Time-Dependent Billiards

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DMITRY N. KOZLOV

Received 21 March 2005; Revised 13 September 2005; Accepted 12 February 2006

We introduce the notion of nonevasive reduction and show that for any monotone poset mapϕ:P→P, the simplicial complexΔ(P) NE-reduces toΔ(Q), for anyQ⊇Fixϕ.

As a corollary, we prove that for any order-preserving mapϕ:P→Psatisfyingϕ(x)≥ x, for anyx∈P, the simplicial complexΔ(P) collapses toΔ(ϕ(P)). We also obtain a generalization of Crapo’s closure theorem.

1. Order complexes, collapsing, and NE-reduction

For a posetPwe letΔ(P) denote its nerve: the simplicial complex whose simplices are all chains ofP. For a simplicial complexXwe letV(X) denote the set of its vertices.

An elementary collapse in a simplicial complexXis a removal of two open simplicesσ andτfromX, such that dimσ=dimτ+ 1, andσis the only simplex ofX, diﬀerent from τitself, which contains the simplexτin its closure.

WhenY is a subcomplex ofX, we say thatXcollapses ontoY if there exists a sequence of elementary collapses leading fromXtoY; in this case we writeXY(or, equivalently, YX).

Definition 1.1. (1) A finite nonempty simplicial complexXis called nonevasive if either Xis a point, or, inductively, there exists a vertexvofX, such that bothX\ {v}and lk_Xv are nonevasive.

(2) For two nonempty simplicial complexesXandY, writeXNEY (or, equivalently, Y NEX), if there exists a sequenceX=A1⊃A2⊃ ··· ⊃At=Y, such that for alli∈ {1,...,t−1},V(Ai)=V(Ai+1)∪ {xi}, so thatlkAixiis nonevasive.

We recall that the notion of nonevasive simplicial complexes was introduced in [9], and was initially motivated by the complexity-theoretic considerations. For further con- nections to topology and more facts on nonevasiveness we refer to [13,16]. Recently an interesting connection has been established between discrete Morse theory and evasiveness, the standard references are [7,8].

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Volume 2006, Article ID 79858, Pages1–8

DOI10.1155/IJMMS/2006/79858

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Several classes of simplicial complexes are known to be nonevasive. Perhaps the sim- plest example is provided by the fact that all cones are nonevasive. A more complicated family of nonevasive simplicial complexes is obtained by taking the order complexes of the noncomplemented lattices, see [10].

In the situation described inDefinition 1.1(2), we say that the simplicial complexX NE-reduces to its subcomplexY. The following facts about NE-reduction are useful for our arguments.

Fact 1. IfX1andX2are simplicial complexes, such thatX1NEX2, andY is an arbitrary simplicial complex, thenX1∗YNEX2∗Y.

Here the symbol∗denotes the simplicial join of two simplicial complexes, see [14].

ThatX1∗YNEX2∗Y follows by induction from the facts that ifvis any vertex of a simplicial complexX, then we have lkX∗Yv=(lk_Xv)∗Yand (X∗Y)\ {v} =(X\ {v})∗ Y, for anyv∈V(X).

To NE-reduceX1∗YtoX2∗Y, simply take the sequence of verticesx1,...,xt∈V(X1) which NE-reducesX1toX2. We have lk_X1∗Y(x1)=(lk_X1(x1))∗Y. In turn, the simplicial complex (lkX1(x1))∗Yis nonevasive: this is seen by induction on the number of vertices of the first factor, with the base given by the fact that all cones are nonevasive. Removing x1 fromX1∗Y yields the simplicial complex (X1\ {x1})∗Y, hence, continuing in this way, we will NE-reduceX1∗Y all the way toX2∗Y.

Fact 2. The reductionXNEY impliesXY, which in turn implies thatY is a strong deformation retract ofX.

2. Monotone poset maps

Next we define a class of maps which are particularly suitable for our purposes.

Definition 2.1. LetPbe a poset. An order-preserving mapϕ:P→Pis called a monotone map, if for anyx∈Peitherx≥ϕ(x) orx≤ϕ(x).

Ifx≥ϕ(x) for allx∈P, thenϕis called a decreasing map, analogously, ifx≤ϕ(x) for allx∈P, thenϕis called an increasing map.

We remark here the fact that while a composition of two decreasing maps is again a decreasing map, and, in the same way, a composition of two increasing maps is again an increasing map, the composition of two monotone maps is not necessarily a monotone map.

Example 2.2. LetPbe the lattice of all subsets of{1, 2}, and defineϕ(S)=S∪ {2}, and γ(T)=T\ {1}, for allS,T⊆ {1, 2}. The compositionT◦Smaps all the subsets to{2}, in particular it is not a monotone map.

On the other hand, any power of a monotone map is again monotone. Indeed, letϕ: P→Pbe monotone, letx∈P, and sayx≤ϕ(x). Sinceϕis order-preserving, we conclude thatϕ(x)≤ϕ²(x),ϕ²(x)≤ϕ³(x), and so forth. Hencex≤ϕ^N(x) for arbitraryN.

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The following proposition shows that monotone maps have a canonical decomposi- tion in terms of increasing and decreasing maps.

Proposition 2.3. LetPbe a poset, and letϕ:P→Pbe a monotone map. There exist unique mapsα,β:P→P, such that

(i)ϕ=α◦β;

(ii)αis an increasing map, whereasβis a decreasing map;

(iii) Fixα∪Fixβ=P.

Proof. Set

α(x) :=

⎧⎪

⎨

⎪⎩

ϕ(x), ifϕ(x)> x, x, otherwise,

(2.1)

β(x) :=

⎧⎪

⎨

⎪⎩

ϕ(x), ifϕ(x)< x,

x, otherwise. (2.2)

Clearly, Fixα∪Fixβ=P. Let us see thatϕ(x)=α(β(x)), for anyx∈P. This is obvious ifϕ(x)≥x, since thenα(β(x))=α(x)=ϕ(x) by (2.1) and (2.2), respectively. Assume ϕ(x)< x, thenβ(x)=ϕ(x), henceα(β(x))=α(ϕ(x)). Sinceϕis order-preserving,ϕ(x)< x impliesϕ(ϕ(x))≤ϕ(x). Thus (2.1) givesϕ(x)∈Fixα, and we conclude thatα(β(x))= α(ϕ(x))=ϕ(x).

To see thatαis an increasing map, we just need to see that it is order-preserving. Since αeither fixes an element or maps it to a larger one, the only situation which needs to be considered is whenx,y∈P,x < y, andα(x)=ϕ(x). However, under these conditions we haveα(y)≥ϕ(y)≥ϕ(x)=α(x), and soαis order-preserving. Thatβis a decreasing map can be seen analogously. Finally, the uniqueness follows from the fact that eachx∈P must be fixed by eitherαorβ, and the valueϕ(x) determines which one will fixx.

3. The main theorem and implications

Prior to this work, it has been known that a monotone mapϕ:P→Pinduces a homotopy equivalence betweenΔ(P) andΔ(ϕ(P)), see [4, Corollary 10.17]. It was also proved in [4] that if the mapϕsatisfies the additional condition ϕ²=ϕ, thenϕinduces a strong deformation retraction fromΔ(P) toΔ(ϕ(P)).

The latter result was strengthened in [11, Theorem 2.1], where it was shown that when- everϕis an ascending (or descending) closure operator, Δ(P) collapses ontoΔ(ϕ(P)).

There this fact was used to analyze the eﬀect of the folding operation on the correspond- ing Hom complexes, see also [1–3,12].

The next theorem strengthens and generalizes the results from [4,11].

Theorem 3.1. LetPbe a poset, and letϕ:P→Pbe a monotone map. AssumeP⊇Q⊇ Fixϕ,P\Qis finite, and, for everyx∈P\Q,P<x∪P>x is finite, thenΔ(P)NEΔ(Q), in particular,Δ(P) collapses ontoΔ(Q).

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Remarks 3.2. (1) Note that whenP is finite, the conditions of theTheorem 3.1simply reduce to:P⊇Q⊇Fixϕ.

(2) Under conditions ofTheorem 3.1, the simplicial complexΔ(P) collapses onto the simplicial complexΔ(Q), in particular, the complexesΔ(P) andΔ(Q) have the same simple homotopy type, see [5].

(3) Under conditions ofTheorem 3.1, the topological spaceΔ(Q) is a strong deformation retract of the topological spaceΔ(P).

(4) Any posetQsatisfyingP⊇Q⊇ϕ(P) will also satisfyP⊇Q⊇Fixϕ, henceTheorem 3.1will apply. In particular, for finiteP, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 3.3. For any posetP, and for any monotone mapϕ:P→P, satisfying conditions ofTheorem 3.1,Δ(P)NEΔ(ϕ(P)).

It is easy to proveTheorem 3.1, once the following auxiliary result is established.

Proposition 3.4. LetP be a poset, and let ϕ:P→P be a monotone map. Assume x∈ P, such thatϕ(x)=x, andP<x∪P>x is finite, thenΔ(P<x)∗Δ(P>x) is nonevasive. More precisely, ifϕ(x)< x, thenΔ(P<x) is nonevasive, and ifϕ(x)> x, thenΔ(P>x) is nonevasive.

Proof. Since the expressionΔ(P<x)∗Δ(P>x) is symmetric with respect to inverting the partial order ofP, it is enough, without loss of generality, to only consider the caseϕ(x)<

x. Let us show that in this caseΔ(P<x) is nonevasive. We proceed by induction on|P<x|.

If|P<x| =1, then the statement is clear, so assume|P<x| ≥2.

Letψ:P<x→P<xdenote the restriction ofϕ. It is easy to see thatψis a monotone map

ofP<x. To verify thatΔ(P<x)NEΔ(P≤ϕ(x)), order the elements ofP<x\P≤ϕ(x)following an arbitrary linear extension in the decreasing order, sayP<x\P≤ϕ(x)= {a1,...,at}, and ai< aj, for i < j. By the choice of the order ofai’s, we haveP<ai=Pⁱ_<a_i, wherePⁱ=P\ {a1,...,ai−1}. Therefore, by the induction assumption,Δ(P<ai) is nonevasive for all 1≤ i≤t, and we have

ΔP<x

=ΔP_<x¹ NEΔP_<x² NE··· NEΔP^t+1_<x=ΔP≤ϕ(x)

. (3.1)

On the other hand,Δ(P≤ϕ(x)) is a cone, hence it is nonevasive, and thereforeΔ(P<x) is nonevasive as well. It follows thatΔ(P<x)∗Δ(P>x) is nonevasive.

Proof ofTheorem 3.1. The proof is by induction on|P\Q|. The statement is trivial when

|P\Q| =0, so assume|P\Q| ≥1.

To start with, we replace the monotone mapϕ with a monotone mapγ satisfying γ(P)⊆Qand Fixγ=Fixϕ. To achieve that objective we can setγ:=ϕ^N, whereN= |P\ Q|. With this choice ofγ, the inclusionγ(P)⊆Qfollows from the assumption that Fixϕ⊆ Q, since Fixγ=γ(P).

Take arbitraryx∈P\Q. Sincex /∈γ(P), we havex=γ(x), hence byProposition 3.4 we know that lkΔ(P)x=Δ(P<x)∗Δ(P>x) is nonevasive. This meansΔ(P)NEΔ(P\ {x}).

Letψ:P\ {x} →P\ {x}be the restriction ofγ. Clearly,ψ is a monotone map, and Fixψ=Fixγ. This implies that Fixψ⊆Q, hence, by the induction hypothesisΔ(P\ {x}) NEΔ(Q). Summarizing, we conclude thatΔ(P)NEΔ(Q).

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On the enumerative side, we obtain the following generalization of Crapo’s closure theorem from 1968, see [6, Theorem 1].

Corollary 3.5. LetPbe a finite poset with0 and 1, and letϕ:P→Pbe an increasing map.

AssumeP⊇Q⊇Fixϕ, andQ∩ϕ^−∞(1)= {1}. Then,

ϕ^∞(z)₌1

μP(0,z)=

⎧⎨

⎩μQ(0,1), if0∈Fixϕ,

0, otherwise. (3.2)

Hereϕ^∞is the stabilization ofϕ, sayϕ^∞:=ϕ^|^P^|, soϕ^−∞(1) denotes the set of all elements of Pwhich map to1 after a suﬃciently high iteration ofϕ.

Before we give the proof, recall the following convention: wheneverPis a poset with0 and1, we let ¯PdenoteP\ {0,1}.

Proof ofCorollary 3.5. Assume first that0∈Fixϕ, hence0,1∈Q, and, sinceϕis increasing,ϕ^−∞(0)= {0}. SetR:=(P\ϕ^−∞(1))∪ {0,1}, that is,Ris the set of all elements of ¯P which will not map to1, no matter how high iteration of ϕwe take, with the maximal and the minimal elements attached. Letψ: ¯R→R¯ be the restriction ofϕ. Clearly,ψ is a monotone map, and Fixψ=Fixϕ\ {0,1}.

Since ¯R⊇Q¯ ⊇Fixψ, we conclude thatΔ( ¯R) collapses ontoΔ( ¯Q); in particular the simplicial complexes Δ( ¯R) and Δ( ¯Q) have the same Euler characteristic. By Ph. Hall’s theorem, see [15], for any posetP with a maximal element and a minimal element we haveχ(Δ( ¯P))=μP(0,1), therefore here we conclude that μQ(0,1)=μR(0,1).

On the other hand, by definition of the M¨obius function, we have the equality z∈PμP(0,z)=0, which can be rewritten as_z_∈_ϕ−∞(1) μP(0,z)= −

z /∈ϕ^−∞(1)μP(0,z). Sim- ilarly,μR(0,1)= −

x∈R\{1}(0,x). Since the conditionz /∈ϕ^−∞(1) is equivalent to the conditionz∈R\ {1}, andR<x=P<x, for anyx∈R, we conclude thatμQ(0,1)=μR(0,1)=

z∈ϕ^−∞(1)μP(0,z).

Consider now the case0∈/ Fixϕ. Ifϕ^∞(0)=1, then the statement follows from the definition of the M¨obius function, since thenϕ^∞(z)=1 for allz∈P. Assumeϕ^∞(0)=1.

We can define a new mapψby changing the value ofϕin one element:

ψ(x)=

⎧⎨

⎩

0, ifx=0,

ϕ(x), otherwise. (3.3)

Clearly,ψis a monotone function, Fixψ=Fixϕ∪ {0}, andϕ^−∞(1)=ψ^−∞(1). Hence, the first part of the proof applies, and we conclude that

ψ^∞(z)=1

μP(0,z)=

ϕ^∞(z)=1

μP(0,z)=μQ(0,1), (3.4)

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Z

X Y

H 1

0

−1

Hollow

Hollow Unit disc

Figure 4.1. A house with two rooms.

for anyQsuch thatP⊇Q⊇Fixψ, and such thatQ∩ϕ^−∞(1)= {1}. ChooseQ=(P_≥_ϕ(0)\ ϕ^−∞(1))∪ {0,1}. Sinceϕ(0) ∈/ ϕ^−∞(1), the poset Qhas only one atomϕ(0), thus we have

μQ(0,1)=0, and the proof is complete.

4. NE-reduction and collapses

The NE-reduction can be used to define an interesting equivalence relation on the set of all simplicial complexes.

Definition 4.1. LetXandY be simplicial complexes. Recursively, it is said thatXNEY ifXNEY, orYNEX, or if there exists a simplicial complexZ, such thatXNEZand YNEZ.

Clearly, ifXis nonevasive, thenXNEpt, but is the opposite true? The answer to that is “no.” To see this, consider the standard example of a space which is contractible, but not collapsible: letHbe the so-called house with two rooms, seeFigure 4.1.

The spaceHis not collapsible, hence nonevasive, see [5] for an argument. On the other hand, we leave it to the reader to see that it is possible to triangulate the filled cylinderC given by the equations|z| ≤1,x²+y²≤1, so thatCNEH.

The analogous equivalence relation, whereNE andNE are replaced by and , is called the simple homotopy equivalence; its equivalence classes are called simple homotopy types. The celebrated theorem of J.H.C. Whitehead states that the simplicial complexes with the simple homotopy type of a point are precisely those which are contractible, see [5]. Therefore, the class of the simplicial complexes which are NE-equivalent to a point relates to nonevasiveness in the same way as contractibility refers to collapsibility. Clearly, this means that this class should constitute an interesting object of study.

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We conjecture that the NE-equivalence is much finer than the Whitehead’s simple homotopy type. We make two conjectures: a weak conjecture and a strong one.

Conjecture 4.2. There exist finite simplicial complexesXandY having the same simple homotopy type, such thatXNEY.

Conjecture 4.3. There exists an infinite family of finite simplicial complexes{Xi}^∞_i₌1, which all have the same simple homotopy type, such thatXiNEXj, for alli=j.

Again, in the simple homotopy setting, the phenomenon of the Conjectures4.2and4.3 is governed by an algebraic invariant called the Whitehead torsion, namely: a homotopy equivalence between finite connected CW-complexes is simple if and only if its White- head torsion is trivial, see [5, (22.2)]. It is enticing to hope for an existence of some similar invariant in our NE-setting.

Finally, let us remark that whenever we have simplicial complexesXNEY, there exists a simplicial complexZ, such thatXNEZNEY. Indeed, assumeANEBNEC, for some simplicial complexesA,B, andC. LetS=V(A)\V(B), andT=V(C)\V(B). Let Dbe the simplicial complex obtained by attaching toAthe vertices fromT in the same way as they would be attached toB⊆A. Clearly, since the links of the vertices from S did not change, they can still be removed in the same fashion as before, and therefore we haveANEDNEC. Repeating this operation several times and using the fact that the reductionsNE(as well asNE) compose, we prove the claim.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Swiss National Science Foundation and ETH-Z¨urich for the fi- nancial support of this research. We also thank the referee for several valuable comments.

This research is supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Grant PP002-102738/1.

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Dmitry N. Kozlov: Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

E-mail address:[email protected]

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Special Issue on

Time-Dependent Billiards

Call for Papers

This subject has been extensively studied in the past years for one-, two-, and three-dimensional space. Additionally, such dynamical systems can exhibit a very important and still unexplained phenomenon, called as the Fermi acceleration phenomenon. Basically, the phenomenon of Fermi acceleration (FA) is a process in which a classical particle can acquire unbounded energy from collisions with a heavy moving wall.

This phenomenon was originally proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1949 as a possible explanation of the origin of the large energies of the cosmic particles. His original model was then modified and considered under diﬀerent approaches and using many versions. Moreover, applications of FA have been of a large broad interest in many diﬀerent fields of science including plasma physics, astrophysics, atomic physics, optics, and time-dependent billiard problems and they are useful for controlling chaos in Engineering and dynamical systems exhibiting chaos (both conservative and dissipative chaos).

We intend to publish in this special issue papers reporting research on time-dependent billiards. The topic includes both conservative and dissipative dynamics. Papers dis- cussing dynamical properties, statistical and mathematical results, stability investigation of the phase space structure, the phenomenon of Fermi acceleration, conditions for having suppression of Fermi acceleration, and computational and numerical methods for exploring these structures and applications are welcome.

To be acceptable for publication in the special issue of Mathematical Problems in Engineering, papers must make significant, original, and correct contributions to one or more of the topics above mentioned. Mathematical papers regarding the topics above are also welcome.

Authors should follow the Mathematical Problems in Engineering manuscript format described at http://www .hindawi.com/journals/mpe/. Prospective authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript through the journal Manuscript Tracking System athttp://

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Manuscript Due March 1, 2009 First Round of Reviews June 1, 2009 Publication Date September 1, 2009

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Alexander Loskutov,Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia;

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