つくれ,地球型惑星!
全文
(2) . . 181ῌ8588
(3) 2ῌ21ῌ1. e-mail: [email protected].
(4) . !"#. $%&' ()*+,"-./0123 4 -5 66789:;7 <$= >?,7@A >?*.BCD "#>?*E,FG4 -HIJKLMNOPIQRSTUVM1W XY Z[\]^_"#`ab1cY$ >?*d:,ef4 gY$ hi.Bj1kl:7mnop1qr./0st1 %&'O Juv1wxY,+ 6-. 1. 1.1. . '. !"#"$% & 4 . ()*+, -)./01/. 2% &,34 567'. FG57Axym' 20 Sz+7 {eM/2J% .j. |}FG5 ~G 5 <rE,J' 1995 2eAEj &)Ofj 10 &)% D ,n N7 170 A G5<rE ,/2% G5x7|Bc"O,/2. -789/2:
(5) ; (<. ' % .j. c"w3. % =>"2 ?@. ,/2ci7 &7'
(6) ;<. AB;C% D./E37FGHI"/. % U; Z><:7cdB7^i. ;2JK7' )0)/2<. ' &'4 A:r/2. LM/2% N:OP QRSTAUV7. jOj3:2&)% .J<M/ . WXJ= YZ[)2O,J\=. 'Oj< :. 'Oj3:. D./ FG]/)^O,/2J=. 2% < cd2&)'OjM/. %. B 2 !2j 10 !2j<Oj3:. _JP<)`O,/^2a&N' bc. 2% 7 )". :3 ¡¡ :7¢7. dBef&g;hi% .j. . "£¤ )¥. eJ 100 !,+. <klN' bBFGm':2% 1995. &,'¦M"d¤ )^i% .j. §¨©'. no FG5pq) (<rE,. DP3BªE,:2%
(7) ;' «¬. /2&)A D./D,3< FGj. 7N®¯<°2±²:2)r. 3stE,B)"@:M/2J&)A. ;7"2&)£% ¡e7 ³´µ¶<. N7u">'vkw'f%. 5 :3 5 ·¸ 10 µ¶:3 10 ) V¹. º 99 ». º5¼. 259.
(8)
(9) . =? &=<+$=>
(10). 1
(11) . wx+ *2 .
(12)
(13) . ?=% ?
(14) @?. . ! " #
(15) $. *+ 2m
(16) $ . %& '!
(17) ()*. *~*IX A q. *+ ,-./01
(18) . cAB
(19) CpPD*s '. 2. *{3A 10 + +w. 3456(2 10 78
(20). x'DT =:kbI
(21). 9:; < =>?@
(22). ED!
(23) FT
(24) G* H
(25). AB!CD(?. [)* =>
(26) F. EF GHIHJK
(27) . ?2*. (+$L;+$ HMN+. 3H+ B5H. O P!QHJ. J5
(28) 2*1)
(29) $
(30) I" q. *2HJ=RSDT+ . Hs +$
(31) JC+ K
(32) $. 56HJHU. 2 1 =LM (AU) 2 *+. U
(33) MVW . $PD l"5¡ *2. + #
(34) XY=Z . I*+ qrI2o* 0
(35) rI. *=ZHJ[ \+. 1
(36) NOs I¢£¤ qI¢$s +. 5]^HJ[_`". *+ 0.1 2 0.2 I¢£¤ 6 . ab]]!cdef=!.
(37) P)+ Go*2K. g hi"L#="j%(. ¥*
(38) I
(39) u¦. :kl
(40) *2mNmNHJ.
(41) $ §Q
(42) 2 I=".
(43) ("2' nL;+$bN. HU¨?. $%+$^*'&HJ'(o +;o HJ
(44) 3>)[ )*$p;
(45) $*+ q";! I
(46) ,-r%;s ./t!0 N+u 1.2. . ab!gHJ,cde. 2.
(47) © 2.1. . I
(48)
(49) N+ 2 ªR «¢$!I8S %Z;lL *+
(50) 0.2 %2 ¬I TI. $ UVMu. f ]v+ ;o wx. PDVW? W!"!. 5r1/,y22
(51) [)* . ®"®"¯?@%! XY°±+W. 2
(52)
(53) $ +
(54) $. !%²³Z[ NL+.
(55) !z{3+&2=|45. \´;. ),D ";!67,
(56) x;. I
(57)
(58) N+2 ]P*'. P
(59) 67}P! *~*. P) I #2^µ
(60) _. "o"8="
(61) $2
(62) ]I9. ¶· IrI. =!:
(63) 2,=D ;),T. RS¸
(64) ^µ=¹º»=¼u. 260. *;+`. =L . 2006 5 .
(65)
(66) 2). ! . 2.2.
(67) .
(68) . "#
(69) $%. IO@,-"HJN+%0O 78. "&'( )*+. ~ JGH'/,- J#( . ,-(./'0 12314156789. " "KL0*MNO @MN 2. :4;<= >? . @. AU #0JKaYc(Sc 3.3 AU #. ( ABC(+' D)(E". 0alc(* @O" O. FBGH'0 B IJ". #$XPN+ v#Q+'0R.
(70) $#K L+ M"N/. SN " T 7U (VO. +'+- *O)*"P$H. +'0 2 AU WX YV(k. ( @. 3). 4), 5). Q!(+' RS T". Va'0 ZX 2 : 1 [. #O$ O%+"##%L @. \V(kV)'0 . UV W ,-% O#$XY W. JW OJac6%JacK. O#$X&' Z(,-"BO%. N # [\V",a'N. 0[\ ]) %# @E"^+0"#O. . _ `*" 7abc
(71) O+Y0 O '+- deO`N,-+. [\V ](*uO<^ _"%(Y"Y <^_L( ,#_R. ! ?. S@( ¡K _,-%¢£¤. @ )",F%B. ¥m`m' *Oa])"%ac ba. )fg".a'h/$i(jOKk+. ])% NOcmcKm. 0 lc BO0Yab%+L( %. "_¦( YV 6+XO. Y%0+ BO%mk)*"n#%%. Jad§%V O78(T e. 0 o1 2 pME"3qKB. lLm f¨"]O0J%0%k. r GH's4+,-(0- )*. @* ©ª«*"%c _g). t" 5u"vXvX%+%. *h0lNsc`m ¬" U. O)*"nw# pLXLXx#%Br. Oac i9j%OacK. GH(Oy"%O z {0v|c. ®u*H'N ¯k" _P". " %%0 N FBN MEO. l g)*O6+l'0# +. }l"l'h6K 78~. J"°-( mnOelo+. *K" Bx$ ME}. 0(Y"YVOY g)*P. "9+J%c:";<K(O=>(%. OC"_"%J pa¥m. +J+0#lJ? 2 )*@. ±q%)² ]"~³rs\GtK. " +'0. (N=> +´#Ku Vv. Aqu"x0B0Ji(0-G. w Rµ(% J p (jr . HB C"DEO @%k A. _( @+'@ MN. q5u" %F+-O00 l. aYc(¶MKvx0. c5ux0B"GeHa' RS O" #Kk,0 @" v-Kk,0J x 99 ». x5¼. V 78~³rRS c @·¸ ¹º6%N @ 261.
(72) j 1 k-l@m@
(73) G2 + ,-&& no )* p'B q$Mr(sP
(74) tj 1 Ku & v
(75) wx )y: )**z
(76) %p'+(
(77) + ,-,{B-c
(78) 3 AU + |
(79) }~
(80) + ,-HDE
(81) % 6,+ |AB . j1. &o (c
(82) )*. Ax A
(83) )y:¸p¹Dj Ku Mr(
(84) )* u p'B ,-+ DEB*
(85) ² B )*0
(86) º»
(87) u '(
(88) ,-+
(89) 012L +0
(90) )y:#
(91) . KB p'
(92) tj 1 u . GC/,-+ '(
(93) + I
(94) 0128 36!
(95) 3g# c
(96) 0
(97) 36! + ,- c'8 pB8+0
(98) )y:. 0.6 AU . #(
(99) tj 1 u 4K.
(100)
(101) . 5m
(102) Q . . !". Ax A¡fB. #$
(103) %& '(
(104) )*. 8 [\B(6¢7z. + ,-. '( /+0
(105) 1 . V . 2
(106) 3456 0.6 AU
(107) 7 3 AU . . '89
(108) T-Tauri :;< . 3. £ 3.1.
(109) . )*+ ,- 100 1,000 . #'%c [\¤8U(¥ j 2 . =>-?@ABCDE
(110) . )*0
(111) '9¦ t/+'9¦+0
(112) . (
(113) FG6 HI( 3 AU. & §u ¨:B8
(114) . . '8 0.6 AU G. 7©ªa
(115) ;© n<;v<; . (8
(116) JK. kB(( =U
(117) . L
(118) MB(
(119) )*NO. 9
(120) >
(121) ~ 30 «M. )*. P2 QRS
(122) 0
(123) T. 0.5 AU 3 AU ?¬@z(^c . UFV G2W XYZV. r( ,-H®H1¯°#±
(124) %. %0
(125) [\B( R]^. 6 t1 ;A©u &o² . _`CaCb9 .
(126) n³c )*JK. !Bc. BB Rd"F#$B. L B´
(127) )*µC*
(128) µC. 8
(129) Re8
(130) %. '(-c
(131) *,-8c. 0
(132) %#f'(g. #a
(133) 2¶ %8·. 262. h8_iP8. E¼F. 2006 5 ¼.
(134) #U:
(135) d e5
(136) )! "f
(137) ,Xg,hiBX
(138) )!. #jk
(139) )M$l"f
(140) m%. bX. & 1 ' 1 noX B. 0X%pqrs05I +%
(141) ) !"fZQt ;ZRZuZu $#jvZ;$Pwx I$6) 0M'(
(142) ) B#j
(143) 5, (>
(144) # <2. ¡~¢£¤¥¦§¨¢# '(
(145) )1¤¡©ª«¤¬0 ®¯ °¯9 ±J JP ²4 ³J ´! 4 µ¶
(146) ·+1X %
(147) ) F,$0 $¸% &O#jk
(148) ) [3¶\ ¹º i% 3¶I®J#jk
(149) )2 P²N/. 3.2. ῑῐ῍ῌ῎῏ῌ. yz{|# '(
(150) )
(151) }) D
(152) )y *f+~ 5I qo B ,
(153) )
(154) 1X #
(155) )
(156) 5 , ;,:5I U -K+xXY ]$5,]/
(157) ) I ;05 8'(
(158) )P 6 D B -KL$.t%.
(159)
(160) . < 3 30 KL5$X%/
(161) ).
(162) . D%. .
(163) ! " #. 5I F,
(164) )$0i. %& '(
(165) )
(166) " %*+%!. I
(167) )1X 2+ 3ῌ4 .
(168) , +%
(169) -./ 0.
(170) )
(171) BX 30 0 25 0d /l.
(172) )1 2 3) .
(173) )
(174) 0.1 S U% KL5. $. 4+5 $65.
(175) )
(176) -.%789: ; <=> ?@
(177) A( B 30 5 CD
(178) )
(179) EF5G H1 / 0.3 AU IJKLMN I+$OPMQ&KL
(180) R 5 P
(181) 0.3 AU S K L TU% I BVWXY Z) 0.38 AU I$ [ 0.2\ 005KL]&% ^ 5IU% ! Z) ,_5,% `05IU % KL
(182) ) a bc5IU% 5 99 ». 55¼. <3. 30 KL5$X%
(183) ) [®¯\ [°¯\ F,
(184) )$0 3¶
(185) KL54BX%
(186) ) µ¶O#jk
(187) ) 263.
(188) |< -A. Ld.,=<|*I<(< cd_ '.7= &}/ 0 . -d)*d, /)/.
(189) q| dA. |< . c=BCg 121+H . 3>d,+,)_54<|*. I<(< ' f0-5,<#% 4. *·*23=(*+¸ ¹ 2 º g <Z».
(190) . d 006A9 500 73+, Ld*=, EE'(89:=%" '} d`a=. < @~E@'.
(191) . <5) `-=. 1 AU . SZ[\=(* &}. 4(1) !"#$%. &}a. " &'(!) *+
(192) ' ,. d'. !) *+- ./*01 4(2). +. 2345 #"6 ,75 89:;<=>?@A/*+. RSTUVLWXY `. (< 9Q. 2H 7+'k;. 4.
(193) `. BC%"=, DE@ . < &=>)?e. GH*IJKLM0NO. `=,)+ %@ `. '(P7= QRSTUVLWXYS. op=%"/* ``E. Z[\]^L=<_ E*( `a. AB=,(*+ `-. < RSTUVLWXYSZ[\]^L. ¡Cd¢+ _(`-D£). =b<. +dE¤/*. 0F. 1). g. cde f. hiNdj/_ <k'l). +`d./*!=, 3.3. < `a`. 7q§:/*. <H0`IE¨1=. mn%" RSTUVLWXYSZ[\ ]^L. `. dB'(-*+G¦<q£| =. . F¥. , E*E ©[\ Xª «J. "7_`aop1E. %5K4`LM¬N= FPO. d= q'() E]^LdQ'(. P@"1~? SPICA Space In-. Q7=r"=,s#1. _(<=. frared Telescope for Cosmology & Astrophysics;. $%=, RSTUVLWXYSZ[\]. JAXA, AQ-RST 2®<#F¥d+. ^Ldt&1. 5_'. ¯U=, `a. 'xydz(). @ a<@ `-+_. uvd, 7we. 0. {_<|*I|< `a &}. />*I>°# V±%) £*£*. `.1. %5W_`¤HL¢=, ²³. f 264. `a'd*=. ~+,' *%5_<|*I. X«=. ´²³IµY¶nd)7) RS¼[. 2006 3 5 ¼.
(194)
(195) . .
(196) $%&'()*+, &-./ 0123
(197) !4()*5 61 ) ), 789 TPF (Terrestrial Planet Finder) :;<9=>?@A
(198) BCDEFGH9I JKL. ῐ. MN. ῎῍ῑῌ. !"#. ()*OPQ*. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6). Kokubo E., Kominami J., Ida S., 2006, ApJ, in press Chambers J. E., 2001, Icarus 152, 205 Agnor C. B. Ward W. R., 2002, ApJ 567, 579 Kominami J. and Ida S., 2002, Icarus 157, 43 Kominami J. and Ida S., 2004, Icarus 167, 231 Dauphas N., Robert F., Marty, B., 2000, Icarus 148, 508. ῏. RS,T23S*UVWXYZA[\ (UCSC) ]^_`abXcd (CITA) ef * ghij(klkmnNo(p q. r[\ stuvw xyz{K|}~23. s8w 1* O92 3,223 MEXT-16077202 9 9. P ) k T23SZA[\. ij NASA (NAGS5-11779, NNG04G-191 G), JPL (1228184), NSF (AST-9987417) . . )* h901, 8 06999 6))9Nef*. 99 ¡. 5¢. Assemblage of Terrestrial Planets ! Makiko NAGASAWA National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2ῌ 21ῌ1 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181ῌ8588, Japan Abstract : An outstanding issue concerning the conventional scenario for final terrestrial planet formation from the isolated protoplanets is that the giant impacts generally lead to modest eccentricity in the merger products. We investigate the e#ect of disk depletion and find that the eccentricity is excited through a sweeping secular resonance and is damped by a tidal interaction with the gas disk. With the separation between the excitation and damping processes, planets can attain small eccentricities analogous to our Solar System.. 265.
(199)
関連したドキュメント
†Kanazawa University kakuma-machi, kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-1192 Japan E-mail: †[email protected] Abstract In this paper, we propose Vision Chip architecture
[r]
[r]
The exporter of the products covered by this document(Exporter Reference No XXXXXXX) declares that, except where otherwise clearly indicated, these products are of the European
Customs ( Regional Headquarters ) ( Hakodate, Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Moji, Nagasaki, Okinawa ) ( 9 ).. Branch offices ( 68 ) ( 106 ) Customs guard posts (
If a new certificate of origin was issued in accordance with Rules 3(e) of the operational procedures referred to Chapter 2 (Trade in Goods) and Chapter 3 (Rules of
Amount of Remuneration, etc. The Company does not pay to Directors who concurrently serve as Executive Officer the remuneration paid to Directors. Therefore, “Number of Persons”
Considering the engine performance tests of the engine with a throttle diameter and the flow of air restrictor by CFD as test parameters, caliber 40 [ mm ] and length 20.. [ mm ]