ᶨµ´ᶩ
פᖓៜɪʨႻϐᖓៜʊᔷʪ ly Ծៀʍ
ำװᆔᆌᦑʊʃɣʅ
ᄑɉᄢɉۧɉς
On the Historical Development of ‘–ly’ adverbs:
From Old English to Modern English
Keisuke TABATA
ɉఙ ɉly ԾៀʍำװᆔᆌᦑʱפᖓៜɪʨႻϐᖓៜʊᔷʪʝʆឍɶɊly Ծៀɫפ ᖓៜʍీϐʊʎи᯳ɸʪᜟႻʍᇀԳʆᄍɣʨʫʪၔ৷ʱପʂʅɣɾɲʇʱАា ɸʪɋɼɶʅႻϐᖓៜʊʎʨʫʉɣɲɥɶɾၔ৷ɫͼᖓៜʍీϐʊᜡᥠɶɊ ɲʍీϐʊႻϐᖓៜʍԾៀʍᏎៜԔऑɫሯዒɶɾɲʇʱ៵ាɸʪɋ֫ᎣথԾៀ ʍ᥎ϐᖓៜʆʍᜡᥠɊԔ௮ʇʍӉᢰ৷ɫ ly Ծៀʍݳᦥʱ୴ɸʪͫʆᨁ ʉʇʉʪɲʇʡʮɺʅ៵ɷʪɋפᖓៜʆʍOƯFH Ծៀʍᐡഅʇ᥎ϐᖓៜʍ֫ ᎣথԾៀʍᜡᥠɫ ly Ծៀʍำװᆔᆌᦑʍᓬ໐ʇʉʪɋ ˃̎̅̎˟ᶺ¡ԾៀɊи᯳ɊװᆔᏎៜ៵Ɋװᆔথੳ៵ ᶱᶮʎɷʠʊ ɉɉ Ⴛ ϐ ᖓ ៜ ʊ ɩ ɣ ʅ ʡ ݼ ন ʆ ʞ ʄ ʨ ɣ ق ៀ ʎ Ծ ៀ ʆ ɡ ʪɋLeech ᶨ³±²¶»²¶²ᶩ ɫ Adverbs and adverbials have been virtually ignored by theoreticalgrammarians. ʇᥙʘʪʧɥʊɊԾៀᜟႻʍႾ៵ᆔʉԔʎणʊۏ᭐ɫϪɥɋɼ ʫʆʡԾៀʱᎲᧅʊᥱీᆔʊ֙Ԕɶʅɣɮɲʇʆᄍຫʊɸʪͥᕓᆔၔ৷ɫɡ ʪ्ɧʅɮʪʧɥʊ৲ʮʫʪɋಢኢʆʎɊԾៀʍኚᯕʇԾៀʇԔ௮ʍפ
ᶨµµᶩ ಿʍᏃʒʃɬɊʝɾႻϐᖓៜʍԾៀʍܛಢଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʇʉʂʅɣʪ ly ʍำװᆔᢰ ཆʊʃɣʅɊำװᆔᆌᦑʍᦋʱɾʈʩʉɫʨᒑࡗʱᜓɥɋɼɶʅำװᆔᦋ ʊɩɣʅ ly ԾៀʍᢰཆʇʉʪOƯFH ԾៀɫɊႻϐᖓៜʇᄴʉʩи᯳ɸʪᎫʍ ᇀԳʊᄍɣʪ҂ɫɡʪɲʇʱАាɸʪɋᏙɣʅͼᖓៜʍԾៀʍԔऑʱឍɶ ʉɫʨɊႻϐᖓៜʍԾៀʍᏎៜԔऑʍቃʎͼᖓៜಜʊʆɬɡɫʂɾɲʇʱ៵ា ɸʪɋাʊᜓᆔʊᆌᦑɶʅɬɾ֫ᎣথԾៀᶨÀDWDGYHUEᶩɫᜡᥠɶʅɣɬɊ ly Ծៀɫ᥎ϐᖓៜಜϒᬆʊሯዒɶɾำװᆔᓗʊʃɣʅលוɸʪɋ ᶲᶮâå÷æóã ʊʃɣʅ
ɉԾៀ adverb ʎɊ˿˜̉ៜʍ adverbiumᶨଢ଼ᯃ᤺ adᶨ᷾ʊϊՒɴʫɊ᷾ʱи᯳ ɸʪᶩᶫៜऺ verbumᶨៜᶩᶩɪʨᄉʝʫɾៜʆɡʪɋפ˫˿̉ˏៜʍ averbeɊ ͼᖓៜʍ adverbe ʱᏀʅɊ²´º¶शʍ:\FOLI¿WH%LEOH ʆʍ adverb ɫԞԎʇʉʪᶨࡨ
ྙ²ºº¸ᶩɋverbum ʍੜءʎ˄̀ˍ˹ៜʍ rhêma ʍʉɽʩʇɶʅᄉʝʫɊթៀɫ
ៜʍͼʆᨁៜᶨthe word of wordsᶩʆɡʂɾɲʇɪʨɊɔៜɕʆɡʂɾੜء ɫʍʀʊɔթៀɕʍੜءʊݳ֊ɶʅɣʪɋɶɾɫʂʅಢಿ adverb ʎɔៜɕʱ и᯳ɸʪʡʍʇɣɥੜءʱପʀɊɼʫɫ adverb ʍׄᑵʇʉʪɋ࠷ᬫɊԾៀʎ ตʍʧɥʊթៀɊথࡄៀɊ௮ɊៀץɊԳᑝៀץʱи᯳ɸʪɲʇɫᓧʆɡʪ ᶨࢨᄑ²º¹¶»¶ᶩɋ
（1） a. She sings well.
b. Your work is very good. c. Probably, John hit the ball.
d. We based our argument on precisely those grounds. e. Much to my surprise, the box was empty.
ɉಢኢʆʎʝɹԾៀʍܛಢᓧʇɼʍথੳʊʃɣʅឍɸʪɋࢨᄑᶨ²º¹¶ᶩɊ
Declerkᶨ²ºº²ᶩʍԔʱͼʇɶʉɫʨɊԾៀʍኚᯕʱ᳙ᇭɶʅɣɮɋตጱ ʆʍ៥నʊᄍɣʪᄍАʆԎӍʍឧᤓʍʉɣʡʍʎࢨᄑɊDeclerk ʍᗾɪʨʍঃ
ᶨµ¶ᶩ ᄍʇʉʪɋ
ᶳᶮԾៀʍኚᯕ
ɉࢨᄑᶨ²º¹¶ᶩʎԾៀʱϊଢ଼ៀᶨadjunctᶩɊଢ଼ៀᶨdisjunctᶩɊଢ଼ៀᶨconjunctᶩ ʍᶳʃʊԔᯕɶɊDeclerkᶨ²ºº²ᶩʎ adjunctɊdisjunctɊconjunctɊsubjunctᶨͬଢ଼ៀᶩ ʍᶴʃʊԔᯕɶʅɣʪɋࢨᄑʎ Greenbaumᶨ²º·ºᶩʇ Quirk et al.ᶨ²º¸³ᶩʱב ဆɶʅԾៀʱᶳʃʊԔᯕɶʅɩʩɊDeclerk ʎ Quirk¡et al.ᶨ²º¹¶ᶩʱבဆɶɊ Quirk ʨɫంɾʊᥟՒɶɾͬଢ଼ៀʊʡលוɶʅɣʪɋadjunct ʍحឰʊʃɣʅʎ ɲʫʝʆϊଢ଼ៀʇϊՒៀɊconjunct ʎଢ଼ៀʇଢ଼ៀɫᄍɣʨʫʅɬʅɣʪɋ ಢኢʆʎ adjunct ʊʎϊՒៀɊconjunct ʊʎଢ଼ៀʍحឰʱᄍɣʪɲʇʊɸʪɋ ɉϊՒៀᶨadjunctᶩʎܬɊీɊපੳʉʈʱᜟɶɊ௮ʍͼᆔᎫʇɶʅ௮ථ ʊᎻʞ᥈ʝʫʪɋԔ௮ᶨcleft sentenceᶩʍʊʉʩɥʪɲʇɫϊՒៀʍ Ꮞៜᆔၔʍͥʃʆɡʪɋ
(2) a. It was to the church that he walked. b. Was it outside that they were standing?
c. It was with great pride that he showed the trophy to the photographers.
d. It was {yesterday/in the garden/with cheese/by putting them in a coffee pot/so
very slowly} that she cooked the eggs.
ɉϊՒៀʍͼʆʡɊ֫ᎣথԾៀʎԔ௮ʍʊʎʉʫʉɣɲʇʊີੜɶʅɩ ɬɾɣɋ֫ᎣথԾៀɫᆔʉᜟႻʊʉʂɾᬫʊʎᶨ3e,fᶩʍʧɥʊʊʉ ʩɥʪɋ
(3) a. It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage. b. *It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. c. It was loudly that they argued.
ᶨµ·ᶩ e. It was loud and clear that he spoke.
f. It was extremely loud that they argued.ᶨࠪΥ̍ቾࢡ̍ͼಳ²º¸·»¹ᶩ
ɉפᖓៜʍీϐʊʡԔ௮ӑʍϊՒៀʍᄍຫʎɸʆʊʨʫɊϊՒៀʇԔ௮ ʍӉᢰၔ৷ʎɲʍ᮳ɸʆʊીዒɶʅɣʪɋ
Ĉ WZ VRQìRQH0RQDQG J IWHUVFD0DULDQP VVHì*RGZLQHPLGKLVVFLSXP to Suðgeweorce becom.
(=It was the Monday after the Naitivity of the Virgin that Godwine arrived at Southwark with his ships.) (ChronC 182, 9(1052))
ɉଢ଼ៀᶨdisjunctᶩʎ௮ԾៀʆɊᔵԔʍᆌ់ʍথॾʊʃɣʅ់ᒓɫˉ˷̉˞ ʱϊɰՒɧʪ˕ʺ˭ʍʡʍᶨfranklyɊroughly ʉʈᶩʇᔵԔʍᆌ់ʍӑࡄʊʃ ɣʅ់ᒓɫˉ˷̉˞ʱϊɰՒɧʪ˕ʺ˭ʍʡʍᶨamazinglyɊannoyingly ʉʈᶩ ɫɡʪɋ
D%ULHÀ\\RX¶GEHWWHUQRWFRPHEDFNKHUHᶨᆌ់ʍথॾᶩ ¡ b. Fortunately, no one was injured.ᶨᆌ់ʍӑࡄᶩ
ɉଢ଼ៀʎԔ௮ʍʊʉʪɲʇʎʆɬʉɣɫɊଢ଼ៀʍͼʊʎথࡄៀথʆ Ԕ௮ʍʊʉʩɥʪʡʍɫɡʪɋ
(6) a. *It’s incredibly/unbelievably that he failed the exam.¡ b. It’s incredible/unbelievable that he failed the exam.
ɉɉ¡ᶨCorpus of Contemporary American EnglishᶨCOCAᶩʇʺ̉˫ʿ̎˴̉˞
ᶨµ¸ᶩ
ɉଢ଼ៀᶨconjunct）ʎϧᏎ௮ຫʆɣɥଢ଼ᏙԾៀʊᇁঞɶɊԳᥙʍɲʇʇʍʃ
ʉɫʩʱቌɸɋ
(7) a. Jenny refused to speak to Bess. Jeremy, however, was friendly to her.
E7KH\KDYHQ¶W¿QLVKHGFRXQWLQJWKHYRWHV\HW,WORRNVEDGIRUWKH&RQVHUYDWLYHV
though.
c. If you won’t stop driving so recklessly, then you can stop the car and let me out.
ɉଢ଼ៀʡԔ௮ʍʊʉʪɲʇʎʆɬʉɣɋ
(8) *It is however that they came too late.
ɉQuirk et al.ᶨ²º¹¶ᶩɫលוɶɾͬଢ଼ៀᶨsubjunctᶩʎɊៜʇթៀɊʝɾጱӂ Ϲʊࡩɶূ࢙ᆔʉՁʱଉɥᎫʆɡʪɋ
(9) a. Even Brian was not happy about it.
b. Linguistically, orthography is not very important. c. John was deeply disappointed.
ɉͬଢ଼ៀʎԔ௮ʍʊʉʪʡʍʇʉʨʉɣʡʍɫɡʩɊʊʉʩɥʪʡ ʍʎϊՒៀʊւ؉ɴʫʪϴᑝʄɰʇʉʪɋ
(10) a. * It was even that John was not happy about it. b. It is psychologically that they came too late.
ɉͬଢ଼ៀʎ (11) ʍʧɥʊԔ௮ʇӉʊᄍᆔʉᜟႻʱথીɶɾʩɊפᖓៜಜ ɪʨԔ௮ʇӉᢰɶɾʩɸʪɲʇɪʨɊԾៀʇԔ௮ʎҮಿওɣᏃʒʃɬʱ ʡʂɾФʊɡʪʇᏃ៵ʄɰʪɲʇɫʆɬʪɋ
ᶨµ¹ᶩ
(11) It was not that John pretested; it was merely that he was rude.
¡ ᶨˎ˽̉ʎૺᠳɶɾʇɣɥʍʆʎʉɮʅɊɾɿ֫ʊЀຫɿʂɾɿɰʉʍ¡
ɿɋᶩ
ᶨࡷ²º¹º»²²²¶ᶩ
(12) a. It is often that they visit me.
b. It is not often that A.J. is in that much of a hurry.
¡ ᶨA.J. ɫɼʲʉʊ৵ɣʆɣʪʉʲʅʠʂɾʊʉɣɲʇʧᶩ ᶨࡷ²º¹º»²³¸²ᶩ ᶴᶮפᖓៜʍԾៀʍᄉᢰϴᑝ ɉࠨϷᑬᶨ²ºº³»²¸ºᶩʎɔႻϐᖓៜʍܬʇපɊפᖓៜʆʡɊ௮̍ጱ̍ץͼ ʆʍԾៀᧅʍϴᑝʎݼපʉʍʆɊͥᕓᆔʊ៵ɹʪʍʎۏ᭐ʆɡʪɕʇᥙʘʅɣ ʪɋԾៀʍᄉᢰϴᑝʎݼපʆͥᕓ֊ʎۏ᭐ʆɡʪɲʇʎሯɪʆɡʪɫɊಢጱʆ ʎԾៀʱᎲԔɸʪɲʇʆɡʪ्ʍᄉᢰϴᑝʍԯ৷ɫໜɪʒͫɫʪɲʇʱ៵ ាɸʪɋಢጱʍפᖓៜʍ˝̎˕ʎࠨϷᑬᶨ²ºº³ᶩɪʨʍঃᄍʇʉʪɋ ɉႻϐᖓៜʆʎଢ଼ៀ then ʎᥱА௮ᯃʝɾʎ௮ࢉʆᄍɣʨʫʪɋթៀʇԾៀ ץʍʊςۦɸʪɲʇʎʉɣɫɊפᖓៜʆʎɼɥɶɾԔऑɫᓧʆɊଢ଼ៀ ìƗᶨthenᶩʎ (13) ʍʧɥʊԔऑɸʪɋ KƝOƯKWHìƗPLGOƝRGDQ
‘then he alighted among the people’
ɉɲʍАʱʪʇפᖓៜʆʎႻϐᖓៜʧʩʡԾៀɫᔵᄒʊᄉᢰᓧʆɡʂɾɲ ʇɫዊɧʪɋפᖓៜಜʍԾៀʎи᯳ɸʪៜ̍ץ̍ጱ̍௮ʍᇀԳʊᑝɪʫɾʩɊ
ᶨµºᶩ
(14) VZƯèHKUƯPLJHEHDUZDVᶨথࡄៀ KUƯPLJH ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘very frosty woods’
èHOIUƝGF\QLQJVQRWHUOƯFHƗZHQGHRI/HGHQHᶨթៀ ƗZHQGH ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘which King Alfred wisely translated from Latin’
(16) VZƯèH raðeᶨԾៀ raðe ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘very soon’
(17) QƗìXUKJHE\OGHPLFHOUHOƗUHDFIRUìDQìH« ᶨץìXUKJHE\OGHPLFHOUHOƗUH ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ
¡ ‘not at allWKURXJKFRQ¿GHQFHRIJUHDWOHDUQLQJEXWEHFDXVH«¶
(18) ZLWRGOƯFHEHK\UDZ VWPXPJƝKƯRQFQƗZDè
¡ ᶨ௮EHK\UDZ VWPXPJƝKƯRQFQƗZDè ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ żTruly, by their fruits, you will distinguish them.’
(19) man geald ϾUHVW gafolᶨթៀץ man geald ʱাᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘tributre should be paid IRUWKH¿UVWWLPH’
VWǀGRQVWϾèHVWƯèOƯFHFO\ìRGHwordumPۘOGH
¡ ᶨթៀVWǀG ʱাᑝи᯳Ɋթៀ FO\ìRGH ʱԳᑝи᯳Ɋթៀ PۘOGH ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ
¡ ‘stood on the shore, called out sternly, spoke with words’
ɉাᑝи᯳ʱᜓɥԾៀʎᆔʉᎫʆɡʂɾʩɊݼᮬጱʇɣɥၔʱପʃɋ
KƝJHOXIRGZ VIUDPèƗPPϾGHQH ‘he was loved by the maiden’
ᶨ¶±ᶩ ɉԳᥙʍাᑝи᯳ʍԾៀʎႻϐᖓៜʆʡাᑝи᯳ʇɶʅᄍɣʨʫʪʡʍʆɡ ʪɋີᆾɸʘɬʎפᖓៜʆʎႻϐᖓៜʊʎʨʫʉɣԳᑝи᯳ʍᄍຫɫݼ௦ ʨʫʪʆɡʪɋАɧʏ (20) ʍVWƯèOƯFHᶨsternlyᶩʍԾៀʎႻϐᖓៜʆʎাᑝи ᯳ɫᥱʆɡʪɋɼʫʊטɶʅפᖓៜಜʊʎVWƯèOƯFHᶨsternlyᶩɫԳᑝи᯳ʆᄍ ɣʨʫʅɣʪɋऐປ f ೋᶨ³±²´ᶩɫᤓɸʪ²±ኚᯕʍפᖓៜ˜˃ˏ˞ʍͼʆɊ
-ly ᢰཆʍԾៀᶨOƯƛHᶩʎɣɹʫʡԳᑝи᯳ʇʉʂʅɩʩɊפᖓៜʍ -ly ᢰཆʍ
ԾៀʎԳᑝи᯳ɫܛಢʇʉʪɲʇɫዊɣᇽʫʪɋ
(22) and èHOOƯƛHƥHIH[RGHᶨթៀ ƥHIH[RGH ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ µ«DQGexcellently haird’
VWƗQDVPǀWRQfæsteƥHKDEEDQᶨթៀ ƥHKDEEDQ ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘the stones are able to hold ¿UPO\ against my strengh’
«ì WKƝRƥHDUROƯƛHRQƥLHWHQK IGHì W«ᶨթៀ RQƥLHWHQ ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ µ«WKDWVKHKDGFOHDUO\UHDOL]HGWKDW«¶
(25) ULKWOƯƛHKƯVLQG$QJOHƥHKƗWHQH«ᶨ௮ӂϹʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘rightlyWKH\DUHFDOOHG$QJOHV«¶
ëƗZXUGRQƝDFVZƯèHXQƝèHOƯƛHƗVHWHQᶨթៀ ƗVHWHQ ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘they were aground in a very invonvenient way’
VHKHDUSHUHZ VVZƯèHXQƥHIU ƥOƯƛH goodᶨথࡄៀ good ʱԳᑝи᯳ᶩ ¡ ‘the harper was inconceivably good’
(28) And Tantalus se cyning, ðe on ðisse worulde XQƥHPHWOƯƛHƥƯIUHZ V«
ᶨ¶²ᶩ
¡ ‘And King Tantalus, who was excessivelyJUHHG\LQWKLVZRUOG«¶
ɉऐປ̍ೋᶨ³±²´»¹µᶩʆʎ௮и᯳ԾៀVǀìOƯƛH ɫᶵۋᆍܬɸʪɫɊᶱАʍʞ ௮ᯃʆʉɮ௮ͼʆᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪɋɲʫʎᇀাʍIƝROORQ ʱওᆔʊи᯳ɶʅ ɣʪʇ៦ʞכʪɲʇɫʆɬʪɋ (29) 6ǀìOƯƛHnjWƝRGHVHVƗZHUHKLVVۘGWǀVƗZHQQH$QGìƗìƗKƝVƝRZVXPXKƯH IƝROORQZLìZHƥDQGIXJODVFǀPRQDQGۘWRQìƗ6ǀìOƯƛHVXPXIƝROORQRQVWۘQLKWHìۘU KLWQ IGHPLƛOHHRUìDQDQGKU GOƯƛHnjSVSUXQJRQIRUìۘPìHKƯHQ IGRQìۘUHHRUìDQ GƝRSDQ VǀìOƯƛHnjSVSUXQJHQUHVXQQDQKƯHƗGUnjJRGRQDQGIRUVFUXQFRQIRUìۘPìH KƯHQ IGRQZ\UWUXPDQ6ǀìOƯƛHVXPXIƝROORQRQìRUQDVDQGìƗìRUQDVZƝR[RQDQG IRUìU\VPGRQìƗ6XPXVǀìOƯƛH IƝROORQRQJǀGHHRUìDQDQGVHDOGRQZۘVWPVXP KXQGIHDOGQHVXPVLH[WLƥIHDOGQHVXPìUƯWLƥIHDOGQH
(7UXO\ the sower went out to sow his seeds. And while he was sowing, some of them fell along the way, and birds came and ate them. 7UXO\ some fell on stony ground where it had not much earth, and quickly sprang up, because they had not any deep earth; WUXO\, the sun (being) risen up, they dried up and shrank up, because they had not roots. 7UXO\ some fell on thorns, and the thorns grew, and choked them. Some WUXO\ fell on good ground, and gave fruit, some hundredfold, some sixtyfold, (and) some thirtyfold.)
ɉϒͫʍ˝̎˕ɪʨ ly ԾៀʍᢰཆʇʉʪOƯƛH Ծៀʎפᖓៜಜʊʎи᯳ɸʪᜟ
ႻʍᇀԳʆᄍɣʪԾៀʆɡʂɾʇटᏃʆɬʪɋ
ɉHelsinki Corpus ʍ OEIIᶨ¹¶±®º¶±ᶩʱ൮Ꭽɸʪʇ lice ៜࢉʆᎹʮʪៜɫµ²³А ʃɪʪɫɊɼʍɥʀ௮ಡʆᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪԾៀʎᶴАʍʞʆɡʪɋ
ᶨ¶³ᶩ
b. <R 34.87.24>& +teah ne bio+d eallunga gelice. c. <R 67.1.2>eofor+trote, cropleac, ofgeot gelice.
d. <R 34.1.3>wyl on w+atre & be+te mid & rece +ta sinwe geornlice.
ɉ(30a) ʍJHG IWOLFHᶨcorrectlyᶩʎ Z VEHE\UJHG（was buried）ʍל௮ʍ௮ಡ ʆᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪɋɲʫʎঞ៌ԾៀɫψᮬጱʆɡʪɲʇʇФɸʪɲʇɫୟࡗ ʆɬʪɋ(30d) ʍ geornliceᶨeagerlyᶩʡපʆɡʪɋ(30b) ʇ (30c) ʍ èæíêäæᶨalike） ʎʡʇʡʇ௮ಡʆᄍɣʪၔ৷ʱପʃԾៀʆɡʪʇटᏃʆɬʪɋOƯƛH ԾៀʎҮಿ и᯳ᜟႻʍᇀԳʆᄍɣʨʫʪၔ৷ʱପʂʅɣʪɫɊψᮬጱʇʉʪܬʊʎᮬᮯ ᆔʉႾᄒʆ௮ಡʊᑝɪʫʪɲʇʡɡʪԾៀɿʇᏃ៵ϊɰʪɲʇɫʆɬʪɋ ᶵᶮíú Ծៀʍᥱీᆔᄉ ɉಢጱʆʎႻϐԾៀʍށᧅԔʱ֯ʠʅɣʪ ly Ծៀʍำװᆔᆌᦑʱ៍Ꮂʊʅ ɣɮᶱᶩɋႻϐᖓៜʍ ly Ծៀʎܛಢᆔʊפᖓៜʍ (31) ᶭ (34) ʍɣɹʫɪʍᄉ ʱᏀʅথીɴʫʅɣʪɋɼʫɽʫʎψʍقៀɪʨʍᤉᄍɡʪɣʎᄉʊʧʪʡ ʍʇʉʪɋথࡄៀʍៜऺʊʃɮଢ଼ࢉ᤺ -e ʎഓᶨlocativeᶩʱᢰཆʇɶʅɣʪɋ (31)¡থࡄៀʊ -e ʱ༐ɧʅʃɮʨʫɾԾៀ GƝRۃH µGHHOS\¶ GƝRۃ µGHHS¶ KHDUGHµ¿UPO\¶ KHDUGµ¿UPKDUG¶ ZLGH µZLGHO\¶ ZƯG µZLGH¶
lange ‘long’ ½¡ lang ‘long’
rihte ‘rightly’ < riht ‘right’ ʉʈɋ
(32) থࡄៀɫʡʇʡʇ -e ʆᎹʮʂʅɣʪɾʠɊথࡄៀʇথʇʉʂɾԾៀ ¡ EOƯìH µMR\IXOO\¶ EOƯìH µMR\IXO¶
ᶨ¶´ᶩ EHDOGOƯFH µEROGO\¶ EHDOG
EOƯìHOƯFH µJODGO\¶ EOƯìH µMR\IXO¶ RSHQOƯFH µRSHQO\¶ RSHQ µRSHQ¶
(34)¡-lic ʆᎹʮʪথࡄៀʊԾៀᄉଢ଼᤺ e ɫϊՒɴʫɊOƯFH ʍៜࢉʱʡʃԾៀɋ
থࡄៀᄉଢ଼᤺ -lic ʎႻϐᖓៜʍ like ʊᇁঞɸʪɋɾɿɶ (34b,c) ʎথࡄៀʊ
-e ɫϊɬԾៀʊʉʂɾাʆ -e ɫᗹʀʅOƯFH ɫϊɣɾᓧ৷ʡɴʫʪɋ
DIUƝRQGOƯFH µNLQGO\¶ IUƝRQGOƯF µNLQGO\¶ EKHDUGOƯFH µKDUVKO\¶ KHDUGOLF µKDUVK¶
hearde (adv) < heard (adj) FVǀèOƯFH µWUXO\¶ VǀèOƯF µWUXH¶
VǀèH < Vǀè ɉפᖓៜಜɊOƯFH ʍԾៀʎɊ-e ʍԾៀʧʩʡۥшᆔʊݼɮࠓۦɶʅɣɾɋႻ ۦʍԾៀʍʡӍۿᆔʉথʇʉʂʅɣʪ ly ԾៀʎפᖓៜಜʊԾៀʍӍۿᆔʉ ៜࢉʇɶʅOƯFH ɫݼᄍɴʫʅɣɾɲʇʊየʱᆌɶʅɣʪɋ ɉԾៀʍͼʊʎตʍʧɥʊៜܛʊOƯFH ʱϊɰʅԾៀʇʉʂɾʡʍʉʍɪɊথ ࡄៀʊଢ଼ࢉ᤺ -e ʱϊɰʅᄉɴʫɾʡʍʉʍɪɊᄉીᦋɫͭనʉʡʍʡɡ ʪɋ
ZUƗèOƯFH µIXULRXVO\¶ ZUƗè µIXULRXV¶
ZUƗèOƯF µIXULRXV¶
XQƗUƯƗPHGOƯFHµLQQXPHUDEO\¶ XQƗUƯPHG µLQQXPHUDEOH¶
XQƗUƯPHGOƯF µLQQXPHUDEOH¶
ᶨ¶µᶩ ཆʇʉʂʅɣʪɲʇʊີੜɶʅɩɬɾɣɋ ᶶᶮפᖓៜಜʍɼʍψʍԾៀ ɉפᖓៜಜʍᱝᯇ्ʍԾៀʊʎ OƯF H ʇᄴʉʪៜথʱପʃʡʍʡɡʩɊɼʫʨ ʍԾៀʎܬ̍ీ̍ఄʱቌɸʡʍʆɡʂɾɋ èۘUµWKHUH¶KƝUµKHUH¶KZۘUµZKHUH¶LQ Q µLQ¶njWHµRXW¶njSµXS¶KZDQQHµZKHQ¶ ìRQQHµWKHEQ¶KLGHUµKLWKHU¶ìLGHUµWKLWKHU¶ZKۘGHUµZKLWKHU¶IRUèµIRUWK¶IHRU U µIDU¶QƝDKµQHDU¶ᶨࠨϷᑬ²ºº³»·²ᶩ ɉɲʫʨʎ ly ʍៜࢉʱʇʨʉɣԾៀᑳʍҳʇʉʪɋ ɉפᖓៜಜʊʎ OƯF H ϒݹʊʡɊ-inga、-unga、-es、-a、-um ʍଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʱʡʃ Ծៀʡࠓۦɶʅɣɾɋ
DEUƗGOLQJDµÀDWO\¶GHDUQXQJD> ᶭ inga] ‘secretly’
b. ealles ‘entirely’, HOOHVµRWKHUZLVH¶KƗPZHDUGHVµKRPHZDUGV¶QLKWHVµE\QLJKW¶ QƝGHVµRIQHFHVVLW\¶ FVǀQDµVRRQ¶ƥHƗUDµIRUPHUO\¶WHODµZHOO¶ìULZDµWZLFH¶ GKZƯOXPµVRPHWLPHV¶IXUèXPµHYHQ¶XQZHDUQXPµLUUHVLVWLEO\¶ ᶷᶮͼᖓៜಜʍԾៀʱЀʪଢ଼ࢉ᤺ ɉͼᖓៜʍీϐʊԾៀʱЀʂɾଢ଼᤺ʊʎตʍʡʍɫɡʪɋ (39) a. –eɉៜಡɫࠍᮬʆᎹʮʪথࡄៀɪʨපੳԾៀʱᄉɸʪɋ ɉɉɉɉɉাʍ᥎ϐᖓៜʍీϐʊʎ -e ʎވɸʪɋ
ɉɉɉɉɉbrighte, brode ‘broadly’, clere ‘clearly’
¡ b. –ingɉפᖓៜʍ -inga ʇ -ungano ʊᄒಿɸʪᄉଢ଼᤺ɋ ɉɉɉɉɉɉalling ‘wholly’, grovelling, darkling
ᶨ¶¶ᶩ c. –lyɉפᖓៜʍOƯFH ʊᄒಿɸʪᄉଢ଼᤺ɋ²µͳʊͥᕓᆔʇʉʂɾɋ ɉɉɉɉɉ¡¡ugly ʍʧɥʊႻϐᖓៜʆʎԾៀᄍຫɫʉɮʉʩɊথࡄៀᄍຫʍʞ ʇʉʂɾៜʡɡʪɋ ɉɉɉɉɉ¡NLQGO\QREO\XJO\OLYHO\DEO\¿UVWO\EOHVVHGO\ ¡ d. –wiseɉפᖓៜʍៀZƯVHᶨmannerᶩʊᄒಿɸʪᄉଢ଼ࢉ᤺ɋ
ɉɉɉɉɉɉ¡crosswise, cornerwise, likewise
ɉ-ly ʍଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʊʎɊԾៀʱᄉɸʪଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʇʎԠʊɊথࡄៀʱᄉɸʪଢ଼ࢉ ᤺ -ly ʣ -li ɫɡʂɾɋ²´ͳʊ North ʇ East & West Midlands ʆᄍɣʨʫ߂ʠɊ
²¶ͳʊʎӂఄលʆͥᕓ֊ɴʫʅɣʪɋᶨͼࢉ²º¸³»µ²µᶩ
(40) goodly, manly, kindly, homely, yearly, daily, weekly, lowly, sickly
ᶸᶮͼᖓៜಜʍៜথݳ֊ ɉפᖓៜಜʊៜಡʍওղʍᮬጱʊႻʫɾ a o u ɫɊ²µͳʊʎɸʘʅH>ԥ@ ʊ ݳ֊ɶɊ֫Ꭳ֊ᶨVLPSOL¿FDWLRQᶩɴʫʪɲʇʊʉʪɋפᖓៜಜʊʎথࡄៀʍៜ ऺʊഓᢰཆʍ -e ʱʃɰʅԾៀʱЀʪᄉɫʨʫʅɣɾɫɊɲʍᄉᦋ ʎঃɬᏙɬͼᖓៜಜʊʡʨʫʪɋɶɪɶʉɫʨԾៀᄉଢ଼᤺ -e ʎ >H@!>ԥ@ ʍᦋʱᏀʅ²¶ͳʊވɶɊʃʄʩͫʡᓴᗹɶʅথࡄៀʇথʍ֫ᎣথԾៀ ᶨÀDWDGYHUEᶩɫ៙ᄉɸʪɋᶱጱʆɾʧɥʊԔ௮ʍʊʉʩɥʪԾៀʆɡʂ ɾʡʍɫɊ֫ᎣথԾៀʇʉʪɲʇʆԔ௮ʍʊʉʫʉɮʉʪำװᆔᦋɫ ɡʩɊɲʍɲʇʎ֫ᎣথԾៀɫ ly ԾៀʇথੳᆔʊʎᯕϯɶʅɣʪɫɊࠬӂʊ ၵዒɶɾԾៀᑳʇɶʅᆌᦑɶʅɣɮɲʇʱౣቌɶʅɣʪɋ ɉ֫ᎣথԾៀɫᄉʝʫɾɲʇʍᯕୟʊʧʩ˿˜̉᎘ʍথࡄៀɫɼʍʝʝԾៀʇ ɶʅᄍɣʨʫʪʧɥʊʉʂɾɋ²·ͳʊʎψʍথࡄៀʡথʆԾៀʇɶʅᄍɣ ʨʫʪʧɥʊʉʂʅɣʪɋႻۦʍ֫ᎣথԾៀɫݼɮʨʫʪɬʂɪɰʇʉʂɾ ำװᆔៜথݳ֊ʇɣɧʪɋ ɉตʍԾៀʎפᖓៜಜʊথࡄៀʊ e ɫʃɣʅথીɴʫɾʡʍɿɫɊͼᖓៜಜʊ
ᶨ¶·ᶩ
ʉʪʇ e ɫᓴᗹɶɊথࡄៀʇԾៀɫথʇʉʪɋ
(41) פᖓៜɉɉɉͼᖓៜɉ¡᥎ϐᖓៜ
DGƝRS GƝRSHɉ GƝRSɉ deep EI VW I VWHɉ I VWɉ fast FVODZ VOƗZHɉ VOƗZɉ slow
d. heard heard-e heard hard
ɉ-e ʱʃɰʅԾៀʱЀʪᄉʎ௦ᆔʊʎɼʫʚʈݼɮʉɣɋͼᖓៜಜʍԾៀʍ
ܛಢᄉଢ଼᤺ʇɶʅʉɴʫʪʍʎOƯFH ʆɡʪɋפᖓៜʆʎ -e ʱʃɰʅԾៀ
ʱᄉɶɾথࡄៀʡͼᖓៜʆʎOƯFH ʱϊɰʅʠʅԾៀʱЀʪʧɥʊʉʂɾɋ
(42) פᖓៜɉͼᖓៜɉ᥎ϐᖓៜ
DGƝRS GƝRSOƯƛH GHHSO\ EVOƗZ VOƗZOƯƛH VORZO\
ɉɼʍᏃೖɊɼʫʝʆ -e ʍϊՒʊʧʩԾៀʇʉʂʅɣɾ (41) ʇOƯFH ʍϊՒʊ ʧʩ៙ᄉɶɾ (42) ɫᑵʇɶʅӉࠓɸʪʧɥʊʉʩɊ²·ͳϒᬆԾៀʇ֫Ꭳ থԾៀʍΠᨁៜᶨdoubletᶩɫথીɴʫʪɲʇʊʉʪɋ ɉตʊቌɸʡʍʡOƯFH ʍϊՒʊʧʪԾៀʍΠᨁៜʍͥАʆɡʪɋ (43) פᖓៜɉɉɉɉɉɉɉͼᖓៜɉɉɉɉɉɉ᥎ϐᖓៜ DƥHFܢQGHᶨៀᶩ¡ ƥHFܢQGOƯƛᶨথࡄៀᶩ¡ kindlyᶨথࡄៀᶩ EƥHFܢQGHᶨথࡄៀᶩ¡ ƥHFܢQGOƯƛHᶨԾៀᶩ¡ kindlyᶨԾៀᶩ
FFOۘQHᶨথࡄៀᶩ¡ FOۘQOƯƛᶨথࡄៀᶩ¡ cleanlyᶨথࡄៀᶩ
ᶨ¶¸ᶩ ᶹᶮͼᖓៜಜʍ íú Ծៀʍϴᑝ ɉͼᖓៜʍ ly Ծៀʎᖓៅʊɩɣʅʎɼʍݼɮɫ௮ಡʆᄍɣʨʫʅɣʪɋऐປ̍ ೋᶨ³±²´»²¸²®²¸¶ᶩʊᤓɴʫʅɣʪ The Bruce ʍᖓៅʆʎ (44) ʍʧɥʊ ly Ծៀʎ²±АͼᶸАɫ௮ಡʆᄍɣʅɩʩɊíú Ծៀʍݼɮʎթៀʍাᑝи᯳ᜟႻ ʇʉʂʅɣʪɋʝɾ௮ʊɩɣʅʡ (45) ʍʧɥʊթៀץʱাᑝи᯳ɶʅɣʪɋ ऐປ̍ೋʍψʍͼᖓៜៅʡපʆɊͼᖓៜʍ ly Ծៀʎ௮ಡЋᄍɫҥղʆɊ թៀʗʍাᑝи᯳ɫܛಢʆɡʪʇटᏃʆɬʪɋ D7KDWWǀZDUGK\PFǀPVSƝGHOш ‘speedily’, E:ƗUKLVID\LVDOOnjWUHOш ‘entirely’, F$QGKDGYDFKLWVǀEHVDOш ‘eagerly’, G7KHN\LQJWKƗPHPHWIXOOKDUGHOш ‘boldly’, H$QGVPƗWWKH¿UVWVǀULJRUǀnjVOш ‘rigorously’, I5LFKWEƝWKHQHNIXOOIHORQOш ‘cruelly’, J%ǀWWKHN\QJIROORZLWVSƝGHOш ‘speedily’, K7KHN\QJDVVƗOLWVƗVXGGDQOш ‘suddenly’,
L$QGKƝDOOKƗOш ‘fully’ can thaim tell,ᶨԳᑝи᯳ᶩ M7KDWVǀVPHUWOшµTXLFNO\¶KDVVOD\QWKLUWKUƝᶨԳᑝи᯳ᶩ
DDFKƝWǀGƝOGLWDQGVFDWWHUHGVRWOƯFH ‘foolishly’. (Perterborough chronicle) EVSHFVHVZƯèHVZǀWHOƯFKHµVZHHWO\¶DQG« $QFUHQH:LVVH
c. and ich hit wülle KHRUWHOƯFKHµKHDUWLO\¶IRUWHRIJƗQìƯQKHRUWH $QFUHQH:LVVH d. settand thaire thoghte XQU\JKWZшVHO\ ‘unrightfully’ on thaym
(Richard Rolle of Hampole) H$QGSOH\GHZLìKHPSHULOǀnjVO\FKµGDQJHURXVO\¶DQG« 3LHUVWKH3ORZPDQ ɉɲʫʨʎͼᖓៜಜʍၔʇɣɥɿɰʆʉɮɊႻϐᖓៜʍԾៀʍᄍຫʍׄۿʆ ʡɡʪɋႻϐᖓៜʊʨʫʪԔͭ࠳ៀʍᄍຫʡ (46) ʍʧɥʊʨʫɊͼᖓ
ᶨ¶¹ᶩ ៜಜʎԾៀʍႻϐᄍຫɫሯዒɶɾీϐʇɶʅ៖ᠪʆɬʪɋ 7ǀclanlyFOǀV WRradiantlyHQFORVH LQJROGHVǀFOƝUH 7KH3HDUO ²±ᶮíú Ծៀʍሯዒ ɉ²¶ͳϒᬆʊʉʪʇ ly ԾៀɫूጳᆔʊЋʮʫʪʧɥʊʉʪɫɊly Ծៀʎթ ៀʱᯇᐡʊи᯳ɸʪʍʊࡩɶɊ֫ᎣথԾៀʎথࡄៀɊԾៀʱи᯳ɸʪៜʇɶʅ ᇁᝆᆔʊЋʮʫʪʧɥʊʉʂɾɋ
(47) a. I have been broad awake two hours and more. (Titus Andronicus II. ii. 17) b. I am full sorry that he approves the common liar. (Antony and Cleopatra I. i. 60)
ɉʝɾಢಿʎথࡄៀʆɡʂɾʡʍɫɊথʍʝʝԾៀʇɶʅᄍɣʨʫʪʧɥʊ
ʉʪᶨᖶಟ̍ࠨຟ¡²º¹µ»µº¹ᶩɋଟঌӑʎԾៀᄍຫʍ OED ʊɩɰʪԞАशʱ
ቌɶʅɣʪɋ
(48) burning (1475) grievous (1596) mighty (a 1300) dreadful (1682) horrible (c 1400) monstrous (1590) exceeding (1535) indifferent (1583) passing (1387) H[FHOOHQW LQ¿QLWH UHDO
excessive (1569) intolerable (1592) tolerable (1673) extreme (1593) marvelous (c 1330) wondrous (a 1557)
ɉಢಿথࡄៀʆɡʂɾʡʍɫɊথʆԾៀʇɶʅͥᕓʊᄍɣʨʫʪీϐɫɊ²¹ ͳͼɳʬʝʆᏙɮɲʇʊʉʪɫɊ²¹ͳಡɳʬʊʎጳ௮ຫᶨprescriptive grammarᶩɫሯዒɴʫʪɋጳ௮ຫʎ ly ԾៀɲɼɫฬɶɣԾៀʆɡʩɊ֫Ꭳথ ԾៀʎথࡄៀʊɸɭʉɣʇɴʫɊ֫ᎣথԾៀʎɼʍাףៜᜟႻʇɶʅᄉɬʉɫ ʨɧʪɫɊݼɮʍ֫ᎣথԾៀʎᜡᥠʍͥᥬʱɾʈʪɲʇʊʉʪɋᖶಟ̍ࠨຟ
ᶨ¶ºᶩ
ᶨ²º¹µ»µºµᶩʎ Lowthᶨ²¸·³ᶩʍตʍលᗼʱঃᄍɶʅɣʪɋ
(49) Adjectives are sometimes employed as Adverbs: improperly, and not agreeable to the Genius of the English Language.
ɉጳ௮ຫʊʧʪԾៀʍഓ֊ʊʧʩɊԾៀʎ -ly ʍៜࢉʱʡʃៜʇɣɥ࠳ॾ ֊ɫሯዒɴʫɾɋly ԾៀɫԾៀʍށᧅԔʱ֯ʠʪႻϐᖓៜʍʎɷʝʩʆɡʪɋ ²²ᶮɩʮʩʊ ɉಢኢʆʎႻϐᖓៜʍԾៀʍͼʱʉɸ ly ԾៀʍำװᆔᆌᦑʱɊפᖓៜɊͼ ᖓៜɊ᥎ϐᖓៜʍీϐ֙Ԕʊʡʇʄɬឍɶɾɋly Ծៀʇʇʡʊवᜓɶʅᆌᦑ ɶʅɬɾ֫ᎣথԾៀʎ᥎ϐᖓៜಜʊᜡᥠɸʪɲʇʇʉʪɫɊԾៀʍၵዒ৷ʎ Ԕ௮ʇʍӉᢰ৷ɪʨనᆏʇʉʩɊɼʫɽʫɫᇁᝆᆔʊᄍɣʨʫʪʡʍʆɡʪ ɲʇʱቌٖɶʅɣʪɋפᖓៜʆʎႻϐᖓៜʊʎʨʫʉɣ ly Ծៀʍи᯳ᧅᇀ Գ᧖ᑝʍᄍຫɫͥᕓᆔʆɡʂɾɫɊͼᖓៜʆʍៜ᮵ʍሯዒʇʇʡʊ༜ࡸɶʅɣ ɮɋɼɶʅͼᖓៜʍీϐʊႻϐᖓៜʍᏎៜԔऑɫሯዒɸʪɲʇʊʉʪɋ᥎ϐᖓ ៜʍీϐʊӁʪʇ֫ᎣথԾៀɫᜡᥠɶɊႻϐᖓៜʍ ly Ծៀɫ࠳ॾ֊ɴʫʪɲ ʇʊʉʪɋႻϐᖓៜʆႻࠓɸʪ֫ᎣথԾៀʎ Swanᶨ³±±¶ᶩɫលוɸʪʧɥʊ ly Ծៀʇʎၵዒɶɾੜءᄍຫʇɶʅᦞ࠵Ћᄍɴʫʅɣʪɋͥᧅʍ֫ᎣথԾៀʎ ly ԾៀʇʍӉࠓʱාᎭɸʪీϐʱΎʩᢳɧɊႻۦʍ ly Ծៀʇʍ൝ʞԔɰʍీ ϐʊᜓɬʃɣɾɲʇʊʉʪɋ
(i) yesterday, today, tomorrow, then, here, there, up, down, quite, very, fast, often, not, perhaps, maybe
ີ
ᶱ¡ᶩႻϐʍݼɮʍԾៀʎଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʇɶʅ -ly ʱପʃɫɊᯇ्ʍᱝɣԾៀʍͼʊʎ -ly ʱʇʨ ʉɣʡʍʡɡʪɋ
ᶨ·±ᶩ ɉɲʫʨʎᶵጱʆቌɴʫʪʧɥʊפᖓៜಜʊɸʆʊሯዒɶʅɣɾԾៀᑳʆɡ ʪɋ ɉʝɾႻϐᖓៜʆ -ly ʆʉɮɊԠʍଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʱʇʪԾៀʡɡʪɋ-wise ʎපੳʣᮾ ܕʱᜟɸԾៀʱЀʩɊៀʊϊՒɴʫʪɋøêôæ ʎפᖓៜʍZƯVHᶨmannerᶩʊ ᄒಿɸʪɋ
(ii) clockwise, weather-wise, lengthwise, edgewise, crabwise, marketwise, sidewise, widthwise
ɉ-ward(s) ʎఄʱᜟɸԾៀʱЀʩɊៀɊথࡄៀɊԾៀʊϊՒɴʫʪɋ
(iii) bedward(s), backward(s), downward(s), upward(s), homeward(s), eastward(s), westward(s), southward(s), northward(s), heavenward(s), inward(s), outward(s), onward(s), sideward(s) ɉႻϐᖓៜʆʎЋᄍɫʞʨʫʉɮʉʂɾɫɊ²´ͳʊʎ awaywardɊ²¶ͳʊ ʎ cityward ʇɣʂɾៜɫᄉʝʫʅɣʪɋʝɾႻϐᖓៜʆݼᄍɴʫʪ awkward ʡපʍᄉɪʨᄉʝʫʅɣʪɫɊ៙ᄉɶɾ²µͳʊʎɔᥤɬʆɕʍੜءʆ ᄍɣʨʫʅɣɾɋಢಿʎԾៀʆɡʂɾɫɊႻۦʎথࡄៀʇɶʅʍʞᄍɣʨʫʪɋ פᖓៜಜʊʎ -ward(s) ʍҳʇʉʪଢ଼ࢉ᤺ -weard(s) ɫɡʩɊɷɮఄʱᜟ ɸଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʆɡʂɾɫɊ-weard ʍଢ଼ࢉ᤺ʱପʃៜʎפᖓៜʆʎԾៀʆʉɮɊথࡄ ៀʆɡʂɾɋ LY IWHUZHDUGµIROORZLQJ¶ƝDVWHZHDUGµHDVWZDUG¶IRUìZHDUGµLQFOLQHGIRUZDUG¶ KƗPZHDUGµKRPHZDUG¶QRUìZHDUGµQRUWKZDUG¶XIHZHDUGµXSZDUGXSSHU¶ ᶨࠨϷᑬ²ºº³»³´±ᶩ
ᶨ·²ᶩ בᒑ௮ႈ
Davies, M. (2008-) 7KH&RUSXVRI&RQWHPSRUDU\$PHULFDQ(QJOLVK PLOOLRQZRUGV
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Greenbaum, S. (1969). Studies in English adverbial usage. London: Longman.
Leech, G. (2015). Descriptive Grammar. In Biber, D. and Reppen, R. (Eds.), The Cambridge
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Lowth, R. (1762). A Short Introduction to English Grammar.¡ᖓៜ௮ႈᒍԬˍ̀̎ːዿ 13 ऍᶨᧂ ״Ԣᄕព៥ᶩᶮᶨ1968ᶩᶬpp.5-113ᶮδᶺ֪᭕ܞᶮ
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S. Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary
English. London: Longman.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S. Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the
English Language. London: Longman.
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ᖶಟͥᭀ̍ࠨຟฬᶮᶨ1984ᶩᶮɖᖓៜװƎ Aɗδᶺށиᰄಅॉᶮ ऐປͪٽ̍ೋಐᶮᶨ1986ᶩᶮɖפᖓៜ̍ͼᖓៜԞฯɗδᶺለኴᶮ ࠨϷᑬᦶᭀᶮᶨ1992ᶩᶮɖࠜᒂᬎށࠜለኴעಅ 21 פᖓៜ௮ຫለኴɗδᶺࠜᒂᬎށࠜᶮ ࢨᄑϬބᶮᶨ1985ᶩᶮɖԾៀʇӁ௮ɗδᶺށиᰄಅॉᶮ ࡷזͧᶨᐁᶩᶮᶨ1989ᶩᶮɖᖓៜܛಢথࡄៀ̍Ծៀ᤺ӍɗδᶺለኴԎ၅ᶮ ࡨྙᕽᭀᶨᐁᭂऺᶩᶮᶨ1997ᶩᶮɖᖓៜៜཆ᤺Ӎɗδᶺለኴᶮ ͼࢉШބᶮᶨ1972ᶩᶮɖᖓៜװƍɗδᶺށиᰄಅॉᶮ ࠪΥኒ̍ቾࢡৱ̍ͼಳᶮᶨ1976ᶩᶮɖথࡄៀɗδᶺለኴᶮ
ᶨ·³ᶩ
On the Historical Development of ‘–ly’ adverbs: From Old English
to Modern English
Keisuke TABATA
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the history of English –ly adverbs, with special emphasis on their syntactic status as premodifiers in the Old English period. It will be shown that their predominant SUHPRGL¿HUSURSHUWLHVQRWIRXQGLQ0RGHUQ(QJOLVKGHFOLQHGLQWKH0LGGOH(QJOLVKSHULRGDQG the recent properties of their free placement were established in the Middle English period. Data GHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHGHFOLQHRIÀDWDGYHUEVLQ(DUO\0RGHUQ(QJOLVKDQGWKHFRRFFXUUHQFHRI±O\ adverbs with cleft sentences are important keys to grasping the historical transition of –ly adverbs XQWLOWRGD\,QDGGLWLRQWKHJURZWKRIOƯFHDGYHUEVDQGWKHGHFOLQHRIÀDWDGYHUEVDUHVKRZQWREH watersheds in the history of –ly adverbs.
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