Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Physics

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ131^߸ɹฏ੒27^೥11^݄20^{೔ൃߦʢ೥}3^{ճൃߦʣɹত࿨}45^೥7^݄31^{೔ɹֶज़ץߦ෺ঝೝ} ISSN 0387-6012 ɹɹ

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Physics

ୈ 131 ^߸ 2015 ^೥ 11 ^݄

౔৕෺ཧֶձ

Japanese Society of Soil Physics

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

ୈ 131 ߸ɹ 2015 ೥ 11 ݄

໨ɹ࣍

ר಄ݴ

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ߥੜलل

·

·

. . . 23

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౻ೄࠀ೭

. . . 31

ݚڀϊʔτ

ླྀٿੴփؠΛଳਫ૚ͱͨ͠Ԙਫ৵ೖ્ࢭܕ஍ԼμϜͷஷཹҬʹ͓͚Δ

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L.E. Allison

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. . . 45

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౔৕෺ཧ͔Βᕲᕱഉਫɼᕲᕱഉਫ͔Β౔৕෺ཧ தଜެਓ

. . . 55

౔৕ͷதʹݟͨখӉ஦ ৿ɹ໵ੇࢤ

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JpGU2015

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දࢴࣸਅͷઆ໌

ԭೄຊౡೆ෦஍۠ʢԭೄݝࢳຬࢢ·^{ീॏ੉ொʣͰ͸ɺ}2005೥׬ྃͷࠃӦࣄۀʹΑͬͯ2^{جͷ஍ԼμϜ͕ݐઃ}

͞Εͨɽ͜ͷࣄۀͰ֬อ͞ΕͨਫݯʹΑͬͯʮਫ͋Γ೶ۀʯ͕࣮ݱ͞Εɼ࠷ۙͰ͸χϯδϯ΍ΩΫͳͲͷ࠿

ഓ΋੝Μͱͳ͍ͬͯΔɽࣄۀ࣌ʹ஍࣭ௐࠪͷͨΊʹ۷࡟͞ΕͨϘʔϦϯά޸͕؍ଌ޸ͱͯ͠อଘ͞Ε͍ͯΔ

͜ͱ͔Βɼ͜ΕΒΛ༻͍ͯ஍ԼμϜʹஷཹ͞Εͨ஍ԼਫͷਫҐ΍ిؾ఻ಋ౓Λଌఆͨ͠ɽࠓ߸ܝࡌͷ٢ຊΒ ͷݚڀϊʔτʮླྀٿੴփؠΛଳਫ૚ͱͨ͠Ԙਫ৵ೖ્ࢭܕ஍ԼμϜͷஷཹҬʹ͓͚Δ࢒ཹԘਫմͷ෼෍ͱڍ ಈʯΛ͝ࢀর͍ͩ͘͞ɽ

ࠃࡍ౔৕೥

ࠃࡍ౔৕೥ͷԠԉʹදࢴʹϩΰΛܝࡌ͠·ͨ͠ɽࠓ߸ܝࡌͷࠃࡍ౔৕೥ಛूΛ͝ࢀরԼ͍͞ɽ

ୈ 13 ^ճʢ 2015 ೥౓ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձʢ࿦จ৆ʣબߟ݁Ռ

౔৕෺ཧֶձɹֶձ৆બߟҕһձ ҕһ௕ɹߔޱɹউ

ֶձ৆બߟҕһձͱͯ͠Լهͷ࿦จΛ࿦จ৆ͱͯ͠;͞Θ͍͠ͱܾఆ͠·ͨ͠ɽ

1 ɽླ໦ɹࠀ୓ɹɹʢ೶ݚػߏɹதԝ೶ۀ૯߹ݚڀηϯλʔʣ

େ໺ɹɹஐɹɹʢ೶ݚػߏɹதԝ೶ۀ૯߹ݚڀηϯλʔʣ

୩ຊɹɹַɹɹʢ೶ݚػߏɹதԝ೶ۀ૯߹ݚڀηϯλʔɼݱ೶ݚػߏɹ೶ଜ޻ֶݚڀॴʣ

2 ɽର৅࿦จ

ଟઇॏ೪౔஍ଳͷ஍ԼਫҐ੍ޚγεςϜะ৔ʹ͓͚Δෆߞى V ^{ߔ௚೻ਫҴ} – ^ౙ࡞େഴ – ^େ

౾ 2 ೥ 3 ࡞ମܥԼͰͷਫ · ^஠ૉ · ^Ϧϯ · ^{ݒ୙෺࣭ͷྲྀग़} , ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ , ୈ 127 ߸ , p.19–29, 2014.

3 ^{ɽਪનཧ༝}

ຊݚڀ͸ɼଟઇ஍ଳͰ͋Δ๺཮஍ํͷ೪౔࣭౔৕ͷ஍ԼਫҐ੍ޚγεςϜʢ FOEAS ^ʣะ

৔ʹ͓͍ͯɼਫҴ – ^ౙ࡞େഴ – ^{Ն࡞େ౾ͷ} 2 ^೥ 3 ࡞ظؒͷਫɼ஠ૉɼϦϯ͓Αͼݒ୙෺࣭

ͷྲྀग़࣮ଶ͓Αͼ஍ԼਫҐ੍ޚ͕ྲྀग़ʹٴ΅͢ӨڹΛ࣮ݧతʹௐ΂ͨ΋ͷͰ͋Δɽ

஍ԼਫҐ੍ޚʹΑΓɼס૩࣌ʹ͸࡞౔Լ෦ͷମੵؚ཰্͕ঢ͢ΔҰํͰɼ࣪५࣌ʹ͸҉

ڎͷഉਫੑ͕௿Լ͢Δ͜ͱΛ໌Β͔ʹͨ͠ɽ

FOEAS ะ৔ʹ͓͍ͯ௕ظʹΘͨΔϞχλϦϯάΛ·ͱΊͨ࿑࡞ͱͯ͠ධՁͰ͖ɼࠓޙෳ

਺೥౓ͷσʔλͷੵΈॏͶʹΑΓੈքϨϕϧͷݚڀʹൃల͢ΔՄೳੑ͕͋Δɽ

Ҏ্ͷཧ༝ʹΑΓɼର৅࿦จ͸ୈ 13 ճ౔৕෺ཧֶձ৆ʢ࿦จ৆ʣʹ஋͢Δ΋ͷͱೝΊɼ

͜͜ʹਪન͢Δ࣍ୈͰ͋Δɽ

ຊ݁Ռ͸ 2015 ^೥ 10 ^݄ 24 ೔ʹ։࠵͞ΕͨධٞһձͳΒͼʹ૯ձʹͯશձҰகͰঝೝ͞Εɼ૯ձޙ

ʹत৆͕ࣜ։࠵͞Ε·ͨ͠ɽ

ୈ 13 ^ճʢ 2015 ೥౓ʣ౔৕෺ཧֶձʢϙελʔ৆ʣड৆ऀ

౔৕෺ཧֶձɹֶձ৆બߟҕһձ ҕһ௕ɹߔޱɹউ

։࠵೔ɿ 2015 ೥ 10 ݄ 24 ೔

ձ ৔ɿ 2015 ೥౓౔৕෺ཧֶձେձϙελʔηογϣϯձ৔

ʢࠤլࢢɿࠤլେֶຊঙΩϟϯύεɹཧ޻ֶ෦ 6 ߸ؗ 2 ֊ʣ

ҎԼͷൃද͕ձһ͓ΑͼબߟҕһձʹΑΔ౤ථʹΑΓϙελʔ৆ʹબ͹Ε·ͨ͠ɽ

^ۀɹ੷ɿ COSMOS Λར༻ͨ͠೪࣭౔ͷ౔৕ਫ෼؍ଌ

ஶɹऀɿฏౢ ༤ଠ · ^{຀໺ ߂थ} · ^{ٶຊ ӳش}

^ۀɹ੷ɿ Arduino ͱ XBee Λ༻͍ͨ౔৕ਫ෼ηϯαʔωοτϫʔΫͷݕ౼

ஶɹऀɿᅳ ⃻ ߃੒ · ^{ۙ౻ Ұً} · ^{େԘ ༔و} · ^{໺ޱ ୎࿕} · ^{தౡ ਖ਼׮} · ^{ഡౡ ਅ੅} · ງా ޹೭ · ^{ಙຊ Ո߁} · ^{ٶຊ ӳش} · ^{ੴ઒ ༸ฏ}

ۀɹ੷ɿμΠζ࠿ഓะ৔ʹ͓͚ΔՄೳৠൃࢄʹର͢ΔՄೳৠࢄͷׂ߹ͱ૲ৎͷؔ܎

ஶɹऀɿԬڮ ୎࿕ · ^{ࡔҪ উ} · ^{औग़ ৳෉}

ۀɹ੷ɿ஍தᕲᕱʹ͓͚Δ౔৕ਫ෼෼෍ͱফඅਫྔͷධՁ ஶɹऀɿ ⅓ ా ߞ༎ · ^{ٷ࡟ ͣ͑͜} · ^{Ѩೆ ޫ੓} · ^{ฏ઒ ߊ} · ^{྇ ঵೭}

ۀɹ੷ɿ౔தਫ෼มԽ͔Βਪఆͨ͠μΠζࠜͷٵਫ଎౓෼෍ͱס૩ετϨε

ஶɹऀɿ੒ໟ ઍਘ · ^{ࡔҪ উ} · ^{औग़ ৳෉}

ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯ౤ߘنఆͷվਖ਼ʹ͍ͭͯ

౔৕෺ཧֶձࣄ຿ہ · ^{ಉฤूҕһձ} 2015 ^೥ 10 ^݄ 24 ೔ʹ։࠵͞Εͨ౔৕෺ཧֶձ૯ձʹ͓͍ͯɼ ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯ౤ߘنఆͷվਖ਼͕

ܾఆ͞Ε·ͨ͠ɽ

౔৕෺ཧֶձͰ͸ɼ 2013 ೥ 5 ݄ʹֶձϗʔϜϖʔδΛ࡮৽ͯ͠Ҏདྷɼձࢽʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯܝ ࡌهࣄͷެ։ͳͲɼ༷ʑͳֶձαʔϏεͷిࢠԽΛࢼߦɼஞ࣍վળͯ͠ࢀΓ·ͨ͠ɽࠓൠͷվਖ਼

͸ɼ͜͏ͨ͠αʔϏεͷਖ਼ࣜӡ༻΍ɼެ։࿦จ౳΁ͷΦʔϓϯΞΫηε੍౓ͷಋೖʹରԠ͢Δ΋

ͷͰ͢ɽ

ຊվਖ਼͸ 2015 ೥ 11 ݄ 20 ೔Ҏ߱ʹ౤ߘ͞ΕΔݪߘʹద༻͍ͨ͠·͢ɽ

ձһ֤Ґʹ͓͔Ε·ͯ͠͸ɼ͝ঝ஌͓͖͍͚ͨͩ·͢Α͏͓ئ͍ਃ্͛͠·͢ɽ

ʮ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʯ౤ߘنఆͷվਖ਼ʹ൐͏৽چରԠද

վਖ਼෦෼͸ΞϯμʔϥΠϯͰهࡌʢվਖ਼೔ɿ 2015 ೥ 10 ݄ 24 ೔ʣ

ݱɹߦ վਖ਼ޙ

10. ຊࢽʹܝࡌ͞Εͨݪߘͷஶ࡞ݖ͸౔

৕෺ཧֶձʹؼଐ͢Δɽ

ʢ 2012.12.20 ^վਖ਼ʣ

10. ܝࡌ͞Εͨ࿦จ౳͸౔৕෺ཧֶձϗʔ Ϝϖʔδ্ʹ΋ܝࡌ͢Δɽ࿦จɼݚڀ ϊʔτɼ૯આɼղઆɼࢿྉɼߨ࠲ʹͭ

͍ͯ͸ɼܝࡌࢽൃߦޙҰ೥ؒ͸౔৕෺

ཧֶձһͷΈ͕ӾཡͰ͖Δɽͨͩ͠ɼ ஶऀ͸ΦʔϓϯΞΫηεʢ 50,000 ԁɿ ϖʔδ੍ݶͳ͠ʣΛબ୒͢Δ͜ͱͰɼ ϗʔϜϖʔδܝࡌ௚ޙ͔Β୭΋͕Ӿཡ Մೳͳঢ়ଶͱ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɽ

11. ຊࢽʹܝࡌ͞Εͨ࿦จ౳ͷஶ࡞ݖ͸

౔৕෺ཧֶձʹؼଐ͢Δɽ

ʢ 2015.10.24 վਖ਼ʣ

∗1∼9^{ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ݱߦ௨Γ}

ిࢠ෇࿥ͷࢼߦʹ͍ͭͯ

౔৕෺ཧֶձࣄ຿ہ

౔৕෺ཧֶձͰ͸ɼ࿦จ౳ͷిࢠ෇࿥ʢΦϯϥΠϯͰͷΈެ։͢Δิ଍ࢿྉʣͷݕ౼ΛਐΊ͍ͯ

·͢ɽ 2015 ^೥ 10 ^݄ 24 ೔ʹ։࠵͞Εͨ౔৕෺ཧֶձ૯ձʹ͓͍ͯɼͦͷํ਑ʹ͍ͭͯೝΊΒΕ·

ͨ͠ɽ

ిࢠ෇࿥ͷࢼߦظؒʢ 1 ∼ 2 ೥Λ༧ఆʣʹೖΓ·͢ͷͰ͓஌Βͤ͠·͢ɽͲ͏ͧੵۃతʹ͝׆༻

͍ͩ͘͞ɽ

· Ӿಡ͸ిࢠ෇࿥ΛʠؚΊͳ͍ʡݪߘʹରͯ͠ߦΘΕ·͢

· ిࢠ෇࿥ܝࡌر๬ऀ͸ɼ౤ߘ͋Δ͍͸Ӿಡظؒʹฤूҕһʹ͍ࣔͯͩ͘͠͞ɽ

· ࢼߦظؒ͸ແྉͰܝࡌ͞Ε·͢ɽࢼߦظؒதʹແྉ / ༗ྉʹ͍ͭͯݕ౼ΛਐΊ·͢ɽ

ࣄ຿ہͰ͸ɼిࢠ෇࿥ʹ͍ͭͯͷ͝ҙݟΛืू͓ͯ͠Γ·͢ɽ

͝ҙݟ · ^͝ཁ๬౳ [email protected] ʹ͓د͍ͤͩ͘͞ɽ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 131, p.1∼p.4 (2015)

Nielsen ^ത࢜ͱ van Genuchten ^{ത࢜ͱͷग़ձ͍}

औग़ɹ৳෉

ૣ͍΋ͷͰ౔৕෺ཧݚڀͷಓʹೖͬͯɼ30೥Λ௒͑Δࡀ݄͕ա͗ͨɽͦͷؒͷࣗ෼ͷୡ੒౓Λߟ͑Δͱಓ൒͹ͷࣄ

͹͔ΓͰஏ͔͍ͣ͠ݶΓͰ͋ΔɽͨͩɼৼΓฦΔͱ͍Ζ͍Ζͳํʑͱͷग़ձ͍ʹٹΘΕɼ༷ʑͳ͝ࢦಋΛ௖͍ͨɽ͓

ੈ࿩௖͍ͨଟ͘ͷօ͞Μʹ͸ɼײँͷؾ࣋ͪͰҰഋͰ͋Δɽͦͷͳ͔Ͱ΋Donald R. Nielsenത͔࢜ΒMartinus Th.

van Genuchtenത࢜ʢҎԼɼ͓ೋਓ͸ത࢜͸লུʣΛ঺հͯ͠௖͖ɼU.S. Salinity LaboratoryʢUSSLʣͷϙευΫݚ ڀһͷػձΛಘ͔ͯΒݱࡏʹࢸΔ·Ͱɼ͓ೋਓʹ͸ଟ͘Λֶ͹ͤͯ௖͍ͨɽຊ೥౓͸ɼࠃࡍ౔৕೥ಛूʮͳͥ౔৕෺

ཧͷಓʹ଍Λ౿ΈೖΕͨͷ͔ʁʯͱͯ͠օ͞Μ͔Βྗͷ͜΋ͬͨ౤ߘΛ௖͍͍ͯΔɽNielsenͱvan Genuchtenͷ͓

ೋਓͷ౔৕෺ཧͷੈք΁ͷߩݙ͸प஌ͷࣄ࣮ͱ͸ࢥ͏͕ɼࢲ͕͓ೋਓͱͷؔΘΓΛ௨ֶͯ͠͹ͤͯ௖͍ͨ͜ͱΛɼੋ

ඇօ͞Μʹ΋఻͍͑ͨͱߟ͑ͨ࣍ୈͰ͋Δɽஶ໊ͳ͓ೋਓͳͷͰΤϐιʔυ΋ଟ্͍ɼಛूʹॻ͍ͯ௖͍ͨօ͞Μͷ

ྗ࡞ʹ΋ܹࢗ͞Εɼ௨ৗͷר಄ݴΑΓ௕͘ͳΔ͜ͱΛ͓ڐ͠௖͖͍ͨɽͳ͓ɼҾ༻ͨ͠จݙ͸ͲΕ΋ݕࡧ͢Ε͹༰қ ʹৄࡉͳ৘ใ͸ಘΒΕΔͷͰจݙϦετ͸লུͤͯ͞௖͘.

·ͣɼ͓ೋਓͷུྺͱओͳݚڀΛ঺հ͢ΔɽNielsen͸TucsonͷArizonaେֶͷֶ෦Ͱ౔৕Խֶɼम࢜Ͱ౔৕ඍੜ

෺ΛֶΜͩɽͦͷޙIowaभཱେֶͷത࢜՝ఔʹਐΈɼDon Kirkhamത࢜ͷࢦಋΛड͚ͯ౔৕෺ཧݚڀͷಓʹೖͬͨɽ ത࢜औಘޙͷ1958೥ʹUC Davisͷॿڭɼ10೥ޙʹڭतͱͳΓɼUC Davisͷڭһͱͯ͠౔৕෺ཧͷݚڀͱڭҭʹਚ

ྗ͞Εͨɽୀ৬ޙͷݱࡏͰ΋༷ʑͳ৔໘Ͱ͝׆༂Ͱ͋Δɽࣗ͝਎ͷݚڀ͸ஸೡͳ࣮ݧͱ࿦ཧతͳղੳ͕ಛ௃Ͱɼ1960

೥୅Ͱ͸ɼ༹࣭ҠಈͷNielsen and Biggerʢ1961ʣͱͦͷޙͷҰ࿈ͷ࿦จ͸༗໊Ͱ͋Δɽ͓ͦΒ͘ɼ౔தͷ༹࣭෼ࢄ

ݱ৅ͷଌఆσʔλʹରͯ͠Ҡྲྀ෼ࢄࣜʢCDEʣʹΑΓղੳΛߦͬͨ࠷ॳͷ࿦จͰ͋Γɼ౔ཻࢠ΁ͷٵணͷޮՌͳͲ΋

ؚΊͯ౔தͷ༹࣭ҠಈΛܥ౷తʹ࿦ͨ͡ɽ1970೥୅Ҏ߱͸ะ৔ͷෆۉҰੑͷݚڀʹऔΓ૊ΈɼεέʔϦϯάཧ࿦ͳͲ

౷ܭతख๏Λ౔৕෺ཧͷੈքʹಋೖͨ͠ɽNielsen͸Ұ࿈ͷݚڀΛ௨ͯ͠ɼPeter Wierenga^ത࢜ɼRobert Horton^ത࢜

Βଟ͘ͷݚڀऀΛҭ͍ͯͯΔɽ

Ұํvan Genuchten͸ɼΦϥϯμͷWageningenେֶͷֶ෦ɼम࢜ͰᕲᕱഉਫΛֶͼɼͦͷޙ͠͹Β͘ΞϑϦΧ

ͷ೶ۀ։ൃࣄۀͰಇ͍ͨޙɼNew Mexicoभཱେֶʹ͓͍ͯ Wierengaത࢜ͷࢦಋͰ1975೥ʹത࢜Λऔಘͨ͠ɽ van Genuchten^{ʹ͝ࢦಋ௖͍ͨࢲ͸ɼ}Nielsen͔ΒݟΕ͹ͻଙͷΑ͏ͳଘࡏͰ͋ΔɽͪͳΈʹWierenga^ത࢜ͱvan

Genuchten͸͓ೋਓͱ΋Φϥϯμग़਎Ͱɼؾ͕෇͔ͳ͍৔߹͕ଟ͍͕ɼ౔৕෺ཧʹ͸ΞϝϦΧࡏॅͷΦϥϯμͷํ

͸ଟ͍ɽത࢜࿦จͰ͸ɼஂཻߏ଄Λ࣋ͭ౔ͷ༹࣭Ҡಈʹରͯ͠τϦν΢ϜΛτϨʔαʔͱͨ͠ஸೡͳ࣮ݧΛߦ͍ɼ ੴ༉޻ֶͷ෼໺Ͱ Coats and Smith^ʢ1964ʣʹΑͬͯఏҊ͞Εͨඇฏߧ CDEͱͯ͠Ґஔ͚ͮΒΕΔಈ૬·^ෆಈ૬ ʢmobile-immobileʣϞσϧΛ༻͍ͯղੳͨ͠ʢvan Genuchten and Wierenga, 1976ʣɽࢲͷ஌ΔݶΓvan Genuchtenࣗ

਎͕ߦͬͨ࠷ॳͰ࠷ޙͷ࣮ݧͰ͋Δ͕ɼ࣮ݧٕज़ʹ௕͚ͨWierengaത࢜ͱ႓ா໘ͳvan Genuchtenͷಛ௃ͷྑ͘ग़

ͨݚڀͰ͋Δɽಈ૬·ෆಈ૬ϞσϧͷղੳղΛධՁ͢ΔϓϩάϥϜ͸ޙʹUSSL͔Βެ։͞Εɼ͞Βʹࢲ͕CXTFIT ͱͯ͠औΓ૊ΜͩϓϩάϥϜͷݪܕͱͳͬͨɽ

ത࢜ऴྃޙ͸ɼ஍ԼਫྲྀΕͷϞσϦϯάͷݖҖͰ͋ΔPrinceton^େֶͷGeorge Pinderത࢜ͷ΋ͱͰϙευΫݚڀһ ͱͯ͠ෆ๞࿨ਫ෼ҠಈϞσϧʹऔΓ૊Μͩɽ͜ͷͱ͖ਫ෼อ࣋ۂઢͱෆ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺Λදݱ͢Δؔ਺Λ·ͱΊͨ࿦จ

͕ɼvan Genuchten-Mualem modelͱͯ͠Ҿ༻͞ΕΔvan Genuchtenʢ1980ʣͰ͋Δɽ͜ͷ࿦จ͸ඃҾ༻ճ਺͕1ສ୆

Ͱ͋ΓɼਫจֶʢHydrologyʣͷ෼໺ʹ͓͍ͯଞͷ࿦จΛେ͖͘Ҿ͖཭ͯ͠τοϓͰ͋Δɽ͜ͷ࿦จͷධՁ͸෼͔Ε Δͱ͜ΖͰ͋Δ͕ɼຊਓ͸ɼडཧ͞ΕΔ͔ࣗ৴ͷͳ͔ͬͨ࿦จͰ͋ͬͨͱ࿩͍ͯͨ͠ɽຊࢽ106߸ͷখਿݡҰ࿕͞Μ ʹΑΔʮݹయΛಡΉʯΛࢀߟʹͯ͠ɼMualemͷ࿦จͱൺֱݕ౼ͯ͠ಡΜͰ௖͖͍ͨɽࢲ͸ɼvan GenuchtenΒ͍͠ஸ ೡͳऔΓ·ͱΊ͕ஶऀͷ༧ଌΛ͸Δ͔ʹ௒͑ͨ݁ՌΛੜΜͩͷͩͱࢥ͏ɽvan Genuchten͸ͦͷޙɼUSSLͷݚڀһ ͱͳΓɼࢲΛؚΊͨଟ͘ͷϙευΫݚڀһΒͱਫ෼·༹࣭ҠಈϞσϧΛத৺ͱͨ͠ݚڀΛਐΊͨɽ਺೥લʹୀ৬͞Εɼ ݱࡏ͸ϒϥδϧʹࡏॅ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ

Nielsenͷಛච͢΂͖఺͸ɼ1970೥୅͔Β30೥Ҏ্ɼ౔৕෺ཧݚڀͷϦʔμʔͱͯ͠ͷத৺తͳ໾ׂΛՌͨͨ͜͠

ͱͰ͋Δɽ1949೥ʹUtahभཱେֶͷSterling Taylorത࢜ͱWashingtonभཱେֶͷWalter Gardnerത࢜ʹΑͬͯ࢝

ΊΒΕͨWestern Regional Soil Physics Technical Committeeͱ͍͏౔৕෺ཧֶऀͷݚڀάϧʔϓ͕͋ΓɼNielsen͸

1ࡾॏେֶେֶӃੜ෺ࢿݯֶݚڀՊ

2 ^{౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ}131^߸ɹ(2015)

1958೥͔ΒࢀՃ͍ͯ͠Δɽ͜ͷάϧʔϓ͸ɼҰ೥ʹҰ౓ݚڀऀ͕Ұಉʹձ͠ɼ࿦จͱͯ͠·ͱΊΔલͷ৽͍͠ΞΠσ ΞΛࣗ༝ʹٞ࿦͢Δ৔ͱͯ͠ݱࡏ΋ܧଓ͍ͯ͠ΔɽNielsen͸ɼ͜ͷάϧʔϓͷྺ࢙Λهͨ͠จষͷதͰ

It was better to share a new idea even before completing a theoretical or experimental proof than to keep it a secret and only later realize that it was worthless or already done by somebody else.

ͱॻ͍͍ͯΔɽNielsenΒ͍͠ҰจͰ͋Δɽࢲ΋Կ౓͔van Genuchtenʹ࿈ΕΒΕͯࢀՃͤͯ͞௖͍͕ͨɼNielsen͸

͍ͭ΋ٞ࿦ͷத৺ʹ͍ͯɼ໷͸ࣗ͝਎ͷϗςϧͷ෦԰ʹօΛݺΜͰɼϏʔϧΛҿΈͳ͕Β༷ʑͳٞ࿦Λߦ͍ͬͯͨɽ

ࢲ͸ɼNielsenͷ໨ࢦͨࣗ͠༝ͳҙݟަ׵ͷงғؾ͕౔৕෺ཧͷݚڀࣾձͷ఻౷ͱͯࠜ͠෇͍ͨͷͩͱײ͍ͯ͡Δɽ

1972೥ʹ͸ɼNielsen؂मʹΑΓ͜ͷάϧʔϓͷ੒Ռͱͯ͠ΞϝϦΧ೶ֶձ͔ΒʮSoil Waterʯ͕ग़൛͞Ε͍ͯΔɽ

͜ͷຊʹ͸ஶ໊ͳํʑͷ11໊ͷࣥචऀϦετ͕͋Δ͕ɼͳ͔ͥ୲౰ষ͕ࣔ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ɽάϧʔϓͷूେ੒ͱ͍

͏Ґஔ͚ͮͳͷ͔ͱࢥ͏͕ɼNielsen͕ࡉ෦͔ΒશମʹࢸΔ·ͰΛऔΓ·ͱΊͨͷ͕ཧ༝Ͱ͸ͳ͍͔ͱ૝૾͞ΕΔɽ

Nielsenͷ៛ີ͕͞൓ө͞Εͨݹయతͳ౔৕෺ཧͷूେ੒ͱͯ͠Ґஔ͚ͮΒΕΔ໊ஶͰ͋Δɽੋඇօ͞Μʹ΋ҰಡΛ

קΊ͍ͨɽͦͷޙɼෆۉҰੑɼะ৔ʹ͓͚Δ༹࣭Ҡಈ΁ͷ౔৕෺ཧͷൃల͸͜ͷݚڀάϧʔϓʹΑͬͯݗҾ͞Εͨɽ

·ͨɼ౔৕෺ཧݚڀͷൃදͷ৔΋ΞϝϦΧ౔৕ֶձʹՃ͑ͯAmerican Geophysical UnionʢAGUʣ͕த৺ʹͳΓɼ౔

৕෺ཧ͸ɼᕲᕱഉਫͷֶ໰͔ΒਫจֶͷҰ୺Λ୲͏؀ڥ໰୊ʹର͢Δֶ໰΁ͱൃలͨ͠ɽ͜Ε΋ɼNielsen^ͱ͜ͷݚ ڀάϧʔϓͷޭ੷Ͱ͋Ζ͏ɽ

͜ͷ౔৕෺ཧΛपล෼໺΁ͱൃల͍ͤͯ͘͞౒ྗͷҰ؀ͱͯ͠ɼ2002೥ʹVadose Zone JournalʢVZJʣ͕ץߦ͞Ε

ͨɽͦͷ४උ͔Βيಓʹ৐Δ·Ͱͷ10೥ۙ͘ͷظؒɼฤू௕ΛۈΊͨͷ͕van GenuchtenͰ͋Δɽ౰࣌ɼࢲ΋ฤूҕ һʹՃ͑ͯ௖͍͕ͨɼvan Genuchten͸͢΂ͯͷ౤ߘ࿦จΛҹ࡮ͯ͠صͷ্ʹฒ΂ͯɼि຤΋ͻͱͭͻͱͭͷ࿦จʹί ϝϯτΛॻ͍͍ͯͨͷ͕ҹ৅తͰ͋ΔɽͦͷޙɼVZJͷฤू௕͸Jan Hopmansത࢜ɼDani Orത࢜ɼMichael Young ത࢜΁ͱҾ͖ܧ͕Ε͍͕ͯ͘ɼVZJͷൃల͸ྺ୅ͷฤू௕ͷ௒ਓతͱ΋ݴ͑Δߩݙͷࣀ෺Ͱ͋Δɽ౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑʹ

΋ฤू௕͕࠷ऴ֬ೝ͢Δ఻౷͕͋Δɽࢲ͕ฤू௕Λ຿Ίͤͯ͞௖͍ͯ3೥ʹͳΔ͕ɼ͜Ε͸ͱͯ΋ྑ͍׳शͩͱࢥ͍

van Genuchtenͷ࢟Λࢥ͍ग़͠ͳ͕ΒऔΓ૊·ͤͯ௖͍ͨɽӾಡऴྃޙʹͳͥࠓҰ౓ͷमਖ਼ΛٻΊΔͷ͔ͱ͝൷൑΋

ड͚͕ͨɼଟ͘͸ࢲͷྗෆ଍͕ݪҼͰ͋Γɼ౤ߘ௖͍ͨօ͞Μʹ͝໎࿭Λ͓͔͚ͨ͜͠ͱ͸͜ͷ৔ΛआΓ͓ͯ࿳ͼ͠

͍ͨɽ͔͠͠ɼద֨ͰಡΈ΍͍͢࿦จ΁ͱ࣭Λ޲্ͤ͞Δ౒ྗֶ͕ձͱͯ͠͸ඞཁͳ͜ͱ͸͝ཧղ௖͚Ε͹ͱࢥ͏ɽ

ͯ͞ɼࢲͱ͓ೋਓͱͷग़ձ͍͸ɼത࢜औಘޙʹΞϝϦΧߦ͖Λ໛ࡧ͍ͯ͠Δͱ͖Ͱ͋ͬͨɽ1990೥ʹژ౎Ͱ։͔Ε

ͨࠃࡍ౔৕ֶձʹग़੮͢ΔNielsenʹ͓ձ͍ͯ͠૬ஊͨ͠ͱ͜Ζɼ঺հ͞Εͨͷ͕van GenuchtenͰ͋ͬͨɽޙ͔Β ฉ͘ͱࢲΛޏ͏༧ࢉ͸ͳ͔ͬͨͦ͏͕ͩɼஅΓ੾Εͳ͍ੑ֨ͷvan Genuchtenͷਓ৘ຯʹٹΘΕɼϙευΫݚڀһͱ

ͯ͠4^೥ؒɼUSSLͰա͢͝ػձΛಘΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ͜ͷԑ͸ɼͦͷޙͷࢲʹͱ͔͚͕ͬͯ͑ͷͳ͍΋ͷͱͳͬͨɽ ࠓʹͳͬͯࢥ͍ฦͯ͠ΈΔͱɼvan Genuchten^{Λ঺հͨ͠ͷ͸}NielsenͷࢲͷকདྷΛߟ͑ͨ഑ྀͩͬͨؾ΋͍ͯ͠Δɽ ͳ͓ɼUSSL͔Βؼࠃͨ͠௚ޙͷؾ࣋ͪ͸ɼຊࢽ73߸ͷʮ౔ཻࢠʯʹॻ͔ͤͯ௖͍ͨɽ

1991೥ʹUSSLͷ౔৕෺ཧάϧʔϓͷݚڀһͱͳͬͨͱ͖ɼvan Genuchtenʹ͸ଟ͘ͷਓ͕࢖͑ΔϓϩάϥϜΛ։

ൃ͢Δ͜ͱͷҙٛΛઆ͔Εͨɽ·ͨɼvan Genuchten͕HYDRUSͳͲͷϓϩάϥϜʹର͢Δॳาతͳ໰͍߹Θͤʹ ରͯ͠ɼ͍ͭ΋࠙੾ஸೡʹ౴͍͑ͯΔ༷ࢠʹڻ͔͞ΕͨɽͦΕ·ͰͷࢲͷৗࣝͰ͸ɼࣗ෼ࣗ਎ͷത࢜࿦จ΋ؚΊͯɼ

࣮ݧʹΑΔݱ৅ͷ؍࡯ɼ෺ཧతͳߟ࡯͔ΒϞσϧͷߏஙɼͦͷܭࢉ஋ͱ࣮ଌ஋ͷൺֱʹΑΔϞσϧͷݕূͱ͍͏Ұ࿈

ͷྲྀΕ͕ݚڀͰ͋ͬͨɽ௨ৗɼଟ͘ͷݚڀͰ͸ϞσϧͷධՁͷͨΊʹϓϩάϥϜΛ࡞੒͢Δ͕ɼଞਓ͕ར༻͢Δ͜ͱ

΍ɼର৅ͱ͢Δ৚݅Ҏ֎ʹར༻͢Δ͜ͱ͸૝ఆ͠ͳ͍ͷ͕ී௨Ͱ͋ΔɽͦͷͨΊɼ౰ॳ͸࢖ΘΕΔ͜ͱΛલఏͱͨ͠

ϓϩάϥϜ։ൃΛݚڀͷҰ؀ͱͯ͠औΓ૊ΉελΠϧʹށ࿭͍΋ײͨ͡ɽࢲ͸ಛఆͷϓϩδΣΫτͰޏΘΕ͍ͯͳ

͔ͬͨͷͰɼݚڀͷςʔϚબͼʹؔͯ͠΋͔ͳΓࣗ༝ͳཱ৔Ͱ͕͋ͬͨɼ݁ہɼલड़ͷඇฏߧCDEͷղੳղΛ༻͍

ͯvan GenuchtenͱJack Parkerത͕࢜࡞੒ͨ͠ٯղੳϓϩάϥϜCXTFITΛվྑ͢Δ͜ͱʹͳͬͨɽ

͔͠͠ɼࢲࣗ਎͸਺ֶʹ͍ͭͯͷ஌͕ࣝ΄ͱΜͲͳ͍ঢ়ଶͰ͋ͬͨͷͰɼvan GenuchtenͷϊʔτΛ͢΂͓ͯआΓ

ͯ͠͸͡Ί͔Βॻ͖ࣸ͢͜ͱ͔Β࢝Ίͨɽӳޠ΋·ͱ΋ʹग़དྷͳ͍ঢ়ଶͰ͋ͬͨͷͰɼຖ೔ɼனͷਫӭͱன৯Ҏ֎͸

΄ͱΜͲ୭ͱ΋࿩͞ͳ͍ੜ׆͕൒೥΄Ͳଓ͍ͨɽ୯७ͳฏߧCDEͷղͷಋग़͔Β࢝Ίͯɼগͣͭ͠ෳࡶͳ৚݅ʹͭ

͍ͯͷղΛॻ͖͍ࣸͯ͘͠աఔͰ͋Δ๏ଇੑʹؾ͕͍ͭͨɽͦΕ͸ɼઢܗํఔࣜͷղͷॏͶ߹ΘͤͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛޙʹ ͳͬͯ஌ͬͨͷ͕ͩɼษڧෆ଍͕޾͍ʢʁʣͯ͠ɼࣗ෼ࣗ਎ͷܦݧଇͱͯ͠ղͷॏͶ߹Θͤʹֶ͍ͭͯ΂ͨ͜ͱ͸و

ॏͳମݧͩͬͨɽղੳղΛɼڥք৚݅ɼॳظ৚݅ɼ༙͖ग़͠৚݅ͷد༩෼ʹ෼཭͢Δ͜ͱͰɼ༷ʑͳ৚݅ͷ૊Έ߹Θ

ͤʹରͯ͠ಋ͔Ε͍ͯͨղΛͻͱͭͷදʹ·ͱΊͯίϯύΫτʹࣔ͢͜ͱʹ੒ޭͨ͠ɽCXTFIT΋ɼڥք৚݅ɼॳظ

৚݅ɼ༙͖ग़͠৚݅ΛͦΕͧΕઃఆ͢Δೖྗܗࣜͱͨ͜͠ͱͰɼෳࡶͳ৚݅Λ༰қʹධՁ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Մೳͱͳͬͨɽ

͜ͷઢܗํఔࣜͷੑ࣭͸ɼ౰࣌ɼWilliam JuryڭतͷఏҊ͍ͯͨ͠τϥϯεϑΝʔϑΝϯΫγϣϯϞσϧͷ෣୆ཪͰ

͋ΔɻUSSLͱಉ֗͡ʹ͋ΔUC Riversideʹ͓͍ͯJuryڭतͷେֶӃߨٛΛड͚ͨͱ͖ʹ΋ͱͯ΋໾ཱͪɼಉ࣌ʹ

਺ֶͷॏཁੑΛ௧ײͤ͞ΒΕͨɽ

·ͨɼϊʔτΛղੳ͍ͯ͘͠աఔ͸ɼvan GenuchtenͷਓͱͳΓΛ஌Δ্Ͱͱͯ΋໾ཱͬͨɽલड़ͷಈ૬·^ෆಈ૬ Ϟσϧͷղੳղ͸ɼ࣮͸van Genuchtenࣗ਎͕ಋ͍ͨͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɼCoats and Smithʢ1964ʣҎ߱ͷ࿦จͰಋ͔Εͨղ

ר಄ݴ 3 ^ɹ Λ੔ཧͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δ͜ͱ΋ɼ͜ͷϊʔτʹ࢒͞Ε͍ͯͨه࿥͔Β஌Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ͜Ε͸ࠓͱͳͬͯ͸ࢲ͚͕ͩ

஌Δࣄ࣮ͳͷ͔ͱࢥ͏ɽvan Genuchten͸਺ֶʹ୎ӽͨ͠ڊঊͰ͸ͳ͘ɼຖ೔ͷ੒ՌΛஸೡʹੵΈ্͍͛ͯ͘ී௨ͷ ਓͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛ஌ΓɼࢲͰ΋΍ΕΔͷͰ͸ͱ͍͏લ޲͖ͳؾ࣋ͪʹ΋ͤ͞ΒΕͨɽ᪳᪯ͳ͘͢΂ͯͷϊʔτΛݟͤͯ

͘Εͨvan Genuchtenʹ͸ɼ಄͕Լ͕Δࢥ͍Ͱ͋Δɽ࠷ऴతʹ͸CXTFITͷվྑʹ͸4೥ͷࡀ݄Λཁ͠ɼͦͷޙͷࡉ

͔ͳमਖ਼͸10೥Ҏ্ଓ͍ͨɽResearchGateͰඃҾ༻ճ਺ΛோΊ͍ͯΔͱɼݱࡏͰ΋૬౰਺ͷҾ༻͕ଓ͍͍ͯΔͷͰɼ

౰ॳͷ໨త͸ୡ੒Ͱ͖ͨͷ͔ͱࢥ͏ɽ

͜ͷר಄ݴΛॻ͘ʹ͋ͨΓগ͠ௐ΂͍ͯΔաఔͰɼNielsenͷ਺ֶʹؔ͢Δ͓΋͠Ζ͍ΤϐιʔυΛݟ͚ͭ

ͨɽNielsen͸2001೥ʹAGUͷRobert Horton৆Λड৆͍ͯ͠Δ͕ɼͦͷه࿥͕ AGUͷαΠτʹ࢒͍ͬͯΔ ʢhttp://honors.agu.org/winners/donald-r-nielsen/ʣɽNielsen͕ଟ͘ͷਓͷ໊લΛ͋͛ͯँࣙΛड़΂Δεϐʔνʹ͓͍

ͯɼͦͷೋਓ໨͕John Phillipത࢜Ͱ͋ΓɼNielsenΛ౔৕෺ཧʹಋ͍ͨKirkhamത࢜ΑΓઌʹ঺հ͍ͯ͠ΔɽPhillip ത࢜͸ɼඇઢܗํఔࣜͰ͋ΔRichardsࣜͷղੳղʹੜ֔Λ๋͛ͨ਺ֶऀͰ͋Δɽ͓ͦΒ͘ɼNielsen͕tenure-track ʢऴ਎త਎෼ʣΛಘΔͱ͖ͷධՁΛPhillipത͕࢜ߦͬͨͱ͖ͷΤϐιʔυͱࢥΘΕɼ࣍ͷΑ͏ʹड़΂͍ͯΔɽ

I also acknowledge John Philip. He informed my colleagues at U.C. Davis that I was really not very talented in mathematics. Thanks to him, I made a special effort to improve my mathematical awareness, and eventually, my colleagues approved my tenure, but not on the basis of my mathematical ability.

஌Δਓͧ஌ΔΤϐιʔυΛ࿩͢͜ͱͰস͍Λऔͬͨ৔໘ͱ͸ࢥ͏͕ɼNielsen΄Ͳͷਓͷ໊੠΋೔ࠒͷ౒ྗͷࣀ෺Ͱ

͋Δ͜ͱΛ஌Δ͜ͱ͕ग़དྷΔ࿩Ͱ͋Δɽ

͜͜·Ͱݹ͍࿩Λॻ͍͖͕ͯͨɼଟ͘ͷए͍ಡऀͷօ͞Μ͸ɼvan Genuchtenͱ͍͑͹HYDRUSΛࢥ͍ු͔΂Δ ͷͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɽHYDRUS͸ɼPrincetonେֶ࣌୅ʹvan Genuchten͕࡞੒ͨ͠਺஋ܭࢉϓϩάϥϜʹରͯ͠ɼ

ྺ୅ͷݚڀһ͕ଞͷஶ໊ͳϓϩάϥϜΛऔΓࠐΈͳ͕ΒվྑΛॏͶɼݱࡏ͸Jiri ˇSim˚unekത࢜ʹΑͬͯऔΓ·ͱΊΒ Ε͍ͯΔɽHYDRUS^{͸ɼࢲͷऔΓ૊Μͩ}CXTFITͱ͸ൺֱʹͳΒͳ͍ଟେͳ࣌ؒΛඅ΍ͯ͠։ൃ͞ΕͨϓϩάϥϜ Ͱ͋Δ͕ɼϓϩάϥϜ։ൃͷجຊཧ೦͸ɼCXTFITͱಉ͘͡ଟ͘ͷਓ͕࢖͑Δ൚༻తͳϓϩάϥϜΛ໨ࢦ͍ͯ͠Δɽ

ͦͯ͠ɼಛผͳ࠽ೳΛ࣋ͭਓʹΑͬͯ։ൃ͞Εͨ΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɼຖ೔ͷ౒ྗͷूେ੒ͱͯ͠ͷ੒Ռ෺Ͱ͋Δɽࢲ͕

USSLʹ଺ࡏ͍ͯͨ͠౰࣌ɼ͍ͭ΋਺໊ͷϙευΫݚڀһ͕͍ͯɼগͳ͘ͱ΋֎͔Β͸େ͖ͳݚڀάϧʔϓͱݟͳ͞

Ε͍͕ͯͨɼݚڀॴͷ౔৕෺ཧͷάϧʔϓʹ͸ύιίϯͱࢴͱԖච͕͋ΔͷΈͰ͋ͬͨɽvan Genuchtenͷಘ͍ͯͨ

ଟ͘ͷϓϩδΣΫτͷࢿۚͷେ൒͸ɼਓ݅අͱͯ͠࢖ΘΕ͍ͯͨΑ͏Ͱ͋Δɽvan Genuchten͸ɼେ͖ͳػࡐΛߪೖ

͢ΔڊେϓϩδΣΫτ͸ɼτοϓʹཱͭ୅දऀͷ໊੠͸ߴΊΔ͕ɼए͍ݚڀऀ͸ҭͨͳ͍ͱ࿩͍ͯͨ͜͠ͱ͕ࢥ͍ग़

͞ΕΔɽ

ຊ߸ͷࠃࡍ౔৕೥ಛूͰ͸ɼதଜެ඙͞Μ͕HYDRUS΁ͷࢥ͍ͱ׉౻Λॻ͔Ε͍ͯΔɽࢲࣗ਎΋ߨٛ΍ଔ࿦ɼ म࿦ͳͲͰHYDRUSΛසൟʹ༻͍͍ͯΔ͕ɼ౔৕෺ཧ΁ͷཧղ͸֨ஈʹ޲্Ͱ͖ΔศརͳπʔϧͰ͸͋Δ͕ɼΑ

΄ͲͰͳ͍ݶΓֶੜࣗΒ͕ϓϩάϥϛϯάʹऔΓ૊Ήػձ͕ͳ͘ͳͬͨ͜ͱʹର͢Δݒ೦͸͍ͭ΋๊͍͑ͯΔɽ͜

ͷHYDRUSͷޭࡑʹ͍ͭͯ͸͍Ζ͍Ζͳҙݟ͕͋Δͱࢥ͏ͷͰɼࠓޙ΋օͰߟ͍͑ͯ͘໰୊ͳͷ͔ͱࢥ͏ɽࢲ͸ɼ

HYDRUSΛvan Genuchtenάϧʔϓͷूେ੒ͱͯ͠ଊ͑ɼͦͷ্Ͱɼࠓޙͷ౔৕෺ཧͷൃలͱզʑͦΕͧΕͷ໾ׂ

Λߟ͍͑ͯ͘͜ͱ͕େ੾ͳͷ͔ͱࢥ͏ɽࢲͷ৔߹͸ɼCXTFITͷϢʔβʔ͕ੈքதʹ૿͍͑ͯ͘աఔͰଟ͘ͷݚڀऀ

ͱ༹࣭Ҡಈʹؔ͢Δٞ࿦Λ͠ɼͦΕʹΑΓࢲࣗ਎΋ଟ͘Λֶͼɼͦͯ͠ϓϩάϥϜΛਐԽͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽಉ༷

ʹɼHYDRUS΋։ൃऀͱϢʔβʔ͕૬ޓʹཧղΛਂΊͳ͕ΒͦΕͧΕͷϢʔβʔ͕HYDRUSͷൃలʹߩݙ͍ͯ͠

͘͜ͱ͕ɼ౔৕෺ཧͷൃల΁ͱͭͳ͕Δ͸ͣͰ͋ΔɽͦΕ͕van Genuchten͕໨ࢦ͍ͯͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δͱࢥ͏ɽ

࠷ޙʹɼNielsenʹؔ͢ΔΤϐιʔυͱͯ͠෉ਓͷJoanneʹ͍ͭͯॻ͍͓͖͍ͯͨɽલड़ͷHorton৆ͷεϐʔν

ͷ͓ΘΓʹɼ

A very special acknowledgment goes to my wife Joanne, for without her support, I would not be here this evening.

She is also the one who writes personal letters each and every day to previous students and colleagues throughout the world.

ͱड़΂͍ͯΔɽಡऀͷօ͞Μͷͳ͔ʹ΋JoanneͷγʔϧΛͨ͘͞Μషͬͨखࢴ΍ΫϦεϚεΧʔυΛड͚औͬͨํ

΋ଟ͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥ͏ɽࢲ΋ɼॳΊͯNielsen͝෉࠺ʹ͓ձ͍ͨ͠ͱ͖ʹؠాਐޕ͞Μ͝෉࠺ͱ೔ޫΛ͝Ҋ಺͠

ͨ͜ͱɼՈ଒ͱҰॹʹDavisͷࣗ͝୐Λ๚໰ͨ͜͠ͱɼࠤլͷࣗ୐Λ๚໰௖͍ͨ͜ͱɼֶձͰ͓ձ͍͢Δͨͼʹ੠Λ

͔͚ͯ௖͍ͨ͜ͱͳͲ͕ࢥ͍ग़͞ΕΔɽ1990೥ʹΞϝϦΧߦ͖ΛܾΊΔͨΊʹॳΊͯSan AntonioͰ։͔ΕͨΞϝϦ Χ౔৕ֶձʹࢀՃͨ͠ͱ͖ɼJoanne͕དྷΔ·Ͱͷؒɼֶձ௕ͱͯ͠εΠʔτϧʔϜʹ଺ࡏ͍ͯͨ͠Nielsen^ͱಉࣨ͞

ͤͯ௖͍ͨɽNielsen͸ɼຖ൩ɼ෦԰ʹଟ͘ͷਓΛݺΜͰϏʔϧΛҿΈͳ͕Βٞ࿦Λ͠ɼૣேʹى͖ͯே৯ͷձٞʹग़

͔͚͍͕ͯͨɼJoanne͕དྷΔே͸ɼಥવɼ෦԰ͷ૟আΛ࢝Ίͨ͜ͱ͕ࠓͰ΋ࢥ͍ग़͞ΕΔɽ

ࢲࣄʹͳΔ͕ɼࢲͷ௕உ͕9݄͔ΒUC Davisʹཹֶͨ͠ͷͰɼΞϝϦΧʹ͍Δ௕ঁΛ๚Ͷ͍ͯͨ࠺ͱೋਓ͕ࣗ͝

୐Λ๚໰͍ͨ͠ͱɼٱ͠ͿΓʹNielsenʹϝʔϧΛॻ͍ͨɽ͙͢ʹฦࣄΛ௖͍͕ͨɼJoanne͸2݄ʹखज़Λड͚ͨ͜

ͱɼ͓ೋਓͱ΋ମௐ͕ࠓͻͱͭͳͷͰɼి࿩΋औΒͳ͍͜ͱ͕ଟ͍ͱ࿈བྷΛड͚ͨɽ࢒೦͕ͩ࢓ํ͕ͳ͍ͱࢥ͍ɼՈ

4 ^{౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ}131^߸ɹ(2015)

଒ʹ͸ՈͷݰؔʹՖΛಧ͚ͯ΋Βͬͨɽύʔιφϧͳ࿈བྷΛ͜ͷ৔ʹࣔ͢ͷ͸ͱࢥ͏͕ɼҰ෦Λ঺հͤͯ͞௖͘ɽ

When I looked on the front porch, saw the potted orchid garden with gorgeous flowers, and carried it to Joanne, we were both greatly inspired - and after opening and reading the gift card, each of us were deeply appreciative of your thoughtfulness. We thank all of you from the bottom of our hearts as the flowers remind us of our ever- lasting friendship.

With love and hugs for each of you,

Joanne and Donɹɹ

ͦͯ͠ઌ೔ɼJoanne͔Βࢠڙ΍ଙͳͲ͝Ո଒ͷ͜ͱͳͲ͕ͼͬ͠Γॻ͔Εͨखࢴ͕ಧ͖ɼ͓ݩؾͦ͏ͳ༷ࢠʹ

΄ͬͱͤ͞ΒΕͨɽࢲ͸৺͔ΒଚܟͰ͖Δਓʹग़ձ͑ͨ͜ͱֻ͕͚ସ͑ͷͳ͍ࡒ࢈Ͱ͋Δͱ௧ײͤ͞ΒΕͨɽਖ਼௚ɼ

Nielsen^ͱvan Genuchtenͷ͓ೋਓʹ͸଍Լʹ΋ٴ͹ͳ͍͕ɼ౔৕෺ཧͷൃలΛ௨༷ͯ͠ʑͳωοτϫʔΫ͕޿͕ͬ

͍ͯ͘͜ͱʹɼࢲ΋ߩݙ͍͖͍ͯͨ͠ͱࢥ͏ɽNielsenͷ৺Թ·Δϝοηʔδʹ༐ؾ͚ͮΒΕͨ࣍ୈͰ͋Δɽ

Photo 1 Long BeachͷΞϝϦΧ౔৕ֶձʹͯ

Nielsen^{෉࠺ͱචऀʢ}2010^೥11^݄ʣ

Photo 2 ^ژ౎ʹͯvan Genuchten^{ത࢜ʢࠨೋਓ໨ʣͱ} ݚڀࣨϝϯόʔʢ2009^೥3^݄ʣ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 131, p.5∼13 (2015)

ؾ৅ · ౔৕؍ଌσʔλͱݱ஍ը૾ΛϦϯΫͨ͠೶஍ ICT ϞχλϦϯάͷ༗ޮੑ — ߴྫྷ஍Ωϟϕπാʹ͓͚Δղੳࣄྫ

খౡ༔ش

· ^ࡾੴਖ਼Ұ

· ^ߔޱɹউ

Effectiveness of ICT field monitoring linking field images with soil and environmental data:

case of a cold upland cabbage field

Yuki KOJIMA¹, Shoichi MITSUISHI²and Masaru MIZOGUCHI¹

Abstract:The effectiveness of information and communi- cation technology (ICT) monitoring, which links real time field images with soil and environmental data, was evalu- ated by a case study in a cold upland cabbage field. Soil and weather conditions were measured with the ICT mon- itoring system in order to understand the water cycle at the cold upland cabbage field. A fieldserver and soil sen- sors (ECH2O-TE, Decagon Devices) were installed at the cabbage field to measure weather condition, soil temper- ature, soil moisture, and soil electrical conductivity (EC).

Soil moisture at the cabbage field was close to saturation during the cultivation season. Possible reasons for the wet soil conditions are that a hardpan with a small saturated hydraulic conductivity exists at depths of 40–45 cm, and the precipitation rate was much larger than the evapotran- spiration rate at the cabbage field. The soil EC revealed that soil solute transfer clearly followed the precipitation pattern. Soil temperature and soil moisture during the win- ter season showed different diurnal variations depending on snow cover and its melting. The real time field im- ages linked with the soil and weather data provided a more complete description of conditions than could be captured with only soil and weather observations. The ICT mon- itoring of soil properties and weather conditions was an effective tool for enhancing the understanding of field con- ditions through the use of real-time field images.

Key Words: information and communication technology (ICT), field monitoring, real time, field image, soil infor- mation

1. ^͸͡Ίʹ

܈അݝޗ࠺܊௸࿀ଜ͸ɼݝ಺ͷ๺੢෦ʹҐஔ͢Δશࠃ

༗਺ͷΩϟϕπ࢈஍Ͱ͋Δɽ௸࿀Ωϟϕπͷੜ࢈࣌ظ͸

1Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. Correspond- ing authorɿখౡ༔شɼ౦ژେֶେֶӃ೶ֶੜ໋ՊֶݚڀՊ

2AINEX. Co., LTD. Minami Kamata 2-16-1, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 144-0035, Japan.

2015೥6݄19೔डߘɹ2015೥9݄25೔डཧ

6^݄Լ०͔Β10^{݄Լ०·Ͱͷ໿}4^{ϲ݄ؒͰɼ೶ՈʹΑͬ}

ͯ͸೥2^{ճʢՆΩϟϕπ}·ळΩϟϕπʣͷੜ࢈Λߦͬͯ

͍Δʢؙࢁɼ1990ʣɽߴྫྷ஍ͰͷΩϟϕπऩྔ͸ɼͦͷ

೥ͷؾ৅৚݅ʹڧ͘Өڹ͞ΕΔɽڟ࡞࣌ͷΈͳΒͣɼ๛

࡞࣌ʹՁ֨ௐ੔ͷͨΊେྔͷΩϟϕπ͕࢈஍ഇغ͞ΕΔ

໰୊΋͋Γɼ҆ఆͨ͠Ωϟϕπੜ࢈͕๬·ΕΔʢେߴɼ 1970ʀٶ஍ɼ2006ʣɽ͜ͷ஍۠ͷΩϟϕπ࠿ഓ͸ᕲᕱΛ

͠ͳ͍ͨΊɼ߱ਫྔͱ౔৕ͷอਫྔ͕ऩྔมಈͷେ͖

ͳཁҼͱͳ͍ͬͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ·ͨଟ͘ͷะ৔͕܏

্ࣼʹଘࡏ͍ͯ͠ΔͨΊɼകӍ࣌ɼ୆෩ظ͓Αͼ༥ઇظ ͷ౔৕৵৯͕໰୊ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔʢߔޱɼ2007ʀߔޱ·^໼ ਧɼ2002^ʀਢాɼ2010^ʣɽ͜ͷ౔৕৵৯ྔ͸౔৕ਫ෼ྔͱ

౔৕ౚ݁ͷ༗ແʹڧؔ͘܎͍ͯ͠ΔʢLe Bissonnais and Singer, 1992; Cruse et al., 2001ʣɽҎ্ͷࣄ৅ΑΓɼ௸࿀

ଜΩϟϕπാʹ͓͚Δਫ॥؀ػߏɼಛʹ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷม ಈͷղ໌͕ॏཁͰ͋Δɽ

ۙ ೥ ɼinformation and communication technology ʢICTʣΛར༻ͨ͠೶஍ͷϞχλϦϯάʢϑΟʔϧυϞχ λϦϯάʣʹ஫໨͕ू·͍ͬͯΔʢߔޱɼ2007^ɼ2012^ʣɽ ϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάͰ͸ɼԕִ஍ʹ͓͍ͯΠϯλʔ ωοτܦ༝Ͱะ৔ͷؾ৅·౔৕σʔλɼ͓Αͼݱ஍ը૾

ͳͲΛϦΞϧλΠϜ΋͘͠͸४ϦΞϧλΠϜͰճऩ͢

Δɽะ৔ʹσʔλϩΨʔΛ഑ஔ͠ɼݱ৔Ͱͷσʔλ஝ੵ

Λߦ͏ैདྷͷଌఆ๏ʹରͯ͠ɼϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯ άͰ͸ఆظతʹσʔλճऩʹෝ͘ඞཁ͕ͳ͍ɽ·ͨηϯ α͋Δ͍͸ϩΨʔͷނোʹΑΓܭଌ͕ෆՄೳͱͳͬͨ

ࡍ΋ɼैདྷͷܭଌͰ͸ݕ஌ʹ͕͔͔࣌ؒͬͨͷʹର͠ɼ ϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάͰ͸ͦͷϦΞϧλΠϜੑ͔Βॠ

࣌ʹݕ஌Ͱ͖ɼਝ଎ͳରԠ͕ՄೳͱͳΔʢߔޱɼ2007ʣɽ

͞Βʹैདྷͷଌఆ߲໨ʹ͸ແ͔ͬͨݱ஍ը૾͸͜Ε·Ͱ

਺஋ͷ౔৕·ؾ৅σʔλͳͲݸผͷ෺ཧྔ͔Β༧ଌ͞Ε

͍ͯͨݱ஍ঢ়گΛࢹ֮తʹิ׬Ͱ͖Δɽྫ͑͹ɼݱ஍࡞

෺ͷੜҭঢ়ଶ΍࠿ഓ؅ཧ৘ใͳͲ͕ิ׬͞Εɼ݁Ռแׅ

తͳݱ஍ঢ়گͷ೺Ѳ͕ՄೳʹͳΔɽ·ͨ਺஋σʔλͱݱ

஍ը૾ΛϦϯΫͤ͞Δ͜ͱͰɼ਺஋σʔλ͚ͩͰ͸ղੳ

͕೉͍͠೉ղͳݱ৅ཧղʹ໾ཱͭͱࢥΘΕΔɽ

6 ^{౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ}131^߸ɹ(2015) ϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάπʔϧͷҰͭʹϑΟʔϧυ

αʔόʢFSʣ͕͋ΔɽFS͸ɼ೶ྛਫ࢈লݚڀϓϩδΣ Ϋτʮσʔλϕʔε·ϞσϧڠௐγεςϜʯʢH13 – H18

೥౓ʣͷதͰɼதԝ೶ۀ૯߹ݚڀηϯλʔ͕։ൃͨ͠খ ܕϞχλϦϯάϩϘοτͰɼෳ਺ͷηϯαɼWebΧϝ ϥɼແઢLANϞδϡʔϧͳͲͷ༷ʑͳిࢠػثΛ౥ࡌ

ͨ͠ϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯά༻σόΠεͰ͋ΔʢFukatsu and Hirafuji, 2005^ʣɽFSͷݚڀ͸ओʹͦͷ։ൃ΍վྑ

ʢFukatsu et al.^ɼ2006^ʀਂ௡Βɼ2013^ʀਂ௡Βɼ2014^ʣɼ σʔλऩू΍Ӿཡ༻ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͷ։ൃʢ੕Βɼ 2007ʀ҆઒Βɼ2011ʀాதΒɼ2014ʣͳͲɼػೳ໘Λয

఺ͱ͖ͯͨ͠ɽͦΕʹ൐͍༷ʑͳ৔ॴʹઃஔ·^ӡస͞Ε

͍ͯΔʢHonda et al., 2007; Manzano Jr. et al., 2011ʣɽ͠

͔͠ͳ͕Βɼͦͷ༗ޮੑ,ಛʹ౔৕·^{ؾ৅σʔλͱݱ஍}

ը૾ΛϦϯΫͤ͞Δ͜ͱͰಘΒΕΔ৘ใͷ༗ӹੑʹ͍ͭ

ͯɼ࣮ࡍͷ࿐஍࠿ഓ஍ʹͯแׅతͳ௕ظ౔৕·^ؾ৅ଌఆ

ࣄྫΛ༻͍ͯݕ౼ͨ͠ྫ͸ͳ͍ɽ

ͦ͜ͰຊݚڀͰ͸ɼ௸࿀Ωϟϕπാͷਫ॥؀ػߏͷղ ੳΛࣄྫͱ͠ɼؾ৅·౔৕؍ଌσʔλͱݱ஍ը૾ΛϦϯ Ϋͨ͠೶஍ICTϞχλϦϯάͷ༗ޮੑΛݕূ͢Δ͜ͱΛ

໨తͱͨ͠ɽ

2. ^࣮ݧํ๏

܈അݝޗ࠺܈௸࿀ଜͷΩϟϕπാʢEɿ138^◦28’ 40”ɼ Nɿ36^◦30’ 37”ɼඪߴ1160 mʣʹFSͱ౔৕ηϯαΛઃஔ

͠ɼΩϟϕπ࠿ഓظؒʢՆقʣͱౙقͷ2ճϑΟʔϧυ ϞχλϦϯάΛߦͬͨɽ֘౰ะ৔ͷ౔৕͸ࠇϘΫ౔ʢ࠭

࣭ϩʔϜʀ࠭69 %^ɼγϧτ22 %^ɼ೪౔9 %^ɼ༗ػ෺ؚ

ྔ0.26 kg kg^{−1ʣͰ͋ͬͨɽ} 2.1^{ՆقϞχλϦϯά}

2008^೥8^݄3^೔͔Β2008^೥10^݄22^{೔·Ͱɼ࣮ݧะ}

৔ʹ͓͚ΔΩϟϕπͷ೻छ͔Βऩ֭ʹ߹ΘͤͯɼՆقͷ ϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάΛߦͬͨɽଌఆ߲໨͸ɼؾ৅৚

݅ʢؾԹ·^૬ର࣪౓·^೔ࣹྔ·^෩଎·^ؾѹ·^{߱ਫྔʣɼ౔}

৕ಛੑʢମੵؚਫ཰·^஍Թ·^{ిؾ఻ಋ౓ʢ}ECʣʣ͓Αͼݱ

஍ը૾Ͱ͋Δɽؾ৅σʔλ͸FSʹ઀ଓ͞ΕͨWeather transmitter WXT510ʢVaisala, Vantaa, FinlandʣͰଌఆ͠

ͨɽ౔৕ಛੑͷଌఆʹ͸ECH2O-TEʢDecagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA, USAʣΛ༻͍ͨʢECH2O-TE͸2008

೥࣌ͷηϯαͰੜ࢈ऴ͓ྃͯ͠Γɼݱࡏ͸଱ٱੑͱEC ଌఆਫ਼౓͕޲্ͨ͠5TE΁ͱվྑ͞Ε͍ͯΔʣɽຒઃਂ

౓͸2.5 cm^ɼ5 cm^ɼ10 cm^ɼ20 cm^ɼ30 cm^ɼ40 cm^ɼ50

cm^ɼ60 cmͰ͋Δɽ·ͨɼಉՕॴͷ஍ද໘͔Β 10 cm

ͷߴ͞ʹ༿ೞΕηϯαʢDielectric Leaf Wetness Sensor, Decagon Devices, Inc.)Λઃஔ͠ɼ݁࿐ਫͷൃੜͷଌఆΛ ߦͬͨɽؾ৅৚݅ͱݱ஍ը૾͸2෼͝ͱʹɼ౔৕ಛੑͱ

༿ೞΕ͸15෼͝ͱʹଌఆͨ͠ɽ౔৕ಛੑ͓Αͼ༿ೞΕ σʔλճऩʹ͸σʔλϩΨʔEm50ʢDecagon Devices, Inc.ʣΛ༻͍ͨɽؾ৅σʔλͱݱ஍ը૾͸FSʹΑͬͯ

Πϯλʔωοταʔό্ʹอଘ͞Εɼ౦ژେֶࠃࡍ৘ใ

೶ֶݚڀࣨ಺ʹͯճऩͨ͠ɽՆقϞχλϦϯάͰ͸౔৕

σʔλ͸σʔλϩΨʔͰอଘɼճऩΛߦ͕ͬͨFSΛ༻

͍ͯଌఆͨ͠౔৕σʔλΛԕִ஍Ͱճऩ͢Δ͜ͱ΋Մೳ

Ͱ͋ΔɽECH2O-TEͰଌఆ͞ΕΔEC͸౔৕ͷݟ͔͚ͷ ECʢECbʣͰ͋ΔɽͦͷͨΊECb͸Hilhorst et al.ʢ2000) ͷํ๏Ͱ౔৕༹ӷECʢECwʣ΁ͱ׵ࢉͨ͠ʢࣜʢ1ʣʣɽ

ECw= κpECb

κb−κECb=0 (1)

͜͜Ͱɼκp͸ਫͷൺ༠ి཰ʢ20^◦Cͷͱ͖ʹ80.3ʣɼκb͸

౔৕ͷൺ༠ి཰ɼκEC_b=0͸ECb͕0ͱͳΔͱ͖ͷ౔৕

ͷൺ༠ి཰Ͱɼס૩౔৕ͷൺ༠ి཰ͱΈͳ͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖

Δɽ͜͜Ͱ͸Decagon Devices Inc.ʢ2007ʣ͕ਪ঑͢Δ κEC_b=0=6^{Λ࢖༻ͨ͠ɽ}κb͸ECH2O-TE^{ʹΑͬͯଌఆ}

͞ΕΔ΋ͷΛ࢖༻ͨ͠ɽ

·ͨɼՆقϞχλϦϯά։࢝લͷ2008೥8݄2೔ʹ

౔৕100 ccίΞͷ࠾औΛߦͬͨɽ100 ccίΞͷ࠾औ͸

ͦΕͧΕ0 – 5 cmɼ2.5 – 7.5 cmɼ7.5 – 12.5 cmɼҎ߱5

cmͣͭ62.5 cm·Ͱͷਂ͞Ͱߦͬͨɽ࠾औͨ͠౔৕ί

Ξ͸ݚڀࣨʹ࣋ͪؼΓɼมਫҐ๏ʹͯ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺Λɼ

࿍סʹͯס૩ີ౓Λଌఆͨ͠ɽ 2.2^{ౙقϞχλϦϯά}

2007^೥11^݄19^೔͔Β2007^೥12^݄20^೔·Ͱౙق ͷϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάΛߦͬͨɽౙقϞχλϦϯά

͸౔৕ౚ݁༥ղͷൃੜɼͦΕʹ൐͏౔৕ਫͷڍಈΛ؍ଌ

͢ΔͨΊय़ઌ·Ͱߦ͏༧ఆͰ͋ͬͨɽ͔͠͠FS΁ͷి

ݯڙڅ͕ෆ҆ఆͱͳΓ12݄20೔ʹػೳఀࢭʹؕͬͨͨ

Ίɼ؍ଌ͸ͦΕ·Ͱͱͨ͠ɽଌఆ߲໨͸ɼՆقϞχλϦ ϯάͱಉ༷Ͱ͋Δɽ·ͨଌఆػث΋Նقͱಉ༷ͷ΋ͷΛ

༻͍͕ͨɼECH2O-TE͸ҟͳΔਂ͞ʹຒઃͨ͠ʢ4 cmɼ 8 cmɼ16 cmɼ32 cmʣɽ·ͨཪฦͨࣗ͠࡞೔ࣹܭΛFS ʹऔΓ෇͚ɼͦͷଌఆ஋Λ೔ࣹྔͰআ͢͜ͱʹΑΓ஍ද ໘ͷ൓ࣹ܎਺Λਪఆͨ͠ɽౙقͷσʔλ͸౔৕ಛੑΛؚ

ΉશͯΛFSʹΑͬͯΠϯλʔωοταʔό্ʹอଘ͠ɼ ಉݚڀࣨ಺Ͱճऩͨ͠ɽ

2.3Նقͷ೤ऩࢧ͓Αͼৠൃࢄྔͷਪఆ

ଌఆ͞Εͨؾ৅͓Αͼ౔৕σʔλΛ༻͍ͯՆقΩϟϕ πാͷ೤ऩࢧͱৠൃࢄྔΛɼNoborio et al.^ʢ1996^ʣͷํ

๏ʹΑΓਪఆͨ͠ɽ७์ࣹྔRnɼݦ೤༌ૹྔHɼજ೤༌

ૹྔLE͸ɼͦΕͧΕҎԼͷΑ͏ʹܭࢉͰ͖Δɽ R_n= (1−α)R_s+εsεaσ^Ta4−εsσ^Ts4

(2)

H=−C_a(T_s−T_a)/r_h (3)

LE=−L(ρvs−ρva)/(r_v+r_s) (4)

͜͜Ͱɼα^{͸஍ද໘ͷ൓ࣹ܎਺ɼR}s͸೔ࣹྔɼεsͱεa͸

஍ද໘ͱେؾͷࣹग़཰ɼσ ͸εςϑΝϯϘϧπϚϯఆ਺

ʢ5.26×10⁻⁸W m⁻²K^−4ʣɼT_aͱT_s͸େؾͱ஍ද໘ͷԹ

౓ʢK^ʣɼC_a͸େؾͷମੵ೤༰ྔʢJ m⁻³K^−1ʣɼL͸ਫͷ ৠൃજ೤ʢJ kg⁻³ʣɼρ^vsͱρ^va͸஍ද໘ͱେؾͷਫৠؾ

࿦จɿؾ৅·౔৕؍ଌσʔλͱݱ஍ը૾ΛϦϯΫͨ͠೶஍ICT^{ϞχλϦϯάͷ༗ޮੑ} 7

Fig. 1 ^{Ωϟϕπ࠿ഓظؒͷ}(a)^{౔৕Թ౓ɼ}(b)^{ମੵؚਫ཰ͱ߱ਫྔɼ}(c)^{౔৕༹ӷిؾ఻ಋ౓}(ECw)^ɼ(d)^ݱ஍ը૾ɽ Soil temperature(a), soil moisture(b), soil solution electrical conductivity (c), and landscape images (d) during the summer season.

ີ౓ʢkg m⁻³ʣɼrhɼrvɼrs͸ͦΕͧΕ೤༌ૹ΁ͷۭؾྗ

ֶత఍߅ɼਫৠؾ༌ૹ΁ͷۭؾྗֶత఍߅ɼ஍ද໘ͷਫ ৠؾ༌ૹʹର͢Δ఍߅Ͱ͋Δʢs m^{−1ʣɽ஍த೤ྲྀྔ}G͸

஍Թͱ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷԖ௚෼෍ΑΓԹ౓ੵ෼๏ʢSauer and

Horton, 2005ʣʹܾͯఆͨ͠ɽ֤೤ऩࢧ߲͸஍ද໘ͷ೤

ऩࢧࣜʹΑͬͯؔ࿈෇͚ΒΕΔɽ

R_n+LE+H+G=0 (5)

ࣜʢ2ʣɼʢ3ʣɼʢ4ʣͰ͸஍ද໘Թ౓Ts͕ະ஌Ͱ͋Δ͕ɼ

ࣜʢ5ʣΛຬͨ͢TsΛٻΊΔ͜ͱͰɼRnɼHɼLEΛͦΕ

ͧΕܾఆͨ͠ɽܾఆͨ͠LE Λମੵ౰ͨΓͷਫͷৠൃજ

೤ρ^{wLʢ25◦Cͷͱ͖2.45}×10⁹J m⁻³ʣͰআͯ͠ৠൃࢄ

ྔEʢm s⁻¹ʣΛਪఆͨ͠ɽ

3. ^݁Ռͱߟ࡯

3.1^{ՆقϞχλϦϯά}

Fig. 1͸࠿ഓظؒ2008೥8݄3೔͔Β10݄22೔·

Ͱͷ஍Թɼମੵؚਫ཰ɼ౔৕༹ӷECʢECwʣͷมԽͰ͋

8 ^{౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ}131^߸ɹ(2015)

Fig. 2 ס૩ີ౓ͱ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺ͷԖ௚෼෍ɽ

Distribution of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity.

Fig. 3 ༿ೞΕηϯαग़ྗͱ૬ର࣪౓ɽ

Output of leaf wetness sensor and relative humidity.

Δɽ·ͨɼFSͰࡱӨ͞Εͨݱ஍ը૾ͷ͏ͪɼಛ௃తͳ΋

ͷΛهͨ͠ɽ

3.1.1^{Նق஍ԹͷมԽ}

࠿ഓظؒͷ஍ԹมಈͰ͸ɼଌఆظؒΛ௨ͯ͠஍Թ͕௿

Լͯ͠Ώ༷͘ࢠ͕֬ೝͰ͖ͨɽ·ͨɼ20 cmΑΓ΋ઙ͍

૚Ͱ͸ܹ͍͠೔มಈ͕ى͖͍ͯΔ͕ɼ30 cmҎਂͰ͸ݦ ஶͳ೔มಈ͸ݟΒΕͣɼΏΔ΍͔ʹ௿Լ͍ͯͨ͠ɽ2.5 cmͷ૚Ͱ͸ɼ1೔ͷ࠷ߴ஍Թ͕ଌఆॳظͰ͸35^◦Cલ ޙɼ࠷௿஍Թ͕20^◦C^{લޙͰɼͦͷ͕ࠩ}15^◦C^͔Β20^◦C

΄Ͳ͋Γɼද૚ۙ๣Ͱ͸ܹ͍͠೔มಈΛ͍ͯͨ͠ɽ 3.1.2^{Նقମੵؚਫ཰ͷมԽ}

ମੵؚਫ཰͸ɼද૚2.5 cm^ɼ5 cm^ɼ10 cm^·Ͱ͸߱Ӎ ͱৠൃࢄʹΑΔܹ͍͠ਫ෼มಈ͕ݟΒΕͨɽҰํͰԼ૚

ͷ30 cmҎਂͰ͸ܹ͍͠มಈ͸ݟΒΕͣɼৠൃࢄͱ஍Լ

ਁಁʹΑΔΏΔ΍͔ͳݮগͱɼ࣌ં߱ӍʹΑΔएׯͷ্

ঢ͕ݟΒΕͨɽ20 cmҎਂͷ૚Ͱ͸ɼମੵؚਫ཰͕࠿ഓ ظؒΛ௨ͯ͠0.55͔Β0.75ͷେ͖ͳ஋Λࣔͨ͠ɽΩϟ

ϕπാ౔৕ͷؒܺ཰͕70 %ఔ౓Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛߟ͑Δͱɼ

͜Ε͸๞࿨ʹ͍ۙߴਫ෼ྔͰ͋ΔɽFig. 2͸ะ৔Ͱ࠾औ

ͨ͠౔৕ίΞ͔Βଌఆͨ͠๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺ͱס૩ີ౓ͷԖ

௚෼෍Ͱ͋ΔɽFig. 2͔Βਂ͞20 cm͔Β45 cm෇ۙͰ ס૩ີ౓্͕ঢ͠ɼ·ͨ๞࿨ಁਫ܎਺΋30͔Β45 cm Ͱ௿Լ͢Δ͜ͱ͔Βߗ൫૚͕ଘࡏ͍ͯ͠Δͷ͕Θ͔Δɽ ߥ઒·^౦ʢ1995ʣ͸௸࿀ͷΩϟϕπะ৔Ͱ͸͜ͷΑ͏ͳ ߗ൫૚͕Ұൠతʹଘࡏ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱΛใࠂ͓ͯ͠Γɼ͜

ͷߗ൫૚ʹΑͬͯ߱Ӎͷ஍தਁಁ͕͸͹·Εͯਂ౓20

cm͔Β50 cm෇ۙͷ౔૚͕ߴਫ෼ྔΛҡ͍࣋ͯ͠Δͱ

ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ·ͨ஍ද໘෇ۙͷ2.5 cmͱ5 cmͷମੵؚ

ਫ཰͸ɼ߱Ӎ͕ແ͍೔Ͱ΋໷ؒʹ૿Ճ͢Δ܏޲͕ݟΒΕ

ͨɽ͜Εʹ͍ͭͯ͸ޙड़ͷ3.1.4߲಺ʹͯߟ࡯͢Δɽ 3.1.3^{Նق౔৕༹ӷ}EC^ͷมԽ

౔৕༹ӷEC͸ɼ౔৕தͷ঳ࢎଶ஠ૉͳͲ༹࣭ೱ౓ͱ ઢܗؔ܎͕͋Γɼ༹࣭ͷଘࡏྔͷࢦඪͱ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖

ΔʢొඌΒɼ2002ʣɽଌఆ։͔࢝Β8݄Լ०·Ͱɼਂ͞

2.5 cmɼ5 cmɼ10 cmͷECw͸ߴ͍஋Λҡ࣋͠ɼ߱Ӎ΍

ৠൃࢄʹ൐͏มಈΛ܁Γฦ͍͕ͯͨ͠ɼ8^݄29^೔͔Β 8^݄31೔ͷؒʹٸܹʹ௿Լͨ͠ɽͦΕʹ൐͍ɼਂ͞20 cm^ͷ૚ͷECw͕૿Ճͨ͠ɽ͜ͷظؒɼਂ͞20 cm^૚ͷ ECw͸ੵࢉӍྔͱಉ༷ͷڍಈΛ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͔Βɼ߱Ӎ ʹΑͬͯ஍ද໘෇ۙʹଘࡏ༹͍࣭͕ͯͨ͠Լ૚ʹྲྀ͞Ε

ͨͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͜ͷࡍͷ߱Ӎύλʔϯ͸அଓతʹߴڧ

౓Ͱ͋Γɼ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Β߱Ӎͷڧ౓ͱස౓༹͕࣭ͷҠಈ ͷॏཁͳཁҼͰ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

·ͨɼ8^݄23^೔͔Β8^݄26೔ࠒ·Ͱ௿ڧ౓ͷ߱Ӎ͕

அଓతʹൃੜ͓ͯ͠Γɼද૚ͷECwͷٸܹͳ௿Լ͕ى

ͬͨ͜8݄29೔͔Β8݄31೔͸ɼද૚౔৕ͷମੵؚ

ਫ཰͕ߴ͍ঢ়ଶͰҡ࣋͞Ε͍ͯͨɽ͜ͷ͜ͱ͔Βɼ8݄ 29೔Ҏલ͸ද૚౔৕ͷอਫػೳ͕ߴ͘ɼ஍ද໘͔Β৵ೖ

ͨ߱͠Ӎ͸ද૚౔৕ʹอਫ͞Εɼ༹࣭ͷԡ͠ग़͕͠཈੍

͞Ε͍ͯͨͱਪ࡯͞ΕΔɽҰํͰɼ8݄29೔͔Β8݄ 31೔͸ද૚౔৕ͷอਫػೳ͕খ͔ͬͨͨ͞Ίɼԡ͠ग़͠

ྲྀ͕ൃੜ͠ɼ༹࣭ͷԼ૚΁ͷҠಈ͕༠ൃ͞Εͨͱߟ͑Β ΕΔɽ

3.1.4^{༿ೞΕͷมԽ}

Fig. 3ʹΩϟϕπ࠿ഓظؒʢ2008೥8݄3೔∼10݄ 22೔ʣͷ༿ೞΕηϯαग़ྗͱ߱ਫྔΛදͨ͠ɽ༿ೞΕ͸

߱Ӎͷແ͍೔Ͱ΋1೔पظͰܹ͘͠มಈ͍ͯͨ͠ɽFig.

4͸ɼ߱Ӎ͕ى͜Βͳ͔ͬͨ2008^೥9^݄7^೔12:00^͔ Β2008೥9݄11೔12:00·Ͱͷ༿ೞΕͱ૬ର࣪౓ͷ มԽͰ͋Δɽ༿ೞΕ͸18͔࣌Β20࣌ࠒͷ೔຅ޙʹ্ঢ Λ࢝Ίɼ໷ؒΛ௨্ͯ͠ঢΛଓ͚Δɽͦͯ͠ɼ೔ग़ޙͷ 5͔࣌Β7࣌ࠒʹݮগʹస͡ɼҎ߱೔຅·Ͱ࠷௿஋Λҡ

͍࣋ͯͨ͠ɽ૬ର࣪౓্͕ঢͨ͠ޙʹఀ଺͢Δ࣌ؒʹ༿

ೞΕ্͕ঢ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͔Βɼ஍ද໘ۙ๣େؾͷ࣪౓͕

๞࿨ਫৠؾѹۙ๣ʹୡͨ͠ࡍʹ݁࿐͕༠ൃ͞Ε͍ͯΔͱ ߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹ௸࿀ΩϟϕπാͰ͸࠿ഓظؒΛ ௨ͯ͠໷ؒʹ݁࿐͕ൃੜ͍ͯͨ͠ɽFig. 5^ʹ2008^೥9

݄9^೔͔Β2008^೥9^݄12೔·Ͱͷ༿ೞΕηϯαग़ྗɼ

2.5 cm^ͱ5 cmਂʹ͓͚Δ஍Թͱମੵؚਫ཰Λදͨ͠ɽ

࿦จɿؾ৅·౔৕؍ଌσʔλͱݱ஍ը૾ΛϦϯΫͨ͠೶஍ICT^{ϞχλϦϯάͷ༗ޮੑ} 9

Fig. 4 9^݄7^೔͔Β9^݄11೔·Ͱແ߱Ӎظؒͷ༿ೞΕ ηϯαग़ྗͱ߱ਫྔɽ

Output of leaf wetness sensor and precipitation during no rainfall days (9/7/2008 – 9/11/2008).

Fig. 5 9^݄9^೔͔Β9^݄12೔·Ͱ༿ೞΕηϯαग़ྗɼ

஍Թͱମੵؚਫ཰ʢ2.5 cm^ͱ5 cm^ਂʣɽ Output of leaf wetness sensor, soil temperature, and volumetric water contents at 2.5 cm and 5 cm depths during 9/9/2008 – 9/12/2008.

Fig. 6 ܭࢉͨ͠஍ද໘ͷ೤ऩࢧ߲ɽ

Estimated surface energy balance.

໷ؒɼ༿ೞΕηϯαͷग़ྗ্ঢʹ൐ͬͯͦΕͧΕͷਂ͞

ͷମੵؚਫ཰͕एׯͷ࣌ؒ஗Εͱڞʹ্ঢ͍ͯ͠Δɽࠓ ճ࢖༻ͨ͠Decagon Devices Inc.੡ͷ౔৕ਫ෼ηϯαʹ

͸ɼԹ౓ґଘੑ͕ࢦఠ͞Ε͍ͯΔʢᴡ౻Βɼ2008ʣɽ͔͠

͠ͳ͕Βɼମੵؚਫ཰ͷ૿Ճ։࢝࣌ࠁ͓Αͼ૿Ճఀࢭ࣌

ࠁͱ஍ԹͷϐʔΫ࣌ࠁ͕ҟͳ͍ͬͯͨͨΊɼද૚౔৕ͷ

໷ؒͷମੵؚਫ཰ͷ্ঢ͸ɼ݁࿐ʹΑͬͯਫ෼͕౔৕ʹ ڙڅ͞Ε͍ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ

3.1.5ՆقΩϟϕπാʹ͓͚Δ೤ऩࢧ·^ਫऩࢧ

Fig. 6^{ʹΩϟϕπ࠿ഓظؒͷ}1^{೔͋ͨΓͷ೤ऩࢧͷ}

มԽΛදͨ͠ɽ࠿ഓظؒΛ௨ͯ͠Rnͷ஋͸ݮগ܏޲ʹ

͋ͬͨɽ·ͨG͸ਖ਼ͷ஋ΑΓ΋ෛͷ஋ΛͱΔ೔ͷ΄͏͕

ଟ͘ɼظؒΛ௨ͯ͠౔த͔Β஍ද໘ํ޲΁ͷΤωϧΪʔ ͷྲྀΕ͕༏ҐͰ͋ͬͨɽ·ͨɼLE ͱHͰ͸ɼHʹର͠

ͯLE ͷ஋͕͔ͳΓେ͖ͳ஋Λࣔ͠ɼ࠿ഓظؒΛ௨ͯ͠

Rnͷ70∼90 %͕LE ʹ෼഑͞Ε͍ͯͨɽ౔৕͕࣪५ ঢ়ଶͷ৔߹ɼRnͷLE ΁ͷ෼഑཰͸70∼80 %ఔ౓ʹͳ Δʢੴ౉·^খྛɼ2003ʣ͜ͱ͔Βɼ࠿ഓظؒΛ௨ͯ͠౔

৕͕࣪५ঢ়ଶΛҡ͍࣋ͯͨ͜͠ͱ͕Θ͔Δɽ

஍ද໘ͷ೤ऩࢧ͔Βਪఆ͞Εͨ࠿ഓظؒͷੵࢉৠൃ

ࢄྔ͸ 201.4 mmͰ͋ͬͨɽ࠿ഓظؒͷੵࢉ߱ਫྔ͸

332.7 mmͰɼৠൃࢄྔΛେ্͖͘ճ͍ͬͯͨɽ͜Ε͸

30 cmͱ͍͏ઙ͍౔૚͕๞࿨ʹ͍ۙਫ෼ྔΛอ͍ͬͯͨ

͜ͱΛΑ͘ද͍ͯ͠Δɽؾ৅ிΞϝμεͷా୅؍ଌ఺ʹ جͮ͘ͱɼ2008೥͸ྫ೥ΑΓ΋΍΍߱ਫྔͷগͳ͍೥Ͱ

͋ͬͨɽ·ͨ࠿ഓظؒʢ8^݄– 10^{݄ʣͷా୅ͷੵࢉ߱ਫ}

ྔ432 mm^ʹର͠2000^{೥Ҏ߱ͷฏۉ͸}539 mm^Ͱ͋Γɼ

࠿ഓظؒதʹ͍ͭͯ΋ಉ༷ͷ͜ͱ͕ݴ͑Δɽൺֱతס૩

͍ͯͨ͠2008೥ʹ߱ਫྔ͕ৠൃࢄྔΛେ্͖͘ճͬͯ

͍ͨ͜ͱ͔Βɼᕲᕱແ͠Ͱ΋Ωϟϕπ࠿ഓ͕ՄೳͰ͋Δ

͜ͱ͕Θ͔ΔɽͦͷҰํͰɼߴ͍ਫ෼ྔ͕ҡ࣋͞Ε͍ͯ

ͨ͜ͱ͸ɼ࣪֐ͷ؍఺͔Β͸޷·͘͠ͳ͍ɽΩϟϕπ͸

౔தͷۭؾཁٻྔ͕ߴ͍࡞෺Ͱ͋Γʢத໺Βɼ2014ʣɼ௸

࿀ଜͰͷΩϟϕπ࠿ഓ͸ׯ͹ͭΑΓ΋࣪֐΁ͷ஫ҙ͕ॏ

ཁͱͳΔɽ·ͨߴਫ෼౔৕தͰ͸ਁಁʹ൐͏঳ࢎଶ஠ૉ

ͷ༹୤͕ى͜Γ΍͍͢ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ௸࿀ଜͰ͸஍Լਫ தͷ஠ૉೱ౓͕ߴ͘ʢ۽୩Βɼ2009^{ʣɼݪҼͱߟ͑ΒΕ} Δ஠ૉංྉͷ༹୤ʹ͜ͷߴ͍౔৕ਫ෼ྔ͕ӨڹΛٴ΅͠

͍ͯΔͱߟ͑Β͑Δɽ͜ͷ঳ࢎଶ஠ૉͷ༹୤͸3.1.3^ͷ ECwͷมԽʢߴEC஋͕߱Ӎͱͱ΋ʹԼ૚ʹҠಈʣ͔Β

΋ਪଌͰ͖Δɽ͞Βʹ௸࿀ଜͰ໰୊ͱ͞ΕΔ౔৕৵৯ʹ

͍ͭͯ΋౔৕ͷߴਫ෼ྔҡ͕࣋ؔ༩͍ͯ͠Δɽߴਫ෼ྔ

Λอͭ౔৕΁ͷਁ५ྔ͸౔৕ͷٵਫ౓͕௿͍ͨΊʹס૩

౔৕ʹൺ΂ͯখ͘͞ͳΔʢSmith, 1999ʣɽ݁Ռ߱Ӎ͕஍

ද໘ྲྀͱͳΓқ͘ɼ౔৕৵৯ྔ͕૿͑Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɽ 3.2^{ౙقϞχλϦϯά}

3.2.1^{ౙق஍ԹͷมԽ}

Fig. 7ʹౙقϞχλϦϯάʹΑͬͯಘΒΕͨ౔৕Թ౓

ͱ஍ද໘ͷ൓ࣹ܎਺Λࣔͨ͠ɽ൓ࣹ܎਺͸஍ද໘ͷঢ়ଶ

΍౔৕ਫ෼ྔʹΑͬͯมԽ͢ΔɽࠇϘΫ౔ͳͲࠇ৭ͷ౔

Ͱ͋Ε͹0.08͔Β0.13ఔ౓Ͱɼ৽ઇͷ൓ࣹ܎਺͸0.75

͔Β0.95ఔ౓ͱඇৗʹߴ͘ͳΔʢCampbell and Norman,

10 ^{౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ}131^߸ɹ(2015)

Fig. 7 2007೥ౙقͷ஍Թͱ஍ද໘ͷ൓ࣹ܎਺ͷมԽɽ

Soil temperature and reflection coefficient during the winter season 2007.

Fig. 8 2007೥ౙقͷମੵؚਫ཰ͷมԽɽ

Soil moisture during the winter season 2007.

1998^ʣɽΑͬͯFig. 7தͷ൓ࣹ܎਺ͷ্ঢ͸ੵઇͷଘࡏ Λ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɽද૚ۙ͘ͷ౔৕Թ౓͸2007^೥12^݄12

೔·Ͱ͸େ͖͘೔มಈΛ͍͕ͯͨ͠ɼͦΕҎ߱͸೔มಈ

͕ݟΒΕͣ؇΍͔ͳݮগΛࣔͨ͠ɽͦΕͱಉ࣌ʹ൓ࣹ܎

਺͕ٸܹʹ૿Ճ͠ɼੵઇ͕ىͬͨ͜͜ͱ͕Θ͔ΔɽΑͬ

ͯ೔มಈͷऩଋ͸ߴ͍൓ࣹ܎਺Λ࣋ͭઇ໘ʹΑͬͯ΄ͱ ΜͲͷ೔ࣹ͕൓ࣹ͞ΕͨͨΊͱΈΒΕΔɽ

3.2.2^{ౙقମੵؚਫ཰ͷมԽ}

Fig. 8ʹ͸ౙقϞχλϦϯάதͷମੵؚਫ཰ͷมԽΛ

ࣔͨ͠ɽ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷ܏޲ͱ͸ରরతʹɼੵઇͷى͜Δ 12݄12೔·Ͱ͸೔มಈ͸ݟΒΕͣ؇΍͔ʹݮগ͍ͯ͠

ͨɽ͔͠͠12݄12೔Λա͗Δͱܹ͍͠೔มಈΛࣔ͠

ͨɽ͜ͷݱ৅ʹ͍ͭͯ͸3.3^{અ಺ʹͯߟ࡯͢Δɽ} 3.3^{ݱ஍ը૾ͱ౔৕}·^{ؾ৅σʔλͷϦϯΫ}

࠿ഓظͷϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάͰ͸ɼ஍ද໘ඃ෴཰

ͷมԽɼ݁ٿͷੜҭঢ়گͳͲͷΩϟϕπੜ௕΍ɼ߱Ӎʹ

൐͏஍ද໘ྲྀͷൃੜʢFig.1d^ɼ8^݄16^{೔ը૾ʣɼࢪං΍೶}

ༀࢄ෍ͳͲͷ࠿ഓ؅ཧʢFig.1dɼ8݄31೔ը૾ʣͳͲΛ ݱ஍ը૾͔Β֬ೝ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽݱ஍ะ৔ͷ২ੜͷ ੜҭঢ়گ͸ɼҰൠʹ࢖༻͞ΕΔηϯαྨ͔Β͸೺Ѳ͕೉

͍͠ཁૉͷͻͱͭͰ͋Δɽ͜ͷFSը૾Λղੳ͢Δ͜ͱ

Ͱੜ௕ྔͷఆྔԽ͕ՄೳͰ͋ΔʢࣲాΒɼ1993ʣɽ·ͨɼ

͜ΕΒͷը૾Λ౔৕ਫ෼ྔ΍౔৕༹ӷECͳͲͷσʔλ ͱরΒ͠߹ΘͤΔ͜ͱͰݱ஍ͷঢ়گΛΑΓৄࡉʹ೺Ѳ͢

Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽͨͱ͑͹ɼ8݄16೔ͷߴڧ౓ͷ߱Ӎͷ ࡍʹ͸ɼܹ͍͠஍ද໘ྲྀ͕໨ଌͰ͖ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷ૿Ճ

͸֬ೝͰ͖Δ΋ͷͷɼ߱ӍͷશͯΛ౔৕͕อ࣋ͯ͠ͳ͍

͜ͱ͕Θ͔Δɽ·ͨ8^݄31^೔͔Β9^݄22^{೔ͷؒʹΩϟ} ϕπͷ݁ٿ͕࢝·Δͷ͕ը૾͔Β֬ೝͰ͖Δɽಉ࣌ظʹ

౔৕தͷECw͸ݮগ͠ɼ9^݄22^{೔Ҏ߱͸΄΅Ұఆͱͳ} Δ͜ͱ͔Βɼ୯७ʹ஠ૉͷ༹୤ͷΈͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ݁ٿʹ൐

͍ٸܹʹΩϟϕπʹ঳ࢎଶ஠ૉ͕ٵऩ͞ΕͨՄೳੑ΋ߟ

͑ΒΕΔɽ

ౙقϞχλϦϯάதʹ͓͍ͯ͸ɼ౔৕ਫ෼มಈͷղ໌

ʹݱ஍ը૾͕େ͍ʹߩݙͨ͠ɽFig. 9^͸Fig. 8^தͰܹ

͍͠೔มಈΛه࿥ͨ͠12^݄13^೔͔Β12^݄20^೔·Ͱ ͷମੵؚਫ཰Λɼ஍ද໘ͷ൓ࣹ܎਺ɼݱ஍ը૾ͱͱ΋ʹ දͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɽݱ஍ը૾͔Βɼனؒʹ༥ઇ͠஍ද໘

͕࿐ग़ɼͦͯ͠໷ؒʹ·ͨੵઇ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬ

ͨɽ͜ͷݱ৅ͷ܁Γฦ͠ʹΑΓମੵؚਫ཰ͷ೔มಈ͕ى

͖͍ͯͨɽ೔ͷग़ޙʹߴ͍஋Λࣔͨ͠൓ࣹ܎਺͕னؒʹ ݮগ͍ͯ͘͜͠ͱ͔Β΋ಉ༷ͷ͜ͱ͕Θ͔Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏

ʹϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάͰه࿥͞ΕΔݱ஍ը૾͸਺஋

σʔλ͚ͩͰ͸ཧղ͕͍ͨ͠ݱ஍ͷঢ়گΛղऍ͢ΔͨΊ ʹඇৗʹ༗ޮͰ͋ͬͨɽ

Table 1ʹݱ஍ը૾ͷଘࡏͷ༗ແʹΑΔσʔλղऍͷ

มԽʹ͍ͭͯCase IՆقϞχλϦϯάதͷߴڧ౓ͷ߱

Ӎ࣌ͱCase IIౙقϞχλϦϯάதͷ౔৕ਫ෼ྔͷ೔ม

ಈʹ͍ͭͯ·ͱΊͨɽTable 1͔Βݱ஍ը૾͕ར༻Մೳ

ͳࡍʹղऍ͕ΑΓৄࡉʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ΔɽCase IͰ͸ը૾͕ͳ͍৔߹ɼ౔৕ਫ෼ྔ͔Β௚઀తʹ͸஍ද ໘ྲྀग़ͷ༗ແ͸೺ѲͰ͖ͳ͍ɽ͔͠͠ݱ஍ը૾͕ܹ͍͠

஍ද໘ྲྀΛଊ͍͑ͯΔͨΊɼ࣮ࡍʹ͸౔৕தʹ͸ਁಁͤ

ͣྲྀग़͍ͯ͠Δ߱Ӎ͕͋Δ͜ͱ͕৽ͨͳղऍͱͯ͠ಘΒ

ΕΔɽCase IIͰ͸ݱ஍ը૾ͳ͠Ͱ͸౔৕ਫ෼ྔσʔλ

ͷมಈΛղऍ͢Δ͜ͱ͸೉͘͠ɼηϯα΋͘͠͸σʔλ ϩΨʔͷނোͱ͍͏ޡͬͨղऍΛಋ͍ͯ͠·͍ɼڵຯਂ

͍౔৕ਫ෼มಈݱ৅Λݟམͱͯ͠͠·͏Մೳੑ͕͋Δɽ

͔͠͠ݱ஍ը૾͕ଘࡏ͢Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯ͜Ε͕ηϯαͷ ނোͰ͸ͳ͘ɼ༥ઇͱ߱ઇʹΑ࣮ͬͯࡍʹى͍ͬͯ͜Δ ݱ৅Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔Δɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹݱ஍ը૾͸౔৕ਫ

෼ηϯα౳Ͱ͸೺ѲͰ͖ͳ͍ਫͷڍಈ͕ը૾ʹΑͬͯ֬

ೝͰ͖ΔࡍʹಛʹҖྗΛൃشͨ͠ɽ·ͨɼϑΟʔϧυϞ χλϦϯάͷϦΞϧλΠϜੑ͸ɼݱ৔ͷྟ৔ײΛ఻͑Δ ͱ͍͏໘ͰޮՌతͰ͋ͬͨɽ2෼ຖʹܭଌ͞Εసૹ͞Ε ΔϦΞϧλΠϜը૾͸ݱ৔ͷྟ৔ײΛ؍ଌऀʹ༩͑Δɽ

Table 1ʹࣔͨ྆͠Caseͱ΋ಈըʹ͍ۙϦΞϧλΠϜը

૾͔ͩΒͦ͜ݱ৔Ͱ؍ଌΛߦ͍ͬͯΔ͔ͷΑ͏ͳϥΠϒ ײΛ࣋ͬͨݱ৅೺Ѳ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽྫ͑͹Case IͰ͸2෼

͓͖ͷ߱Ӎͱ஍ද໘ྲྀͷڧऑͷμΠφϛοΫͳมԽ͕ɼ

Case IIͰ͸ঃʑʹ༹͚ͯΏ͘ੵઇͱ࿐ग़ͯ͠Ώ͘஍ද

໘͕ࢹ֮తʹಈըΛݟ͍ͯΔ͔ͷΑ͏ʹ೺ѲͰ͖ͨɽ

࿦จɿؾ৅·౔৕؍ଌσʔλͱݱ஍ը૾ΛϦϯΫͨ͠೶஍ICT^{ϞχλϦϯάͷ༗ޮੑ} 11

Fig. 9 2007^೥12^݄13^೔͔Β12^݄20೔ͷମੵؚਫ཰มԽͱะ৔ը૾ɽ Soil moisture and field images during Dec. 13 to Dec. 20, 2007.

Table 1 ݱ஍ը૾ͷ༗ແʹΑΔσʔλղऍͷՄೳੑɽ

Potential data interpretation with and without field images.

ը૾ͳ͠ ը૾༗Γ

Case I^{ɹՆق஍ද໘ྲྀ}

ද໘ྲྀग़ͷ༗ແ͸ਫ෼ྔ

มԽ͔Β͸௚઀Θ͔Βͳ

͍

஍ද໘ྲྀग़͕֬ೝͰ͖ɼ߱

ਫྔΑΓগͳ͍ਫ͕౔த

΁ਁಁ͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ͕Θ

͔Δ

Casa II^{ɹౙقਫ෼ྔมಈ}

༥ઇ΍߱ઇͷ࣌ظΛಛఆ Ͱ͖ͣɼਫ෼ྔมԽΛҟ

ৗ஋ͱͯ͠൑அ͢ΔՄೳ

ੑେ

༥ઇͱ߱ઇͷ࣌ظΛಛఆ Ͱ͖ɼਫ෼ྔͷมಈΛਖ਼

͘͠ධՁͰ͖Δ

12 ^{౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑɹୈ}131^߸ɹ(2015)

4. ^͓ΘΓʹ

௸࿀ଜͷΩϟϕπ࠿ഓظؒͷ౔৕ঢ়ଶͷ೺Ѳͱɼਫ॥

؀ͷ܏޲೺Ѳ͕Ͱ͖ͨɽ௸࿀ଜΩϟϕπാͰ͸ɼ࠿ഓظ

ؒΛ௨ͯ͠ൺֱతද૚౔৕Ͱ͋ͬͯ΋ߴਫ෼ྔ͕ҡ࣋͞

Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕໌Β͔ʹͳͬͨɽ͜Ε͸ߗ൫૚ͷଘࡏͱ

࠿ഓظؒͷӍྔ͕ৠൃࢄྔΛେ্͖͘ճ͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱʹ ىҼ͍ͯͨ͠ɽ·ͨ߱Ӎʹ൐͏౔৕தͷ༹࣭ͷҠಈ΋Ϟ χλϦϯάͰ͖ͨɽࠓճͷଌఆ݁Ռ͸౔৕தͷ༹࣭ͷҠ ಈಛੑͷղ໌ʹ޲͚ͨجૅత஌ݟͱͳΔɽౙقͷ஍Թɼ ମੵؚਫ཰͸ੵઇͱ༥ઇʹ൐͍ڵຯਂ͍ڍಈΛࣔͨ͠ɽ ICTΛ༻͍ͨ೶஍ͷϞχλϦϯά͸ɼैདྷͷଌఆʹର͠ɼ ݱ஍ը૾ͱϦΞϧλΠϜͰͷσʔλ֬ೝ͕෇ଐ͞Εͨඇ

ৗʹ༗ޮͳπʔϧͰ͋ͬͨɽ͜Ε·Ͱ਺஋Ͱܗ੒͞Εͨ

σʔλͷΈ͔Βݱ৔ͷݱ৅Λղऍ͍͕ͯͨ͠ɼσʔλͱ ݱ஍ը૾ΛϦϯΫͤ͞Δ͜ͱʹΑΓɼղऍͷ৴པੑ͕֨

ஈʹ্͕ΔͱࢥΘΕΔɽ

ँࣙ

ຊݚڀ͸Պֶݚڀඅิॿۚ ج൫ݚڀB^ʢ8380140^{ʣ ͓} Αͼσʔλ౷߹·^{ղੳγεςϜ}DIAS^{ʢจ෦Պֶলʣͷิ}

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ཁ ࢫ

౔৕·ؾ৅؍ଌσʔλͱݱ஍ը૾ΛϦϯΫͨ͠೶஍ICTϞχλϦϯάͷ༗ޮੑΛɼߴྫྷ஍Ωϟϕπ࠿

ഓാʹ͓͚Δਫ॥؀ͷ೺ѲΛࣄྫͱͯ͠ݕূͨ͠ɽ͜ͷϞχλϦϯά͸ϑΟʔϧυαʔόʔͱDecagon

Devices੡ͷηϯα͓ΑͼσʔλϩΨʔΛ༻͍ͯՆقͱౙقʹ෼͚ͯߦΘΕͨɽͦͷ݁Ռɼର৅ാͷද

૚౔৕Ͱ͸࠿ഓظؒΛ௨ͯ͠ߴਫ෼͕ҡ࣋͞Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɽ͜Ε͸ߗ൫૚ͷଘࡏͱৠൃࢄྔ

Λେ্͖͘ճΔӍྔʹىҼ͍ͯͨ͠ɽ·ͨ߱Ӎʹ൐͏౔৕தͷ༹࣭ͷҠಈ΋֬ೝͰ͖ͨɽݱ஍ը૾ʹ ΑͬͯΩϟϕπͷੜ௕ɼ߱Ӎʹ൐͏஍ද໘ྲྀɼੵઇͱͦͷ༥ղͳͲ͕ࢹ֮తʹ೺ѲͰ͖ͨɽ·ͨ౔৕· ؾ৅σʔλͱϦϯΫͤ͞Δ͜ͱͰɼैདྷͷ਺஋σʔλͷΈͰ͸ཧղͰ͖ͳ͔ͬͨݱ৅ͷղऍ͕Մೳͱͳ ΓɼΑΓ߹ཧੑͷߴ͍ߟ࡯͕Ͱ͖ͨɽྫ͑͹ౙقͷ஍Թͱମੵؚਫ཰͕ੵઇͱ༥ઇʹ൐͍ҟͳΔ೔มಈ Λࣔ͢͜ͱ͸ݱ஍ը૾͕ͳ͚Ε͹ղ໌Ͱ͖ͳ͔ͬͨɽ͜ͷΑ͏ʹຊݚڀʹΑΓɼICTΛ༻͍ͨ೶஍Ϟχ λϦϯά͸ैདྷͷଌఆʹର͠ɼݱ৔ΛΑΓৄࡉʹแׅతʹ೺ѲͰ͖Δ༗ޮͳπʔϧͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͕࣮ূ͞

Εͨɽ

ΩʔϫʔυɿICTɼϑΟʔϧυϞχλϦϯάɼϦΞϧλΠϜɼݱ஍ը૾ɼ౔৕৘ใ

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

౔৕ͷ෺ཧੑ

No. 131, p.15∼22 (2015)

5TE ^{ηϯαʔΛ༻͍ͨ}

௡೾ඃ֐Λड͚࣭ͨ࠭ാͷ౔৕ EC ^ϞχλϦϯά

ٶຊًਔ

· ^ُࢁ޾࢘

· ^ؠా޾ྑ

· ^Ԙ໺ོ߂

Soil salinity assessment in a field covered with seawater using the 5TE sensor

Teruhito MIYAMOTO¹, Koji KAMEYAMA¹, Yukiyoshi IWATA¹and Takahiro SHIONO¹

Abstract: It is essential to simultaneously monitor soil water content (θ) and bulk electrical conductivity (ECa) in field soils for soil salinity assessment. A low-cost ca- pacitance sensor, 5TE (Decagon Devices), can be used to study temporal variations in θ ^{and EC}a. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to investigate the appli- cability of the 5TE sensor to monitor the salinity in the fields damaged with seawater at the time of the 2011 of the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. The dependency of calibration curves on salinity for estimatingθ^{was eval-} uated. The salinity effects could be neglected when the so- lution EC (ECw) was lower than 7 dS m⁻¹. The Rhoades model was found to be reasonably accurate to describe the ECa–ECw–θ relationships. Moreover, ECw obtained by the 5TE sensor, combined with the Rhoades model, was positively correlated with EC1:5(EC of 1 : 5 soil:water ex- tracts). These results suggested that EC1:5can be estimated from theθ ^{and EC}ameasurements using the 5TE sensor.

Field monitoring using the 5TE sensors revealed that salts in the root zone were sufficiently removed by rainwater during the summer after the damage; thus, EC1:5 values at 0.15 and 0.3 m depths became adequately lower by the end of July. In the following months, EC1:5values at 0 and 0.3 m depths remained lower than 0.2 dS m⁻¹during the cultivation period for strawberries from October to April whereas EC_1:5 values at 0.45 m depth fluctuated between 0.4 and 0.8 dS m⁻¹. Simultaneous monitoring ofθ ^and ECa, by using the 5TE sensors, can provide highly detailed information concerning temporal variations in soil salinity.

Key Words: capacitance sensor, tsunami, salt concentra- tion, electrical conductivity

1. ^͸͡Ίʹ

౦೔ຊେ਒ࡂʹ͓͚Δ௡೾ʹΑΓଟྔͷԘ෼͕ྲྀೖ͠

ͨ೶஍Ͱ͸ɼݱࡏɼআԘ࡞ۀʹΑΓӦ೶Λ࠶։͍ͯ͠Δɽ

͔͠͠ɼআԘ͕े෼Ͱͳ͍೶஍΍Լ૚͔ΒͷԘ෼্ঢ͕

1NARO Institute for Rural Engineering, 2-1-6 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, 305- 8609, Japan. Corresponding authorɿٶຊًਔɼ೶ݚػߏɹ೶ଜ޻ֶݚ ڀॴ.

2015೥6݄26೔डߘɹ2015೥10݄8೔डཧ

ݒ೦͞ΕΔస׵ാ΍ാͰ͸ɼࠓޙͱ΋Ԙ෼ಈଶͷϞχλ ϦϯάΛߦ͍ͳ͕Βɼద࣌ʹᕲਫ౳ʹΑΓԘ෼੍ޚΛߦ

͏͜ͱ͕ॏཁͰ͋Δɽ

Θ͕ࠃͰ͸౔৕தͷԘ෼ೱ౓ͷ೺ѲͷͨΊʹɼס౔1 ʹରͯ͠ৠཹਫ5ΛՃ͑ͨݒ୙ӷͷిؾ఻ಋ౓ʢEC1:5ʣ Λଌఆ͢Δ1 : 5ਫਁग़๏͕༻͍ΒΕΔɽ͜ͷଌఆ๏͸

؆ศ๏ͱͯ͠ීٴ͍ͯ͠Δ͕ɼଟ͘ͷ೶஍Ͱ1 : 5^ਫਁग़

๏Λ༻͍ͯECΛଌఆ͢Δͷ͸ଟେͳ࿑ྗΛཁ͢Δɽ·

ͨɼ౔৕࠾औ࣌ʹݱ৔Λ֧ཚͯ͠͠·͏ͨΊɼఆ఺ௐࠪ

ʹ΋޲͔ͳ͍ɽଞํɼআԘͷޮՌΛ൑ผ͢ΔͨΊʹɼి

࣓༠ಋ๏΍؆қECܭ౳Λ༻͍ͯόϧΫ౔৕ECʢECaʣ

͕ଌఆ͞Ε͍ͯΔɽECaͷଌఆ͸؆қʹߦ͑ΔͨΊɼଟ

͘ͷ೶஍ͰͷσʔλऔಘΛՄೳͱ͠ɼআԘͷޮՌΛ൑ఆ

͢Δ্Ͱ༗༻ͳࢦඪͱ͞Ε͍ͯΔʢףΒ, 2012ʣɽ͔͠

͠ɼECa͸౔৕ͷݻ૬෦෼ͱ౔৕ਫͷ྆ํͷ఻ಋੑ͕൓

ө͞ΕΔECͰ͋ΔɽՃ͑ͯɼECa͸౔৕ਫ෼ྔʹ΋େ

͖͘ґଘ͠ɼ߱Ӎ௚ޙ΍ᕲਫޙͳͲʹ͸ɼԘ෼ྔ͸มΘ Βͳͯ͘΋ɼECa্͕ঢ͢Δ͜ͱ͕͠͹͠͹ى͜Δɽ

ి࣓೾Λར༻ͨ͠ମੵؚਫ཰ʢθ^ʣͱECaͷಉ࣌ଌఆ

ٕज़͕1990೥୅͔Β੝Μʹݚڀ͞Ε͖͍ͯͯΔɽTime domain reflectometryʢTDRʣ͸ɼి࣓೾ͷ఻೻଎౓Λར

༻ͯ͠౔৕ͷ༠ి཰͔ΒθΛɼ·ͨɼి࣓೾ͷݮਰಛੑ

͔ΒECaΛಉ࣌ʹଌఆͰ͖ΔɽTDRͰ͸ಉ͡౔৕ମੵ

தͷθ^ͱECaΛਝ଎ʹଌఆͰ͖ΔͨΊɼࣨ಺΍໺֎ʹ͓

͚Δ༹࣭Ҡಈଌఆʹ༻͍ΒΕ͖ͯͨʢྫ͑͹ɼNoborio^ɼ 2001^ʣɽTDR͕໺֎ʹ͓͚Δ༹࣭Ҡಈଌఆʹద༻͞Ε

ͨॳظͷஈ֊Ͱ͸ɼTDR^{Ͱଌఆ͞ΕΔ}ECaΛ༻༹͍ͨ

࣭ೱ౓ͷਪఆ͕ߦΘΕ͕ͨɼECa ͸θ ^{ͱ౔৕༹ӷ EC} ʢECwʣͷ྆ํʹґଘ͢ΔͨΊɼθ ^{Λ͋Δఔ౓Ұఆͷ৚}

݅ʹͯ͠ଌఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋ͬͨʢKachanoski et al., 1992;

Ward et al., 1994; Vanclooster et al., 1995ʣɽ໺֎Ͱθ ^͕ มԽ͢Δ৚݅ԼͰͷ༹࣭ҠಈϞχλϦϯάΛߦ͏ͨΊɼ TDRͰଌఆ͞ΕΔθ ^ͱECa͔ΒECa–ECw–θ^ؔ܎Λհ

ͯ͠ECwΛਪఆ͢Δํ๏͕ݕ౼͞ΕʢHeimovaara et al., 1995; Mallants et al., 1996; Risler et al., 1996ʣɼߋʹECw

͔Β༹࣭ೱ౓Λਪఆ͢Δํ๏΋ݕ౼͞ΕͨʢDe Neve et