting Vietnam in managing and protecting coastal ecosystems and responding to climate change and was expected to be implemented from 2011 to 2016 [15].
There are also a series of projects and programs such as the following:
- Capacity building on climate change for social organizations, implemented by the Centre for Sustainable Rural Development, the activities group on climate change, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
- Researching the effects of climate change and the adaptation activities of the Mekong Delta that are being undertaken by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
- Strengthening national capacity to respond to climate change in Vietnam, reducing vulnerability, and controlling greenhouse gas emissions, which are being coordinated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and implemented by the people's committees of the provinces including Can Tho, Binh Thuan, Binh Dinh. These projects and programs focus on raising awareness, building capacity, and finding solutions to respond to climate change, as well as on integrating climate change issues into local socio-economic development programs.
In addition to action programs that have been undertaken on a national scale, Vietnam has shown a clear resolve with regard to commitments and strategies to cope with climate
change through participating in projects and activities on an international scale. To be specific, Vietnam has always actively participated in all annual associations of the Conference of Parties (CoP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, from CoP 1 in 1995 to CoP 19 in 2013. The country has also participated actively in specialized regional and global organizations such as the Asian Disaster Reduction Center, the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Disaster Management Committee, the Typhoon Committee, and the Natural Disaster Mitigation Partnership.
Vietnam also participates in many international projects on climate change, including the project entitled Mangroves for the Future under the joint responsibility of the country's government, the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief everywhere, and other NGOs. NGOs include the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with support from Australia, the United States, Norway, Sweden, the UNDP, and the UNEP. The project “Mangroves for the Future” with those support was deployed in India, Indonesia, the Maldives, Pakistan, the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The goal of the Mangroves for the Future project is to develop a sustainable environment in coastal areas and to promote all efforts and investment funds for the management of coastal ecosystems [11], [16].
The project entitled the Cities and Climate Change Initiative, which is funded by the Norwegian government, is implemented by the UNEP and UN-Habitat and deployed in urban areas of Vietnam, China, Ecuador, Fiji, Indonesia, and in areas of other countries such as Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, and the Philippines as well. The aim of the first phase of the project is to design and promote policy dialogue, develop policy tools, and implement pilot activities in the cities of Sorsogon in the Philippines, Esmeraldas in Ecuador, Maputo in Mozambique, and Kampala in Uganda. The goal of the entire project is to advise and support cities that are at risk for the different effects of climate change and to offer improvements and solutions to local and national development plans at the same time as assessing the vulnerability of these cities due to impacts of climate change [17].
The Community-Based Adaptation Program was implemented by the UNDP between 2009 and 2011 with the following participating
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countries: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Samoa, and Vietnam. The goal of this project is to enhance the adaptability of affected communities to climate change [18].
There are many other projects and programs in which Vietnam participates, such as the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network, Strengthening adaptive capacities to the impacts of climate change in resource-poor small-scale aquaculture and aquatic resources-dependent sectors in the south and south east Asian region [19], the Mekong River Commission Climate Change and Adaptation Initiative, and Climate Risk Assessment for Agriculture in Thailand and Vietnam. This shows that Vietnam is taking a very positive approach and is active and ready for activities for green and sustainable development. C. Challenges for Vietnam with Regard to
Policy Implementation Responses to Climate Change
Vietnam is recognized as being successful in designing adaptive strategies in response to climate change and also making efforts through realistic actions. However, the country and especially its media agencies acknowledge that shortcomings do exist, such as that policies for restrict climate change are too general, there are no clear mechanisms for evaluation and supervision, there are too few technical experts specializing in climate change, no financial policies exist for low responses, and the technology is improving slowly (including limitations in building an early warning system). The following outlines some specific issues with regard to awareness, professional knowledge, and techniques:
The issue of awareness about climate change, its impacts, and measures that can be taken to mitigate it has been widely disseminated throughout the country in many forms. Therefore, officials, leaders, and most people are well aware of these subjects. However, there are still considerable limitations in their understanding of these issues, of the measures to mitigate the effects of climate change, and of the national and international policy mechanisms for addressing climate change. Moreover, the distance between awareness and behavior is still quite large. In fact, although people are often aware of the issues, they focus mainly on immediate adaptation activities and continue to have only limited understanding of the mitigation plans that are being implemented. During the processes of farming and producing, people use chemicals and substances that promote greenhouse effects,
discharging these into the environment and contributing to climate change. When climate changes increase, it will have serious consequences for production activities. Therefore, both the people and the economic sectors need to raise their awareness of and become more responsible for issues around climate change and its effects on every field, as well as to enhance their knowledge of the measures that should be taken to respond to climate change.
Officials and agencies still have limited awareness and understanding of measures that can be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change, of international agreements on climate change, and of the specific content in Vietnam's climate change strategies, plans, and programs. This poses significant challenges for implementing adaptation and mitigation activities. In most areas and at professional agencies, experts, technical staff, and relevant agencies tend to focus on assigned works that are related to their main production without paying much attention to implementing solutions that are adaptive and mitigate the effects of climate change. In addition, the use of technical and technological infrastructures in responding to climate change is weak. Currently, only a few new research institutes have sufficient resources to participate in greenhouse gas inventories and research solutions to reduce greenhouse gases. The monitoring stations have not been developed using the most modern methods, and there has not been sufficient investment into early warning systems.
Limitations on financial policies used for coping with climate change:Responding to climate change towards a green growth model is a global trend, but is also an ambitious goal that requires a large investment in money and technology. And the issue of climate change finance is especially important. According to UNIPCC, the cost of reducing 50% of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will account for about 1 to 3% of the global gross domestic product (GDP). It is estimated that Vietnam will need about US $30 billions to implement climate change response tasks from now to 2030. This really is a big challenge in the context that the country still has many difficulties and budget revenues are rather limited.
In fact, the budget spending for climate change response in Vietnam is still low, estimated at only 0.1% of Vietnam's GDP [9]. Financial resources for responding to climate change are mainly exploited from the budget, government support loans, ODA projects and programs, researches, technical assistance and
global funds. These financial resources are spent on prevention of, response to and solution of climate change problems. On the other hand, the budget allocation for response activities is still uneven. Much of the budget is spent on infrastructure investment in response to climate change. Specifically, according to the Ministry of Planning and Investment report, 88% of spending on climate change response is in large-scale infrastructure projects such as irrigation or road traffic projects. Specifically, irrigation projects of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and road transport of the Ministry of Transport account for 92% of the expenditures on climate change response during the period 2010–2012 and annual capital allocation in 2013. While focusing on irrigation and transport projects, the allocation of expenditures for responding to climate change is primarily intended for adaptation that has not paid attention to mitigation activities. According to the report of the Ministry of Planning and Investment, during the period 2010–2013, the proportion of spending on adaptation activities accounted for 88%, and direct spending for mitigation only accounted for 2%. By 2013, the share of spending on mitigation slightly increased (3.9%) due to the increase in recurrent expenditure of the National Energy Saving Program. This shows that budget allocations for sustainable and long-term response activities have not been focused from all levels and sectors.
Another evidence for inappropriately allocated climate change budget is that spending has not been focused on scientific, technical and social capacity researches and policy and governance activities accounting only for a small percentage. Departments and ministries have not paid attention to integrating development issues with climate change. Therefore, only a very small part of the budget of the five ministries are devoted to specific mitigation activities such as related low energy production of carbon emissions and energy saving measures [9]. Therefore, Vietnam needs to focus on medium and long-term strategy to ensure sustainable financial resources to respond to climate change response activities. On the other hand, there should be a reasonable allocation policy to pay attention to mitigation activities.
Monitoring, evaluation and coordination mechanisms are really not effective:
Although we demonstrate a strong commitment to responding to climate change through a series of programs and projects that have been implemented, in order to ensure consistency between policies and programs
aiming at implementing overall objectives, it is necessary to have clear monitoring, evaluation and coordination mechanisms.
We are currently facing a lack of transparency in monitoring climate change spending activities. It is difficult to collect information related to recurrent expenditure and investment in climate change response from ministries, departments and provinces. Because it is difficult to access available data on public spending since these data being kept at decentralized departments and levels in both ministries and provinces, there cannot be accurate analysis. Moreover, the specific goals on climate change of projects are often not quite clear, so it is difficult to assess the scope or nature of these projects.Monitoring and evaluation of activities that address climate change should be undertaken and reported to enhance response capacity. Currently, Vietnam has not had uniform set of criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of climate change activities and projects. Therefore, to improve the quality and consistency with regard to setting goals, making plans, allocating finances, and reporting on activities conducted in response to climate change, IT is necessary to built a uniformed monitoring system and this monitoring system must incorporated to selected criteria and performance indicators.
Although some of the evaluation mechanisms and policies for integrating climate change into this sector have been improved, there are still many limitations. Attention has been paid to integrating content for disaster prevention into socio-economic development plans in most provinces and sectors and at the national level. However, these plans do not take into account the impacts of climate change. There has been significant progress in some areas including water, energy, and disaster risk management, but sectors such as forestry, roads and transportation, and construction have paid little attention to this work. Our study aims to reduce 8% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to the current business-as-usual scenario, and green houses gas could reduce such emissions by 25% if the country received international support. However, this is a difficult task to undertake without having a detailed policy and strategy, because it requires identifying the overall goals and sector-specific objectives as well as integrating mitigation options in sub-sectors. Moreover, in the various sectors and areas, the mitigation of greenhouse gases includes many different units, facilities, and time ranges. Therefore, it is very difficult to provide consistent comparisons to accomplish these goals.
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In addition, the goals of the various programs and policies on climate change have not been unified. For example, the goals of the National Target Program on Energy Efficiency and those of Decision No. 1775/QD-TTg on the management of greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon market are not the same objectives of the National Strategy on Green Growth. There is a lack of inter-sectoral and inter-regional coordination in response to climate change. Therefore, in many cases the response to climate change in one locality may impact other localities.
Furthermore, the private sector and its development partners are not encouraged to participate in the responses and responsibilities outlined for mitigating climate change. For example, according to statistics updated on December 31, 2017, the number of enterprises throughout the country is estimated at over 561,000. Although there is, then, a strategic force that contributes significantly to the socio-economic development, there are additional factors that contribute to the increases in greenhouse gases. A number of legal documents also note the importance of the private sector and promote the participation of businesses in responding to climate change. However, no details about government mechanisms and policies with regard to business participation have been mentioned. Indeed, when it was developing recent climate change action plans, the government did not focus on the private sector to offer it preferential policies to encourage its participation in the activities being undertaken to respond to climate change. For example, decree No. 210/2013/ND-CP encourages enterprises to invest in rural agricultural development but refers only to encouraging and supporting additional investment in such activities. It does not stipulate any incentive activities either to encourage smart agriculture and applications of agricultural production techniques to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the environment orto improve abilities to cope with climate change. In addition, administrative and policy mechanisms for businesses whose owners want to invest in green growth models have not been extended and supported.
In terms of partnerships, Vietnam now has many organizations, including domestic NGO and international ones from many different countries such as England, Norway, Denmark, Australia, Japan, and the Federal Republic of Germany. These organizations operate in numerous areas related to climate change, and many projects have been successfully
implemented. As a result, Vietnam has received support, technical assistance, and access to resources such as knowledge, technology, finance, and data. However, these organizations have not yet created corridors to participate in and contribute to activities that have been undertaken at the national level to respond to climate change. Therefore, under the condition that Vietnam receives international support to achieve its target of a 25% reduction in emissions, the government should consider issuing a mechanism to enhance cooperation by clarifying the role of NGOs during the implementation of programs and projects that relate to adapting to climate change adaptation.
IV.
C
ONCLUSIONReviewing the national climate change framework in Vietnam shows that the country has comprehensive and dynamic mechanisms for coping with climate change. For example, the government developed the National Targeted Program to Respond to Climate Change, which was approved by the National Assembly in 2008, as well as the National Strategy on Climate Change (NSCC) in 2011 and the National Strategy for Green Growth (NSGG), which was approved in 2012. The Vietnam government developed the action plans to implement both the NSCC and NSGG. Not only did the government actively develop a policy framework to respond to climate change, but the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) prepared Resolution No. 24-Strategy on Climate Change.
NQ/TW to respond actively to climate change and enhance resource management and environmental protection.
The findings of this study also indicate that the climate action plans vary from province to province and between different areas in terms of time duration, stakeholders, and the contents of the plans. For example, it took five years for the Mekong Delta Water Resources Management for Rural Development Project but only two years for the Nordic Development Fund which supports the National Target Program on Climate Change. Some plans are sponsored entirely by governments, while others involve proactive help from NGOs. In addition, the priorities and contents of the plans and the amounts of time projected depend on how climate change is structured and shaped.
Based on this information, the findings also show that the lack of specific guidance with respect to implementation and monitoring in terms of mechanisms and knowledge in areas such as technology and finance could result in
difficulties in implementing the objectives that have been outlined. Therefore, within today's digital era, it is necessary to have more specific policies and programs that provide further guidance and direction for technical improvements, investment technologies for effective responses, implementation, and the integration of climate change into development programs.
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