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(1)Title. 日本人英語学習者の代名詞照応に関する構造制約習得について. Author(s). 村端, 五郎. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. C, 教育科学編, 43(1): 229-245. Issue Date. 1992-07. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/5218. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) . 平成 4年7月. 北海道教育大学紀要 (第1部C) 第43巻 第1号 I 43 l ion IC)VO &iuca i t ty of1 t lofHokkaido Universi on(Sec Jouma . . ,No. l ju yl992. Acqui ion of StructuraI Constraints on PronominaI Anaphora t si by Japanese Learners of Engl i shI. MURAHATA, Goro. l i Eng iぬ Lan on zaWa CamPus 主犯age Educat , ,1Wami Hokkai do Un i i i ty ofEducat s ver on . lwami zawa068. 日本人英語学習者の代名詞照応に関する構造制約習得について 村. 端. 五. 郎. 北海道教育大学岩見沢分校英語科教育研究室. 1 . BACKGROUND Pronomma lanaphora has been a centraltopi iansfort he l umar cstudied by generative gral lasttwodecades ‐ There are atleastthree mainreasonsthat have motivated granQmariansto tudy pronon・inalanaphora. Firstly,anaphoric phenomena are pervasivein natur副 languages s i l wi ingmi tdea ththem inaprofoじmd wayでwasow l986:108 t ctheohデ mus and anyl s ) ・ 1nfact , ive grmmma ians have been try ing to incorporate the phenomena into the so-ca l led i generat Bindi i I Gra1躍mar ng Theory wh chi s one ofthe modules of‘Uni versa ・. Secondly lat ionshi ts antecedent are じ ndi p between an anaphora ,the rules governingthere structure-dependent -. Thati i h han on ts s es operate on abstract structural uni ,therd ,rat ert. i inear concepts‐ Thelp iansi di f gra be and characterize t i ーain concern o ]mmar nctl s s to descr these abstract structural un i l ts コ nant t relates to the probl rd em of yi ‐ Thi , and =ーost impo ty of 1 st r ÷ uct 】組p1exi t 】 コ ra1 co anguage versus the re1ative ease of language acquisition‐ This l l lprob tenca le i ion or “P1ato’s problem” t em i sof edthefunda ・nenta rn oflanguage acqui probl s. ianshavetr i 986 lai (Chomsky1 ldacqq i lexrules T I 1nar ) edtoexp nhow thechi resthecomp ・ GraI ‘ ‘ 1aphora wi th relative ease andi ofpronominal aI ln way n a wコifor . As a result,the study of re fundamenta lprobl anaPhora mLay add i i ioni l lydi t ia ≦ 鵜the‘ e rn’oflanguageacqぽ t s nanespec rec Way“ ぐWa ) sow l986:108 ‐. I Chomsky ( Caro ing work to i 1969 igate the acqui ted pioneer ) conduc t i ion of t nves s 229.

(3) . ta Goro Muraha. i i tlanguage‐ ldrenl rs ng Engl ivetoten yearoldchi sh asaf earni pronominalanaphorabyfortyf ’ low was f f t ructures be erent s n three di ld The chi s interpretation of pronominal reference i tes tedbyinterviews: Structure l: Hef ckey wonthe race‐ ound outthatDdi. t Structure 2: Af ef terhe gotthecandy ckeyl . ,Ddi Structure3: P 1utothinkshe knows even/thing.. ld knowsthatthe coreference The purpose ofthes tudy wasto determine whetherthechi ’ and ‘Mi BAC oaphora Cons traint ( )i n between ‘He s blocked by the Backwards A1 ckey’i 2 th2 and3 whi structu・e l, as contrasted wi ch have no such coreferential constraint .. ‘ i inc ludedthat‘ thepr ‐ ionpat terns esofpronomi Af terexa pl ningtheinte ini rpretat ,sheconc ” ldren at aboutthe same age (C. i ty of chi jor l i ion appear to be acqui red by the ma na zat f f h ii i i t t t t l i l i i t Chomsky l969:109 ) . Her conc us on mp es wo mpor an aspec s o t e acqus on o ’ ‘ i ther l in that anaphors may e iona l -di i ly l rect t i es are bi c ru rs c ru es anaPhor - Fi , anaphor l ‐ d d h t f i i l low the ed structure epen en ru e t at covers pro‐ r antecedents, and a uni precede or fo ic rmes occurs ingui i ion of ce貴ain l st t lved s s invo nominal anaphora i y ‐ Secondl ,the acqui ly‐ 血stantaneous. ield of i ion are testable in the f t These two aspects of language acquis. ln ) i ion( lanー犯ageacqui t s ≦# 細 and Shaw l981 ‐ tudi i Dなore recent f tlanguage acquisition s es on pronominal anaphora, however, have rs i f t i f i i ferent p cture o acquston rom hat presented by C‐Chomsky i f shown a d ‐ Some have i ion d i t d not occur instantaneously as expected,butthatinterim rules s obser▽ed that acqui ’ ldren maturetousingthe lchi i imes‘ structure‐independent seemedinvolved unt which ar esomet ,. l trules. adu ldren f l anaphora i rom n chi 1981 na ted comprehension ofpronomi )tes l ld Shaw ( n騨 孤 al iate C.Chomskys tant temptedtosubs tudyat fagebyinte1 i rs threetoseven yearso ew‐ Thei i l t pattern around age f vei na ld rules of pronominal anaphora reach the adu laim that chi c f t d h t Th d n e nce t e s s e t t o t f f d i s n e for hat a ects verse sen ence pa ern . ey expa e yp ln way t uni ject s t ロ ーgersub ed yo structuresto seven structures and us , inct patterns of i d not supportthecla節コby C‐Chomsky. They found dist The i tudy d rs h ra could take i l f iii 11 o to 7 i ion f t rom age 3 acqui s ; ; ,andthattheacquston o pronom na anap o 1dbe f h d ject scou tem Was achieve ‐ Theresponseso t esub severa1f ormsbeforetheadmtpat ive patterns: f i la敦 i 5 edintof c Pattern l : Taki nthe sentence as reference. ng any pronominali. thonl rref erences(wi Pat yBACin averb tem l l: Takingpreceding pronominalsasthei tme t ) ruc ements phrasecompl ‐ l lb k d Pattern m: B1 ocking a ac war s pronominals asreferences・. d lproper BAC on relevant structures‐ i r V:▽V Pat i tern V: ▽V th both proper BAC and Forwards Anaphora Pattern. Constraint on relevant. st ructures ‐. f f i t l igated how t erent age groups, and foundthat Theytheni ese patterns appeared in di nvest 11 oto 4 Vand V in te lin4 r 「 nr oto 3 11group tern l lyfoundi Pat t ; ternl was mos n3; ; ; ,Pat ,Pat 11 oto 7 lder age group theo ; ; . ,6. 23 0.

(4) . i ICons t Acqui i i tura nts t ra s onofStruc M[ore interest ingly, the resul l re levant ts showed that BAc did not emerge across al i d h i t appeared f rst in verb phrase complement structures structures at once . l , an t en n. i l ion lop t t jec ve phrase comp ad ementstructures‐ ln addi ・ ] [ lent ofthese patternsi ロト ,the deve ‘. l inearly‐based“to”structural ly ldrenshi i f tedtheinterpretation ofanaphora 丘oim ‘ edthatchi pl ” i ion matu -based aslanguageacqui t i red‐ s i ly,the r Thi d t t i t i l ibi i l t t m r a n s v ral ways rst wa tythat o e e s p n ss u y es sleave the poss ‐ Fi inearto a structuralba inal anaph- ldren changef chi rom al 江 . sed approachin processing prono. ’ cannot be a ma i i ora,and so‘ st ructu・e‐dependence jor pr nc e early in language acquisition‐ pl. Thi ian i shasalsobeenobservedbyotherf r stlanguageacquisitionstudies,forexample Tavakol ldren 1981 ( )andsolan(1981) ‐ Secondly ,chi 1y‐ notinstantaneous. ly may acqui rethe anaphoricrules developrnental ,. M[ore spec i f i ly i i b1 ti ca1 s poss ethatthe acquisition of BAc spreads to. ,. 1 l 1op wi tery ofBAC may deve re1evant st r ÷ uctu ゴ ー resi ththe acqui- nsome order. Fi na y ,the mas ion oftherelevant structures. i t s l t wo山d be ofinterest to determine whether the acquisition phenomena of pronominal fsecond anaphora p resentedby lnきりram andShaw can also beobse IVedintheinterlamgt 1age o languagelean・ers i he early l970s,nUばneroussecondlanguage acqu ies have i i tud t ons s ‐ Sincet. iki di imi lar i i i t t tand secondlanを罫Iagelearners: scovereds r ngs nlan≦犯age production by f esi rs lopmenta lstages,and acqui i ionorders l though we mus t tacknowl errortypes s edgethe ,deve ,a ‘ ’ ‘ ’ f f facttt l h t i i i d f l tt h i d d i f i tion3 a erences nt e rap ty an un orm ty o an ere are grea を 罫iage acquisi ‐ However imi i i i i ly on ththel ted nature ofl l tudi t ng豆 es c theor s es have focused so e , wi ,the s i f h l l d d i ludi morp oogi ca an syntactc eatures ofthe secon lan nc ng ce賃a n gramrnatical き型age ,i ions andsoon. Therefore know1edgeofthest ions quest morphemes ct皿「a1constramts r . l ,negat , , , f inlposed on these s班コ i ion wi l l help to develop tactic eat t ・ U res in second lan≦難age acquis. ingoftheprocessesand mechani tand W1ders smsofsecondlanglageacquisition. 1t may alsobe hatsuch knoW1 ight expected t edge would provide neW ins si ntothe theo1γ oflan罫1age acqm- i ioni t n general s . The purposeofthepresents indi tudyi n 口 and shawi ngsoflnglai stosubstantiatethef nthe interlanguageofsecondlanguagelearners i i i bess lconstraintson tdescr t tura rs spaperf ruc . Th i ion o t fBAC byJapanese s pronominal anaphora; second presents an experiment on the acqui learners of Eng ly di l i ications of t he scu様;es some impl sh of various age g!oups; and final i exper 1ぬentf i orthe understanding ofthe processes and mechani smsofsecondlanguageacqu -. i ion t s ‐. 2 . STRUCTURAL CONSTRAINTS ON PRONOMINAL ANAP淵ORA ” ’ ‘ ‘ ’ Pronominal i larreferencefunct ions s( t e cu s they ‐g- ‐ Thati , hぎ or shご)donothavepar. , need coreferent antecedentsi n either pre‐or post‐contexts,depending ontheinterpretation of lowed asantecedent ofa part theal l lelementsare al ic証arpronomi ]tecedent - . However ,nota. lin a sentence‐ There are structlural constraints on there lat ionship between pronominals na i d tbe semantic personal and 廿l r antecedents‐ For exainple,there mus e o q nber , gen er , and nu ih h aき ic 口【hers“]tact .nore り reementbetweenthem, Fu【her ,even w t such agreement ,t ereisafu 231.

(5) . Goro Muraha ta. 1 1owing sentenceS: iderthefo ] 工 lent requi re . Cons 1 ( ) Taroithinksthathe ‐ -issmart hi d t ( 2 ) Wrhen he 圭camein , Taroーsai somet ng smar・ inksthat Taro,issmar t ( ) * He,th 3 ‐. t ( ) He 4 ssmar nksthat Taro ,i . jthi “ ’ ’ )reference ”Taro” as inal he can be bound wi th the ( h coindexed 2 ) ln{ t r n o om 1 )al e Id( p , )requi l“he”in( 3 res l“he”i 3 )camlot he pronomina na n( coreference whereast . The Pronomi ” ’ ’ “ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ “ ike( 4 ) scase he may referto 1ot山 , Tom ,or erencel only an extra‐sententialref ‐ lnthi ’ therboy except “Taro’ any o .. ) si sthe i ng Theory(Chomskyl981 Thel i t sBindi n≦Wi s ctheo . Thi 】γthatconcernsusherei I Grammar devoted to the stnlctural constraints governing coreference versa e of Uni modul i i tatesthatan t l lbeconcerned wi thCondi chs onC,wh i lat ions thin Bi ndi ng Theory re ,wewi - VV ion denotes d ) express )(Chomskyl981:188 ion mustbef R‐ notbowl ree( s expres . Theterm R‐ ’ “ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ } 唖 i t t t T l i k ‐ J ) f r a thi電l e erentreerence( notm p脳aseswi , ncon s opronoml .g . ,names e aro , o fthey are coi ndexed and A c‐ l nds an expression β i na sand anaphors An expression 月 bi .. . l lowed sa l“he”doesnotbi ≦ 潟ion”Taro”i nd R‐ expre Thuscoreference wherethePronomi na h l i k i lbindsan R‐ expresson et eone 2 ) )and( ike( 1 i rast nsentencesl ‐ Bycont ,whenapronomina ’prohi bi ion l i t i h ta‘ h t ( h tt S 4 ) t j near f i i d s i h b t u e e sn 。 w r t a in{ so s ) 3 e . en ence ,core erence spro i bi ted only when the Pronominal c‐com‐ s proh t backwards anaphora. Coreference i agains led the Backwards Anaphora ) ten cal 3 l = 「 si s of ase mands the lexical notm p ‐ Thi , as in ( Cons int t ra ‐ l ly 1990:68 ) )hi ca erarchi )(based onlmani )aI 6 shiand Asano( 5 Thetree dia 1d( ー享atnsin{ t fthe anaphor precedes i s lat ions between anaphors and antecedent ing re s show the bind ‐ l ic ionthantheantecedentin asyntact t 1 I Inandsahigherposi socoI antecedentin asentenceand al. ‘Taro ’ ’thentherecannotbe ‘ ion‘ he“bi express ndsthe R‐ ike( 5d hi )wherethepronoun‘ erarchyl , lat ionship between them‐ a coreference r e ) Forwards anaphora 5 ( t ssmar a‐ Ta rothim(sthat 膨i ‐. dsomething smart b ‐ ‐ Wrhen Tarocamein ,兎βsai. S. S. Ant .. 、 A れα. 、、 、.細 ケー. 232. S. /^\\\ \\ // / / An七.. ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′′ ′′.

(6) . Acqu i i ionofSt t ICons tura s t 1uc rai nt s. ( 6 ) Backwards anaphora hen 力βcamein idsomething smart. a.Wr ,Tarosa. b ssmart .* i迄 thinksthat Taroi ‐. S. S \\ \\ \ Ant .. / // S. ′ ′ ′ ′ 、 ノ′ ′′ ′ Aれα - ′′ 雫 ; ------- ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′. ド. 、 、. \ 、. /. //. \. \ Ant‐. 、 、\‐ 「÷ ※---------. bl 5b) 5a 6a By contrast,i i ) ti theri )to haveei si n( sposs efortheanaphor nt ra ‐orext ra ‐ ,( ,and( ial antecedents sentent n these casesthe coreferentialbonds are optional . ,andi l Bindi ion C has t ng Theory s not complete and perfect e ‐ For examp ,of course,i , Condi undergone rev1 s1ons .. However the l i f ied in sentences ( ingu i i t )to ( 1 5 ) are s c facts exempl ,. 1ain i カ ロ ロmutab1 ndthe theory adequate to exp e and, as far as these facts are concerned, We f then E ユ ‐. 3 I躯回NT . TH配 賦XPBRI 3 I The Hypotheses . As ment ionedbe i fore i i tudyi tant ndi ngsbylngia atethef stosubs ・nand ss ,thepu・poseofth Shaw on f i i i ion i ind ings i bedbr i l t rstlanguageacqu s rf ch were descr ef n yi ・ Based onthe ,whi 1owi thei tudy hasthefo1 ngthree hypotheses: nt roductory section,the presents ineartoastructuralapproach secondlanguage Hypothes i ldrenshi f tf s l : Sincechi rom al , lean he shi f tin approaches to pronominal anaphora as their interlanguages r lers also show t rnature‐ Hypothesi l: Because the acqui ion of BAC does not emerge across al l re levant t s l si h i ion structures at once t s an order ofacqui s ,t erei ‐. Hypothes i th the s nほ: Since the acquisition of the relevant structu 二 res keeps pace wi 1a1 1 ion of t mastery of BAC,those who have mastered acertainstructure wi soshow theacqui si. BAC on the structuゴ ー re . 3. 2 The Sentence structIUres Tested lnthe present study thefo l lowi i ngf vesentence structures are tested: ( ) Verb Phrase Comp lement [十 W H] (VPW HC) 1 , He d i ご ね ロtknow why Taro f l tso sad e -. 2 l ( ) Verb Phrase Comp ement [- W H] (VPTHC) Hef o皿Id outthat Ken read the book.. 3 ive Phrase Comp l ( ) Ad ject ement(ADJC) He wasg ladthat Ken gotthe candy‐. 2 33.

(7) . Goro ハAurahata. ion(ACCN) t ) AdverbiaIC1auseofCondi ( 4 He wi f Taro hast ime l lgo on a pi cni ci .. IC1auseof Time(ACTM) ( ) Adverbia 5 i He wa ld when Taro broke h sl eg s5 years o ‐ 1 - lnl享a e im andShaw us edonlytwosentencestructurestotest BAC;theverbPhrasecomP i tudytherearef lauseoft ime lc ve mentstructure [ーWH] andtheadverbia ‐ lnthepresents W H ] 1 t videdintotwo ructurei sdi 店thermore structures , [十 ‐ Ft ,theverbPhrasecomPements ’ l h i h t t C C k i h t t f l l s t r w e rr e s u d m a e r n an [一WH] ‐ , o ow ng . oms yspa e , oco p 3. 3 The Subjects i i c 68 JaPanese subjects leaming Engl i i sh at Publ Acqui t rom 3 s on data was gathered f f i HS d 7 i h h h l 3 tu ents( I l ) l rdgradejunor i uded76thi n Hokkaido g sc oo s schoo si , 5 rst . Theyinc i SHS2 ) ) iorhighschools rdgrade(SHS3 tudents(SHSI ) gradesen ,and ,81th ,71secondgrade( l i ISHS subject l l r 65 second gradeco tudent s are taking genera courses atthe eges s(CS) . AI fy as ion to qua l i l ma i high schools, ar ject jor n E1ementa ng i s are al .d the CS sub Iγ Educat ted jects l teachers‐ Having leamed the sentence structures tes l e ementa坪 schoo , the sub i i f i n structural constraints on Pronominal anaphora. ved no spec cinstructioni rece 4 The Tests 3 . j n o i ni s ‐ Two di f f erenttests,thestructural accuracy test andthecoreferentialtest, were ad 4 T l tructures t idethe mas o teryofsentences teredtodec ructuresinvo vedandofBAC onthes . h b T h h i k d di t k t t t h l i i t t l i b i i i n n o e s s e a r l コ t t r n s o o e t t a s s a c om e e a s w a sa n ee c a on P P nae as e ‐ , i r i t given structural accuracy tests, then coreference tests to measure the ject rs sub s were f i i resi ved nvol ci ency ofthe sentence structu Prof . ( 1 ) Thestn・ctural accuracy test tsarerequi jec i Thetestconsists off redto mark veJaP2mesestimulussentences. Thesub l i rom four the correct Eng ch corresPonds to a jaPanese stP中山us sentence f sh sentence whi l i i tmcture Eng l i ons sh oPt sh options( see Appendix A) . lneach ofthefour Eng ,thesentences i O int i I l T h i i h t t( ) l t( )o i t i d t t n r n c o r r e c c o r e o r r s rc r r e c se e o e Po P suse co rec y o ncorrec y , . ionineachstructure and, bject maturat t ff T h i ive t me a s r e ss u e s u s g,vーng a maxinIun]scoreo , , language though de a measure ofthe maturation ofthei he sa ime t may provi nter lnet att ,al ,i imul ii imi lreasons ted forpract i t )thenumberofs sl ( ca . ltest ia 2 ( ) Thecoref erent i imulussentences( i f l Thi teen Eng t consists off see Appendix B) shst stes ‐ Thesentences i ive good backwards ive BAC,f dedi th f ve good forwards i are d vi nto three types wi , and f ide aPPropriate answer )to thetwo ts are requi s( reference jec red to Prov sentences . Thesub dt : ions on eachs L imu lussentence en t quest ytwo characters, Taro and K ‐ 0可 ,are assunne o be. i vedinthe situation, asfor example: nvol Hef ound outthat Kenreadthebook.. Whoreadthebook? (a .Taro or Ken) .Taro b ‐Ken c ? Whofoundi (a tout ,Taro or Ken) ‐Taro b ‐Ken c 234.

(8) . i i i ICons Acqu t tura t s onofStruc rai nt s i ionis‘b’andtothesecond‘a’ lnthisexample,theconrectans 「wertothef rstquest ject ‐ Thesub ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ i i fs/hethinksof He ase l lchoose ごi ti t ten vers・on of ther Taro or Ken‐ Thi stes sawr wi dl ds h d C C h k i h h m i d ぼ れ i i db t e te aw,a optngt esentencesthey nstere y ‐ oms y an 縦#annan ・v ew a used‐. i bi l i The test has an advantage overthe inteーview inthatthe poss ty thesub ject chooses ‘Taro’b chance wi thoutrecognizingtheconstraintbygi vingtheoptiona1choiceofreference, y ‘c ’i dingtheblockedreferencぎ, tsucceedsi jec swhetherthesub n‘ avoi sreduced ‐ TheProblem i. 5 inthi s case‘Ked, not whethers/he chooses the correctreference,‘Tard. i 0n lyf i th BAC are scored as co]n r ] n 「 ect orinco ect becausei 1n山ussentences wi nthe vest l f f Th f h i t h b h t t t n n t r s e e c a o r r e e r e c e o r n c j m ‐ n n n e e e e ーaxi rema・ ・ g se e es esu ecs may y c oce . i veinthi stest mu En scorei s also f i . 3 5 The pie山i cted ResPonse Patterns . l lowi ionsare madeto descr i behow thesub lnthepresentstudy jects ngfourPredi ct ,thefo ten・sf l lprocess pronominala E naphorainthe givensentencestructures based onthe pat ound wi. ludedi bylngrann andshaw‐ Sincethe Forwards Anaphora Cons traintisnoti nc nthePresent ten・ V i l lowing pat ten nl study, Pat ご l ngla叢n and shaw i sirrelevant here‐ Therefore,the fo s 「 Vi ted: corresponding to Patternsltol nlngrann and shaw are predi c l lselectanypronominali Pa t t tem A:inthi jec swi nthesentenceasreference. scasethesub inc ip le l led‘Coreference’ without a structuralpr Thi s pattern shouldbeca . Pattenュ B :l l 1 use only the preceding pronoα1inals as references. s pattern they wi n thi ‘ ’ inear l i Thi l l l lbeca nci e s wi ed Precedence with al y based pr pl .. l lblock a l lbackwards pronominals as refer‐ Pat tern C : Thi si sthe case wherethey wi ences ‐. Thi ized structur th an overgeneral l mdbeca l led‘Pseudo‐Structure‐DePendence’ wi ssho ‐. l l a y based principle. Pattern. ike adults,accepting BAC andgood D : Thi sthecase wheretheyrespondl scasei. ’ led‘Structure‐Dependence backwardsand forwards anaphora s may be cal ‐ ‐ Thi. Tab l n 「 ect Responsesin Struc- e1 Group Percentagesof Co] tu i raI Accuracy. Test. JHS 3 SHS I SHS 2 SHS 3 CS Tota l. SAT CT SAT CT SAT CT SAT CT SAT CT SAT CT. Test and. Senfence. Coreferent iaI Test. Structt l i res. 湾WHCVPTHC ADJC ACCN A(コM 36‐8 49‐3 80‐0 98‐7 70‐4 94‐4 55‐6 82‐7 83.0 98‐5 64‐4. 72‐4 57‐9 96‐0 90‐7 93‐0 95‐8 84‐0 87‐7 98‐5 96.9 88‐3. 35‐5 61‐8 57‐3 89‐3 46‐5 73‐2 40‐7 65‐4 81‐5 47.7 51.4. 55‐3 47‐4 94‐7 49‐3 93‐0 32‐4 93‐8 33‐3 98‐5 30.8 86‐7. 55‐3 52‐6 86‐7 58‐7 91‐5 31‐O 80‐2 34‐6 98‐5 12‐3 81.8. 51‐1 53‐8 82‐9 77.5. 78‐9 65‐4 70‐9 60‐7 92.O 57.2. 84‐2 85‐3 67‐9 38‐8 38.6. 235.

(9) . Goro Murahata. 4 ‐ RBSULTS i ve sentence Tabl e l showsthe percentages ofconectresponses of each group forthe f l structuresi n boththe structural accuracy test andthe coreferentialtest ,andthe resuts are f ferences in l i l n Figures l and 2 ca rap社 i yi presented g ‐ The groups show great accuracy di 4for ADIC) 64 4for VP一WHC and51 VPW÷HC and ADJC andthetotalaccuraciesarelower( . . laccuracy l landtota i f f ntheothersentencesaresma erencesi thantheotherstructures. Thed fjHS3in ACCN and ACTM are muchlowerthan those of i svery high . The percentages o thoughSHS3i yS日S1in most se×ceededby SHS1and2 theother groups ,andSHS2b ‐ A1 i lat l feature in the re lopmenta ve accuracy ofthe s a general deve ofthe structures, there i ion: CS,SHS,andtheJHS 鱒roup. ingto gr ess ade progr rd stnictures acco ly dha1 fo fJHS 紅 1 Fort r st ex. Fi hecorrectBACresponsestheresultsare morecomp1 ,arot lsentence structures. Secondly, depending on the 3subjects provide coー窪ect responses for al l lg h f f di na 1 erencesin the mastery ofBACi roups t甘e where BAC occurs stn・ct , ,t ere are great f f l l rom theresultsin 5 percentinthe cs group. Fi 3to 98 erentf na for exa刀nplef y rom 12 ,di . . BAC i f responses thestructura1accuヱacytest thereisnocleargrade progress on orconrect . ln ,. tandi l sexceededeven bythejHS ADJC,ACCN and ACTM,forexamp slowes e ,theCS groupi. 3students. lt i hi t b di i Vr hen pro t re2 1 jec I rel onto Fig ng Fig 」 1 ,there does not seem o ea rectrea ons p i i ionofBAC onthes t ch heacqui t ructures s betweenthe mastel ry ofstructuresandt ‐ Groupswh. o o l 9 0 0 7 器 加 0 歴6. . . 、 ′ :ミノ. /. ′ ・ 、/. 妻. 粋÷-JHS3 +…‐SHSI 0- - -S亘S2 0 ---SHS3 ※ ÷ --CS. VPWHC. VPTHC. ADJC. ACCN. ACTM. ×--JHS3 +”…SHSI O- - ‐SHS2 0 ‐--SHS3 * ÷ --CS. VPWHC. VPTHC. Group Percentagesof Acc t虹aci eS for Five Sentence Structures. 236. ACCN. ACTM. S鰭 t 1 l c u r e s. S t t r e s n l c u. F igur el. ADJC. igur F e2. Group Percentages of CoITed BAC Re‐ l i o l s e 潟 on F 鎚) ve Sen- tence stnl ctures.

(10) . . Acqu i i i i ICons t t tura s onofSt l ・ l c ra nt s ly show h i t l i res do not necessari 「 uct show high mastery ofthe str gh acquisition ratios of BAC‐ l l f t l i l hi h t t t The CSsubject s ,whoshow re atve y g mas e1γ o every s mc ure,score ow,even owes tery of l l groups in the percentages of correct BAC‐ The greatest gaps in the mas of a. A. n ACCN and ACTDな stn・ctures andi nthe acquisition ofBAC on thestructures areseeni .. 1 1 1 1owmg three sections wi 1 1be presented i 1ed ana1ysis ofthese gaps wi i deta n4 .3 . The fo hethree hypotheses‐ lminet exa ー iPear aPProach in Pronom加 ftfrom al al 4 1 日yPothes篤 1: Second language learners shi . lterlanguages matu i i re. i ri anaPhora to a structural aPProach asthe th whi Fig susedthefourresponse requency wi chthesubject t re3showspercentagesofthef i lt ividedi に racy- lnsofstructuralaccu nter s m processing anaphoraaccordingto gtoupd pattenユ . ’ h i l i tems lear ly demonstratesthatasthesubjects stmctma accuracy ncreasest erresponsepat c. ly(a l ing f thoughthose who scored 3 pointsin structural accuracy i t and change accord al so sh ) tern D thantheothers l werei r regidar y muchless dependent on Pat ‐ f i te l thout any de l At ear ier stages ni end to use the patternsinterchangeably wi , earners t 6 The decreasing rat ios of l i il hi l t t ー i c e pr虚 pl , and ater operate on t er own s ruc ura pr nc p es‐ i lear l h h h f t tin Patterns A and B andt he increasing ratios of Patterns C and D c e s y s ow d to be suppoコned‐ Therefore, Hypo thes i sl may besai. approach‐. l lyf Thesharedratio ofPattern C decreasedgiadua rom the3‐point‐accuiacygroup‐ This ized structuralpr lock a l l i ipl hatthesub nc e ject rom the overgeneral showst s arereleasedf ,tob l 1 ike r優3ponse patterns‐ t backwards pronomina1s asreferences, and are using moreadu - l lus t ingsby 1ngra i カ ー d i n n and shaw i ratedi n Figu工e4 Theseresults conrespond tothef ,. 鋤. ー 、0 ノ 、.・-- OD ′o‐‐‐‐‐ 二 ′ ′. 0 5. ′ に : 》 ‘‘ ※. { ”‐ ‐ ‐ oc. ぬ. / ′. 7 0. 6 0 の 5 0. 3 0 V 2 0. Pa t t rn A e. に二 :E驚蛋さ. \. .. ; ~- - - - -… --4. 2 0. t t -- Pa ・ nD ←÷ e 1 o. V・. o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - ‐ 0 4 1 15 0 ‐ 5 1 16 0 ‐ 6 1 17 0 ‐ 7 1 3 0 3 1 14 I ; : : ; ; ; : ; : ; Age Groups. Ac c uracy Groups. F igur e3. Percentages of Res ‐ l ing Four ponses Fal Pat ResPonse terns across Groups. Accuracy. 、 、 ′4n 、 、 ′′. F igur e4. Percentages of sub‐ ing Five Re ‐ iects Us tenl l se Pat s across sPo l Five Age Gr lng ‐ oups( ra lm and Shaw l981: 40 ) 237.

(11) . Goro D 4urahata. 1 i es nci i P wh ch showsthat asleanIerlanguages maturelean]ers oPerate on ローoreStructuraIPr ‐ p l t t d i t A dエ ー d t a e s l h fP n o o r n ュ d l i a Therei u t t v a e n t n u r s u s e e a r n s a e c e a e a e n e o s gra ua ,q ) tern tern工 1r B,andag!adua i te ngtoPat r 「 nrv,Correspondi seintheuseofPat ・ TheuseofPat l C d f h P i d t t l i k t d i f r a s n jus t t f t r e o t r e v e o me n o u r n o e s o e n a e m ecreases rom a cer a pon o e P , descr bed i . ing on the structu i i ion aPPear t J res 4 2 日yPothes i s an order of BAC acq山 l: Therei s sl . . h t f t d t h i i i h i i ft erei ln ordertoseei ston nt e vesen ences ruc ures ere, s an or er ofBAC acqu he averageScores ofthestructures were exa ing a i コ ninedforeachg theorder i ゴ ロongt roup . The ight coluu f Tabl i ヒ nns indicate hypothe i i t colui t n nn o e2 n the f rs ngs appear i cal order . The r i l order he hypothet ion i ca t ne out by t whether or not each p redi s bor ct .. l f VPVVHC was. ion(VP「WHC>VPTHC)is bol・leoutbythe ingpredi ct redbefore VPTHC,thentheorder acqui hypothet i lorder. ca i i i Tab le2showsthat41outof50acqu t ‐outs : ne cted s onordersareaspredi ‐ Thereare7bor ioninC‐Chomskyandlngram shaw. Theorderingre1ations i f8forf i t t1 outo s anguageacqui rs lyz i ded after re i in C‐Chomsky were dec ject s who had not ngthe responses ofthe9sub ‐ana red BAC yet acqui ‐ ionsofFi lat Tab l i ructuresBased on Group veSentenceSt e 2 order ng Re i i Averagesi t s on r n Second and Fi stLanguage ACqui =. L2. i lorderl r { Hypothet S3 SHSI SHS2 SHS3 ca. LI. h CS …C a w v on I sが 無g I キ ロ ロ&S .Ch + + = + + …. v ] PWHC〉vPTHC. -. -. ー. 十 + +. 一. ADJC ACCN ACTM VPTHC>/ UD JC. +. +. +. +. +. +. + =. -. +. +. +. + :. +. 十. 十. +. + ;. +. ACCN ACTM. +. +. +. +. + …. +. +. +. +. + :. ADJC> ACCN. +. +. +. +. +. ACTM. +. +. +. +. ACCN> ACTM. -. -. +. +. +. +. +. a= Ba j No ects who t sed ongroupscoresfor9sub e: + = Borne out have not acqui - = Notborne out red BAC.. Tab l e3. IFi i ttothe i tforlndi Quant tat vidua ve Tes Hypothet lorder i ca. W’WHC VPTHC ADjC ACCN ACTM VP 一WHC VPTHC ADJC ACCN ACTM *= 80% cr ion i ter. 2 38. 40.0. 100* 80.0*. 100* 100* 100*. 80.0* 100* 100* 400.

(12) . Acqui i i i t turaICons t s onofStruc ra nt s. l A quant i ivetes tat t(Andersenl978 )wasperfonnedontheresmt n Tab e2 si ‐ Ther(渇ults i lf lear lyf i lorder areshown in Tabl { “ i dua i i t t nd e3 ofi stothe hypothet ca ‐ Eight out often c d i ighty percent criterion‐ VVe can see that there i the order wi th Andersen’s e n n o o r e r s g ion between VPV l ユ 1 t VHC and VPTHC and between ACCN and ACT 生 re1at s . From theseres , i ion order asi t an acqui s n Figure5 emerges.. F igur e5. The BAC acqui i ion orderofthe structu t じ res s. f l lear lyi i i i i Theseresu t t ndi corderofBAC acqui onemerglngl n sc catethattherei saspec s ikingl r i i t the structures. Thus t r e second h“)othes s was supPorted- M[ore s y, as far as the i bly the sa i ts o f 官l t ar i [ ne i resul ld rs n both f s poss e present study are concen・ed,the orderi i ion t secondl s an想iageacqui .. Thi ldbeinteresting andi tabl s wou s a tes eissue.. i 4 3 嗣y edgeof s 皿: Those who mastered a certai匝 structture w遍 also show knowl l )othes . BAC on thestructmre. ly propo【ionalrelationships between the maste1γ ofstn.ctt“res and Wア i d not note di rect ed rom thetwotests‐ However,in ofBAC onthestructures when wecompared g1 roup averagesf 4 th structural maturation, the sub jects changed the approaches to ‐2 we observed that wi i l h ion l i i l i bi tythatthematurat t neartos ructura roml sl eavestheposs pronom na anap oraf ‐ Thi ld occursimult2meously‐ Thissection exa th BAC onthestructures wou ln・nes ofstructures wi 日yPothes ial focus on the correlations i i i i t th spec lalyzes our acqu s s m, and re‐al on data wi i l h i fi d i d b b t t t t j r n s e s e s o n v n mo n u a s u e c s o e s s a o p g ‐ i f i f we deterlnine whe Hypothes i ロi ther those who have mastered the t ver sD s bes ed i l L nd whetherthose who havenot mastered structures havea soacqmred BAC onthestructures,a led to acquirei them also fai t ththe ‐ The results ofthe structural accuracy test together wi ialtestthus f i twocont ) coreferent ‐by‐ ngencytabl orm two es(Schachterl989 . StructuraI Accuracy Test. Success i lure (0) Fa (X) ia I Success(0) Coreferent Tes t. Fai lure(X). A. B. C. D. l 1 ldfa l li i l(00)byexhi bi i fo therthe A ce t tsshou jec ne eおi si sconrect,thesub ng l立 hyPoth h D l l XX b 恒b i i f i l i h T b fb h t t i l 4 h t t t ( ) t t t t t e s so r ng a ure n e ess mase n e ce a e s ows he yex 1γ o o . i i lurerelationsinthetwotestsforthef ingthe ts( successa vestructures‐ Si r Idfa compar gntes ion o f A (00)and D (XX)wi l 1 d … ththatofB (OX)and C(XO))werea combinat so pe or ・ned on. therelations‐. 239.

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