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パテントプールと競争政策 : 実態の展望と課題

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(1)KG-SANKEN Discussion Paper. No. 2. KG-SANKEN DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES. KG-SANKEN. No.2. Institute for Industrial Research, Kwansei Gakuin University. sanken. kwansei.ac.jp. URL: http://kgsaint.kwansei.ac.jp/sanken.html.

(2) patent blood thicket. (patent proliferation). patent. (patent fragmentation). 2. 1.

(3) 1995. 2007. DOJ. FTC. DOJ & FTC[1995. 2007] [2005. 2007]. 3. patent troll. 4. Shapiro[2001]. p.120 1. patent stacking 1. 2.

(4) hold-out. G. Geradin. Nagaoka & Nishimura[2006]. [2007]. 1. Cockburn & MacGarvie[2007]. Clarkson [2004. 2005]. social network analysis. Wasserman & Faust[1991] visualization node. arc. tie. 3.

(5) Clarkson [2004. (. 2005]. 5) FTC. Clarkson MPEG-2 FTC. PRK photorefractive keratectomy.. Clarkson [2007] 1. 1. 1. ARIB 6 G. R&D. 4.

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(9) 1985. 2004. ( Challenges between Competition and Collaboration ) FTC. 1995. 2007. 3G patent clearing house. 7 G. ASCAP ALCS van Overwalle. .[2007]. (defensive patent pool) Clarkson[2007]. 8. Simcoe[2006].

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(13) [2007] 2. [2006] 80. [2007] 20. Vd. Vt Vd. Vi. 12.

(14) Vt. Vd. std. Vi. Vd. std. std. Vd Vi. Vd. sdt. Vi. sdt. Vi. Vd. Vd. sdt. 2. 13.

(15) IEEE1394. DVB-T. AVC/H.264. MPEG-4. 10. MOEG2 AAC. Gaul [2006]. Clarkson[2007]. Yu[2007]. MPEG2 Video ARIB G. MPEG MPEG2. 11 MPEG2 Video RAND. 14. 1997.

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(18) ARIB MPEG2. 2006. 7. ULDAGE. [2007]. 2006. 8 11 3. 17.

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(22) G. W-CDMA. cdma-2000. Qualcomm. 15 Goldstein & Kearsey [2004]. Bekkers & West [2006]. 21. Bekkers. . [2006]. Schiff & Aoki [2007] G G G Berger [2005] Martikainen [2003] Nokia. Ericsson. Qualcomm. InterDegital. G. 21. G.

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(25) 20 1990. 1990. 20 1902 1912. National Harrow Standard Sanitary Manufacturing. 1990 1 1990 1990. FTC 1995 MPEG2 review letter DVD(3C). 24. DVD(6C). 3G.

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(27) 82 Bekkers. Bekkers. [2006], p.19). 2004. [2006], p.20). Lerner & Tirole [2007, p.8] 17. [2007]. 26.

(28) 18. FRAND FRAND G Qualcomm. Broadcom Qualcomm. 2006. Qualcomm. FRAND. 2007. 2006. Nokia. 2005 10. 1. Qualcomm Qualcomm CDMA. WCDMA Ericsson Nokia Texas Instruments Broadcom Qualcomm. FRAND. Qualcomm 2007. 9. 4. Qualcomm. Qualcomm Broadcom Qualcomm. Qualcomm actionable. FRAND FRAND patent ambush Rambus FRAND Broadcom. Qualcomm. 27.

(29) Qualcomm Broadcom FRAND FRAND. FRAND FRAND FRAND. FRAND. 1 FRAND. 19. 28.

(30) 1. 29.

(31) 20 FRAND. A R&D. 19203015. S. Berger MIT M. Waterson Warwick. J. Vickers Oxford. DIUS. G. Clarkson OFT. (DTI) 2008. 3. 9. 10. 1990. Simcoe [2005]. 30. 09. OFT. R. Gustafsson Helsinki. Michigan. 2007.

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(36) Goldstein, L.M. & B.N. Kearsey, 2004, , Aspatore. Goodman, D.J. and R.A. Myers, 2005, “3G Cellular Standards and Patents,” IEEE. Gr tnes, E., 2007, “Strategies for Standardization - The Case of the Mobile Industry,” , pp.1-16. Ivensen, E.J., R. Bekkers and K. Blind, 2006, “Emerging Coordination Mechanisms for Multi-party IPR Holders: Linking Research with Standardization,” presented at the , Sept.14-15, London. 2006 2007 Kelly, C.J., 2002, “Patent Pools and Antitrust Enforcement. 1997-2001,” FTC, available at. http://www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/020417christopherjkelly.pdf. 2005 2007. 1999. Layne-Farrar, A., A.J. Padilla and R. Schmalensee, 2007, “Pricing Patents for Licensing in Standard Setting Organizations: Making Sense of FRAND Commitments,” working paper No.0702, CEMFI. Lerner, J. and J. Tirole, 2007, “Public Policy toward Patent Pools,” prepared for the , April 12. Lerner, J., J. Tirole and M. Strojwas, 2003, “Cooperative Marketing Agreement between Competitors: Evidence from Patent Pools,” working paper 9680, NBER. Martin, D.L. and C.D. Meyer, 2006, “Patent Counting, A Misleading Index of Patent Value: A Critique of Goodman & Myers and its Uses,” working paper, Social Science Research Network, available at Masoudi, G.F., 2007, “Objective Standards and the Antitrust Analysis of SDO and Patent Pool Conduct,” Department of Justice, Oct., available at. 35.

(37) . Nagaoka, S. and Y. Nishimura, 2006, “An Empirical Assessment of the Effects of Patent Thickets,” unpublished, Hitotsubashi University. Nagaoka, S., T. Shimbo and N. Tsukada, 2006, “The Structure and the Evolution of Essential Patents for Standards: Lessons from Three IT Standards,” IIR Working Paper WP#06-08, Hitotsubashi University. 2005 2007 Nielsen, C.M. and M.R. Samardzija, 2007, “Compulsory Patent Licensing: Is It a Viable Solution in the United States?,” , Vol.13,. No.2, pp.509-539.. Office of Fair Trading (OFT), UK, 2006, “Competition, Patents and Innovation,” submitted for the. meeting to be held at OFT’s head office on Sept. 17, 2007.. Schiff, A. & R. Aoki, 2007, “Differentiated Standards and Patent Pools,” Hitotsubashi University, available at. .. Shapiro, C., 2001, “Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting,” in Jaffe, A., J. Lerner and S. Stern (eds.), , Vol.1, MIT Press pp.119-150. Sheremeta, L. and E.R. Gold, 2003, “Creating a patent Clearinghouse in Canada: A Solution , Vol.11, No.3, pp.17-21.. to Problems of Equity and Access,”. Simcoe, T.S., 2005, “Explaining the Increase in Intellectual Disclosure,” working paper, University of Toronto. , 2006, “Open Standards and Intellectual Property Rights,” in Chesbrough, H., W. Vanhaverke, and J. West,. , Oxford. University Press, pp.161-183. Striukova, L., 2006, “Value Creation from Patents: Empirical Study,” working paper No.10, Dynamics of Institutions and Markets in Europe (DIME). van Overwalle, G., E. van Zimmeren, B. Verbeure and G. Matthijs, 2007, “Dealing with Patent Fragmentation in ICT and Genetics: Patent Pools and Clearing Houses,” , Vol.12, No.6, available at : http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issues12_6/vanoverwalle/index.html.. 36.

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