TRU Mathematics 21−2 〔1985〕
ATHEX)RY OF GENERAL RELATIVITY BY GENERAL(X)NNE(11工ONS II
Haruya NAGAYAMA
〔Received October 31, 1985) §0. エntroduction エnth・previ・u・p・per[1], the auth・r ext・nd・d th・th・・ry・f gravitational field, i・e・ the theory of A. Eins tein, within the limi ts of the th・・ry・f th・m・t・i・g・・era1・・nnecti・n・r(Ψ(・),G)・nd g・t th・・y・t・m・f partial differential equations on r(Ψ(x),G) : t (0.1) (0.2) SettingΨ(x) (0.3) (0.4) Ψ3i当曇・“s)−i(・、▽il・3)(まΨ一鯉・)
・・2(・、・)(・。Ψ)(W・一勢・9?・・)・一・, ・(△−9s)・・圭μv(・,Ψ)(・。Ψ)一・・ = 1, (0.1) and (O.2) becomeRuv一
t・・s・・, Ψ=1 , which are the Einstein°s equations of the author,s version, so he expected th・t th・・y・t㎝・(0・1)・nd(0,2), h・d w・althier・・1・ti・n・th・・U・e・y・t㎝, (0・3)and(0・4)・H・ expect・d th・t・・1・ti・n・r(Ψ,G)・f th・・y,t㎝,(0.1)。nd (0・2)・加t・・t・fth・・y・t㎝,(0.3)and(0.4), w・uld・xp1。i。。atural phenomena. 1・thi・p・per th・auth・r will argue ab・ut the ab・ve e・mP・t・ti・n・and g・t some affirmative results. The outline of this paper is as follows. In§1 he will su酊marize the results of the previous paper [1]and s tate the principle of realizing the purpose of this paper. In§2 he will search solutions r(Ψ,G)of the syst㎝,(0.1)and (0.2), on R4。f・・h。・ype (…)G=−A(・)・2d・2・B(・)・・2・・(・)・2(・S2・,i。2(S)・,2), (o・6)、Ψ=Ψ(r) ・・dg・・・・…i…(・T(・),め,(・:(・),G:)・nd(,、(・),G、),品ereh。、e・,.287
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(・.7)・Ψ吉(・)−exp(畢(・)), ’ 2 2・ hf(・)一±(arc・an(「−2a)一晋)・ a (・.8)・G㌍(,f(・))−3G「、, 百1−.c・d、2・み。・・.・(dS・・、i・・(・)W・), r ■ a (0.9) Ψ2(r) =1 , (・…)金三一(・−f)・2d・2・、dl三・・2(dS2・・i・2(・)dcp2)・ r r(Ψ2(r),G2)is the same as the Riernannian connection derived fr㎝the S。h。artzshild。。t。i。(0.10)。。d r(Ψ†(。),め。nd r(Ψ:(・),G:)are th・peculiar solutions of the author’s theory. In§3 and§4 he will find some.interesting families of geodesics derived f。。。r(Ψ†(。),(]t)and r(Ψ:(・),G:), nhi・h. h・・upPe・e・t・b・i叩・rt・nt i・ physics, and discuss with them. The character of 七hem is fairly different from that of the families of geodesics derived from r(Ψ2(r),G2)・ Throughout the paper manifolds and mappings are all assumed to be rea1 . analyt.ig. [lhe author wishes to thank Professor T. Otsuki for his constant encouragement and valuable suggestions. ’ §1. Preliminaries Let M be an nrdim飽sional manifold. On general connd’ctions r on M Whichare・・ca・・y・w・itt・n b・・一・亘畔2臼・;。d…duv)…λ一、i・・th・・
author [1]proved 七he following theorem.THEOREM 1.1. Let P and G]tiS…L旦『tensor≦垂迎(1,1)and旦
nol〔三座三]≦≧tensor≦≧⊆主迎皇 (0,2)旦旦M. Then 七here exists.旦『
『Lconnection Which satisfies the.]塑conditions :
(1) P=λ(r)RELATIVITY BY GENERAI. CONNECTIONS
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and
(2) r1旦metric with三⊆塾」≡旦G. Furthermore主〔]巫こadd±≦≧ d∩em旦condition ; (3) r is torsionrfree,then the『L connection r≦≧9 the theorem主旦亜L)ζdetermined.
We shall denote the metric general connection of the ヒheorem by r(P,G). ・・9・・uki[4]d・fi・・d・h・・curv・・ure f・rmΩ,、λ・f any gene・a…nnec・i・n ・一(オ,rbv)釦d・he c・rresp・ndi・9 t・fi・・r・f・・yp・(・,3)・i血・6臼…mp・n・n・・ ・,、λ翌b刧`λ一歩,、λ。。duvAduu・品ere㌦λw−−R,、λn。・[lhe c・mp・nen・・ ・,、λ 翌≠窒???吹Ei・i・・y毎・・nb・脇・(Da(訂・9A)一☆・9・))・蝋一錨)e
一δ;,、A㌦+・;,zAll。・曲・・eδ;,・=「鵠一P醗・and A;・=「;・一∂i・(・;)・−rrn・・e−n d・fine
・・en・・r R・・(・)・f・yp・(…)・・ph・・臼…《en・・R恥。 by R,、。−R,、λλ。・ 軌ere we use t士le Einstein convention. F・・th・m・t・i・g・nera1・・nnecti・・r(P,G)i・㎜舳.1.1, w・と・h’・d・fine a ・ca・ar・S・(,,、)=9”“R,(,,、),。・ca…d・h・・caiar curV・・ur・・f・hi・ connection. Now we assume that a function Ψ, Which is non−zero ev『eryWhere, and ・。n−・i・g・1ar・y㎜’Et・i・t・…rG−9q・VEedyv・・e.giv即・n M. We・…ider a
uv reg・lar t・…rΨ’1・f typ・(1・1)・ith 1・ca1・・《enζ・Ψ・δ慧・th・・皿E()RE]trvl 1・1 asserts that there exists uniquely 血e metric general connection ; r(Ψ,G)−r(Ψ・1,G)一(Ψ・δλ,rλ), P μvWhere
N N ・い(・){・λ・}・{・λ・}一{、λ・}・・(・)−1(撒+∂1。・、一当・λ9、。)・ {μλ・}一輻λα(扉。)・語。)一き(ft。))・290
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工he general connection r(Ψ,G)makes sense, even thoughΨ vanishes at some P・i・t・・b・tthi・fact i・n・t・ithi・th・li・il・・f th・th・・ry・f・ffi・・ .COnneCt10nS.
th・・calar curv・ture Sr(Ψ,G)°f血・g・n・ral・・nnecti・n r(Ψ・G)i・explicitly given by
(…)Sr(,,、)一Ψ3S−2(n−・)Ψ2♂“W
−(n−1)(n−4)Ψ91v(▽、Ψ)(▽。Ψ)・ where▽・K。 and S are the c・vari・・t d手fferenti・ti…the c・mp…nt・・f th・ Ricci tensor and the scalar curvature of the (pseudo)Riemannian manifold (M,G)respectively. From now on, (M,r(Ψ,G)) denotes a generalized space−tilne [1]. let D be a domain of M su(土 that D is compact and we define the Lagrangian L(D,Ψ,G) of the gravitational field r(Ψ,G)by (…)・(・・…)一∫DS・(,,、)dV、・ ’ Where dVG d…t・・th・v・1um・ ・1・m・nt・f th・・pace−tim・(M,G)・ We got the following theorem [1]. ・㎜)REM 1.2. 1£t (M,r(Ψ,G))ユ≧竺旦幽旦2≡:time.
E>CS1tg1R≦≧£幽differentia1皇q些1三主Ωエ1旦]2旦Ψ and G, Whi()h is
the
坐魁the
Euler一ご皇≦〔旦relative上9L the I←1」(D,Ψ
・・)一∫ISr(・,・)dV・旦 follows : (…)・3(Rμv−k2 PVS)−1(・、▽。・3)(9μλgv” 一 9・・gλ・) ・・2(・、Ψ)(・zΨ)(・・λ9w一圭・・g・・)…, (・・4)・(△−SS)・・i(・、Ψ)(・。Ψ)gpv 一・,硫e℃e △denotes the I←eltrami≦『⊆≦重the墜time (M,G).
Using 七he affine parameter s, space−time are the following [1] : the equations of motion on the generalized291
RELATIVITY BY GENERA]しCONNECTIONS(…)geigλ・・(…);。鵠一・・
(1.5) is the same as the equations of geodesics on a space with a general connection given bッT. Otsuki[4],[5]. Another version of (1.5) is that (1.5) is 亡he system of the Eule℃−I agrange equations relative to the functiona1 ・(・・・・…)一 轣F:・2・・、。(“”)(“v)…“λ一塞λ・・f・・[・・…]t… These are summary of the previous paper [1]. Now the construction of the continUed sections of this paper is thefollowing
(Pl) (P2)generalized space−time
(P3)inVestigate th
(P㌔) ひ experlments・ [ihe m・in purp・・e’・f血is p・P・・i・exd・uti・n・f case of M (1.4), i.e. §2. From now on, system,(1.3) xl p x2@and x3 are the We define functions g respectively and denote the components oS the Riemannian curvature tensor co町)onents of 亡he (R4・百一、
From (1.1), we have : To fix a fourHnanifold M. To solve the syst㎝,(1.3)and(1.4), on M and determine a (M,r(Ψ,G)). To solve 1亡he systdn (1.3) on (M,r(Ψ,G)) and motion of particles・ T・c・mp・・e the一㌦th…ywith th・.bb・erv・ti・….and th・ 』 (P,), (P3) and (P4) in the −m4. th・au・h…t’・・. fi・d.s,…i・,・gf血・・y・t㎝, q.3)and 亡he execution of (p2), in 七he next §2.The spherically sy㎜etric solutions
。。、ha、、 dea、。i.,h.the ch,e M三岳4釦d,吐ご,he . and(…)・re…i・…Ψ(・)・・d G−9、。d過・“・n m4・Wh・re x・・ ca。。。ical。。。rdi。at。,。fR4..、. 9,。an・ず“・nR4 b・9,。一Ψ3㍉。 an・露、一・; ,the Ricci tensor and the』scalar curvature of the spacOftime。典x∨)・・瓦λw・瓦。qP・戸re・Pe・・i…y.・.. ・.
292
H.NAGAYAMA (…)sr(,,、)・Y,一Ψ3sdvG−6Ψ29・Ve、▽。(・)dv、. 一・3SdvG・・2・gvv▽、(・)・。(・)dV、・▽μ(ξ・)dV、 . 一Ψ3SdV、・争一39μv▽、(・3)・。(Ψ3)dV、・▽、(ξμ)dV、. 一・3SdV、・辱・・▽、(・3/2)・。(・3/2)・・、(ξ・)dV、・ sthere w・ set・9・一一6Ψ2gP・▽。(・)… th・・Pa・e−‘・ime(B4,百)・・have (…)暁・(Ψ3S−6Ψ9/2ずv▽、▽v’(・3/2>)Ψ6dVG 1 一Ψ3SdVG−6・3/2gu・▽、▽。(・3/2)dVG 一Ψ3SdVG・・gU・▽、(・3/2)・。(Ψ3/2)dV、・・、(・・)dV、・ 砲ere we・et…一・・3/2gP・▽。(・3/2)・C…i・・…g(…)・・th(…),…b・… (…)・,(,,、)dV、・r一記・、(Ψ3/2)・。(・3/2)dV、・・、(・・一・・)dV、 一誕一争一恥、(Ψ3/2)マ。(♂/2)・VGX・・。(ξμ一・μ)dVG .,、一輪一.2的,(・)駕(・)・V・’・.・、(ξP−、・μ)dV・・ .吻ere・e se・h−4…(・).・…己・・g・・早・We・・[・8],一・・⑤re・bn・
言!玉「・・f…㎝・・(…)輌・−U/:TEr・ポー1喜1)・
Where we set’ . . (…).、百・計v({、α、}{。B。}一{、Ct。}{,Bβ})and
(…)ず司α{。ββ}−9β{。μ,} ・㎡{、λB}・・e・h・Chr・・t・ff・・’s s’・・舳睡・・t・6・9,。d過・v・
REIATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNECTIONS
・・g・tth・f・一・…͡・一・・d・n・i・ySr(,,、)信・・f・…w・・
(…)・,(,,、)晶r雨一2的、(・)V、(・)后
. ・一□(Dμ・ξu−nU)百訂).
∂xμ The third term of the right hand s ide of (2.7.) does not contribute to the field equations, so we can anew define the Lagrange density I.(Ψ,G)by (…)・(・,・)一;(頁・・当(・)㍉(・))碩 一;(7gpv({、α,}{。B。}一{、α。}{。ββ})・・師、(・)㌃(・))雨・ ぬich can be considered as a function L(h,G)of h and G. We have the sys tem, (1.3) and (1.4), as the Euler−Lagrange equationsre…i・・…h・Lagrang・孤・(・・…)一
轣A・(…)d4・・⑰ere…e・
d4x−dX・d・・d・・d・・.・…h・。・her・h・nd・he sy,t㎝。f・h。恥・。幽9。㎝9。・q・ati・n・re…iv・…h・・a・一・…エ(D,h,G)一
邇q(・・a)d4…a・f・・・・… (…)罰“一輻μ竃・(喜μ㌣β一21ilaa1ivβ)、(・)マ,(・)一・・ (1.4) ずvここ(h)=0 , μvWhich is equivalent to the syst㎝; −
(…)’㌣。一輻、5−(・・:・i一㍉。1・Pβ)兎(・)X7B(・), (1.4). 喜μv▽▽(h)=0 . μv Solutions (h,G)of、 the system,(1.3)l and(1.4),,correspond to solutions (Ψ,G) of 七he system, (1.3) and (1.4), by (・.・)h−4・・、(・),百一・3G, so we shall so1▽e the system, (1.3). and (1.4),, instead of solving the system, (1.3) and (1.4). Thus we have got the following le酊ma.293
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㎜2.1. If (h,て三=百 dx!’Qd》ζ)) satisfies 血e.主巴; 一 μv (…)’K。一気。言一(・・言・6一亘。字β)兎(・)陥(・)・ (1.4)1 ξμv豆亨(h)=0 , μv 出・n(Ψ一exp(今・),G一Ψ一3百一9、。d・・・…)・a・i・・iと・th・・幽・ (・.・)・3(Rμ“−k2 VVS)一数・、▽。Ψ3)(9μλ9“k−gVVgλH) ・・2(・、Ψ)(・。Ψ)(9・λ9・・一輻・・gλ・)・… (…)・(△−ks)・・;(・、Ψ)(・。Ψ)・・“一・・ We shall search for solutions (h,百)of the syst㎝,(1.3)’and(1.4)’,曲idh take the forms; ・
(2.10) h=h(r), (、.、、)百..A(。)(、、・)・.1(、。k)・.,(。)(1。㌦。k)・ k=1 . kr1 =−A(。)。2d・2・(・+r2B(。))d。2・・2(dS2・・i・2(S)drP2), 硫ere c is a positive constant, the coordinate (t,r,{},(p) is connected with the coordinate (xo,x1,x2,x3) by (2.12) xo =ct, x1 =r.sin(S)sin((P), x2 =r・sin(&)cos(ψ), X3=r・COS(S) and A(。), B(。)and・h(。)are un㎞⑭f。。cti。。,。f r−(。・)2・(。・)・(。・)2. The following ranges of indices will be used throughout 血e paper : 1≦i,j,h,k, ... ≦3 , 0≦α,β,μ,v, … ≦3・ From (2.11) we get 9、k−gk、一δik・・(・)・’・・k,9。。一一A(・),㍉i−gi。一・・ 9’k一ま’一・’k−、Blrili念・9)°一一が’□°一・・ 斥「−A(・)(…2B(・》−e(・). By ea・y・alcu1・ti・n w・h・v・th・f・㎜1…f{λ}・・f。ll・w・・ μ vREI、ATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNEeTIONS ロ . 1
(2・13){klm}=−2B(・)・δ㎞
り , {・’・}一、。(A’(r)xエ1+r2B(r))・{・°k}− the others=0 , Where・e・e・Al(・)一芸1「)and・B’(・)一書i「). {λλk}一{kλλ}一永・・g(・(・)) ax fr㎝ (2・13), we obtain 亡he following : (…4)−gv{・α・}{・B・}−2iiili§ii;)一 (…5)PUg v{・α・}{・B・}−2iiξi》ii;)− Where。e setρ(。)−1・。2B(。). By (2.14) and (2.15), we get(2.16)百 .d4x− .
一一i(・−1)θ1(・)・2 −2。(1.1)θl and we have(…7)醐(・)Vv(・)・d4・
一 ・A(。)(1・。2B(r ρ2(r) By (2.8), (2.16)and (2.17), we have (2.18) 工(D,h,百) ,︶
∋
㌣
聡kx
十 , =︸
0
0
k
︷
Since we haVe鵠Σ,{λλ。}一
(θ’(。))2 θ2(.)ρ2(。) (θ1(。))2 θ2(。),2(。)’ {oλλ}=o ,謬
︶
1︶
r︵
2 ρ ■ 1き
十 斥1 =・・v({、・,}{。・。}{、・。}{。・,})斥「・d4・ sin(s)c・dtdrd{渇(p ρ2(r) (r)r・sin(S)・dtdrdSd(p ρ2(r) 馬 、(h’(r))2{r2B(r) ))・・2・i・⑲)・・d・d塒
・・(hl(・))2θ(「)・r、i・(・)…d⇒.295
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一c・∫,((,2≒)一・)・,(・)・+(hl(・))2・鷲2)・i・(・)…d軸・ From now on, we regar(1ρ(r) aDdθ(r).as independent variables ins tead of B(r) and A(r). The Euler−1agrange equations relati▽e‘to the Lagrangian (2.18) are as follows : 詩器・)一器一・, 詰器)一器一・, 詰…告)一器一・, 品ere we set T−T(θ,θ・,ρ,pt,h,h.)一(、2≒)一・)・,(・)r+(hl(・))2緒2・ Thus we can get the following lerrma.㎜2.2.墜『͡ere exists旦solution(h,G)≡
㎜, (1.3).and (1.4),,曲idh has t±1e form皇E : (2.10) h=h(r) , (、.、、)百..A(。)(・、、・)・.i(、。k)・.B(。)(i。㌔。k)・ k=0 、 k=1 −−A(.)。2d・2・(・・。2B(。))d。2・。2(dS2・。i。2(S)drP2). Then(θ(r),ρ(r),h(r))whi()h 1旦defined互ζ (2.19)θ(。)−A(。)(1・。2B(。)),,(。)−1+r2B(。)satisfies
(・・2・)詰帯)一器一・,(・…)∼碁器)一器一・,
(・・22)詰券)一嘉一・・
Where we set T−T(・・θ1・…W)一(、t。)一・)・・(・)r+(hl(・))2・慧・RELATIV][TY BY GENERAL CONNECTIONS We want to get spherically symmetric solutions (h(r),A(r),B(r))of.the system, (1.3), and (1.4)’. The abOve lemma sugges ts the following three
steps:
(S・)T…1v・th・・y・t㎝,(2・20),(2・21),(2・22),。・θ(⇒,ρ(・)・nd h(・). (S2)To determine (h(r),A(r),B(r))using the solution (θ(r),ρ(r),h(r)). (S3)To()heck that the above (h(r),A(r),B(r)) is a solution o丘 the system, (1◆3)・ and (1.4).. From now on, we shall discuss (S1), (S2)and (S3)in order. (S1). (2.20),.(2.21) and (2.22) can be rewritteh in concrete forms as follows : (・…)’・蝶)・2h’(・))一・・ (・…)、 l(,21。)一・)・)一(hl(・))2・,≡i。)一… (・・22)’−2・,31。)(・‘(・)・+(・’(・))2θ(・)・2)一・・ Firs t of all we have from (2.20)., (2.21)’and (2.22)‘ the following : (・・23)・・(・)一E・a−一・・t・ ・
(・・24)詰(ξ(・)一・)・)一(ht(・))2・2ξ(・)一・, .(2.25)θ・(。)・(h,(。))2。θ(。)−O, −
where we set (2・26)・(・)一,t。)・ S・b・tituti・g(2.23)int・(2.24)and(2,25), w・・bt。ih(・・27)θ2ω一
and
2 (2・28)・’(・)=et。)i・,・(。)・ We d)tain from (2.27) and (2.28) 『(・・29)磯・,噌liω.、)r))一穰)・
297
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H.NAGAYAMA
Assuming a ≠ O i (2.29) can be rewritten as (・.3・)詰・2ξ(・)量(ξ(・)一・)・))一・・(是((ξ(・)一・)・))20r
(・.・・)・詰(m(・)㌶・2)・dli「))一・・(輻1「))2, 砲ere we set ’ (2.31) n(r) = (ξ(r) − 1)r The non−−1inear ordinary differential equation (2.30)・Whi()h is extremely important in the.author l s theory has 七wo special solutions as (2.32) n(r)=dr=const●,、 (・.33)・(・)=一:,b−c・n・t・・ Taking the results in advance, we can assert ヒhat the solution (2.32) 1eads us to 日1e Riemannian connection derived from the S()hwartzshild metric and the solution(2.33)to other metric general co㎜ections. We are.falniliar with the metric general connection derived from the solution (2.32), so we shall mainly be concerned with the solution (2.33)hereafter. By (2.31)and (2.33), we obtain (2.34) ρ(・)一 「 ,b−c・n・t.. 匹 、 Substituting (2.34) into the right hand side of (2.28), we get 詰・2(・))一・(。la≒)・ and integrating this, we obtain On the other hand, we ha▽e ’ ア l , (・・36)θ2(・)−aif’・≒) .
2 by・・i・g(2・34)f・r(2・27)・Hence・・g・・f一亡・ Finally we have (2.37) θ(r)=± 。2b2 (2.37) shows that b>0. b(・2 :.b)° Stit)s tituting (2.34>and (2.37) into (2.23),.We get⊂
砲ere a・b(・0)・ndCarec…t加七・學b・r・・ .
(・・)・By B(・)一与・2(・)づ)−ana(・.34), ’ ‘・...∵㌦.. 『r... ’” .’@ ・㌔一.『二・・.『,(2・41)...1(r)=r子(。≒b)、、.、,一,
and by・2(。)・A(。)(1・。2B(.)),ρ2(.)−1七。2B(。)(・・42)・(・)二無ヂ・.・1.・∴...
Using the equality (2.41) and (2.42), we 1捕ave’: (、.43)6..・A(1>(、,・)・.・i−(、。kl・+,(,)‘’i’ ”噛 k=1”.’!k=1 ・一許…)2・ス、1・・k)2・。2i。甦)’(k1 ・恥w㎝e』「equi「b一也e恥皿da「y.c°nditi°n°n G=.ニv
RELATIVITY BY GENERAI..00NNECTIONS (・・38)・・(・)一E一±嵩ゴジ’・・
and integrating this, we 6btain・r .、 店 ・
(2’39)h
秩謔タ ・e,−b)dtiCr砺いdl・∵’1’
.三’⊇厚)竺…r.±ar・ζ皿(・2≡・)4・.・・
血us wr』͡ta͡・≧』.{°11?winr 1…1,㌔.、.....、.
um 2・3・th・E>1E塑9Lf d!ltSl;9i1ffer…≡t主・1←・(2・2P)・(2・21)apd(2.22),has the三⊆L『solutions ; 二”
(2.40) (h(r),ρ(r),0(r)) 、 .:一. 陣’∴∴::・a2』2”:’・1− .:
(2.44) (亀。)一01︵∪0
1000
一001占0
0001
・・(1)1, 、(。2−、))・ we have tJ and (2.4↓), we have kkdxk)2−・ ・ k㌔。k)2. ・、dxH飼xV−as follows .:・ r◆oo. ..: ・299
、300
H.NAGAYAMA
Comparing (2.43)with (2.44), we have 2 (2.45) b=a arld(・・46)言・一(…)2・
Ai、(・・k)2・±(、i、・㌔・k)2・
U・i・gth・p・1ar c。・rd1・at・(t…θ・Ψ)・(2・46)can be re頑tten a・ (・・4・)百一一c2・・2・C・2・・2(・・2・・i・2(・)d・p2)・
』q・・re・h・b…dar,・・nd・・i・n・n・(・)・exp(孕・(・))・・f・…w・・(・…)・(・)一…(妾),・・… ,
Then we have (2・49)±h(・)=±(arc・㎝(「:−a.)一;)or
(・.・・)・,(。)−exp(・苧arc・㎝(』三已)−9)), a . ‘ 曲ere(2.49)+and(2.50)+。。rre,PO。d t。(2.40)+。。d(2.49)一孤d(2.50)’t・ (2.40). Thus we have got as candidates of the solutions of the syst㎝, (1.3),and (1.4)1」 the following : (2・51)±h(・)一±(arc…(LデL)一;)←hf(・)), a(・・52)百一一(…)2・
汲戟A(・・k)2・志、i、・㌔・k)2
・−c・d・2・≠,中・・ご・(dS2・,i。2(s)・,・)(一百、). r − a Regarding t士1e solution (2.32), doing the similar discussion to t力e above, we have as a candidate for 七he Solutioh of t力e system, (1.3)l and (1.4)., the following : (2.53) h(r)=e ,e=const・ ,and
RE工ATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNECTIONS (…4)9−一(・−S)P2(・x・)2・ki、(・・k)2+r2(。≒・(、i、・kd・k)2, d,P=cons t... Requiring the boundary conditions onΨ(r) and G sudh that (・・55)・(・)一…(1), (2.56) (句v)=
0001占
001占0
0100
1000
一 ・・(1),・…, we have (2.57) e=0,p=1 and(2・53)and(2・54)Can be re岨tt・・a・ (2.58) h(r)=0 , (・・59)百=一(・一…)(・x・)2・ki、(・・k)2・。・(.≒・(、i、・㌔・k)2←U・)・ d=const◆. Using 亡he polar coordinate・(t,r,{},(P), (2.59) can be rewritten as(・…)百ゴー(・.一・2d・2・ Ad
月O・・2(dS2.・・i・2(・)句2),d−c−・t・・ r lh・genera…nnec・i・n(δ;・・(・・G);。)deri・・d f…(2・58)・nd(2・59)i・ the same as 七he Riemarmian connection derived from the Schwartzshild metric and we are familiar with that. 1・血・・ext(S・), w・・h・11・Sheck・th・t th・・y・t㎝・,.(2.51)+a・d(2.52), (2・51)’a・d(2・52)and(2・58)and(2.59)are・・1・ti・n・・f th・・y・t㎝,(1.3)l and (1.4)’. (S,).R・g・・di・g血。 rli。t。i。百。f th。 f。rm (2・6・)言・−C(・)d・2・D(・)d・2・・2(d・2・。i。2(S)W2), th・硫・i・t・ff・・’s s’・・{、λ。}一{。㌔}are gi…b・(・・62){r「r}一㎡・書1・),{S・、}一命,{,・,}一評,
{・「、}一砲・d…(「);{。㌔}一{、㌔}一圭・{,㌔}一一si・(e)…(S)・301
3Pl,. . 戸・MGAYAMA {。Cl),}一{cp‘p。}一圭・W−{,「PS}−C・t(S)・ {。tt}一{tt。}一耐d§{「),血・・血er・一・・ The corrTponents of the Ricci tensor Ric(G) i.e. 礼・一☆μλλ}一☆μλ・}・{λ1.Llt}{λ”v}一{・wλ}
bec㎝e
(・・63)Rt、一瑠・縞將・謬)一鵠.・
叉。一鵠一辮畏害・賠L)一謡・
R、、 一一・・命器・謬)・わ・㍉,一・i・2(・)R、、・ R、。=o(・≠・)・・・d出・・calar・cu・v・ture i…言一計癬i・giv・n by
(・・64)言一器一鵠將・{謬)・誌譜・謬)
・歩一1・品)・ Regarding the metric G of しhe form (、.65)言..c・d,2.D(。)・。・+r・(dS・・,i。・(S)・,・),・(。)一、・22, r − a we get from (2.63) and (2.64) the following :(・・66)Rt・一・・再。一鵠・五一一・一;i;iii・品・
㍉,一・i・2(・)R、S・(・・67)言一ii;iii・呈一・耐)・
嗣・・…礼。一輻、5by馬。曲・ch・・出・・…h㎝・・id・・f(…)’・・d・・g・・
(・・68)百tt一与一曇品)・iilii)一≦・
303
RELATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNECTIONS
再r−;2・(・)一・)一楡・ a・・−i/;Sli]・(r.))−9・’1;2 r・a2)2・←仕221≒・)・・☆)一儂・ 馬,一・i・2(・)6SS−一・’・3/S)・2・馬。一・(・≠・)・ 晒・・血er h孤・鴨・・n…(・・:・§一謡B)Va(・(・))陥(・(・))・・瓦。曲・ch・・ the right hand side of (1,3)・and we get(・・69)百tt一謡9))2−≦・監一(誓))2−∼ピハ≒。・)・
嘱一一晶陛・))2一儂・馬,一・i・2(・)瓢一一・’・き)・2・ 正Lv=0(V≠v)・ Wh・・e h−h(・)i・d・fined by(2.49)+。。(2.49)“. Comparing (2.68)with (2.69), we have the equalities (2・70)邑。−Kv whi・h・h・w・th・t(己(・),a,)and(h:(・),百、),ati,fy the equa・i。n,(1.3)1. Now we concern the equation (1.4)l and we have(・…)酬・f(・))一品(d璽(・)一{。rr}・Ch;1・))一呈{、㌔}・禦
『 −r2。in・(、){,「,}禦・{t「、}牢一詩1ω一(D’(r)2D2(r)土一㎡牢
.+・.。2(。・.a・).、 12222、
一珊 。2 。3(。2. =0 , Whi・h・h・w・th・t(ht(・), G、)and(h、(。), G、) 、・ther・we u・e(2.49)+,(2.49)“and(2.62). 。2j(’4a(「−a)+4a(「−a
satisfy the equations (1.4),,︶
︶
304
H.NAGAYAMA
The candidate, (2.58) and (2.59), also satisfies the sys tem, (1.3), and (1.4),,because ヒhe Ricci tensor Ric(G2)of the metric G 2 vanishes i.e. Ric(G2) =0. The scalar curvature S of 七he metric G 2 is(・・72)百一
奄堰Giii・歩4・品)一誓・
・・th・m・t・i・C、 can・・t』lg・t・th・m・t・i6 G、 by any…gdinat・ tranS fOrmatiOn. Thus we have got the next theorem.THEOREM 2.1. The旦幽旦互]巳邑三≡differentia1皇q幽旦 ;
(1.3) (1.4) has solutions, (2.73)± (2.74)± (2.75)± (2.76) (2.77) (2.78) Ψ3i・・v−;・・)一去(㌦▽βΨ3)(…9・・−9・・g・・) ・・2(・。・)(・,・)(9μαgvβ一;9μ“gαβ)Ψ一・・ ・(△一き・S)・・き・(・、Ψ)(・。Ψ)9μv−・・ r(Ψ†(・),(寸),r(Ψ:(・),GD and r(Ψ、(・),G、),曲ere ・}(・)一・XP(29・・吉(・)), 2 h}(・)一・(arc…(Lr’一)一;), . a G㌔(Ψ†(・))−3・言、・・exp(−2、Cih・(・))百、, e・一一(d・・)2・x、(・・k)2・志、i、・㌦・k)2
−. メEd・2・、・2Qd。2+r・
idS2・。t。2(S)・,2), r − aΨ・(・)=1・ −
G2−一(・−9)(・へi、(・・k)2竈≒(、i、・㌔・k)2
=一 i d1−− r)・2d・2・ AF,…2・・2(由2・・i・2(S)・・2)・ rRELATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNECTIONS ㎜・巴巴旦£th・〔・…ec・i・n・”r(Ψ†(・),G「), r(Ψ:(・),GD ・nd r(Ψ、(・),G、), can・・t蛭」£ea血・血er]亙型・…dinat・
transf6rmation.
In the next section we shall discuss (P3) and (P与). §3・ ApPlications of general conections, r(Ψt(r), G「), r(Ψ:(r),G:) and r(Ψ、(・),G、)t・th・classi・al m・chanic・ O・ a manif・1d M・With・general・・nnecti・n r(Ψ(・),G)一(Ψ・δλ,r(Ψ,G)λ ), μ μv the equations of geodesi(≧s ([1], [4], [5]) are given by(…)・・
奄堰tλ・・(…);v・…iμ・…1“一・,. Where s is the affiτ1e parameter. Addit・.ional conditions ; (…)−9,。・……μ・……v−C2,. (…)−9、。・gygu・grgv−o, ・ny・f・Whi・}h i・c・mp・tib1・wi血(3.1)・・rre・戸・d t・the eq・・ti。n。。f m。ti。nregarding massive particles and massless particles respectively,砲ere We set
(…)q。一・2・eq。・皿esyst㎝(3.1)implies
(…)轟。・ぷ・)一・・
so (3.2) and (3.3) are not independent of (3.1). The equations』(3’:’1) are the Euler・−rLagrange equations of the functional(…)・(・λぷ・・・…)一一
轤撃圏轣B・一・k・−grgP・
and this fact is the author l s version of the system (3.1) in this section. In this section we shall discuss the syst㎝,(3.1)and(3.2)and the ・y・t㎝・(3・1)and(3・3)・n r(Ψf(・),Gf)i・・rder and・。・・ac・舳r(Ψ、(・)iG、)・ little bit later. First of all we shall discuss the system,(3.1)and (3.2). Using t士le defiDitions ;305
306
H.NAGAYAMA
(・.・)・ζ吉一(9,(・))2G吉一exp(孕1†(・))百・ 一。や嘩(。))(−c・d・2・み・・+r・(dS…i・・(・)句・), r − a we have (…)±エ・(・λ・kλ・・・…)一「蔭。・一 一∫::exp磯(・))(・2d・2一毒・2−r2(dS2・・i・2(・)・・2)… The EulerrLagrange equation wi t士1 respect.to t and t is (・.・)㌔きexp(一寄(・))己)一・ and 七he variations widユrespect to{}and(p imply (・.・・)㌔9・XP(亭}(・))・2§)−exp(箏}(・))・i・(S)…(S)(φ)2−・, (・.・・)・誌・xp(亭†(・))・2・i・2(e)Φ)一・ respectively. The variation with respect to r irnplies the fourt士1 equation and the four equations are not independent of 乞he following : (…2)・ち婿exp(孕†(・))(・2i2−r212。、£2 一・・2(S2・・i・2(・)φ2) 2 = C . We take (3.9)±, (3.10)±, (3.11)± and (3.12)± as the system of independent fOUr eqUatiOnS・ Wi thout loss of generality we may take a initial condition at s =.O with respect to$ as follows : (3・・3)S−9,喜一・・ Ob・ervi・g(3.9)±,(3.10)±,(3.11)±・nd(3.12)±孤d t・king acc・unt・f th・ ・pheri・・1・y㎜・t・y・fζもw・may p・t(3・・4)・・9・ ・ .
RELATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNECT工ONS (・.・)・坤・i・・exp(亭†(・))E−b・・n・t. and・ub・ti…i・g(・.・・) into (3.11)± and (3,12)±, we have 詰exp(阜吉(・)・26)一・・r exp(孕・(・))・2φ+c・n・t.
and
・XP(一亭}(。))(。2t.2・22≡・.r・φ・)−c2 r − a respectively. ’ Sumarizing the abO鴨, we have (…5)±exp(亭:(・))t−b−c・n・t., (3・・6)$弓・ (…7)・・XP(亭}(・))・2Φ一k−c・n・t.and
(・.・8)±ex,(睾(。))(。t2−2・22≡2−r2φ・)−c・, r − a From now on, we shall discuss oコrl)itS血idh can be described by the parameter Ci)・ Using (3.17)±, we have(…9)・r㌧毒鵠一…一 (箏‡(・))・e’
and using (3.15)±, (3.17)± arld (3.19)±, (3.18)± can be rewコ〔itten as (・…)±exp(亭撒(・))(・%2−r・liilY・lr三)i・)一誓)−c2・ We set(・・2・)u÷・⊆器一寺毒
and rewriting (3.20)±with u and ul,we have (・・22)・・%2一B一k2・2−exp(畢(告))・2
0r ’307
308
H.NAGAYAMA
(,.23)・(。・)・・(・一(胆)2)。2・(・一(au)2)(・XP(亭吉(告)) ・・gard・・g exp(n9,1(:)),・・h・v・(・…)±exp(孕f(…))−exp(梁一arc ((二)2−・)))
一・や(・冬)exp(一(・2宇)arc・・n(ほ戸)) 一・xp(ys)・XP(・事・((…(竺i) −exp(.∠亘一3)exp(・4・ib・(・(au)2−・・2i(au) 曲ere we set i =ノ:T and we use the formula : arc・an(・)一芸b・(1≒姜)・ We define a function y(x) of x by’(3.25),(。)−ib、(・。2.・・2i匹)
and we have id.・。午・(R:?)−1(2x−4・3) ’,一b2
j≦
=0.
(3.26) (3.27) 2−・)/( . 11−1 j2−・)) 2.(au)4)),dx
@、。2.、.2iJ?一:−lfi
豊一燈2・2x・.三口
.・(Rマ)’3(−2(x−2・3)2・(・2一 。4j(2−12。2)) (3.28) 藷一一2(dx)・(吐) i(/?一:一]F) 一 , ・・2− D・ .t・ 2ine 2..・(4x+・!・2−x4)−1(・x−4・3))dy2
@(、。2.、.2inv)2’
−3(.2(。.2。3)2・(。2−x4)(2−・2。2))2。.、.2i暦
・(dx)309
.一. 2・3)2・(。2.
2 2。・.、.2i!II・’: E・i 24i。(PIEZ[−1 − ● 2。2.1・2iVII2T?i Using (3.25), (3.26), (3.27) and (3.28), we have (3.29) y(0) = i ,(・β・)…き・)一一2i, .
(・…)註・)一=・・
(・…)』X1,b)−34ゴ
and we have the power series expansion of y(x).at x =Oas follows(3.33)シ(。)−ib、(2。2.・・2i巨)
一・(・−2・+号・3… ). ,。w。。 d。fi。e n。。,unc,i。n、 f・(。)。。d亡(。).∴by (…4)・f・(・)一・XP(・書)・XP(・・=争y(・)) −exp(・4・x−k’・3…) and we have (・.35)・d毛f’)一・42−・7・2… )f±(・), (・・36)・d烽撃戟E)一±gK−34X…’)f!(・)・き(2−・7・・…
(・・37)・d3奄堰I・)一鋼・…)…(・)
+(−34・+r・・)(2−17・…)f±(・) ・42−・7・2…)3・・(・).’ Using (3.34)±, (3.35)±, (3.36)± and (3.37)±,we have RELATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNE(コ「10NS 3i(JI2’:?)−5(2。.4。3)(.2(。. 。4j(2.12。2)) ◆・ )2f±(x),310
H.NAGAYAMA (3.38)± f±(0) =1 , (・.39)・…象・)一尋, (・…)・爵・)一会・ (・…)・慧・)一±(学) and we have the power series expansion of f±(x)at x=Oas follows : (・.・・)・f±(・)一・・2穿・+る2・(晋)・x3…・ By (3.34)± and (3.42)±, we have the power series expansion of ・XP(箏、(告))・・u−…f・…w・・ (・.43)・・XP(亭吉(告))一・・苧・u)・象au)2・(孕)・(au)3・◆・・ Using (3.43)±, (3.23)± can be written as (・.44)・(・・)2・(・一(・u)2)・2・(・一(釦)2)(・・苧・u) ・9・u)2−b2・・±(・u)虐一・ or’(・・45)・(・1)2・(・・
ォb2−・)・;))・2・霊倒
一諸b2−・)一±慧au)3・(・2・・il;)・4−≦・±(au) or (・…)・(ul)2・(・・2i;・・2・il;)・2・2夢昏(au)一己 一㍗)3・(a2+a4c2 マ)・4一曇・一(au)2)・±(・u)・ 砲ere we setREIATIVITY BY GENERAI. CONNEeTIONS 「(・.・・)・・±(au)−eXP(亭‡(:))一(・・孕au)・i au)2), (・.・・)E一鱗b2−・) and(3.46)+。。d(3.46)−c。rre,p。。d t。血。 g。n。。a1。。n。ecti。n, r(Ψ†(t),G『)and r(Ψ:(r),G:) respectively. Now we omit the right hand sides of (3.46) (whidユhave reasons in our situations and will be discussed in the next section)and we have (・・49)・(・・)2・(・・
u・2ii》2)・2・2婆≦(一)一含一・・
工n imitation of Newtonian mechanics, we shall find solutions of (3.49) Whi()h have the following form :(・…)u一毛(・・・・…(nrp)). .
Substituting (3.50) into (3.49) , we have (・…)・p2(・・)・12・・箏・2ii》2)(・2…2(n・・)
・・一(・・)・・)・2婿・一(・・))一誓一・or
(・・52)・k・・瞬・2ii》2−・2)一・2(・rP)
争・瞬・宰・舞2)…(・rp)
・・き2・12・・乏・2ii》2)・2雲;i一誓一・・
Acoefficient of any power of cos(n(p)in(3.52) must vanish and we have the following :(・・53)・2−・・争・2;i》2・
311
312
or
(3.54)± (3.55)H.NAGAYAMA
・=一(+刀k2 │ 2 ac)・(・・・2iき2)・
・2一│・・肇・2ii》2)一(・2iBfL)・爵・
一・・ン・・箏・2iき2)
2a2 2a2とn=1+
噤{3k2・
一(+βk2
u 2 ac)・(・・オ・2ii》2)・
・・±・・爵・・窄・2ii》2)
After all we have the solutions 6f (3.49)±(・・59)・u÷一(▲)・(・
2L2
醒
(3.56) (3.57)± (3.58) (3.60)± 十 −一r =U
十…爵
一+一1
=一i
士厄ac2 ’■ as follows :21、f)’・・s(・・箏・
)・(1 3k2 工n the next place we shall discuss the system, r(Ψ1(r),め. Similar discussion as in the case of the system, (・.・・)・exp(孕‡(・))t == b−c・n・t・, (3・62)S−9・ 十呉己
.十1
爵
⋮+ 一 − 2iき・・))・ 2a2・2 j…s(... Q。2 2。2。21+プ+,、・’(1)) (3.1) and (3.3) on (3.1) and (3.2) implies’ RELATIVITY BY GENERAL CONNBCTIONS 5 (・.63)±・XP(亭}(・))・2φ・k−c・n・t., (・.64)。・・2,、・22。2.r・φ2−・, r − a g Where(,.、、)・,(、.62),(、.、3)+and(,.64)。。。re。P。。、、。,(,‡(。),Gt);。d (3.6・)一C(3.62),(3.63)−and(3.64)・・、・(・丁(・),G:)..’
@ 、
We restrict ourselves to discuss orbits Whi()h can be described by 七he parameter and we have(・・65)・%2一
B一・2・2−・・
Where we set(・・66)u÷・’一器・
(3.65) can be reWti’tten as . . ‘ ’ (・・67)(・・)2・・2(・一(au)2)一秩E一(・9)2)一・ .
or
(3.68)(。,)2・(1・。2Ω一2)。2一Ω一2−a2。4, 廠ere we set (・・69)Ω一ま. N・ww…i・th・ ・igh・h・rid・id・。f(3.68)(嘩血hWe rea・・n・and㎡・・be discussed in the next section) and we have 『(3.70)(。’)2・(1+a㌔一2)。2.Ω一2.0. ’『
we・h・11 fi・d th…1・ti・n・・f(3・70)whi・)h・h・y・th・f・11・wi・g fρrm・(・…)u÷1’…(,rp).
Substituting (3.71) into (3.70), we have (・・72)曇・−c・・2(・・))・己…2・−2)・σ・2(・1).イ2−・or
(…3)1,・…2・・㌔2)一・2(・・)・季イ2−・・
(3.73) implies ’ (3.74),2−1・。2Ω一2,313
314
H.NAGAYAMA
貝 (3.75)L2−a2・Ω20r
(3.76),−1・。Ω一2,(3.77)L一肝.
After all we have a solution of (3..70)as follows :(3・78)u÷k≒ (1+aゴ2’・)・
§4. (bnclusion W。・ha。。 g。t th。 f。mi・i。,。f g。。d。,i。,。。皿4\X, X−{k−(。・,。㍉。・,。・)1(。・)2・(。・)2・(。・)2.a2},舳9。・era・…ec・i・n・ r(Ψ壬く・),G}),軌i・血・eem t・b・i㎎・rtant in phy・i・・,・・f・11W・・(…)・u÷一(±1)・(・月・1・…(曇、・・))1・
(・・2)・u÷一(±1)・(・−1・1・…憬・・))・
(…)・÷ 1・…(…2Ω一2・,), ・
口 曲ere we set’(…)・一
ィ・・乏・2ii》2)・
(4.5) e=1+(…)Ω一壽一
and(4.1)+and(4.2)+ − ロ 11(Ψ1(r),G1). 2,Z1iΣE 2 , ac k 。。rre,PO。d t。 r(Ψ‡(・),(]t)and(4.1)一 コand (4.2) to 1RI]LATIVITY BY (証小旺…RAL OONNECTIONS First of all we shall discuss (4.1) . 恥consider a test particle boulKI in an ofbit around the s固erical body.