エンジン排気中の微粒子計測事例(運転条件の影響)

エンジン排気中の微粒子計測事例(運転条件の影響)

著者（英） Shusuke Okada journal or

publication title

第8回技術セミナー「エンジン排気微粒子の健康影 響と計測技術および生成・排出特性」

page range 1‑31

year 2006‑03‑13

権利（英） Research Center for Energy Conversion System of Doshisha University

URL http://doi.org/10.14988/re.2017.0000015755

Page 1

ヤンマー㈱ 中央研究所 ヤンマー㈱ 中央研究所 岡田 周輔 岡田 周輔

2006. 3.13 Technical Seminar – Next Generation Energy Conversion System

同志社大学 学術フロンティア共同研究プロジェクト

「次世代ゼロエミッション・エネルギー変換システム」

技術セミナー

「エンジン排気微粒子の健康影響と 計測技術および生成・排出特性」

エンジン排気中の微粒子計測事例（運転条件の影響）

エンジン排気中の微粒子計測事例（運転条件の影響）

Doshisha University

Page 2

Contents

Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine

1. Back Ground 2. PM Emission

from current off-road Diesel Engine 3. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By Filter Method)

4. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By ATOFMS – Specific particle)

Page 3

Contents

Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine

1. Back Ground 2. PM Emission

from current off-road Diesel Engine 3. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By Filter Method)

4. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By ATOFMS – Specific particle)

Doshisha University

Page 4

Back Ground

DIESEL DIESEL ENGINES ENGINES

• Advantages:

• Higher Thermal efficiency

• Lower CO

²

, THC, CO

• Disadvantages:

• Higher NOx , PM

Environmental effect

Lung cancer Mortality Asthma

Photochemical smog Acid rain

Enlargement of Ozone hole

Health effect

Doshisha University

Page 5

PM emission

Kittelson, D.B.,”Engines and Nano-Particles : A Review”

Vol.29, No.5/6, pp575-588, 1998 1〜20% of Total PM mass

90% of Total PM number Sulfur compounds, Organics,……

Doshisha University

Page 6

Emission Regulation for On-Road HDD & Off-Road Diesel

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NOx + HC g/kWh

PM g/kWh

2010 US

2004 US

1998 US 2000 EU

2005 EU 2008 EU

1997 JPN

2003 JPN

2005

JPN 2013 US

2004 US 2008 EU

2013 EU

2003 JPN

2008 JPN

2008 US

Page 7

Contents

Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine

1. Back Ground 2. PM Emission

from current off-road Diesel Engine 3. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By Filter Method)

4. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By ATOFMS – Specific particle)

Doshisha University

Page 8

Test Research Engine

Doshisha University

Page 9

Test Research Engine Specification

Combustion system Direct injection

Intake NA

Number of valve 4

Number of cylinder 4

Bore 84 mm

Stroke 94 mm

Displacement 1995 cm

³

Injection system PFI

Rated Speed 3000m

^-1

Max. Output 32.9 kW

BMEP 0.66 MPa

Max. Torque 126Nm@1800m-1

Doshisha University

Mechanical Injection

Page 10

C1 mode test cycle(steady state)

Engine Speed m

^-1

BMEP MPa

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200

15%

15%

15%

10%

10%

10%

10%

15%

% :

weighting

factor

Page 11

The schematic of test bench for PM sampling

Full Dilution Tunnel

Dump

Particulate Sampling

by Filter Dilution

Air

to CVS

Doshisha University

Page 12

PM size distribution measurement system

950

150

MD19

1lit./min.

Approx.Air 4lit./min

Dump

to FDT

4lit./min.

Air 6lit./min.

950850

EEPS

680

HEPA

filter

HEPA filter

Doshisha University

Page 13

PM emission [g/h]

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

600 1200 1800 2400 3000

1.0 2.0

3.0 4.0

5.0 6.0

7.0

Engine Speed min.

^-1

BMEP MPa

Doshisha University

Page 14

Normalized BSU

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

600 1200 1800 2400 3000

0.2 0.4

0.6 0.8

0.8

Engine Speed min.

^-1

BMEP MPa

Page 15

THC emission [g/h]

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

600 1200 1800 2400 3000

6.0

8.0

10.0 12.0 14.0 7.7 3.8

4.1

Engine Speed min.

^-1

BMEP MPa

Doshisha University

Page 16

SOF / PM [%]

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

600 1200 1800 2400 3000

80 80

60 40

20

Engine Speed min.

^-1

BMEP MPa

Doshisha University

Page 17

PM size distribution @ 3000m

^-1

0.0E+00 2.0E+06 4.0E+06 6.0E+06 8.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.2E+07 1.4E+07

1 10 100 1000

Diameter d nm

Concentration #/cm

3

25% 10%

100%

50%

75%

Doshisha University

Page 18

PM size distribution @ 1800m

^-1

0.0E+00 2.0E+06 4.0E+06 6.0E+06 8.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.2E+07 1.4E+07

1 10 100 1000

Diameter d nm

Concentration #/cm

3

0.07MPa

0.17MPa 0.66MPa

0.33MPa

0.79MPa

Page 19

Normalized Number Concentration of C1 mode and NRTC test cycle

0 20 40 60 80 100

1 10 100 1000

Diameter d nm

Normalized Concentration %

NRTC Avg.

C1 mode (steady atate)

Doshisha University

Page 20

NRTC (Non-Road Transient Cycle)

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

0 300 600 900 1200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Time sec.

Normalized Torque % Normalized Speed %

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Normalized Torque %

Normalized Speed %

Doshisha University

Page 21

PM size distribution @ NRTC

Doshisha University

Page 22

Number Concentration of particles

(10.8, 12.4, 14.3, 16.5nm)

0.E+00 1.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 4.E+06 5.E+06 6.E+06

750 770 790 810 830 850

-80 -40 0 40 80 120

Time sec.

Concentration #/cm

3

Normalized Speed % Normalized Torque %

Torque

10.8nm

Speed

12.4nm 14.3nm 16.5nm

Page 23

Number Concentration of particles

(19.1, 22.1, 25.1, 29.4nm)

Concentration #/cm

3

Normalized Speed % Normalized Torque %

0.E+00 1.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 4.E+06 5.E+06 6.E+06

750 770 790 810 830 850

-80 -40 0 40 80 120

Torque

19.1nm

Speed

22.1nm 25.5nm 29.4nm

Time sec.

Doshisha University

Page 24

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank

Nobuo Senaha, Yuki Takagi, Hiroyoshi Honjoh

(Tokyo Dylec Corp.) for their support for this study.

The EEPS instrument and MD-19 raw gas dilutor were supported by Tokyo Dylec Corp.

Doshisha University

Page 25

Contents

Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine

1. Back Ground 2. PM Emission

from current off-road Diesel Engine 3. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By Filter Method)

4. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By ATOFMS – Specific particle)

Doshisha University

Page 26

Test Engine

2003-01-0076

Engine Type Cummins N14 Number of cylinder Single cylinder Combustion system Direct injection

Bore 139.7 mm

Stroke 152.4 mm

Displacement 2336 cm

³

Compression ratio 13.1 : 1

Swirl ratio 1.4

Combustion chamber Shallow dish Chamber diameter 97.8 mm

Injection system Unit Injector

Nozzle 8 X φ0.2 mm

Spray Angle 152°

Length/Diameter of hole 4.1

Page 27

Engine Test Bench

FUEL TANK PUMP

FILTER MICROMOTION

TANK PUMP HEAT EXCHANGER H2O

ENGINE AND DYNAMOMETER BUILDING

AIR

FILTER

REGULATOR

HEATER

CRITICAL FLOW ORIFICES

TO FTIR HEATED FILTER INTAKE

SURGE TANK

EXHAUST SURGE TANK

CHARGE AMPLIFIER STRAIN GAGE AMPLIFIER

ELECTRONIC INJECTION CONTROL SYSTEM (SHAFT8) ECM

FROM ENCODER FROM OPTICAL INTERRUPTER EXHAUST BUILDING

AIR

ARROW PNEUMATICS LARGE CAPACITY FILTER OILESCER FILTER

REGULATOR

FLOW ORIFICE

AIR

TO FTIREXHAUST

EXHAUST MINI DILUTION TUNNEL

FILTER REGULATOR

FULL DILUTION TUNNEL

EXHAUST

NI DAQ

Page 28

Sampling System

Primarily Dilution Tunnel

Air

Secondary Dilution

Tunnel

Residence Time Chamber

SMPS TEOM

PM2.5 Cyclone

TFF TFF TFF QFF PM2.5

Cyclone

QFF QFF QFF φ142 QFF

Air

Tertiary Dilution Tunnel

ATOFMS

TFF QFF

Page 29

Sampling System

Pr im ary F

ull D ilu

tio n T un ne l

Secondary Dilution

Tunnel

Exhaust

Residence Time Chamber

47mm filter holders

Residence Time Chamber

Dilution Air

ATOFMS SMPS

Page 30

Engine Operating Conditions

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Engine Speed min.

^-1

Mean Effec ti v e Pressure Pme MPa

Page 31

Test Fuel

Units kg/m³ 865 mm²/s 2.595

0.8684

Distillation IBP ^oC 180.6

50% ^oC 257.8

90% ^oC 309.4

EPT ^oC 345.6

oC 70

39.1 kJ/kg 43506

ppm 352

SFC Aromatics wt% 49.2

Mono-Aromatics wt% 29.6

PNA's wt% 19.6

1.689 Selected Trace Metals Magnesium (Mg) ppm < 0.1 Calcium (Ca) ppm < 0.1 Manganese (Mn) ppm < 0.1 Iron (Fe) ppm < 0.1 Lead (Pb) ppm < 0.1 Specific Gravity (16/16^oC)

Viscosity (@40^oC) Density (@15^oC)

Property

H / C Flash point Cetane number Gross Heating Value

Sulfur

Page 32

Comparison of EC, OC, Sulfate, Metal and PM emission

@ Mode2 (1800min-1, 75%) and Mode3 (1800min-1, 50%)

Mode2 Mode3

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15

50% load

@1800 rpm 75% load

@1800 rpm

Specific Emissions [g/ihp-hr]

EC OC Sulfates Metals

Mode2 Mode3

PM

Page 33

EC, OC, Sulfate ^{@ 1200rpm}

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

EC/TC, OC/TC

Equivalence Ratio, φ Mode5[100%]

Mode6[75%]

Mode7[50%]

Mode4[25%]

Sp ecific Pa rticula te C h e m ical C o mp ositio n [mg/i hp-h r]

Equivalence Ratio,

φ Engine Speed:1200 rpm

Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon Sulfate

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

OC/TC EC/TC

Page 34

EC, OC, Sulfate ^{@ 1800rpm}

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Equivalence Ratio, φ

EC/TC, OC/TC

Mode1[100%]

Mode2[75%]

Mode3[50%]

Sp ecific Pa rticula te C h e m ical C o mp ositio n [mg/i hp-h r]

Equivalence Ratio,

φ Engine Speed:1800 rpm

Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon Sulfate

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

OC/TC EC/TC

Page 35

Metals

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040

Mode6[75%]

Mode7[50%]

Mode4[25%]

S p e c ific M e tal C o mpou nds [ m g/ ihp-hr]

Equivalence Ratio [

φ

]

Engine Speed:1200 rpm 24Mg

40Ca/20 55Mn 56Fe 208Pb

Page 36

Metals

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16

Mode2[75%]

Mode3[50%]

Spec if ic Meta l Compoun ds [mg/ihp -hr]

Equivalence Ratio [

φ

]

Engine Speed:1800 rpm 24Mg

40Ca/20 55Mn 56Fe 208Pb

Page 37

HC Distribution

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 5 Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 4 Mode 8 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

El utable Par ticl e -P hase Hy droca rbo n D istr ibuti o n [ % ]

CARB 8 Modes

< n-C₂₀ n-C₂₀ to n-C₂₅ n-C₂₅ to n-C₃₀ > n-C₃₀

Page 38

Identified total organic compound

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 5 Mode 6 Mode 7 Mode 4 Mode 8 0

40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

/5

Iden tified T o tal Organ ic Compounds [

µ

g /ih p-hr]

CARB 8 Modes

Hopanes+Steranes

N-Alkanes

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Alkylcyclohexanes

Page 39

Contents

Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine Particulate Matter Emission from Diesel Engine

1. Back Ground 2. PM Emission

from current off-road Diesel Engine 3. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By Filter Method)

4. Effect of Engine Operating Condition

(By ATOFMS – Specific particle)

Doshisha University

Page 40

ATOFMS

ATOFMS : Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

• Single Particle Mass Spec Instruments

• have been developed over the past decade Real time instruments

Size individual particles

Semi-quantitative measure of

individual particle chemical composition Portable

• ATOFMS was developed at UC-Riverside under the direction of Prof. Kim Prather

• ATOFMS was commercialized by TSI in 1999

Page 41

532 nm ∆t

Ellipsoidal Mirror

t

₁

t

₂

v = ^distance

time

10 ^-5 Torr Particle Sizing

Page 42

Ionization

Nd:YAG Laser (266 nm)

PMT

- +

10 ^-7 Torr

Page 43

ATOFMS

• How We Analyze Individual Particles

Particle Inlet

Particle Sizing

Particle Composition Diode Lasers PMT

(532 nm)

Ellipsoidal Mirrors

Nd:YAG Laser (266 nm) Microchannel Plate

Ion Detectors Reflectron

+ + ions ions - - ions ions

Page 44

Mass Spectrometry

• E = mv 1

_i²

2

Na

⁺

Al

⁺

Fe

⁺

Ca

⁺

FeO

⁺

K

2

Cl

⁺

Fe

₂

O

⁺

Ba

⁺

BaO

⁺

BaFeO

⁺

BaFeO

2+

BaFe

⁺

BaCl

⁺

0 100 200 300

m/z ⁰

100 200 300

m/z

HSO

4-

AlSiO

₂

H

^-

C

₂^-

Cl

^-

C

^-

O

^-

SO

₂^-

NO

₂^-

SO

₃^-

Na

⁺

Al

⁺

Fe

⁺

Ca

⁺

FeO

⁺

K

2

Cl

⁺

Fe

₂

O

⁺

Ba

⁺

BaO

⁺

BaFeO

⁺

BaFeO

2+

BaFe

⁺

BaCl

⁺

0 100 200 300

m/z

Na

⁺

Al

⁺

Fe

⁺

Ca

⁺

FeO

⁺

K

2

Cl

⁺

Fe

₂

O

⁺

Ba

⁺

BaO

⁺

BaFeO

⁺

BaFeO

2+

BaFe

⁺

BaCl

⁺

0 100 200 300

m/z

Na

⁺

Al

⁺

Fe

⁺

Ca

⁺

FeO

⁺

K

2

Cl

⁺

Fe

₂

O

⁺

Ba

⁺

BaO

⁺

BaFeO

⁺

BaFeO

2+

BaFe

⁺

BaCl

⁺

Na

⁺

Al

⁺

Fe

⁺

Ca

⁺

FeO

⁺

K

2

Cl

⁺

Fe

₂

O

⁺

Ba

⁺

BaO

⁺

BaFeO

⁺

BaFeO

2+

BaFe

⁺

BaCl

⁺

0 100 200 300

0 100 m/z 200 300

0 100 200 300

m/z ⁰

100 200 300

m/z

HSO

4-

AlSiO

₂

H

^-

C

₂^-

Cl

^-

C

^-

O

^-

SO

₂^-

NO

₂^-

SO

₃^-

0 100 200 300

m/z

HSO

4-

AlSiO

₂

H

^-

C

₂^-

Cl

^-

C

^-

O

^-

SO

₂^-

NO

₂^-

SO

₃^-

0 100 200 300

0 100 m/z 200 300

0 100 200 300

m/z

HSO

4-

AlSiO

₂

H

^-

C

₂^-

Cl

^-

C

^-

O

^-

SO

₂^-

NO

₂^-

SO

₃^-

HSO

4-

AlSiO

₂

H

^-

C

₂^-

Cl

^-

C

^-

O

^-

SO

₂^-

NO

₂^-

SO

₃^-

Page 45

Example

Aerodynamic Size (mm)

Number of Particles

2.7 3.3 1.8 2.2

1.1 1.4

0.2 0.7 _Dust

Sea Salt Organics

Total Nitrate Total

0 100 200 300 400 500

Aerosol Size and Composition are Related

Page 46

Fuel

Units

kg/m³ 830.5 mm²/s 2.43

38.8

Distillation IBP ^oC 177.8

50% ^oC 259.4

90% ^oC 324.4

EPT ^oC 356.1

oC 65

52.9 kJ/kg 45644

ppm 14

SFC Aromatics wt% 22.1

Mono-Aromatics wt% 19.4

PNA's wt% 2.7

1.889 Selected Trace Metals Magnesium (Mg) ppm < 0.1 Calcium (Ca) ppm < 0.1 Manganese (Mn) ppm < 0.1 Iron (Fe) ppm < 0.1 Lead (Pb) ppm < 0.1 API Gravity (16/16^oC)

Viscosity (@40^oC) Density (@15^oC)

Property

H / C Flash point Cetane number Gross Heating Value

Sulfur

Page 47

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Specific PM Emission

Particulate mass mg / kW-hr

Mode 8 700rpm idle

Mode 4 1200rpm

25%

Mode 7 1200rpm

50%

Mode 6 1200rpm

75%

Mode 5 1200rpm

100%

Mode 3 1800rpm

50%

Mode 2 1800rpm

75%

Mode 1 1800rpm

100%

Page 48

•

0.0E+00 5.0E+14 1.0E+15 1.5E+15 2.0E+15

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

mode8 700rpm idle mode4 1200rpm 25%

mode7 1200rpm 50%

mode6 1200rpm 75%

mode5 1200rpm 100%

mode3 1800rpm 50%

mode2 1800rpm 75%

mode1 1800rpm 100%

Diameter nm

Specific P a rticle Number #/kWh

1200rpm 100%

1200rpm 25%

700rpm idle

1200rpm 75%

1200rpm 50%

1800rpm 75% 1800rpm

100%

1800rpm 50%

PM Number Distribution

Page 49

0 100 200 300 400 500

600 Ca/5

Fe Mn Pb

• Mg

Percentage of Trace Metals

Mode 8 700rpm idle

Mode 4 1200rpm

25%

Mode 7 1200rpm

50%

Mode 6 1200rpm

75%

Mode 5 1200rpm

100%

Mode 3 1800rpm

50%

Mode 2 1800rpm

75%

Mode 1 1800rpm

100%

Trace meta l to PM ma ss ratio ppm

Page 50

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

700rpm 1200rpm 1800rpm

•

Percentage of EC Emission

Equivalence ratio

Percentag e of EC mass

Page 51

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

700rpm 1200rpm 1800rpm

•

Equivalence ratio

Percentage of OC m ass

Percentage of OC Emission

Page 52

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

700rpm 1200rpm 1800rpm

• EC

ATOFMS vs. Filter

Percentage of Part icles containing EC (ATOFMS)

Percentage of EC mass (Filter)

Page 53

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

700rpm 1200rpm 1800rpm

• OC

ATOFMS vs. Filter

Percentage of Part icles containing OC (ATOFMS)

Percentage of OC mass (Filter)

Page 54

0 .1 5 0 .1 8

0 .2 1 0 .2 4

0 .2 7 0 .3 2

0 .3 7 0 .4 2

0 .4 9 0 .5 6

0 .6 5 0 .7 5

0 .8 7 1 .0 0

1 .1 5 1 .3 3

1 .5 4 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1200rpm 25%

1200rpm 50%

1200rpm 75%

Particle Distribution w/ EC

percentage of Part icles containing EC

Particle Siz e ( µ m)

25%

50%

75%

E n g in e lo ad

1200rpm 1200 rpm

Page 55

Particle Distribution w/ EC

2003-01-0076

0 .1 5 0 .1 8

0 .2 1 0 .2 4

0 .2 7 0 .3 2

0 .3 7 0 .4 2

0 .4 9 0 .5 6

0 .6 5 0 .7 5

0 .8 7 1 .0 0

1 .1 5 1 .3 3

1 .5 4 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1800rpm 50%

1800rpm 75%

1800rpm 100%

percentage of Part icles containing EC

Particle Siz e ( µ m)

50%

75%

100%

E n g in e lo ad 1800rpm 1800 rpm

Page 56

Particle Distribution w/ OC

0 .1 5 0 .1 0 8

.2 1 0 .2

4 0 .2 7 0 .3

2 0 .3

7 0 .4 2 0 .4 9 0 .5 6 0 .6 0 5

.7 5 0 .8 1 7

.0 0 1 .1 1 5

.3 3 1 .5

4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1200rpm 25%

1200rpm 50%

1200rpm 75%

1200rpm 1200 rpm

Percentage of Part icles containing OC

Pa rtic le S ize ( µ m)

25%

50%

75%

Eng ine loa

d

Page 57

Particle Distribution w/ OC

0 .1 5 0 .1

8 0 .2 1 0 .2

4 0 .2

7 0 .3

2 0 .3 0 7

.4 2 0 .4 0 9

.5 6 0 .6 0 5

.7 5 0 .8 1 7

.0 0 1 .1 5 1 .3 3 1 .5 4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1800rpm 50%

1800rpm 75%

1800rpm 100%

1800 1800rpm rpm

Pa rtic le S ize ( µ m)

percentage of Part icles containing OC

50%

75%

100%

Eng ine loa d

Page 58

0 .1 5 0 .1

8 0 .2 1 0 .2

4 0 .2

7 0 .3

2 0 .3 0 7

.4 2 0 .4 0 9

.5 6 0 .6 0 5

.7 5 0 .8 1 7

.0 0 1 .1 5 1 .3 3 1 .5 4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

1200rpm 25%

1200rpm 50%

1200rpm 75%

Particle Distribution w/ Ca

1200rpm 1200 rpm

Percentage of Part icles containing Ca

Pa rtic le S ize ( µ m)

25%

50%

75%

Eng ine loa

d

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0 .1 5 0 .1

8 0 .2

1 0 .2

4 0 .2

7 0 .3 0 2

.3 7 0 .4

2 0 .4 0 9

.5 6 0 .6 5 0 .7 5 0 .8 7 1 .0 0 1 .1 1 5

.3 3 1 .5

4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

1800rpm 50%

1800rpm 75%

1800rpm 100%

Particle Distribution w/ Ca

1800 1800rpm rpm

percentage of Part icles containing Ca

Pa rtic le S ize ( µ m)

50%

75%

100%

Eng ine loa d

Page 60

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Army Research Office (ARO), Yanmar Company, Ltd., Nippon-Mitsubishi Oil Co., Chevron,

The ATOFMS instrument was supported by NSF-MRI (CHE-0115736).

This work was performed at the Engine Research Center (ERC) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

for their support for this study.

BP-Amoco

Page 61

Thank you ! Thank you !

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