西南日本の河畔生ヤナギ群落にみられるの雌性，細葉および栄養繁殖能の下流域環境での優先

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(1)The Journal of School Education Research, 2007, Vol.19, pp.53-75 53. Predominance of Female, Slender Leaf and Formation of Adventitious Roots in Riparian Willow Populations toward Downstream Environment in the Southwest Area of Japan '. Yoshio Ishikawa (Teacher of High School at Higashi-Matsayama) Hiromichi Fujino (Teacher of Elementary School at Kanagi). Keiji Komeda (Teacher of High School at Kitayamato). Yumiko Sakaori (Teacher of Elementaiy School at Nishibefu). Osamu Yamaguchi (Environmental Sciences at Hyogo University of Teacher Education). A total of 21691 individuals of riparian willows were examined for species distribution, species diversity, mean of leaf shape (LfW), mean number of filaments of male fiower and sex ratio. Correlation analysis was done between these ecological characters. Rate of vegetative growth was also examined by formation of adventitious roots, using a single whole and halfofleaf. The samples. are from a total of 10 main rivers of our country from Hokkaido to Shikoku. A total of 24 species and a single plausible interspecific hybrid appeared. Excluding minor or locally endemic or cultural origin species, they are classified into 3 major. groups, The species in the northern group grow in the summer green vegetation zone with WI of less than 85, and those in the southern group grow in the evergreen broad-leaved vegetation zone with WI of more than 85. The third group distribute widely in the above both vegetation zones. The species.diversity was centered in midstream regions in Hokkaido, but it has an elevational gradient in the southem group, and the high H' values are centered in downstream regions, There is a significant correlation between. H' and WI. Mean of leaf shape showed a positive correlation with WI especially in the southern area. Slender leaves of such as S. pierotii and S. gilgiana are dominating in downstream regions in the evergreen vegetation zone. Similarly, mean number of filaments has a positive correlation with WI in the evergreen vegetation zone. Systematically old Salix species such as chaenometoides and subLfragilis are also adaptive to the warmer riparian environments, because they have the high frequency of. mixed flowers to be O.Oll. The mixture of female and male flowers in a single individual is able to produce fertilized seeds and this seems to be compensatory to difficulty of outcrossing in frequently flooded conditions. Predominance of females was observed to be O.62 in fi;equency as a whole. The frequencies of females are correlated positively with WI values in the evergreen. vegetation zone. Salix species, such as S. pierotii or S. eriocarpa, is popular in the downstream regions. These sex ratios are O.84 and 1.00, respectively. They showed a high rate of vegetative growth, and their leaves forrned adventitious roots as frequencies. of O.71 and O.64, respectively. These jointed adaptive advantages seem to the strategy of willow poulations to warrner disturbed. tt. fiparlan envlronments. . ' .. Key Words: Riverside willow, Sex-ratio, Slender leaf, Rooting from leaf, Environmental education. Yoshio Ishikawa is a Teacher of High School at Higashi-Matsuyama, l-6-10 Matsuyama, Higashimatsuyama-Shi, Saitama 355-OO18 Japan,. ' E-mail:[email protected] . Hiromichi Fujino is a Teacher of Elementary School at Kanagi, 1541-5 Shimokihara, Kanagi-cho, Hamada-shi, Shimane 697-O121,. E-mail:[email protected] . Takashi Komeda is a Teacher of High School at Kitayamato, Uemachi, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-O131 Japan. Yumiko Sakaori is a Teacher of Elementary School at Nishibefu, 543-175 Shinobe, Befu-cho, Kakogawa-shi, Hyogo 075-O131, Japan, E-mail: [email protected],ne,jp. Osamu Yamaguchi is a Prof. of Environmental Sciences at Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 942-1 Shimokume, Kato-shi, Hyogo 673-1494 Japan, E-mail:[email protected].

(2) 54. The Jouimal of School. Education Research, 2007,. Vol.19. ilgFlj H 7it CD Y'"I E}P!ll JV t \hgeii2g ez 6 6 de 6 (2) thklE}I!ll,. kNl3{ts&as';)i>4<i5if.itELfiGEdir/);,k,tuYxÅ}fi-(faptu5E. E JII ki K (tiEK.ke[IZtaiLLIfi-g'4E3i). ee ei ws kts (i.IIi.MiIi[!Z=-Å}ISIfJxt:V]!l-isE). >K M diS( ii] (E}R.keVkJk(*nK-eqEiikFx). mb tfi fiee[IF (hu'Ei-mili[IzlzgisiJIfffJxt:y]!:K). da g (as-. (#'fi#fiJ]<",i.4). u Jzis a l o•1)Egj l [ 7b> 6 A:-l-2 1 6g l lsi cD 7)Eif R}IS EII -ti ,- \' J }r S(g * a i: . EI (D pt 5> Jift ,l me it JiLk . ff }2j fo' .k as l";ll 7b> E) cD JrN ig tc JII;. ESZ fiE 6ir ne A. L k. 1ljIJll cD -k b"t ty ,L Tth ti v(iEioS TII6SN vJ '( Li k. -E 3EL trk -(f ea y)- s y ti -ti h =P'. F" Ei -v Jh iÅíK rt Je ! s' -v v- lt' {) 7lr .x Jt -v f. ij rb S' tiIZ( fo' b . ftwLtrk '(fs ea v]V. S' Vt i'. t rf Y f Vt 4X .Yh v -V t 4'. = -h' f -ke Å}\foS EII Gc "1k -( LN k. 9 f kt t ij' L. ;k = -V JI- liSeSiAt < tS}Jnt L-(Lifi. LEMf2a) -V d- lthCaptabS)tL < . figL <" liUt5. NCatiFift%< . t5E • fffo>S#me Lme < . tetSk. aZ]jftrbiE )b>ok. MFies,tutcl)pt`(f•CtS(t.R,l.ftljal. ec)bsi,kNft<. P]JFIcDtwJfJ.-(f•. NeSntaa<. K• ecb>6g•NSec#tcL. meiSk cD gufthi-it h> o fu. gc,igeatsffn ptifft")a( a) agik-(! is o. tkgca-twE.e • esig • kmec .k 6Esfige.. tz nv:L•N cD keJtrstw.mt ,e isa6. e cD LttyA et. IYf ini igJiy ts it 6 rvaftftt:!itL"Ui AP esUILfliwh ilb' lk oi'il,RlÅ},:aF#fi tx cD )fiah tg vaEXM )5? ee{I!.; L '( L > 6 .. t -v- s' : ?ErM\Ek-vt4t', Jt!ktLi6iEem, *Mec, lxMrcJflMZE2, Wxln"thes. JfiM aliill tiK.kgllZLRAXLLIM'eg.e}kK•iki'Ag'ii (mpN), +355-OO18 t5il.kMM"AXLLITIiMXLIIEITI-6-IO, E-mail:[email protected] maeq wsLts 'at?MiiiilZ*-axfjxe}:K.XE`"p:rJ, i6g7-O121 UX.LIgk'ctEE]TiiStwEfl]'-Finlpt.1541-5, E-mail:[email protected]. )kne ena AR.kMgdkJf<Xafi'{"t]}t'tsE•XEAErJ (vaD, +63o-o131 AR.kStii,sufiLEtr nelfiJts`ce ]r: huilfJllilf[!ZthS[JMvjNpt:r-ESXi • fiErAEe, +67s-o131 #.vak9Duil!iJlliiriS[JINffIIffinyitZLs74-17s,. E-mail: [email protected],jp LIJm Ir.ft..-. : ;i.lva#EJ)E<Y • ,k}A"t,i!l"ew.kTXEscas • Wnv, i 673-14g4 ;I.ldikEhafiiliTP<.)l(g42-1,. E-mail:[email protected].

(3) Predominance of female and. INTRODUCTION. slender leaf. in riparian willow populations 55 '. were found in a single ear, it was described as mixed or herrnaphrodite. Sex ratio is described by a total of females. . Willews grow frequently beside ponds and marshes, along. among a total of female and male individuals. Mean number. rivers, or even on river floodplains, especially in the cool. offilaments ofmale flowers was estiniated by the weighted. temperate vegetatiop zone. They are faced with frequent. mean of the values of constitutive species for each ST. disturbances of flood and freshet. In these habitat conditions,. (Kimura 1989). For each willow species, the mean length. only the restricted tree species are able to survive, such as. (L) and width (W) of leaf shape excluding stipe were. willows or alders. Therefore, they are called pioneer plants. measured using 10 leaves. Mean leaf shape (LfW) was. (Ishikawa 1980, 1982, 1988; Niiyama 1987, 1989, 1995).. estimated by the weighted mean of the values of constitutive. They bloom in early spring, and bear ffuits in early summer,. species. Species diversity was described in three ways;. in which no other plants proceed their reproductive activities.. number of species (S), the evenness index (J') (Pielou. They are deciduous, and they distribute popularly in cool. 1966), and the general diversity index (H') (Shannon and. temperate climate zone in the northern area of our country.. Weaver 1949). Willows have a tendency of rapid formation. However, willows grow also in the warm temperate zone. of adventitious roots (Saito 1994). The frequency of this. in which the potential vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved. root formation was measured by using more than 30. forest. They seem to be completely dioecious (Kimura,. branches. The same experiments were carried out by using. 1989), but a biased sex ratio owing to few male trees, such. 30 mature whole leaves and 30 half-cut leaves, respectively.. as in Salix pierotii, are encountered on estuary floodplains.. The experiments were taken in water containing 111000. S, eriocarpa lacks completely male individual (Kimura,. diluted Hyponex solution (Hyponex Japan Co.), and in an. 1989). Abnoimal sex ratios also have been observed in. artificial climate chamber at 25 OC and under 10000 lux. willow populations (Grant and Mitton, 1979; Crawford. for 12Ll12D (Biotron LPH 200, Nippon medical &. and Balfour, 1983; Takehara, 1989). There is a possibility of. chemical instrument Co.). Observation was done for up to. some mechanisms to compensate this selective disadvantage. 30 days. The sarne experiments were done also in 6 control. offew or no fertilized seed production. A total of ten main. tree species of Alnus 1'aponica, [flmzis pam,ifolia, Clethra. rivers have been examined for distribution of sex ratios. barvinervis, Camelia J'aponica, Ilex rotunda and Eurya. and mean leaf shapes and another adaptive characters in. 1'aponica. All the above examinations and experiments. willow•populations. Partial hermaphroditism and extensive vegetative growth trait are also reported. From these results,. were done in from 1997 to 1999.' The warrnth and coldness indices (WI and CI) of each. an adaptive strategy of riparian willows to warm temperate. ST was estimated from the data reported by local. climatic condition is discussed.. meteorological observatories and it was adjusted with a decrement ofO.6Åé at every increment of 100m in altitude. MATERIALS AND METHODS. (Kira 1948). River bed gradient (RBG) was estimated by. ' ' ' A total of 1O' rivers were examined for willow distributions. the maps published by Geographical survey institute of. and its sex ratios along each main stream; Shiribetsu river. Japan, and was expressed as meters per kilometer of. corresponding river length. ''. and Tokachi river in the Hol<kaido district, Shinano river. in the Shin-etsu district, Maruyama river, •Yata river, Muko river, Kako river and Ibo river in the Kinki district, Kino river in the Nanki district and Shimanto river in the. '. Shikoku district. From the mouths of the rivers, the examina-. tion stations (STs) were chosen and numbered at an interval. of every 10 km toward up to the top upstreams. Willow vegetation and other following characters were examined by the random sampling method using more than 100 individuals. in each ST. Identification of willow species followed Kimura's procedure (1989). Identification of gender was done by an observation of more than 10 individual fiower. ears for each individual. When male and female fiowers. '.

(4) th. or. Tabte 1.. of individual. Distribution. numbers of witEow trees and. Riverandstation Salicaceousspecies. Ne.ef. Rootin. Warmthindex. filsmant. ftom. Co[dnessindex. inmele. leaf. Riverbedradient{mlkm Meanno.offiIaments. fiower. Meaoleafshae Noofsecies(S) Pielou'sindex(J'). Shannen'sindex(H') Choseniaathutifofia. 5. o Fernalefrnalefrnixed. Sahhrhultenii. 2. o. 7.5. e. roisusuuthanihna. Populusmeximowici Safiroride. 30 2. o o. Satimiabeana. 1. O.10. SatiJ'essoensis. 2. O.55. Satlhrpetisusu. 2. O.07. Sahbesachaftiensis. 2. O.10. Saliihtegra. 1. O.02. Saligraoifisty/e. 1. O.10. Salibesubfragr7ib. 3. O.33. o FerrSalefmalelmixeci. Safiiserissaefolia. 2. Salipierott;'. 2. O.71. Salixerioearpa. 2. e.64. SalibegiYgina. 1. O.11. Salicheenomefoide. 4. O.05. Salixyoshinoi. 2. O.02. Saltkbakko. 2. Selikm'uyanagi'. 2. Sefiisiebotdiana. 1.5. SabbekoriYanagi. 1. Seltivbaby/ont'ca. 2. Safixmatsudana. 2. Hybrid1. 1. Totat. Unknown Femalelma]elmixed Unknown Femalelmale/mixed Unknown Female!malelmixed Unknewn Femalelmale!mixed Unknown Female/male/mixed Unknown Femajefmale/mixed Unknown Female/malelmixed Unknown Femalefmalelmixed Unknown Female/male/mixed Unknown Femalefmarelmixed Unknown Femalefmale!mixed Unknown. o. Unknown Femelelmalelmixed Unknown Female!mate!mtxed Unknown Femelelmalelmixed Unknown Femaiefmalelmixed Unknown Femalefmale!mixed Unknown Femalefmale/mixed Unknown. STIST2 ST3ST4 ST5ST6 ST7ST8ST9STIO 61.0600 58159.0 56554953.3 533 625623 -465 -399-40.3 -339-34.2 -34.5-373 -421-44.3-4B.4. 0305 3240 1.918 6030 162.2 2ose4o 2322 31222.7 535.7 5.150 4.95.5 495.65J. 55 66 67. 075079 O.87082 065OJ8 081073O.73 121127 156147 116153 158T42141. 10. Tokachi River. STI1. seo -49.4. ST12. STt. 44.]. 457 -468 04 IS. -58.3. 90 61. 25J. 34 5.4. 5.1. 5,7. 6.0. 5. 7. 6. 7. 081 144. O.83. 2.6. 161. O44 O72. tlOfO. 31210. O79 153. STIOSTII ST2ST3ST4ST5ST6$T7ST8ST9. 576545 '47549.2510527585580565566 -410-439 -470-47.1-473-474-428-454-479-445. 0303051015203040 5993 lg2A212346293035 3060 4343 6.05.9605J5.0564.84.5 11lt. 67S1011111111. '082OS2 069O.74085OS5O.91087Og8OS4 196197. 1231431781962192092tl201. 2f4106f4fO131291012!22fO419!O 15!321081i3fO 1/OIO110/O 4!3/O3fOIO. 3f210 1. i!3!O 3. 1. 3. 1. o/efo 1. 11oloolvoe!1/oo!11oolllo. 1. 21voo/11o1/e!o 1. 24/291013f20/O. 811VOlf3!O. 21. 313. OfllO 15. VOIOIVIOfO 211/O11171031410 V410. 16. 313. s. 1/1!O 49 5!14/O 22. 34 42 74 117 172 21. 22. 11. 3. 313fO 15!7!O e. 17115!O94!26fO 22/15/O23!19/O 131111023120!O20!16!O34!361036!21!O 6513410 58140fO 14. 46 17. 2. 22. 111fO10!4!O 29/20!O56138!e 64/46/19f7fO 39/241016f15/O13/11!O 3712511 33f15/O. 49150f433151/1 161t2fO4f1410. 210. 3171011!22fe. 1. ofo/ovolo2fvovolo2/oleo!e!o. O/2fO1!OIO. 4!6107!5/O4!6/O14A41014flllO6/5fe. 1/2/OO!OfO. 3220S10" 2e59 Ol. 713/O8!3/O34f12fO26/161015!17/O37122fO16flOfOS13fO 110fO112fO. oo e6 02 oo oo oo. 3013110 381311036!25/O58!26fO59136/O33112/O36/22/O22!20/e11/1!O18/10fO22112!O. 2fllO. 61154fO48/31fO 70143/O57/3410 51!331052/30/e 58140/O52f39/O351341031!2710 21/2010 4V3610 3. 27 02 111•3. 1101041110. 3/6fO7f9fOOf3!OOIO!O114fO 518fO1!2/O. 5!7!O. o. 63!32/o t05f60!154!211e34/331038A5/O29/121252128fO41f16102e/11/O16f17!e2S126/O o. 1313/O. 1417/O7!1/O20!9!e2111810261151023/12!e31123!O9/10fO. o. 4. 712/O7/710. o. 4/5!2 e. 4f19fO1!1/O513fO. 2. 5151126114!e7120109131!111!28fl10!14fO4!4fO3!3fe. Unknewn. g. g. e g ifg. grt•. f S'g. tY.. 't. Unknown Female/male!mixed Unknown O.07 Femalelmale/mixed Unknown o.le Female/malefmixed Unknown e Female!male/mixed Unknown Femele!male!mixed Unknown. Total. tr. efve1!QfQ'. O.06. Female. H. orr. 13AOIO 1112fO3,fO!O12f2101219!O12!21014141047!19!043f20!O 18!2SIO12/11fO. O,08 Female/Fnale!mixed. MaJe M[xed. Sexratio. examined. in each' station atong the nvers. characters. ecotogicat. ShiribetsuRiver. 12911793 9789 1049973 2413 249233i73 1126 294313 935 255209 16177 282328 l3e186 131115. 164153 121125. 133107. 41 oo 10. 051062 058055 058O.55. 055O.54056. 135 94. 124 97. 49 42. 1. o. o. 47 277. 136. 30. 357. t21. 229. O59. O.56. O54. 061. l38 8S. 18D135169178145200i89ID5 10274 1086410814010714912667 82S5 3390 29019928032t275357336IS5 217249. oo. O.63O.68061O.56O.58057O.6061 O.45O.54.

(5) Tab{e 1.. Continued 1. Riverandstation Salicaceou$species. TekachiRiver. No. of filsmant in. Warmthindex Co]dnessindex Riverbedradient(m!km Meanno.offilaments. Reetln. ffom. male. Ieaf. fiowet. Meanleafshae No.ofsecies(S) Pie(ou'sindexJ'} Shannon'$index(H') Choseniaarbutifolia. 5. Salixhulteni)'. 2. Tot'susutirbeniann. Popu/usmaximoruicz. 7.5. 30. Satirorida. 2. SatimtYabeana. 1. SatrbeJ'essoenstS. 2. Sal/hrpet-susu. 2. Setisachefinensis Salixintegra. 2 1. Sattbegracitistyla. 1. Sattisubfragt'lis. 3. Safihrserissaefofia. 2. Satipierotl)'. 2. Sefixeriacarpe. 2. Satigilgiane. i. ShinanoRiver. STI2ST13ST14. ST15. 524514504. 468. -54,4-56.9-•62.7. 1203.070. 503.060 525.746. 052065087 094i26169. -77.6. 231. 70 4.8. 4. O70 097. ST8 STIST2ST3ST4$T5ST6ST7. 1069101.3101.2100.81003999995 5.3-g.S-8.7-9.1-9.6-10.0-104 --. 974 -12.1. 02O.202Oi030607 1718202i201617 615.85956546362. 21. 18 61 8. O78 074077067066073060055 163150130128142118107 161. ST9STIO. STII. ST12. ST13. ST14. STI5. ST16. 953931. 878 -180 57. 825 -205 40 14 47. 833 -203 77 IS 47. 841. 892 -207 12 18 62. 906 -195 09 18 57. -138-154. 2438 1617 6457. 76. 073086 142154. 17. 58 7. O89 174. 7. O84 163. -20O 16 17. 52. 8. OS2 17e. 8. 8. 085. 080. O90. 176. i66. 162. 6. ST17STI8. ST19. 920933. 941 -158. -183-17t. 1109 2421 5355. 44. 089073 123iOt. os 25 49 6. O57 102. o Female!male!mixeci. Unknown Femalelmalefmixed Unknown o Femalefmalelmixed Unknown o FemalelmaLefmixed Unknown o Femalelmale/mixed Unknown eno Femalefmalefmixed Unknown O.55 Femalelmaie!mixed Unknown o.o Female!male/mixed Unknown O.10 Female!male/mixed Unknown O.02 Female!male/mixed Unknewn e.lo Female/malelmixed Unknown O.33 Femalefmale/mixed Unknown o Female!male!mixed Unknown O.71 Femalelmalelmixed Unknown O.64 Female!male/mixed Unknewn o. O.11. 2f3/O5fllO. oo. 3fOIO i. 10f610 68. o!ofovofo21o!e. 12619. 8,. OIOIO l5. o e P.. = po =. e/o!o 15. 1017!O. g. 2. 4A!OOIYOOA!O2/O/O vo/o4/2/o2/ofe 26110/'O. oo VOIO2!OIOV070 oo eo 2fO!OO1270011!O. e6 OOi2. 52!30fO651341043!20!O 2012310 24. 310/O. 3fO!O2fOfOOII!O110!O. 212106f9!O1!3!O. VOfl. 1!O!O2!O/O671fO. O.05. 2. O.02 Femajefma]e/rnjMed. 3/O!O6!710. 611103/1!O. oo. o. I4!2fOef3!O715fO41210113106/3/O4/410. 8!10fO. 10115!O1615101!2/O2f51Dll/12!O41611O12!O. 4/3!O. o. o. o. 2112103f3!1. oo. 22121!O23!i3fO19112fO16!14fO14/8fO46129!O3?134/e31!17fO 34f13/O"f8fO o. o!yo. Unknown. o. oo. o. o. 9flllO. 12f7fl o. o. 21VO25112/O. o. 31410. o. tlOIO. Of210. o. o. o. o. o. lsfive. 6felo. o. o. 21!14!O. 7!2!O. o. o. 7fOIO. 8fS!O. 110!O e 4/efo. o. ef4/o. lf2fO o. 16113!O. 31710. o. o. o. O1210 o. o. O!4!O. o. o. 6f8!O. 3f510. O1210. 2-. o. IAIO. 5!1!e e. o. 21610 22f12fO18127/e 3313110 o. o. 915fO. 9!14fl. oo oo oo oo. lef3/O41170. o. o. o. 16/4/O o. 8!2!O3fVO. o. 815!O e. 1/1!O. O!1/O. 7f210. 6f6fO. 4!61021!1410. o. o. o. o. 2fllO. o. 414!O o. 210!O e. 611010. 2. o. Salikihuyanagi. 2. e.os. 1.5. s-. " 6' g•. t-5. g eo. -g•. Femalefmalefmlxed. Unknown Sa/ibesiebotdihna. s. o. Unknown Satibakko. g. o. lf3/O. o. o. 3!O!O. 719fO. 3!110. o. g g. o. 211!Oi211510 1514!O 101710. 2!3fe. 9f1510 71101010A5!Oi2!1710181201011118fO12113102111910. o. 71910. O!1/O. o. Femaiefmalefmixed. 4. o. o. Unknown Salicheenome/oide. 712210 611310 4/1VO. o. 3311VO3211410. Female!malelmixeci. Sefiiyosh,hbl. 17!t21020/2VO. Female!male/mixed Unknown O.06 Female/malefmixed. ca. Unknown 1. e.e7. Sa/ihrbabylonica. 2. Unknown one Femalelmaie!mixed Unknewn. Satibematsudana. 2. o Female!malelmixed. 1. Unknown Femaie!malelmixed Unknown. Hybrid1 Total. Female Male Mixed. Unknown Total. Sexratlo. 1!'Of'OV'O!'O. Female!malelmixed. Satikorienagi. O!lfO o. O!1!OlfO!O 63115104. 365651 126107 111177262. 064067067. 23. 23 o. 55 101. 05. O!1/O o. 62574142387066 50383742445359. S2 56 1. 11295788482124125 055060e53050e46O.57053. e. 139. O.59. 6154 4363. Ol 104118 oo. 059O.46. 57 62 o o. 56. 49. 48 38. 45 41 o. 34 25. 38 24. 1. e. o o. e. o. o o. ll9. 106. 86. 86. 60. 62. O.4S. O.53. O.56. O.52. O.58. O.61. 1. 4446 2343 6789 O.66O.52. oo oe. 46 48 o o. 94 O.49. th. ".

(6) th oo. Tabte 1.. Continued 2. Riverand$tation Salicaceousspec]es. fiIamant. from. Warmthlnclex Coldnessindex. inmale. feaf. Riverbedadient{mlkm. No.ef. Reoting. fiewer. Shinano River ST21 ST20. ST.22. ST23. ST24. ST25. ST26. ST27. ST28. ST29. ST30. 955 -153 33 16. 96O -15e 58 16. 719. 17.1. 753 -244 116 16. 683 -283 22O. 613•. 545 -36O 174 14. 41.5. 51. 54. 5.6. 4.5. -399 848 t9 54. 6. 7. 5. 5. 3. '-. 951 156 15. -24.0. Meannooffilaments. 23. Meanieafshae. 51. 6.3. 6.5. 80 20 5J. No.ofsecies<S). 4. 4. 7. 5. Pielou'sindex(J'). Shannon'sindex(H') Choseniaarbutifolia. 5. o Femalefmalelmixecl. Safiihulteni'. 2. o Femaie!malelmixed. O60 O84. O54 O75. O46 O90. 061. O98. 4,7. 823 -205 85 19 53. s. 6. -22.3. S5 23 O68 142. O79 142. O87 155. 18. O85 164. -322 159 i3. O83 134. O.81. t31. O62 068. MaruyamaRiver STI. ST2ST3. "e7. 10991091. 04. Ol15 1623 5.241. -44 16 6.0. 9. O.68. 148. -4.7-50. 910 071054 156124. ST4 t081. -54 25 27 46 9. O48 1OO. ST5. ST6. ST7. 1052 -63. le3s -69 59 22. 995 78. 36 23. -•. YataRiver STI. 1"6. -2O. 133 13. 40. ST2. ST3. ST4. 1056 -62 60 13. 953 -9S 130. 883 -123 369. 11. 11. 41. 4.3. 4.3. 43. 4.0. 38. 38. 7. 7. 7. 8. 5. 5. O66 129. 071 13S. 15. 041. O70. O80. 150. O52 O84. 031. O50. 6. O20 O36. Unknown Unknown Toisusuurbanina. 7,5. o. Female/malefmixed. Unknown Poputusmaxiovaicz Sa/irori'da. 30 2. o Female/maielmixed o. Unknown. ge. Female/malelmixed. z. Vnknown. Sa/iminbeana. 1. O.10 Female/malelmixed. Sa/iJ'esseensib. 2. O.55. Sa/ipet-susu. 2. O.07. g. Unknown. :. Femalelmale/mjxed. Unknown Female!malefmixed. 9f3/O. Unknewn Safiisachaitiensi. 2. o. O.10 Female!malelmlxed. Ollle. Unknown Saliintegra. 1. O.02. o. 11110. '514/O. e. o. o. Vl!O. 27/2/O. o. o. Femalelmale/mixed. Unknown Safilgraci/isty/a. 1. O.10 Female!malelmixed. Satsksubfrag}Vis. 3. g.33 Femalelmalefmlxed. 44/3310. Unknown Sa/tlserilsaefolia. 2. 33!3310 13A810 eflgfo o. o Female!malelmixed. Unknown Female!malelmixed. Sa/ipierotit'. 2. O.71. Sefileriocatpn. 2. O.64 Femalelmale/mixecl. Unknown. 11f3/O. o. Unknown. 2/3/e. o. 21f21A 27f3VO 2812Sfe. o. o. 2/O/O. 1/2fO. o. o. o. 4/efo. o. 411/O. o. o. 51010. 2!OIO. 61elO. o. o. o. o. 613!O 3V23!O o. Of2/O. /L. o o. o. o. o. o. 2TllOIO. 4f21e. o. o. 20AVOleft6fo o. o. o. o. o. 6/5/O o. 514fO 19!1010 o. o. 2f3!O. Of4fO. o. o. 1. O.11. Femalelmalelmixed. Unknown Sefiichaenome/oide. 4. O.05 Female/pnalelmixed. Safiiyoshtioi'. 2. O.02. 21/20/O o. o. e o. O12/O. o. o. 31010 o. 7!4/O 29!20/e 24120fO o. o. 10!610 3112810 o. o. o. ofvo. 614/O o. o. 2. O.08. Sajixsieboidiana. 1.5. O.06. 1. O.07. VllO4!OfO. 3/O!O510/O. 1011110. 31o/e. 71210. 31e/o. 313!O. o. o. o. o. o. tu. o. Sf4/O 2511610 37!3510 o o. o. o. o. o. o. t!4!O o. 81010 2411/O 2310/O o. ve!o. o. o. va!o o. o. 12/O/O. 810/O. o. o.. 46!27/1 3812611 35/25/1 78/44/2 o o o o 110fO B15!O 3!5!O o o o e/elo 110/O o o 22fOfO 310fO 3fOIO o e o 2/O/O. 4/2!O. 6716e. o. o. 214!O. 4/210. 518/O. O/2!O. e. o. o. o. o. 3!O!O. o. o. o. o. 1/OIO o. o. 1/O/O. Female7malelmixed. o. Unknown Unknown Satixbabylonica. 2. Satixmatsudana. 2. vofe. O.10 Fernalelmalefmixed. Unknown o. Female!maiefmixed. Unknown Hybrid1. 1. o o. Of45XO o. Unknown Total. SeXratio. 57 55 o o 112. 48 42. 103. 65 38 o o 1e3. O.54. O.63. O.51. 56. 47 o o. o. o. Female/male!mixed FemaVe Male Mixed. o. 1!O/O. Unknown Total. tlOfO. o. o o. 11010. O/1/O. vofe VOIO. 1/OfO. 62. 91. 50 o o 112. O.53. O.55. 1. o. 95 5B o. 87. 153. 56 o o l43. O.62. O.61. o. 65 g. 99 57 o. o. o. 141. 143. 156. 32 o o 50. O.56. O,55. O.63. O.36. 79 62 o o. 78. 18. 69 51. o 120 O.5S. o. o!s3!oo12!e. oo 73244 76192 oo oo. 149436. O.49e,56. ofvo. O12A. o. o 136 123 o o. 92 67 o o. 11e 99 o o. 259. 159. O.53. O.58. 93. 91. 71. 34 2. e. o pt. pu. 8 o pt B tr. ". gT. ve/o. o. Unknown SaEkorinnagi. b--. <. VOIO. 110fO o. o su. -. Femalelmale/mixed. Female!maie!mixed. st. "o. 4/lfO. 1/OIO o. n. N o. o. 7f2/O. o. Unknown. 11410. o. 210!O. O/210. Unknewn Sa/ikinuyanegi. 1/OIOI04!3310. o. 312fO. 2f310 10A7f037A43fOS5A14fO42!4610 3615110. Femaie!malelmixed. e Femalelmalelmixed. 2. e. 401210 27101026!OIO 4410!O. Unknown Salibakko. o. 2f210. o o. 31VO. o. 1sle/o 17!1410 49/2elO. oo oo oo oo oo oo oo. OlllO. VOIO 3014101101e 110fO 310!O. Unknown Sa/1hrgilgine. OllfOOIIIO. 4/3/O 14A4fO 36!11101 2!25!O. o. 1614fO 16/1110 26f16!O 3S12S/O. 52 33 1. 43 25 1. 84 48. o. o. o. o. 2 o. 2e9. t64. 127. 86. 69. 134. O.53. O57. O.73. O.61. O.63. O.64.

(7) Tabte 1.. Continued 3. Riverandstation. MukoRiver STI. Saiicaceousspecies. Reotimg Warmthindex. Ne.ef fllamant. frem. Coldnessindex. inmale. leaf. Riverbedradient(mfkm Meanno,offilaments Meanleafshae No.ofsecies(S). fiower. ST2. 11S.9 -3.4. 114.9 -4.3. 2,O. 5,O. 1.3. 1.2. 6.7. 4.0. 6. 6. Pielou'sindex(J'). O.59. Shannon'sindex(H'). 1,05. O.47 O,83. Ohosenlaarbutifolia. 5. o Femalelmale/mixed. Sehbehuttenil. 2. o Female!malelmixed. ToisusuurbanJbna. 7,5. o Femalelmale!mixed. Populusmeximovvt'ci. 30. o Femalelmal elnn[xed. 2. o Femalefmalefmixed. ST3ST4 110.e108.3 -•. 5,4-6,O. 6.02.4 1.22.4 3.93,9. 69. O.40OJ2 O.721.60. KakoRiver. ST5. ST6. ST7. STI. 107.3 -6,5. 106.0 -6.4. 100.3. 119.8. -7J. -3.1. 1.0. 1,6. 7.0. 1.7. 1,8. 1.4. 4,O. 4.3. 3.7. 6. O.73 1.30. 4 O,54 O.76. IboRiver. ST2. ST3. ST4. ST5. ST6ST7. STS. ST9. STI. 1039. 119.3 -3.3. 116.5 -3.9. ST2. ST3. ST4. ST5. ST6. ST7. 113J. 1088. 1037. 93g. 89O. -4,6. -5,7. -6,5. -9.2. 9.0. 9.5. 10. 10. 3,6. 3,7. 116,5 -3.8. 112.5 -3.8. 114.0117.4. 110.8 -5,3. O.8. 1,5. 2,O. S.5. 1.5. 3,5. 3,5. 6.0. 2,2. 2.0. 1.7. 1.2. 2.4. 2.0. 1.5. 1.3. 5,3. 5,1. 5.0. 1.01,O 1.92.0. 3.0. 2.0. 5.4. 3,7. 4.9. 5.1. 4.5. 4.1. 118.3 -3,5. 117.7 -3,6. O,9. 1.9. 2.2. 2.4. 4.8. 4.7. 7. 8. 9. 8. 7. O.51. O.59. O.73. O.79. oss. 077. O.99. 1,22. 1,61. 1.64. 1.70. 1.90. 11. -4.5-5,3. 4J4.6. 8S. 076087 1.671,80. 9. -6,8. 2. 5. 7. 9. 7. 5. 3. -10.3. 120 16 2.4 3. O65. O47. O84. OS7. O66. O53. O03. O12. O43. 1.44. O.33. 1.64. 1.40. 1.45. 1.03. O,Ol. Q.13. O.50. Unknown. v. Unknown. o a o e. Unknown. s'. Unknown Satixrori'de. g 8. Unknown SetibemiYabeana. 1. O,10 Female!male!mixed. Saltky'essoensis. 2. O.55 Femalelmale!mixed. Salibepet-susu. 2. O.07 Femajelmale/miKed. a. Unknown. tho. E. Unknown. N. o. Unknown Saltksachalihensis. 2. O.10 Female/malelmixed. Unknown Sefihrihtegra. 1. O.02 Female!malelmixed. SelihrgraciYi'styla. 1. O,10 Female/male!mixed. 2. SatipJ'erotl)'. 2. O.33 Femalefmale/mixed. Salibeertbcarpa. 2. o Female/maie!mixed. Unknown O,71. Female!malelmixed. Unknown O.64 Femalelmale/rnixed. Unknown Saltbegilgiana. 1. O.11. Femalelmalefmixed. Unknown SalZchaenomelolde. 4. e.os Femaie/malelmixed. Salibeyoshihoi. 2. O,02 Female!maielmixed. Unknown Unknown Sati)cbeRko. 2. 9!5fO. Ofl!O. o. o. 911tlO. 210!O. o. 22f070. i. s/o!o. o. o. 68!7510. O!110. o. o. o. 4/2/O o. 4!lfO o. o Female!ma:e!mixed. 2. O,08 Femalelmalefmixed. 1.5. O.06 Female!malelmixed. oo oe oo oo. o. Oll/O o. 11010. slelo. o o. o. o. 39!4010. 4110!O. 8!3fO. o. o. o. O!VO4!4/O. O!1!O o. O12fO. 7!910. o. o. o. Oll!O. 1/OfO. 56. 23!4!O 102!O!O 101/110. 52fO!O. o. o. o. o. o. 27!O!O. 5910fO. 47!O/O. 7910fO. 41!O!O. 72!OIO. 41fOIO43fO!O 38!OIO. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. Of310. o. o. oo. o. o. 41010. 4. o. o. o. 10. OllfO. 91A/O 3610fO5410!O 6816!O. 210/O. 123. o. 6!4/O. 1!110. 314fD 20 112!O 4. 161101e 15121fO 15 7S 1!O!O. 4f410. 613fO. 19. 19. 3f3fO 21. 2!OfO. o. 4/5!O. o. o. o. 3. o. OIOIO 3. 12 51. Of510. o!vo. o. o. o/ofo 69. ofo!o 27. OIOfO 32. o!o!o 7. O!OIO 43. OIOfO 9. o/o!o 11. ofofo 31. OIO/O 3. O12!O3!610. O/OIO 32. 110/O. OfOIO 8. o!o!o. o. O/OIO 64. O!OIO 900. OfOIO 3. o!o/o. 7. 3. OIOIO 2. o!ofo 154. OIOfO. B'. 2. :.. v. le 6. ee. OIOIO. as. pt. 1. Q. o!o/o. o!o/o 2. 1. e,o7 Femaie/male/mixed. Sehbebabytonice. 2. O.10 Femaie!malelmixed. =. pt. ur eq. OIOIO O!OIO. pt. m rc s pt 9. 1. OIOIO. o. IS. 2. o -. o!o/o 1. vo. OIOIO 4. O!OIO. v= pe. 1. o s. o/o!o 2. OIO!O 47. Unknown Satibekorivenagi. 7. o!o!o OfOIO. o. 11VO. ofo/o. Unknown Sattbesi'eboldlane. OfOIO. o. 31flOIO37f12!O 36!20!O. 1710/O. 34fOfO35fO/O 531010 105fO!O. OIO/O. o. o. o. 2fO!O1!O!O. O1410. oo oo 14O oo oo oo 6S. 46/O!O. o. 110/O. 2!21022/610. o. 101010. 312!O. lfOIO. 2f2fO 17132/O 5f18fO28!31fO o. o. o!o/o. O12!OO!2fO. t82!410 136/110. 2/O!O. o. o. 30f9!O 27111!O. o. o o. 6!OfO4!OIO. lfOIO2!8!O. O12!O. Unknown Sahbekthuyanagi. 1. OA!O. o o. Unknown SafrbesertSsaefotia. o. 42120fOI09f48fO 45!15fO 75723fO 1611910 5S/101!O. Unknown 3. 3/410. O!110. Unknown Seltbesuhfregtzas. O!8/O. Unknown Unknown Sahbematsudana. 2. 11010. Of310. o. o. o/o!o. o/o!o. OIO!O. 9. 2. 1. o Femalelmale!mixed. Unknown Hybrid1. t. Of410. Female!malefrnixed. Unknown TotaÅ}. Female Male Mixed. Unknown Total. Sexratio. 112 95 o o. 207. O54. 56 23 o 1. 80. 071. 152i32. 4968. oo 123 076066 202223. 139. 124. 43. 19. 210 t14. o. o. o. O/8fO O12412. o. o. o. o. 281. 331. 258. 191. 25. 42. 29. 125 22. o. o. o t9. o. 2. 10 192. 147. 349. 321. 451. 306. 166. 334. O87. 065. 092. O89. O90. OS5. O74. 15. 78. 64. O76. 4. 25. Of9fO Ol1210. o. 19. 77. 117187. 3562. oo 208 O.68076. 172257. 150 38. 4. o o. o o. 188 O.80. 6. ie. o o o 141 141. o o o. 108 1OS. o o o. o o o. o o o. o o o. o o o. 133 133. 89. 906 906. 158 158. 55 55. 89. O.40. th. e.

(8) a o Tabte t. Continued 4 Riverandstation Sa]icaceeusspecles. KinoRiver STI. Neof. Reeting. filamant. frem. Warmthjndex Coldnessindex. immale. leaf. Riverbedadient(m/km Meannooffilaments. fiewer. Meanleafshae No.ofsecies(S). 130.7. o.o. e6 26. 11. 4.5 6. O.91. Shannon'sindex(H'). 164. 5. o Fema]elmale!mixed. Sefi[hultenii. 2. 1340. o.e. Pielou'sindex(J'). Choseniaarbutifolia. ST2. 28 40. ST3 127.6 -1.0. 125.5 -1.7. 18 29. 20 29 40. 3.9. ST5. ST6. ST7. ST9. STIO. STI1. ST12. 116.5 -2.g. 22 25. 21. 24. 9S. 60. 24. 41 18. 15. 11. 10. 4.4. 41. 44. 36. 37. 36. -2.6. 9. 10. 9. OS3. O.83. 172. 180. 075 172. O.71. 154. s. ST8. 114,9 -3,O. 123.1. O.74. 7. OJ8 152. ST4. 8. t56. 114.0. 103,6. 97.2. 86,5. 80.1. -3.3. -5.1. -6.2. -a.a. -9.1. IOO 12 42. 293 10 36. s. O64 134. 4 O.52. 072. 3. O14 O20. 4. O57 079. 1. ooo ooo. Shimanto Rlver STI ST2. ST3. ST4. ST5. ST6. ST7. ST8. ST9. 127.0 o,e. 129.0. 125.9. 124.S. i24.6. 120.2. 122.1. 120.S. 119.5. o,o. -O.3. -O,4. -g.4. -o.s. -e.s. -O.9. -1,1. 02. 08 28 35. 10. IB. 02. 20. 20. 20. 20. 24 36. 20 39. 13. 13. 15. 11. 40. 36. 36. 37. 13 35. 19. 36 4. O82 113. 7. O70 136. 5. 081 131. 5. O85 137. 4. 051 e71. 4. O37 O50. 4. O52 O72. 4. O26 O36. 3. O40 O44. $TIO. STII. 117.0 -1,4. 115J. 40 16 35. 20 14 35. 4. -1.6. 3. 051. O46. O70. 051. Unknown Toisusuurbaninna. 7.5. Populusmaxioveici. 30. Fema[elmalelmixed Unknown Femalefmalelmixed Unknown o Femalefmalefmixed. 2. e Female/male/mixed. o. o. ". Unknown Salirorida. Sahbemiubeene. 1. SafiiJ'essoensis. 2. Sazapet-susu. 2. Safixsecha/inensis. 2. Se/riihtegra. t. Sa/igreciliStyla. 1. Salixsubfiagr7s's. 3. Seltbeserissaefolie. 2. Selipferotir'. 2. Saliertocarpa. 2. Sefigttgtbna. 1. Sahbechaenomeloide. 4. Se/ixyoshihoi. 2. Selibekko Sahhrkihuynnegi Sa/tlsi'ebofdiens. 2 2 1.5. Safukoriunegi. 1. Sahbebabyfonice. 2. Safimetsudane. 2. Hybridl. 1. Totai. Unknown O.10 Femalefmale!mixed Unknown O,55 Femalefmale!mixed Unknown O,07 Femaie!malelmixed Unknown O.10 Femalelmalelmixed Unknown O.02 Female/male!mixed Unknown O.10 Femalelmale!mixed Unknown O.33 Femalelmnlelmixed Unknewn o Femalelmalelmixed Unknown O.71 Femalelmale/mixed Unknown O.64 Femalelmale/mixed Unknown O.11 Female!malelmixed Unknown O.05 Female/male!mlxed Unknown O.02 Female/malelmlxed Unknown o Femalelmalefmixed Unknown O.08 Femele/malelmixed Unknown O.06 Femalelmalefmixed Unknown O.07 Femalefmale!mixed Unknown O.10 Female/malelmixed Unknown o Femalelmalelmixed Unknewn Femalelmalefmixed Unknewn Female MaLe Mixed. Unknown Totai. Sexratio. 2 o 5 su o. ge. 1/efo o. VOIO 7!810 o. 9f19!G 10f2SfO o. 21151e o. 14/710. o. o. 4flofe. 9/2!O. e. o. o. 413!e 13!2310 13A510 17/22!1 o. i51010. o. o. 161310 251510. o. o. o. o. 41/O!O. 24!O/O. 28/elO. o. o. o. o. o. o. 2V24fe 24!34fG. 41!OfO 21110. 191Sll. o. Oll/O e. o. 913!O o 23/'OIO o. OlllO. 1!OfO o. o. 10/18/e 21!1810 4915210 4214910 16124fO e. o. o. OlllO o. o. o. 2!210. 313!O. o. o. ef4!o. 14fS!O 21010 o o o o 61A8!O 6212010102!2010 9412110 5913410 61130!e 53142!O o o o o o o o 5f4fO 4115fO 11133fO 7123fO D/4fe o o o o o O/2/O 112fO 7f3310 o o o 7/110 9!510 61410 O!210 o o o o 13/O/O 51010 o e 7/1210 V2fO 2011110 210/O o o o o 1!210 31/47!O 3!8!O 9/121e ofve e o o o o 2/410 olve o. o. e/21o. o. & g. 41010 441i7fO. 42118!1 1211410 o o Of2fO e. 8/7f2 12A110 o. B1610 34A410 5112310e44f5510 66130fOI 68188!OI 6016SIO 6V3110l OS/5410 o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. S14/O 1211110 19!3!O. 5101e. o. o. o. 110fO 811310 o o 3!OIO 5fO!O. 6/712. o. o. o. 1/OfO o. 2/OfO. vefo. o. o. 7/OIO 201110 o. 71e!o. s!e/o. 7fO!O. o. o. 16/1OIO 8f1210. 8/14!O. o. o. o. 5AlfO 13/13!O o. 41310 1711410 o. o. 12/11/O o. o. 2A/O. e. o. 4fOIO. 1/1/O. 11110. o. o. o. o. o. l91 91 o o. 183. 75. 123. IS. 44. 6S. o o. o o. 26t o,7e. 119. o o 19t. O,63. O.64. o. o. o. 92 51 o o. 138. 143. O.57. O.64. 114 97 e o 211 O.54. 140 101 o o. "2. 129 126. 2. o o. 95. o. 117 79 o. 165. 115. 61. 74. 53. 61. 78. 40. 35. 4B. 42. o o. o o I55 O.74. o o. o o. o o. 96. 122. 95. e.64. O.61. O.56. 41 9 o 11i O.60. 241. o 209. 255. 196. 243. O.58. O,54. O.51. O.60. O.6S. o. 85 79 4 o 16S. 23. 72. 74. 162. 83. 21 o o. 49. 2G. 68. 37. o. o o 1OO. o o. 2. D. 230. 122. 282. O,52. O,52. O.70. O.69. O.68. 44. o 121 e.6o. O.74. tL. v. 1!O/O o. o o. 'z. .-. o. 78. g ,. 711316 41/38/4. 210fO. 6e. g•. R. O1210. e. g.

(9) Tabte 1.. Continued 5 ShimantoRiver. Riverandstation. Sexratio. Total. Chi-square. STt2ST13STi4ST15ST16ST17STIB$T19 Salicaceousspecies. Ne.ef. Rooting. Warmthlndex. filament. from. Coldnessindex. inmale. leaf. Riverbedradient(m/km Meanno.offilaments. flower. Meanleafshae No.ofsecies(S) Piete"'sindex(J'). Shannon'sindex(H') Choseniaathutifolila. 5. e Femalelmalefmixed. Sahhrhu/tenii. 2. o. Tot'susuurbeniana Populusrnaximorvicz. 7.5. o. 30. o. Sahhrrorida. 2. o. SalixmiYabeana. 1. O.10. Salibefessoensib. 2. e,55. Satipet-susu. 2. O.07. Salisachaiinensis. 2. O.10. Salibeintegre. 1. O.02. Satlbegraciiistyta Salixsubfragi7i's. 1 3. Salixserisaefolia. 2. Sattipierotii. 2. Satlbeeriocatpa. 2. SaligiYgiana. 1. Sabbechaenemetoide. 4. Sa/tiyoshihof. 2. Salibakko. 2. Sa/ixkiuyanegi. 2. Salibesiebo/dilana. 1.5. Safiikorilenagi. Safixbebytonica. Saiimatsudena Hybrid1 Total. 1. 2 2 1. O.10 e.33. Unknown Femalefmalelmixed Unknown Femalefmalelmixed Unknown Fema[e/malelmixed Unknown Femalelmale!mixed Unknown Femalelmalelmixed Unknown Femate/malefmixed Unknown Femalelmale!mixed Unknown Femalefmalefmixed Unknown Femalelmalelmixed Unknewn Femalelmale/mixed Unknown Femalelmalelmixed Unknown. -18-1.8-20-23-24-29-36-41. 202.0103.02060BO300 13101010101010i2. 363.6363.636363629. o46ooooooeoooooooooooogs oslooooooooooooooooooo6e 6e!113!O. Unknown Femalelmale!mlxed Unknown O.64 Female!malelmixed Unknown o." Femalelmaie/mixed Unknown O.05 Female/malelmixed Unknown O.02 Femalelmale/mixed Unknewn o Femalelmale!mixed Unknown O.08 Femalefmalelmixed Unknown O.06 Female/malefmixed Unknown o.e7 Fema[efmaLelmixed Unknown O.10 Femalefmalefmixed Unknown o Female!male/mixed Unknown Femaielmaielmixed Unknown Female Male Mixed Total. e.35. 16.24. O.64. O.85. O.42. 2,21. 14. 33/19fO. ***. NS. 21. 32/45fO. NS. 110. 1417!e 267. 134114810. O.67. 2.38. O.48. O,72. O.62. 16.17. NS. 94/109/O. 1.li. oth. 86.46. NS *** O.60. 95.69. e.63. 90,D6. O,66. 472.66. 139. *** ***. 8. 99f501e571451090!8VO67f44/O56/531066f581063/41/O5!6fO. 3237A698!7 1279. ID23!1451fli. *** O.41. 15. 9231253!3 778/149/3 80. o. 93VO!O. O.79. 381.72. O.84. 426.80. 1.00. *** 931,Oe ***. O,56. 19]6. ***. 108. 677/532fe. ***. 7. 382f466f12 268 84/4810. 7/810 o. O.45. Of8!O. o. ** 3Jl. NS o,oo. 8.13. O.44. O.22. 47 710!O. t,oo. 7.t4. O.34. O.63. 174t0217111110912410419 O.61e.56O.53060051OS3061O.42. O.62. ar eg s' :,. g g' g• O-. :g•. :. **. Oll. 1.43. NS o.oo. o. "65790675666638 5845Sl44535841". 9. NS. o. 11729 7284 46 2632 21691. pt. NS. 12. OA60!3. o :. **. o. 5!210. m-. s. 4!5/e. 3f5!O. o po = pt. g•. O.86. 2. 315!O. su. ** 9.S3. 1. e. 8.32. O.64. 18. 6/110. 70.34. ***. 57. ie/o!o. ge as. O.62. 102. 826f482/4. s'. O.46. o. 1411/93713. e. o o o th. 3. 888!537/O. w 8. g. ***. NS. 74. i771109fO. e Femalelrna[efmixed O.71. Unknewn Sexratio. 114.4114.6112.5110.6109.3105.5iO0496.6. 160.el. **. O62. 1038.67. ***. a -.

(10) 62 The Journal of School RESULTS. Education Research, 2007, Vol.19. to certain locality and cultivated origin, the above 13 popular species were examined in 'the distribution of their. Characteristics of distribution of riparian willow populations along river A distribution of willow populations was surveyed in. sex ratios and RBGs. Most of them were seen in STs with. low RBGs or floodplain in another word (Fig. 1). The four wide distributed species have a wider range of RBGs.. atotal of122 STs along 10 major rivers from Hokl(aido to. There exists also a wide range in sex ratio among species.. Kochi. A total of 21691 individual willows were examined. The predominance of female is seen typically in S. pierotii. for gender and leaf shapes as a result ecological adaptation to. or S. serrisaefolia or another species. The ecological and. variable riparian environments from downstream to upstream.. evolutionary' bases df sex rario disorders are analyzed in. A total of 24 willow species and a plausible interspecific. the following sections.. hybrid appeared. They are arranged in a sequence from northern species to southern species. The examined rivers. and STs are also arranged in the same way (Table 1).. Distribution of species diversity a}ong a main river. stream Distribution of species diversity along each river was. The indices of WI, CI and RBG are described also in the. examined by 3 indices of S, J' and H'. There was no basic. table. 'The WI of STII of Shiribetsu river is 44.7, and is. difference between these three quantities (Tables I and. quite close to 45. The other WIs of the STs of rivers of. 2). Thus, the following analyses were done by using only. Shiribetsu and Tokachi and the upstream regions of. H' values. The maximum values of H' were seen in the. Shinano river are in the range of 45 to 85 in WI. Thus,. midstream regions of the river$ of Shiribetsu, Tokachi,. these regions are in the zone of summer green forest as. Shinano, Muko, Kako, and Kino. Those were seen in the. potential vegetation (Kira 1948). In the stations from. downstream regions of the rivers of Maruyama, Yata, Ibo,. STIOto ST22 ofShinano river, all the WIs are over 85, but. and Shimanto (Fig. 2), The former rivers are located. the CIs are under -15. The corresponding potential vegetation. rather in the northern and central area of our country. The. seems to be warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest.. latter rivers are in the southern area of our country. A. In all of the remaining regions, the WIs are over the value. high value of species diversity is indicative of high adapt-. of 85, and the CIs are over the -15. Thus, they are in the zone. ability to that ecological'. of evergreen broad-leaved forest as potential vegetation.. 2.2 was observed in Tokachi river, and every H's in. condition. The maximum value of. From the viewpoint of WI and CI, the appeared willows. can. Shimanto river were less than 1.5. 0n the average, the. be summarized in the following groups. The northern or. northern rivers have higher H's than those of the southern. typical species in the summer green forest zone are C. arbutifolia, S. hultenii, T. arbaniana, P. maximowiczi, S.. rivers. The consistent results were already reported ' ' 1980, l982, 1983, 1987; (Ishikawa Niiyama 1987, 1989,. rorida, S. miyabeana, and S. pet-susu. The intermediate or. 1990). It is noteworthy that deciduous willows inhabit and. possible species in the warm temperate deciduous broad-. are well adapted to high WI region more than 130, where. leaved forest zone is S. ]'essoensis. The wide distributed. evergreen broad-leaved forest is expected as potential. species are S. gracyllistyla, S. subfragilis, S. integra and. vegetatlon.. S.sachalinensis. The southern or typical species in the evergreen broad-leaved forest zone are S. serissaefolia, S. pierotii, S. eriocarpa, S. gilgiana, S. chaenomeloides, and S.. Distribution of means of leaf shapes along a main river sitream. Willows have two main types of leaf shape. Willow. yoshinoi. S. bakko and S. sieboldiana seems to be immigrants. species, such as, T. arbaniana or P. Tnctximowiczi has a. deviating from mountainous habitat. The remaining 4 species,. typical round-shaped leaf, and S. serissaefolia or S, gilgiana. S. kinuyanagi, Sl koriyanagi, S. babylonica and S. matsudana,. has a typical slender-shaped leaf. A distribution of mean. seem to be also deviates from cultivated fields. One plausible. leaf shapes was examined along main river streams. All of the. hybrid willow species was observed in Kako River. The. rivers showed the identical direction of the predominance. male flower has ohe or two filaments like S. sieboldiana, but. of slender-shaped leaves at downstream regions and that of. it has slender leaves like the intermediate between S. pierotii. round-shaped leaves at upstream regions (Fig. 3). No. and S. serissaefolia. There exists completely no female. morphological differences were observed in the leaves of. flower of this hybrid. The plausible hybrid willow was. male and female plants. The consistent results are reported. tentatively named Hybrid 1 in this report.. in arctic willows (Craford and Balfour 1983).. After exoluding the willow species seen rarely, endemic.

(11) Predominance of female and slender. Distribution" of means of numbers of filaments in male flower qlong a main river stream Male flowers of willows have a variety of numbers of. leaf in riparian willow populations '. and contains the rest of the species. The species of the first class, especially the first two, are popularly seen in. wide distribution, especially in the downstream regions.. filaments or stamens. P. maximowiczi has about 30 filamets. Their branches are fragile and easily broken by human. (actually from 20 to 40), and S, gracyllistyla or S. gilgiana. hands. The willows of the second class are popularly seen. has a single filament. Some intermediate numbers are among. in the upstream regions ofthe northern part or high altitude. willow species. The n!tmbers of filaments are indicative of. of our country, when the last two species are excluded.. their systematic relationship (Kimura 1989). A distribution. Their branches are elastic and not easily broken by hands.. of the numbers of filaments per single male flower was. The species of the third class are commonly seen in the. examined along main river streams. Both rivers in Hokkaido. intermediate regions between the above two classes. Further. showed the tendency of decrement of this quantity toward. experiment was done in the same way by using the half-cut. downstream regions (Fig. 4). On the contrary, the rivers. leaves. Basically, the parallel results were gained but less. ' in the southern area of our country, rivers ofKako, Ibo, Kino. pronounced (data not shown).. and Simanto, showed the opposite direction of increment o•f the quantity toward downstream regions. The rest of the. rivers showed somehow the intermediate between the above tendencies or almost uniform distribution.. Relationships between ecological conditions, systematic characfers and species diyersities. Some of the above independent distributions of the characters seem to be parallel or to be contradictory in. Distribution of sex ratios along a main river stream. riparian willow populations along rivers. Correlation analysis. A predominance of female was found to be O.62 as the. was done among the main characters appeared in Table 1.. jointed frequency of. sex ratio of all the willow species. There exits a significant positive correlation between sex. and all STs in Table 1(xZFi=1038.67, P<O.OOI). For each. ratio and warmth index, and a significant negative correlation. river, a distribution of sex ratios was examined. An almost. betweeri sex ratio and RBGs (Table 2). There are also. uniform distribution was observed in the northern rivers of. significant negative correlation between the mean number of. Shiribeshi, Tokachi, Shinano and Maruyama (Fig. 5). On. filaments and.the mean leafshape and the climatic conditions. the contrary, the slight increasing frequencies of females. and RBGs. The joint results are indicative of the predomi-. were observed toward the direction of down-streams in the. nance of female willows having slender leaf shapes on the. southern rivers of Kako and Shimanto.. flood plains at downstream regions of rivers. They have also. Formation of advelltitious roots from leaf of riparian willovvs. ' Riparian 'willows are well known that their branches are easily broken from trunks, and they have an ability of formation of adventitious roots from the broken ends in short. period of several days (Saito, 1994; Ishikawa 1996). Rooting from broken branches were reexamined by using the present materials. Every species showed the ability of. rooting, however the magnitudes were different among species (data not shown). The control non-willow species showed no formation at all. Formation of adventitious roots was tried from a single leafwith stipe in this experiment. The. magnitudes -of this ability were'examined, and the results. are shown in Table 1. There were three classes in their frequencies.'The first class showed the frequency to be more than O.30, and contains the species of S. pierotii, S, eriocarpa, S. jessoensis and S. subfragilis. The second class. showed complete nothing ofrooting, and contains the species of C. aFbutifolia, T. urbaniana, P. maximowiczii, S. hultenii,. S. rorida, S. bakko, S. serrissaefolia and S. matsudana. The. third class showed the frequencies to be less than O.11,. high reproductive abilities by vegetative growth. See DISCUSSION for the more detailed analysis..

(12) a ". ..e. ! ts. q. $elix mlytim. 1. Saliiissoeasls t. e. E og. tT. oe. i. aog. o.). Tdisasuutweh-. 1. e. eg. oe Ol. .. o.e. S o.e. O.1. O.1. O.6. o.fi. 05. el. 05. e4. e.-. O.4. oa 02. O,3. e.3. e2. e.2. o,t. oi. e.1. O.2 O,1. o. so fio 7o en ge R;verbedItedient(mArtt). o. 10. tc. 3o405gi..,6gdfu'ien?PmxA9. afi. O.6. os. o,s O,4. o.4. o. o. e lo 2o 3o 4o. .. 03. .. O,2 Q.t. o. o a. 10. 2o3ouasese?oeege. .. 1 o,e. ;ca. O.1. Sal1ti P"t-esV. .9 t. fie.g. O,6. 03. Salixrotidd. 1. ,9. XO,9. e. 10. Rivetb-dgr"dierttCmXkm). 20. coqesofioloeego R;vgrbedptrflent(mlkul. o. IO 20 30 -O SD SO 70 oo 90 F;vertedsr.dl.nt("Vlawo). g o tr. •g. Sel;:eutvftte"is. '. i. e o.g. tt os e. .. e.7. 06 05. ut O.7. .. :ss. o" .. O.4. oe 02 ol o. -g. ; o.g. S ee. '. .. O.1 o.s e.s O.4 O.3 O,2. .. :1. o ie. 2e ao #o. so fie 7o ee se R;vet bed ereetsnt(",Ak"D. ,-}. g:. .. .. g. "". l. :;. :,. "g. o e te 2o. g. :t Qe oeel. "1 .o. s. 'gD9. ol. .. eog los to. •. :l. Sali#seeFuliptas;s. Selix intest-. Selixgresilistylt. se 4o so fio 7e eo co R;ver bed ItedSent (mXk"". o. to. e lo 2o 3o co so eo 7o co go. ao 3o 4o so ss 7e co so . River bed sreeientCthiflaT". River bed sttditnt(mlk"". g -ee.tr. i'9. Selicehene"mb;des. SetixtilarcLil. 1. .R. •e-. ..e..1 e. t. a7. 07. .. e5 o-. e o. Fig.. e. lo2D3o4osose7oeego Averbedgrediept(mllep). O.5. od . 03.. D.S O.2 o.t. el. o? os. O,G 0.5. o.fi. e3. S o.e. m. va. O,1. 1. e 'f og. l os. " oe. goeut07e6os04. O tO ' 20 3D co. so 6o 7e co go Riv.tbedlr.dilant(mAkst). o.A O,2 O,1. o. e le. '' '. '. '. ' '. •. U". e3. O,7 o.t. o' 2o 3e 4o se 6o 7o ed ge Aver b.d sredle"tt"Vken). 1. Distribution profites of sex ratios of common riparian wiHow species against warmth index (WI) there in. The upper with Wl values of tess than 85, The bottom 4 species grow in the evergreen broad-Ieaved vegetation zone with Wls widety in the both vegetation zones. Lines in each figure are the most fitted Linear regression lines.. '. SelLx l"tist. SttltsefhoeefoIta. t09. e e.g. o ie 2o 3o "o so eo lo eo go R;ver bed gredieal(mAvt{). 5 specles grow ln. of more than 85,. the summer green vegetation zone and the centrat 4 species distribute. g.

(13) T. ttCi. N th E 9. ua - ua. E g g.. g2g RB s•. Shannon index(H). Shannonindex(H). proa"an. m u" =. o. NNen. e. Ir. o... o. g,:•g. ua = -. O tn ttJ. 8g2. goA pt 7=. SE'l. P.O-.i!NN oaoaoen. o. oen.anNa •. en. 9• oa". ' u. N. roa. e. ee. ". • 6ctob". Q. en. HV. g o s. m. s'. o-. e. :lg =E T m 'v. o. ". •. 6 .. o. N. • • e. or. e m .- en r" ta. Shannonindex(H). Shannonindex(H). s. • •. ta rt mo -m -h a ;'ges' n. Shannonindex(H). oo. x l o = 6. es. gl•. ff-. ca. s ct/.. Å}. 9. ua g' eo. Q" =o. "geg'.. .K. ljgect-gs. .s'. gl•rt. ". *.g•. e i.". eto. iggg--. getr.gG. g 8. g tho. e. u o B pt. g g w H. y pa'pt tt•. =o. cr B. opa. u. pt. th s'. ..-OM. R di 2 i•. .g "a. o •. gg :- g.. Shannon index(H). ShannQn index(H). Shannonindex(H). 9 ." ! o Oa.a ro a. :••. Shannon index(H). 9 .-` ".o o oa -L aNa. o. o. shannon index(H). :.. v. p ." ! o oa 'a aNa. .O N a -. a-.L N en. ee as. pt. a e'. o g. ••. sa = pt Hg on as g'. N. or. N. ro. vo. m. va N 5'. :. •••.. = pt. 6. e.-.ca. A. A. m. o. 6. #. gs. B -.. 69 ve. o. 3g. .? gg. gs s'mp pt e 6' == M v). y.gg. " tr.. Sg. .. :•. :t. m ff. e o. e.. 2•. o =co. ny. m {. ca st tr.. o J co. i. o i'. 9. m st "-. o =co. z. G. m E. s :. {-. g. ca. g. tt.. ON =o. -g g !•. = g ". a th.

(14) 66. ,The Journal of. School Education Research, 2007, Vol,19. Shkibetsuriver'. '7a. '.7. Tekachiriver. e. 2". 26tht'5IE"e4. e-e. 8sm. cg4. e. •eeee. •. '. tt. E3 2. 1. 1. oo. o. Shinanoriver. 7. eNee " eOe eooeee. g"6 its5s. 54o. E3. n e6 m t'5-. $4 o E3 2. 1. 1o. 510152e. 2530. e•. .. o. Station. Yatariver. Maruyamariver. 7. o. 2. oo. O51015statio2nO. $tation. Muko river. 7 g. g6 ts 5. ts5Ere4. g4. o. .. E3 2 1. 1. o. o. o. 4station5. 2. 4. 6. Iboriver. Kako river. o7. sa'6. 8. Station. a26m. :t5. ts5-. g4E32. :.4. •. •. E3 2. 8. 1. o o. 4. 2. 8. 6. 10. Kino river. 7 g. o. Station. Station. Shlrnantoriver. v7 a26co. g6 ts.5. :t5. -. g4E32. .4. 23. •. 2. 8. 1. o o. Fig. 3.. 5. Distribution of mean teaf. 10. f5. Station. shapes of WittOW popuLation along river. For further. Station. exptanatio' n, see the. {egend of Fig. 2..

(15) 67. Predominance of' female and slender leaf in riparian willow populations. Shiribetsu river. e'g. Tokaehiriver. 10. eg e. E8. •. E8 s Åë7 -. es. Z- •7 ts. .6 o. •. •. o6d. c5 g4. =5 = g4. eQ"ee. S3. E3. "e. 2. 2. g. 1. o. o. 15 Statien. 10. 5. Station. Shinanoriver. 10. Maruyamariver. 10. t9 v. eg o. o if7. E7 -. va. E8. E8. tu. v. e6ci. o6.. o c. =5 e 84. =5 84. E3. E3. se. 2. 2 to. 1. o. 10203040Station. o. e. Yatariver. 10 9 8 7. i. "e' 65. es. 6. gs g4. 432. eE. E3 2. eb-rtr'`2""-""-N... 1. 1. o. eo. o. 4station5. 3. 2. 1. E. Muko river. 10. eg es g7. vE-e. ÅëL-.. Station. Kakoriver. to 9. vm = e E. oEs;. 87. s = ts. ts. 4. 2. 6. 8. Station. iboriver. 10 9 8 7. o 6 o 5 c c es 4 m. 65. .. g'. ovE. 432. E. 32. 1o. 1. o 4. 4. 6. Kino river. 10. {9. es Åí7. 9. e. 8. s. 7. Åë-. ts 6. o 6 6 = 5 i. 2' s. g4. o. E3. E. 4 3. 1. 1. e. o. o. Fig. 4.. '. •. 2. 2. 10. 5. o. 15. • • 5. IO. 1520 Station. Station. Distribution of mean numbers of fitaments of mate. 8. Station. Shimantorlver. 10. g. 6. ftower atong river.. For further exptanation,. see the- tegend of Fig. 2..

(16) 68. The Joumal of School Education Research,. Shiribetsuriver. 1. o. 8. •--. lj. O.8. O.8 O.7. co. ca O.7. .. O.6. O.5. 02. O.1. O.1. o. o o. 1. 2. 4. 3. 5. 6. 7. lj. O.8 O.7. ot. sgiog{l,,ig2,. Shinanoriver. 1. co. .. O.3. '. O.2. O.9. •. e. O.4. O.4 O.3. e. "". •. O.6. O.5. ."o. Tokaoh-mver. 1. E O.9. E O.9af. Vol.19. 2007,. "e. •. O.6 O.5 e.3. O.9. s. O.8. O.1. o. 2530 Station. Yata river. ."o l E o.g X O.8. 8. 9. 1011 12131415 Station. O.3. o 20. 7. .. O.4 O.2. 15. 6. Maruyama .rlver. O.5. .. 10. 5. O.7. O.2. 5. 4. O.6. O.1. o. 3. 1. e. -e. .. ". e. O.4. e. 2. Ol. 2. 3. 56. 4. 7. Station. Muko river. ..e..1. e o.g ts O.8. ""'"'"'v------apt---.. co O.7. co O.7. O.6 O.5 O.4 O.3 O.2 O,1. •. O.6 O.5 O.4 O.3. 02 O,1. o. o o. 2. 1. 3. statioA. Kako river. .9 1 :' O.9. o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 67 Station. Kino river. ..o-1. SO.9 :O.8. X o.g. co. co O.7. O.6 O.5 O.4 O.3 O.2. .. O,1. o o. 1. 2. 4. 3. 5. 6. 7. 89. O.7. O.6 O.5 O.4 O,3 O.2 O.1. o. Station. Ol. 234 56. 7. 8. 11 12 9 10 Station. Shimanto river. ..o-1 g o.g. 8x O.s. O,7 O.6 O.5 O.4 O,3 O.2. ee. O.1. o o. Fig.. 2. 5. Distribution of. 4. 6. 8. sex ratios. 10 t2 14 16 of witlow. 18 20 Station. poputations atong river. For. further. exptanation,. see the tegend of Fig. 2..

(17) Hokkaidodistrict. A3 52,8. y=O.0254x+O,1606'r=+O.33. .">. Shin'etsudistrict. A3. g.2.8t-.2.6. y=O.OO16x+1.t972 pt+O.08. -2.6m. ts2.4. bz4>V2.2. S-2.2. 82. 82. "-81,8. 'g1.8 .a1.6. .a1.6 1.4. 1.4. ee eS. 1.2. ee"Neeee. e. 1.2. ee. •. g. e. O.4 O.2•. v. g o e. O.4 O.2. o. s'. g 8. o. 4050. 60. 70809010g110120130140 Warmthindex. 4050. 60. 708090100110120130140 Warmthindex. a tho. E su. o g pt. Kinkidistrict. 3. A. 3. A. y=O.0436x-3.5944. EE2.s. rt-+O.73. g2.4. -2.6 g2,4. i-2.2. i-2.2. 52.s>2.6.e. 32. ee. 'g1.8 .a1.6. 82. 1.2. O.8 O.6. O.4 e.2. o. See. 1. O.8 O.6 O.4. e. e 4050607080 90100 110120130140. tr po. 6 5'. vR. e"ee. -g1.8 .a1.6. 1.2. e. r-+O.59. g g g H. :•. 1.4. .. y=O.029x-2.5371. .v". 1.4 1. NankiandShikokudistricts. 02 o. eee. e"e. eee"ee oC. N'. 5 q. e'. o a. v8. g-. p 5' :. •. '. Warmthindex. Fig.. 405060708090100110120130140 Warmthindex. 6. Corretation between species diversity (H') of witLow poputations and Wl. The distribution area was dMded into 4 districts. The Hokkaido distrjct indudes the rivers of Shirjbetsu and Tokachj, and js inctuded jn the summer green vegetatjon zone. The Shjn-etsu djstrict indudes the. Shinano river, and is tocated in the transient vegetation zone between the summer green and evergreen broad-teaved vegetation zone. The Kinki district inctudes the rivers of Maruyarna, Yata, Muko, Kakogawa and lbo. The Nanki and Shikoku districts inctudes the rivers of Kino and Shimanto. The tast 3 districts are inctuded in the evergreen broad-teaved vegetation zone. Linear egression tines and Pearson's corretation coefficients are atso shown.. a D.

(18) }g. Hokkaidodistrict. Shin"etsudistriot. 765. /s". y=-O.0356x+72e58. y=O.Ol93x+3.8879. g2e8". .eae"eeet. r-+O.51. pt-O.34. !eu,s.. •. ee. eeS. .. 4. 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. el'. 1. tr. o40. o.. g o. E su. 405060 7esogoloo. 110120130140. 5060 708090100 HO120130140 WarTnthindex. Warmthindex. ge. g 9 tu g 8. g•. Kinkidistrict. ,k. 2. g y=O.0653x-2.6496e e F-O.70. t•. 5. •. eee. 4 3. g2m6k. 7. pa gg. y= O.O078x+2,B637 r:+O.31. ). ee. •. 4,. 3. eQ. •. 21. 1. o. o. 40. so.6o7osogoloo11e. Fig. 7. Corretation between mean. 120130140 Warmthindex. teaf shape of wiUow poputations. -tr. .. 5. •. 8 n •8 .o. .s. e. 2. =. NankiandShikokudisbict. 4050. 6o7osogeloo"o. and Wl. For further exptanation, see the. tegend of Fig. 6.. 120130140 Warmthindex. < p 6.

(19) Hokkaidodisthct 103=o9EÅí8. ey=-O.0684x+7.1316. Sh;n-etsudistrict. .10. y=O.O057x+1.3274. Go9Ees. -pt+O.28. r=-O.18. "O-. .7. L,O". e. 2=6. 7. dE6. se. Ere'5. ."o5. ... 4. 4. eE ,r. v. g o. 32ie. B. 6' pt. g. o o. oth. e. 405060708090100MO120t30140 Warmthindex. Warmthindex. pt-. o. B pt m-.. o ". pt. R. Kinkidistrict. .10. to9E. ge. y=O.0362x-2.5193. y=O.029x-1.4183. F+O.68. pt+O.50. Åí8. 97 o E6. e'. v8. N. s. S5. 32. p 5' :. 4. -. e8. B,. o a. o =6sc. ru. g -. tso7.. E05. th B'. g. eas8. v. 4. o-. NankiandShikokudistrict. eeAe. 32. 1o. 1o. 40. 5060708090100110120130140 Warmthindex. 405060708090100110120130140 Warmthindex. Fig. 8. Corretation between mean number of fitaments of maLe ftower of wittow poputations and Wl. For further exptanation,. see the tegend of Fig. 6. l.

(20) Fg. Hokhaidodistriot. ol. Shin-etsudistrict. y=-O.O029x+O.7341. 'siO.9x. F-O.27. 8o.s. x. oco. 1. y=e.oeosx+o.so32 r-+O.12. O.8 O.7. O.7. .. O.6 O.5. o 'go.g. .. O.6. ee. O.5. O.4. O.4. O.3. O.3. O.2. O.2. .e.ee e. . H. otr. tr. O.1. O.1. o. o. fi pt-. 4050. 6e. 708090100110120130140 Warmthindex. 405060 708090100110120130140 Warmthindex. a ge. g 9 ca g 8. g•. Kinkidistrict. 5. NankiandShikokudistrict. rv. ol'pEO.9xcOoo.B. ol'peosxdiO.8. 28thx.is02868eee. y=O.0. y=O,OO08x+O.5131 r==+O.13. $ ee. .a. . 8 . < g G. .o. O.7. O.6. O.7. eeeett.•. O.4. O.5. e•. .. O.4. O.3. O.3. O.2. O.2. O,1. O.1. o. e. 405060708090100110120130140 Warmthindex Fig. 9.. •eekee"e. O.6. O.5. Corretation between sex ratio of wittow poputations and Wl.. 40. For further expEanation',. 5060708090100110120130140 Warmthindex see the tegend of Fig. 6..

(21) Predominance of female and. slender leaf. in riparian wirlow populations 73 '. DISCUSSION ' Willows as pioneer plants in the early successional stage. Willows have a wide range of distribution, from alpine. Hoklcaido district, but a positive significant correlation in the southern districts (Fig. 7). There also exists a negative. correlation between WI and the mean number of filaments in the Hokkaido district, but a positive significant correlation. in the other districts (Fig. 8). The transient stage can be. grassiand in Hokl(aido to estuary of Shikoku and Kyushu.. seen in the Shin-etsu district. If number of filaments of. A total of 42 species are described in our country. male flowers is one of indications of systematic relationship. (Kimura 1989). Out of them, 12 species grow in alpine. of willows, S. chaenomeloides and S. subfragilis seem to. grasslands. The corresponding WIs are less than 15. A total. be actual pioneers toward the warmer climates. The forrner. of18 species inhabit in rather dry condition, including the. species has several filaments from 3 to 5, and the latter. alpine species. The remaining 24 species grow in riverside. has 3. The remaining Salix species have 2 or 1. The former. and lakeside, and are called riparian trees. All the willow. species are seen only in mouth regions of rivers in the. trees are deciduous, and the center of the distribution of. southeastern area of our country (Fig. 1) (Ishikawa 1988).. willows is expected to be in the summer green vegetation. The jointed positive correlations are effectively indicative. zone (Niiyama 1990). Actually, the maximum value of. of an adaptive form of willow populations to the warmer. H', 2.2, was observed in Tokachi river. The corresponding. climatic niches.. WIs are in the range from 45 up to 85. Some ripqrian willows. A possibility of monoecious species with vegetative. grow also in the evergreen broad-leaved vegetation zone.. proliferation and the adaptation strategy of willows to. These WIs are more than 85. 0ut of the rivers examined. warmer frontier. in the present study, all the STs of Shiribetsu river and. A male of S. eriocarpa was never recognized in a total of. Tokachi river are included in the summer green vegetation. le39 individuals examined in this study, but the females. zone. The upstream STs of Shinano river are also included. were popularly observed only in the Kinki, Nanki and. in the zone. The remaining STs are in the evergreen broad-. Shikoku districts. The growing sites of this species are. leaved vegetation zone. Therefore, Shimanto riVer seems to. restricted to riverside but lakeside or even irrigation side.. be in the transient stage between the major vegetation zones.. Spreading of this species is impossible by usual fertilized. Riparian condition is frequently suffered from disturbance. seeds. A mixture of female and male flowers was tried to. due to flood and freshet. Plants on riverside or floodplain. examine in single individuals, but no evidence was gained.. seem to be pioneer species in the early stage of succession. However, the species was found to have a high ability of. (Abe 1999).This is easily recognized even in the evergreen. formation of adventitious roots from broken branches and. broad-leaved vegetation zone, because of their deciduousness. leaves. One of the highest value of O.64 was gained. and life forms. The life forms of the willows in the zone. (Table l). A single leaf or even a part of it works per-. are MM in' Raunkier's criteria, and the disseminule form is. fectly as an effective seed in this species. wnen this is the. Di (Raunkiaer 1934; Numata et. al 1975). However, the actual life form seems to be like Th due to high vegetative. case, the predominance of females has an advantage to that of males (Crawford et. al 1983; Takehara 1989;).. growth induced regularly from broken branches and spread. From a cross of European wiillow of S. vimin. alis, a wide. leaves. These ecological traits are also the case in invaded. range from extrerne female bias to extreme male bias took. or naturalized plants (Shimizu 2003). They commonly have. place in a homogeneous environment and in the absence. a rapid growth after germination, plenty of seed production,. of herbivores. Multiple gene system is possible to explain. rapid proliferation by vegetative growth and so on.. a sex determination in willows (Alstrdm-Rapaport et. al. From the above point of view, the correlations. 1997). Slender leaves more effectively fall into water. among ecological characters appeared in Table 2 were re-. streams, and reach to places to grow suitably. They are. analyzed by dividing them into 4 local districts. There is. also more easily broken into several pieces than round ones.. no clear correlation between WI and H' in the Hoklcaido. A close species of S. pierotti has the same tendency, and the. and Shin-etsu districts, but there is significant positive cor-. jointed sex ratio is O.84. This means that the frequency ,of. relation in the Kinki and Nanki-Shikoku districts (Fig. 6).. male plants is merely O.16. But the maximum of the. The similar phenomena take place in the characters of leaf. frequency of rooting from leaf was observed to be O.71 in. shape and number of filaments of male flowers. There is. S. pierotti. In addition, three mixed flower ears with female. a fiegative correlation between WI and leaf shape in the. and male organs were also found in a total of 1010.

(22) 74 The Joumal. of School Education Research, 2007, Vol.19. systematic characters and species diversities.. Tab(e 2.Corretation among ecotogicat conditions, Warmthindex. Ecoloicalcondition Coldne$$index. Riverbedgradient. (Cl). (R.B.G.). (WI). -.13-D.14. +O.95**-O.31"'. Warmthindex. Seciesdiversit. No.ofspecjes. Pielou'sinciex. Shannon'sindex. (J•). (s). +O.29"-t-O.23'rf).21". Sexratio. Sstematiccharacter Meanno.filaments Meanleafshape. (H'). +o,eg-o.o4+o.o2 **zz-O.14-O.25-O.25. -O.22*-O.34"-O.34". Coldnessindex Riverbedgradient S-O.13. Meanno.'filaments. MeanIeafshape. +O.42"+O.40"+O.46*' +O.39*'+O.47"+O.50" +D.62"+O.86*'. No.'ofspecies. +O.90'". Pielou'$index. *Signifioant at 5% leveL "Significant at 1% level, '. 1-10 (in Japanese with English summary).. individuals of the species, or O.O03 in frequency.. The maximum frequency of the mixed flowers was. ISHIKAWA S. (1983) Ecological studies of the floodplain. observed to be O.Oll in S. chaenomeloides. The secondary. vegetation in the Tohoku and Hokkaido districts, Japan.. highest frequency was O.O04 in S. subfragilis. The sex ratios. Ecological Review 20: 73-114. ISHIKAWA S. (1987) Ecological studies on the willow communities. of these two speciesis are O.45 and O.41, respectively in this. on the SatsUnai River fioodplain, Hokl(aido, with specieal reference. order. Therefore, the high productivities either by fertilized. seeds in single individuals or by vegetative growth seems to. to the development of the Chosenia arbutifolia forest, Mem.. be a compensatory mechanism to adaptation to the warmer. Fac. Sci, Kochi Univ. Sen D (Biol.) 8: 57-67.. niches for willow species such as S. chaenomeloides, S.. ISHIKAWA S. (1988) Floodplain vegetation of the Shimanto river in Shikoku, japan I. Arrangement of the main plant. subtfragilis, S. pierotti and S. eriocarpa. The jointed mecha-. nism of above two factors seems to show the strategy of. commimities developing on the bars in the lower course. Mem.. adaptation of the willows to new frontiers. It really hap-. 'Fac, Sci, Kochi.Univ. Sen D (BioL) 9: 25-31.. pens in riparian willow populations at the Kinki, Nanki. ISHIKAWA S. (1996) Characteristics of riverside Plants. In: Riparian environment and aguatic plants '(eds S, Okuda & Y.. and Shikoku districts of our country. '. Sasaki) pp.116-139 (in Japanese). Softscience Co, Tokyou.. '. KIMURA A. (1989) Salicacea. In: vaildflowers ofJapan, VVoody. REFERENCES. plants (eds Y. Satake. K. Hara, S. Watari & T, Tominari) pp.. ' ABE S. (1999) Changes in species composition and life form. 31-51 (in Japanese). Heibonsha, Tokyo. KIRA T. (1948) On the classification of vertical vegetation belts. spectra of stands during the development of riparian forest in. the Tanzaawa Mountains, central Japan. Japanese Journal of. by warmth index. Agriculture in cold district 2(2):143-l73 (in. Ecology 32: 247-257 (in Japanese with English summary),. Japanese) .. ALSTROM-RAPAPORT C,, LASCOUX M. &. K, (1987) Distribution of salicaceous species and soil GULLBERG NIIYAMA U.. (1997) Sex determination and sex ratio in the dioecious shrub. texture of habitats along the Ishikari river. Japanese journa( of. Salix viminalis L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94: 493-497.. Ecology 37: 163-174 (in Japanese with English surnmary).. CRAWFORD R. M. M. & BALFOUR J. (1983) Female predominant sex ratios and physiological differentiation' in arctic willows,. Journal of Ecology 71: 149-160.. GRANT M. C. & MITTON J. B. (1979) Elevational gradients in adult sex ratios and sexual differentiation in vegetative growth. rates of Populus tremuloides Michx. Evolution 33(3): 914-918. ISHIKAWA S. (1980) Ecological studies of the floodplain willow. NIIYAMA K. (1989) Distribution of Chosenia arbutifolia and soil texture of habitats along the Satsuriai river. Japanese journai. of Ecology 39: 173-182 (in Japanese with English summary), NIIYAMA K. (1990) The role ofseed dispersal and seedling traits in Åëolonizaion and coexistence of Salix species in a seasonally. fiooded habitat. Ecological Research 5: 317-331.. NIIYAMA K. (1995) Life history traits of salicaceous species. forests in the Hoklcaido district, Res. Rep. Kochi Univ. 29: 73-. and riparian environment. Japanese Journal of Ecology 45:. 78 (in Japanese).. 301-306 (in Japanese).. ISHIKAWA S. (1982) Ecologioal studies of the floodplain willow forests in the Tohoku district. Res. Rep, Kochi Univ. 31:. NUMATA M., YOSHIZAWA N., ASANO S,, KUWAE[ARA Y,, OKUDA S. & IWASE T.(1975) PVeedflora ofJapan = Illustrated.

(23) Predominance of female and slender. by color. pp.406 (in Japanese), Zenkokunosonkyouikukyokai,. Tokyo. PIELOU E. C. (1966) The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of 77ieoretical Biology. 13: 131-l44.. RAUNKIAER C. (1934) Life forms ofplants and statistical plant gTehOeiOcgy/argneanogn tphreessC,O(j/e.Cfitoerdd Pape"S of C•Raunkiaer. pp. 64s,. SAITO S. (1994) Classification and distribution of major willows. in Hokkaido. Tree Breeding in Hokkaido 37(2): 24-33 (in Japanese).. SHANNON, C. E. & WEAVER W. (1949) The mathematical theory of communicatio,n. pp. 117, Univrsity of Illinois Press,. Urbana.. SHIMIZU T. & CHIKATA F. (2003) On naturalized plants. In: Naturalized plants of Japan (ed. T. Shimizu) pp.11-39 (in Japanese). Heibonsha, Tokyo.. TAK[EHARA A. (1989) Flowering size, fiowering age and sex ratio of willow populations along the Hirose River, nertheast Japan. Ecological Review 21: 265-275.. (Reseived September 1, 2006; Accepted October 17, 2006). leaf. in riparian. willow populations. 75.

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