ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᐲߩᡷ㕟ߦߟߡߩⷰߣ⁁
A Study of the Recent Issues on Teacher Training and Education
of Universities and Colleges of Education in Japan
⍫↰⽵ⴕ
㧖Sadayuki YADA
Abstract
䎃
䎃
䎃䎃
ࠠࡢ࠼㧦ᾢ㊁㧘ᳰ↰ᓮᓎᚲ㧘ᳯᚭᏒ႐㧘ᣂች᳓㊁ኅ㧘ਥߣሶ䎃
䎃 䎃*ᧄቇᢎޔᲧセ࿖㓙ᢎ⢒ቇ(comparative and international education)
This paper considers some areas of expertise that teachers are expected to possess for a teacher certificate : special expertise in subjects, special expertise in the teaching profession, and general education. Special expertise in the subjects involves not only knowledge of one’s own field but also knowledge of different kinds of schools and teaching environments. Thus, these must be seen as different than specialized knowledge in universities and colleges of education. Special expertise in the teaching profession includes knowledge of class management and other skills acquired through on the spot experience. The area of general education is thought to be socially universal education. In addition, adopting long-term social experiences is also considered meaningful for teacher training and education.
Though a teacher certificate requires that licentiates possess some areas of expertise in balance, there are some concerns with the present system. One of them is the teacher training system. Recently in Japan, the increasing convergence of teacher education means its discussion and arguments have much wider relevance. This paper begins by outlining the recent issues concerning the teacher training system. It goes on to document the policy developments that have challenged the traditional system and thought on teacher education mainly in national universities and colleges of education in place from the 1990s until the early 2000s. It cannot be denied that these developments are linked to the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology’s concern to reform the public sector through marketization and increased surveillance by the state. Also, there is a need to acknowledge a connection with the failure of universities and colleges of education to deliver what society required of them under traditional professionalism.
Key words: teacher certificate, special expertise, teacher education and training
ߪߓߦ
ᣣࠊ߇࿖ߢߪޔጊⓍߔࠆᢎ⢒⺖㗴ࠍ೨ߦߒߡߎߎᢙᐕ᧪ޔቇᩞߩࠅᣇߣߥࠄࠎߢޔ ᢎຬߩࠆߴ߈ᆫ߿⾗⾰⢻ജޔᜰዉജࠍ߁⼏⺰ߩᨎߦᥜ߇ߥޕᢎຬ߿ቇᩞᛕ್߇ᄙ ߩߪޔߥߗ߆ޕኅᐸ߿ၞ␠ળߩᢎ⢒ജߩૐਅޔቇᩞ߳ߩᦼᓙㆊߣା㗬ᗵߩ༚ᄬޔᣣ ᧄߩᢎຬߩఝ⑲ᕈࠍᡰ߃ߡ߈ߚ⚵ߺ㧔ᢎຬੱᮭߩᏒ↸ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ߳ߩ⒖⼑ߥߤߦ ࠄࠇࠆᢎ⢒ߩᣇಽᮭൻޔ⽷㔍ߦ߁ੱ᧚⏕ᴺ߿⟵ോᢎ⢒࿖ᐶ⽶ᜂᴺߩ⋥ߒޔណ↪ ᓟߩ⡯ᢎ⢒⎇ୃߩ❗ዊ╬㧕߇ޔቇᩞࠍขࠅᏎߊ⻉ޘߩ␠ળ⁁ᴫߩᄌൻߦࠃࠅޔំࠄ ߢ߈ߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔዋሶൻߦ߁ቇᩞⷙᮨߩዊⷙᮨൻߦࠃࠅޔᢎຬቯᢙߩᷫޔቇ⚖ⷙᮨ ߩ❗ዊൻ╬ߦޔหవヘᢎຬ߆ࠄቇߴߥޔᄖ߳ߩ⎇ୃߦ߽ࠄࠇߥޔᄙᔔൻࠍ ᭂࠆߣߞߚޔᢎຬࠍขࠅᏎߊᢎ⢒᧦ઙߩᖡൻ߽ήⷞߢ߈ߥޕ ᢥ⑼⋭ߪޔߎߎᢙᐕ✚ว⊛ߥᢎຬᣉ╷ࠍណࠅޔ᳃㑆ੱᩞ㐳ߩណ↪ߦࠃࠆᄖㇱੱ᧚ߩ⊓↪ޔ ᢎຬ⸵⁁ࠍᜬߚߥ␠ળੱߩᢎຬ߳ߩណ↪╬ࠍㅢߒߚᄙ↪ߥੱ᧚ᵴ↪ޔ⎇ୃߩలታ㧔 ⡯ᢎຬᄢቇ㒮⎇ୃޔ10 ᐕ⚻㛎⠪⎇ୃ㧕ޔ⡯㓏㧔ਥᐙᢎ⻀ᜰዉᢎ⻀㧕߿ੱ⹏ଔ㧔ᢎຬ ੱ⠨ᩏᐲ㧕ߩዉޔఝ⑲ᢎຬߩᓆޔਇㆡᩰᢎຬߩឃ㒰╬ࠍㅢߓߡᡷ㕟ࠍㅴߡ߈ߚޕ ߒ߆ߒޔᐲ⊛㕙ߩᡷ㕟ߣ⋧଼ߞߡޔᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߡ߽⻉ޘߩᡷ㕟ߩ ᔅⷐᕈ߇ㄼࠄࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕߘࠇߪޔߎࠇ߹ߢᄢቇ߇ⴕߞߡ߈ߚᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦኻߔࠆᛕ್㧔ޟᄢ ቇߪනࠍߒߡޔᢎຬ⸵⁁ߣ߁⾗ᩰࠍනߦቇ↢ߦઃਈߔࠆߦㆊ߉ߥޠ㧕ߩߺߥࠄߕޔ ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߥߤߦࠃࠆޟᢎᏧ㙃ᚑႶޠߩഃ⸳߿ᄢᚻฃ㛎↥ᬺߦࠃࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢቇ㧔ᣣᧄᢎ ⢒ᄢቇ㒮ᄢቇ㧕ߩ⸳⟎ޔ߹ߚᄢቇ੍ᩞߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⻠ᐳߩ⋓ᴫ߱ࠅߪޔනߥࠆᛕ್ࠍ߃ ߡᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍᩮᧄ⊛ߦ⋥ߔᘒࠍߡࠆߎߣߪታߢࠆޕᄢቇߦ ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑߣ㐿ߩ⸵ᐲߪޔ߹ߐߦሽ⛯ߐ߃ࠊࠇࠆෂᯏߦἄߒߡࠆޕThe Japan Association of Universities of Education will take the steps, instigated by reforms from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology and the Central Council for Education over the last decade, to move toward a national curriculum of teacher training and education.
This paper concludes that the teacher’s ability greatly influences the quality of education in schools. We cannot overlook the relationship between a teacher’s skills and knowledge and the development of schools that foster learning and study. The success of educational reform will succeed or not depend on the teacher’s professional expertise.
ߎ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫߦ㓙ߒޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ៤ࠊࠆᚒޘߪޔߤ߁ะ߈ว߃߫⦟ߩߢࠈ߁߆ޕߘ ࠇߪޔᄢቇߣߒߡߩ⽿છࠍᨐߚߒޔℂ⺰ߣታ〣ߩࠅᣇࠍᩮᧄ⊛ߦ⋥ߒߡ⌀ߦኻጺ ߔࠆߎߣ߇એ೨ߦ߽Ⴧߒߡ᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆߩߢࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥෂᯏᗵࠍ⢛᥊ߦߒߡޔ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱ㧔ᣥ࿖┙ᄢቇ㧕ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱ ߪޔᄢቇ㑆ㅪวߣߒߡߩᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળࠍਛᔃߦޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠࡊ ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ┙ߜߍޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆᄢቇߩታ〣⊛ᜰዉജᒝൻߩ⹜ߺߣߒߡޔᚲ⻐ޟᢎ ຬ㙃ᚑߩో࿖ㅢࠞࠠࡘࡓޠࠍ㐿⊒ߒߡ߈ߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔߘࠇߣߥࠄࠎߢޔᄢቇߦ߅ ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦᒰߚߞߡޔߘߩၮ⋚ߣߒߡߩᢎ㙃ᢎ⢒ߩౣ᭴▽ߦ߽ขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ߈ߡࠆޕ ߘߎߢᧄⓂߦ߅ߡߪޔߎ߁ߒߚㄭᐕߩࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑᐲߩᡷ㕟ߦߟߡ ⷰߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળ߇ᚑߒߚޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࡕ࠺࡞ࠞࠠࡘࡓޠߩಽᨆ ࠍㅢߓߡޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߡᢎᏧߣߒߡᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆ⾗⾰⢻ജޔታ〣⊛ജ㊂ߣߪ߆ ߦߟߡࠄ߆ߦߔࠆޕ߹ߚޔᢎᏧߦ⋧ᔕߒ⾗⾰⢻ജࠍᢎຬᔒᦸߩቇ↢߇ޔ㙃ᚑᲑ㓏ߦ ߅ߡߤߩ⒟ᐲୃᓧߒߡࠆߩ߆ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆᚻ┙ߡߣߒߡޔޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠ߇ 2010 ᐕᐲ ࠃࠅዉߐࠇࠆ੍ቯߦߥߞߡࠆޕߎߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪᄢቇ߇⁛⥄ᕈࠍᜬߒߟߟޔߤߩࠃ߁ ߥℂᔨߩਅߢޔ߆ߦߒߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕޔᢎᏧߣߒߡߩ⾗⾰⢻ജ߿ജ㊂ࠍቇ↢ߦኻߒߡ りߦߟߌߐߖࠆߩ߆ࠍ߁߽ߩߢࠅޔනߥࠆᢎ⡯⑼⋡ߩᣂߚߥ⸳ቯߦᱛ߹ࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ ޕᢎ⡯⺖⒟ࠍߔࠆᄢቇ߇ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦኻߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥࠬ࠲ࡦࠬࠍขࠅޔቇ↢ࠍ⢒ߡߡ ߊߩ߆߇ޔ߹ߐߦࠊࠇߡࠆߩߢࠆޕߘߎߢ૬ߖߡᧄⓂߢߪޔߎ߁ߒߚ⢛᥊ࠍ〯߹ ߃ߡޔ㋈㣮࿖㓙ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⸥ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦߟߡ߽ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߣߒߚޕ
Σ㧚ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑᐲߩᡷ㕟
㧝㧚ㄭᐕߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍߋࠆᡷ㕟
ᚢᓟࠊ߇࿖ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑߪޔᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍේೣߣߒޔᚢ೨ߩᏧ▸ቇᩞ߆ࠄᩰ ߒߚᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢቇቇㇱߣਗࠎߢޔᢎ⡯⺖⒟ࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆᄢቇቇㇱߦ߅ߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕ ߁ߣ߁㐿ߦၮߠߡߥߐࠇߡ߈ߚޕᢥㇱ⋭㧔ᒰᤨ㧕ߦࠃࠆᢎ⡯⺖⒟ቯ㧔1953 ᐕ㧕ߩዉߦࠃߞߡޔ㙃ᚑᲑ㓏ߢߩ⸵ၮḰࠍ⛽ᜬߒޔᢎᏧߣߒߡߩၮ␆⊛ޔၮᧄ⊛⾗⾰ ߿ജ㊂ߩ⏕ࠍ࿑ߞߡ߈ߚޕ 1997 ᐕ㧣ߦᢎ⢒⡯ຬ㙃ᚑክ⼏ળ╙㧝ᰴ╵↳ޟᣂߚߥᤨઍߦะߌߚᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩᡷༀᣇ╷ ߦߟߡޠ߇ߐࠇߡએ㒠ޔⷙ✭ᄢቇᢎ⢒ᄢ✁ൻߩᣇ㊎ߩਅߢޔᓥ᧪ߩ㧔㧝㧕ߟ ߩᤨઍߢ߽ᢎຬߦ᳞ࠄࠇࠆ⾗⾰⢻ജ㧔ޟᢎ⡯ߦኻߔࠆᗲ⌕ޔࠅޔ৻ᗵߦᡰ߃ࠄࠇߚ⍮ ⼂ޔᛛ⢻╬ߩ✚ޠ㧕ߣߣ߽ߦޔ㧔㧞㧕ᓟ․ߦᢎຬߦ᳞ࠄࠇࠆౕ⊛⾗⾰⢻ജ㧔ޟ⊛ ⷞ㊁ߦ┙ߞߡⴕേߔࠆߚߩ⾗⾰⢻ജޠޟᄌൻߩᤨઍࠍ↢߈ࠆ␠ળੱߦ᳞ࠄࠇࠆ⾗⾰⢻ ജޠޟᢎຬߩ⡯ോ߆ࠄᔅὼ⊛ߦ᳞ࠄࠇࠆ⾗⾰⢻ജޠ㧕ߣߥࠄࠎߢޔ㧔㧟㧕ޟᓧᗧಽ㊁ࠍᜬߟ ᕈ⼾߆ߥᢎຬߩᔅⷐᕈޠ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕߎߩߎߣߪޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩᢎຬߩ⾗⾰⢻
ജߩઁߦޔᒰᤨߔߢߦᐢ▸࿐ߦࠊߚߞߡᷓೞൻߒߡߚቇᩞߩ⨹ࠇ߿ᣂߚߥᢎ⢒㗴ߦኻ ಣߔࠆᄙ᭽ߥ⢻ജߩ㐿⊒㧔↢ᓤᜰዉޔࠞ࠙ࡦࡦࠣߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂ታ〣ജޔ࿖㓙ൻޔᖱ ႎൻ߳ߩኻᔕജ㧕ߣߣ߽ߦޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕ߁ᄢቇቇㇱߦ߅ߌࠆℂᔨ߿ᕈࠍᵴ߆ߒߚᢎ ຬߩ⢒ᚑ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆߎߣߦઁߥࠄߥޕ ߹ߚޔ1999 ᐕ 12 ߦߐࠇߚหክ⼏ળ╙㧟ᰴ╵↳ޟ㙃ᚑߣណ↪⎇ୃߣߩㅪ៤ߩṖ ൻߦߟߡޠߢߪޔฦㇺᐭ⋵ߢޟ᳞ࠆᢎᏧޠࠍ␜ߒߟߟޔੱ‛⹏ଔࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦⴕ߁ ㆬ⠨ᣇᴺ߿ၮḰߩᄙ᭽ൻޔᄙరൻ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕߐࠄߦห╵↳ߢߪޔޟᢎຬߩฦࠗࡈ ࠬ࠹ࠫߦᔕߓߡ᳞ࠄࠇࠆ⾗⾰⢻ജޠߦߟߡ⸒ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔޟೋછ⠪ߩᲑ㓏ޠޟਛၷ ᢎຬߩᲑ㓏ޠޟ▤ℂ⡯ߩᲑ㓏ޠߘࠇߙࠇߦ߅ߡᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆᢎຬߩ⾗⾰ะࠍଦߔ↢ᶦ⎇ ୃ♽ൻߩᢛ߇⻭ࠊࠇߡߚޕ 2001 ᐕ 11 ߦߐࠇߚޟᓟߩ࿖┙ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢቇቇㇱߩࠅᣇߦߟߡޠߩႎ๔ ᦠߢߪޔ⋵ၞࠍ߃ߚ⛔วౣ✬߿㒝ዻቇᩞߩห৻ᩞ⒳ⶄᢙᩞߩᢛℂߥߤ߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡ ߚޕߒ߆ߒઁᣇߢޔߎࠇࠄߩᄢቇቇㇱߩᢎຬዞ⡯₸ߩૐਅࠍ⢛᥊ߦޔᢎຬߩታ〣⊛ᜰዉ ജߩ⢒ᚑޔ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓߩᡷༀ╬߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇޔߣࠅࠊߌᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦኻߒߡ෩ߒ ᛕ್߇ᶎ߮ߖ߆ߌࠄࠇࠆ⋥ធߩᄾᯏߣߥߞߚޕߜߥߺߦⴕࡌ࡞ߢߪޔߎߩ㑆ᢎ⡯ߩ ା㗬ᕈ߿ㆡᩰᕈߩ⏕ࠍฬ⋡ߦޔޟᜰዉജਇ⿷ᢎຬޠ߿ޟᢎຬ⹏ଔᐲޠ㧔ੱ⠨ᩏᐲ㧕 ߩᢛ߇ฦㇺᐭ⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߦ߅ߡ࿑ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߡࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⿲ࠍ⢛᥊ߦޔ2005 ᐕ 10 ߦߐࠇߚਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╵↳ޟᣂߒᤨઍߩ ⟵ോᢎ⢒ࠍഃㅧߔࠆޠߢߪޔޟࠆߴ߈ᢎᏧߩ␜ޠࠍߒߡࠆ߇ޔఝࠇߚᢎᏧߩ᧦ઙߦ ߪޔᰴߩ㧟ߟߩⷐ⚛ࠍߨ߃ߡࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ Ԙᢎ⡯ߦኻߔࠆᒝᖱᾲ̖̖ᢎᏧߩߦኻߔࠆᗵ߿ࠅޔሶߤ߽ߦኻߔࠆᗲᖱ߿ ⽿છᗵߥߤࠍᜬߜޔขࠅᏎߊ࿐ߩⅣႺ߿ሶߤ߽ߚߜ߳ߩㆡಾߥኻᔕߩᔅⷐᕈ߆ࠄޔᏱ ߦቇ߮⛯ߌࠆะᔃࠍᜬߟߎߣ߇ᄢಾߢࠆޕ ԙᢎ⢒ߩኾ㐷ኅߣߒߡߩ⏕߆ߥജ㊂̖̖ᢎᏧߩജ㊂ߦߪޔሶߤ߽ℂ⸃ജޔఽ┬↢ᓤᜰ ዉജޔ㓸࿅ᜰዉߩജޔቇ⚖ߠߊࠅߩജޔቇ⠌ᜰዉᬺߠߊࠅߩജޔᢎ᧚⸃㉼ߩജߥߤ ߇ᄢಾߢࠆޕ Ԛ✚ว⊛ߥੱ㑆ജ̖̖ሶߤ߽ߚߜߩੱᩰᒻᚑߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⠪ߣߒߡޔ⼾߆ߥੱ㑆ᕈ߿␠ળᕈޔ Ᏹ⼂ߣᢎ㙃ޔ␞ᴺࠍᆎߣߔࠆኻੱ㑐ଥ⢻ജޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߥߤߩੱᩰ ⊛⾗⾰ޔߥࠄ߮ߦઁߩᢎᏧ߿ോ⡯ຬޔᩕ㙃⡯ຬߥߤߣߩᢎ⡯ຬోߣหߣߒߡදജ ߒߡߊߎߣ߇ᄢಾߢࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥା㗬ߐࠇࠆᢎᏧߩ㙃ᚑ⏕ߣߣ߽ߦޔห╵↳ߢߪޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⸵ᐲߩ ᡷ㕟ߦߟߡ߽⸅ࠇࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ․ߦԚߩ✚ว⊛ߥੱ㑆ജߩ⢒ᚑߩߚߦߪޔ㙃ᚑᲑ㓏ߦ ߅ߡᐢ⼾߆ߥᢎ㙃ࠍりߦߟߌߚੱ᧚㙃ᚑߣቇᩞߩታᘒ߿࠾߽〯࠭߹߃ߚ⾗⾰⢻ജ ߩ⢒ᚑߣਗࠎߢޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⾰ߩ⛽ᜬะߩ⸽߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
㧞㧚ޗ֥ူ଼͈࿚ఴതġ
ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᐲࠍߋࠆㄭᐕߩᡷ㕟ߩേ߈ߩਛߢޔᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦߟߡޔవㅀ ߩ 2001 ᐕߩޟ㧔ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ㧕ࠅᣇᙣ⺣ળޠߦ߅ߡ෩ߒᛕ್߇ᶎ߮ߖ߆ߌࠄࠇߡએ᧪ޔ ࿖┙ᄢቇᴺੱߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱࠍਛᔃߦ⻉ޘߩᡷ㕟ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇ߥߐࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕ ߘߩਥዉ⊛ᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ߈ߚ᧲੩ቇ⧓ᄢቇ㐳ߩ㣐ጊᕶᒾߪޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍߋࠆᡷༀᣇ╷ ߦߟߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡࠆޕ2) ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆ㧟ߟߩ㗔ၞ㧔ᢎ⢒⑼ቇޟᢎ⡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޠޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷⑼⋡ޟᢎ⑼ߦ 㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޠޔᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ޟᢎ⑼ᜰዉᴺޠ㧕߇ࡃࡃߢޔߞߡ߅ߌ߫ቇ↢ߪീᒝߔࠆ ߣ߁੍ቯ⊛⺞⺑߿✽ᒛࠅή⽿છ⺰ߩᮮⴕߢޔߎࠇ߹ߢ߁߹ߊᯏ⢻ߒߡߎߥ߆ߞߚޕ ߎߩߚޔ㧟ߟߩ㗔ၞࠍᯏ⊛ߦᯏ⢻ߐߖޔ⚿߮ߟߌࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ᄢቇ㧠ᐕ㑆ߢޔᗵ⽿છᗵޔ␠ળᕈኻੱ㑐ଥޔఽ┬↢ᓤℂ⸃ޔᢎ⑼ߩᜰዉജ ࠍቇ↢߇りߦߟߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦᬌ⸽ߔࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߠߊࠅ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ ࠆߴ߈ᢎᏧࠍឝߍޔᢎຬߩᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆ⾗⾰ߣߒߡޔԘੱ߿‛ߦߟߡߩ⺞ᢛ 㧔cordinate㧕⢻ജޔԙഃㅧ⊛↢↥⢻ജޔԚᣂߚߥ⺖㗴ߦኻߔࠆ㐿⊒⢻ജޔԛหߣ߁ ߹ߊ߿ߞߡߊ⢻ജ߇㐿⊒ߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ᄢቇ߇ណ↪㧔ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ㧕ߦᦸߎߣߪޔᢎຬߦߪኾ㐷⍮⼂ߦߟߡߩ⛘߃㑆ߥ ⎇ୃޔ⍮⼂ᛛ⢻ߩᦝᣂޔᨵエߥੱ㑆ᕈ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆߩߦޔ⹜㛎ߢࠊࠇࠆߩߪ ណ↪Ბ㓏ߩࠬࠠ࡞ߢߩㆬᛮߦߞߡ߅ࠅޔߒߥ߿߆ߥᄌൻࠍផߒ㊂ࠇࠆㆬᛮ߇ᔅⷐߢ ࠆޕ ઍ⧯⠪᳇⾰㧔⢐ቯ⊛ߥ⥄Ꮖᗧ⼂ޔቇ↢㧩㘈ቴޔᜰ␜ᓙߜੱ㑆ޔᚻ߇ដ߆ࠆޔ࿎㔍ࠍ సߢ߈ߥ㧕ߩਅߢޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕࠊߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߣ߁⧰ᷦ߇ᄢቇߩᢎຬ㑆 ߦḩߜḷࠇߡࠆޕ ᄙర⊛ଔ୯ⷰߦၮߠߊᢎຬណ↪ߣޔ⹏ଔၮḰߩ৻రൻߣ߁ᢎຬណ↪ߩ⍦⋫߇ሽߔ ࠆޕ ߎࠇߦኻߒߡណ↪ߩᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߦߪޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㗴ὐ߇ࠆޔߣ᧲੩ㇺᢎ⢒㐳㧔ᒰ ᤨ㧕ਛᱜᒾߪޔᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ3) ᄢ㊂ណ↪ߦߟߡߪޔዊቇᩞᢎຬ߇࿅႙ઍߩᄢ㊂ㅌ⡯ߢਇ⿷ߒߡ߅ࠅޔណ↪⹜㛎߽ 㧞⒟ᐲߦߥߞߡㆬᛮ߇ߢ߈ߥ⁁ᴫߦߥߞߡࠆޕ ᢎຬߩ㔛ⷐߦߟߡߪޔၞᏅ㧔ᄢㇺᏒߩߺᄁᚻᏒ႐㧕߇ࠅޔᣇߩ⾈ᚻᏒ႐ߩઁ ⋵㧔߃߫ޔችၔ⋵㧕ߣදቯࠍ⚿ࠎߢࡌ࠹ࡦᢎຬࠍ㧟ᐕ㑆ഀᗲߒޔㇺߩዊቇᩞߦࠬ ࠞ࠙࠻ߒߡࠆޕ㧔ߘߩಽޔችၔ⋵ߪᣂណᢎຬࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ㧕 ᢎຬߩᐕ㦂᭴ᚑߩࠕࡦࡃࡦࠬࠍᐔḰൻߔࠆߚޔᄖㇱੱ᧚ߩᵴ↪ޔㅌ⡯ᢎຬߩౣછ ↪ࠍ࿑ߞߡࠆޕ ⾰ߩ⏕ߦߪޔᢎຬ⸵⁁߇ਇนᰳߢࠅޔ৻⧓ߦ⑲ߢߡࠆߛߌߢߪណ↪ߦߪਇߢࠆޕ ઁᣇޔᄢቇ߇㙃ᚑߔࠆቇ↢ߦኻߒޔή᧦ઙߢᢎຬ⸵ࠍࠆߛߌߢߪޔ⾰߇ಽ߆ࠄ ߥޕቇ↢ߩ⾰ࠍಽߌࠄࠇࠆᣇ╷߇ߥ߽ߩ߆ޕ ᣂណᢎຬߩ߁ߜޔ㧡ߩㅪભߌߦߪᲤᐕ 50 ฬ⒟ᐲߩㅌ⡯⠪߇ߡࠆޕሶߤ߽߇ ህޔሶߤ߽߿⼔⠪ߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ߇߁߹ߊขࠇߥޔ㗴ࠍᛴ߃ㄟߺห ߿ᩞ㐳ߦ⋧⺣ߢ߈ߥޔ㗴⸃߇ߢ߈ߥ╬߇ߘߩㅌ⡯ℂ↱ߢࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ߡߊࠆߣޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߪޔᓟࠃࠅ৻ጀᢎ⢒႐ߣᄢቇߩኻ ࠍផߒㅴޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦࠍ᳞ߡࠆߩ߆ޔណ↪ߢ᳞ߡࠆߎߣࠍࡔ࠶ࠫߣ ߒߡᄢቇߦㅍࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕߎࠇߦߪޔቇᩞ႐ࠍၮゲߦ⎇ⓥࠍⴕޔᢎᏧ߿႐ߩ ჿࠍⴕ߿╷ࡌ࡞ߦ߹ߢᒁ߈ߍߡߊߎߣ߇ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩߦ߽᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ៤ࠊࠆᄢቇߢߪޔᢎ⢒ᡷ㕟ߦኻߔࠆᢎᏧߩჿࠍᄖㇱߦኻߒߡ⺰ℂ⊛߆ߟౕ ⊛ߦ⸒⺆ൻߔࠆ༡ߺߣޔᡷ㕟ߩࡊࡠࠬߦߘߩჿࠍᐲ⊛⚵❱⊛ߦᤋߐߖࠆ⚵ߺࠍ ࠅߔߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔᄢቇ߇ᢎຬ㙃ᚑ߿⎇ୃࠍㅢߒߡߢ߈ࠆߎߣ ߣߒߡޔ㊄ሶ⌀ℂሶߪޔᰴߩ㧞ὐࠍߍߡࠆޕ4) ᄢቇߪᢎ⢒ⴕߩ࠾࠭ߦ⡊ࠍߌࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔቇᩞ႐߆ࠄᢎᏧߩჿࠍ߈ߜࠎߣ ⡬߈ขࠆޕᢎᏧߩჿࠍๆߍޔⴕ߿╷ߦࡈࠖ࠼ࡃ࠶ࠢߒߡߊࠃ߁ߥࠪࠬ࠹ ࡓࠍ㙃ᚑ⎇ୃߩ႐ߢត᳞ߔࠆޕ ᢎ⢒ታ〣ߩࠅᣇࠍޔᐢ␠ળ⊛ᢥ⣂ߩਛߢቇⴚ⊛ߦಽᨆ⎇ⓥߔࠆޕ߹ߚޔᄢቇ߇ ޟቇᩞ㧙ᢎᏧ㧙ⴕޠߣ߁ᣂߚߥࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ
㧟㧚ᢎ⢒ࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߩォ឵ߣᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩᡷ㕟
వㅀߩࠃ߁ߦޔߎߎᢙ 10 ᐕ᧪ޔࠊ߇࿖ߩቇᩞᢎ⢒ࠍߋࠆᡷ㕟ߪᨎߦᥜ߇ߥޕ ઍ⊛ߥᢎ⢒⺖㗴ߦ㑐ࠊࠆᢎ⢒ౝኈ߿ᣇᴺߩዉᡷༀޔᣂቇജⷰ㧔↢߈ࠆജ㧕ߩឭ␜ޔᜰ ዉⷐ㍳ᡷ⸓ޔ⹏ଔⷰὐၮḰ㧔⛘ኻ⹏ଔⷰὐ⹏ଔ㧕ߩᄌᦝޔቇᩞㅳ㧡ᣣޔቇᩞ⹏⼏ ຬᐲߩዉޔቇᩞㆬᛯޔᣇಽᮭ╬ޘޔߎ߁ߒߚ⍫⛮߉ᣧߩᡷ㕟߇ޔᢎᏧߩታ〣߿ߘ ߩኾ㐷⡯ᕈߦ⋥ធᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ߈ߚߎߣߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥޕ ߎ߁ߒߚᡷ㕟ߩਅߢޔᣣቇᩞߢߪޔᢎᏧ߇ߦㅪ៤දߒวߞߡၞ␠ળ߿ⷫࠍ Ꮞ߈ㄟࠎߛᒻߢޔᢎᏧജࠍ⏴߈วޔቇᩞߩᢎ⢒ജࠍ㜞ߡޟ․⦡ࠆቇᩞߠߊࠅޠޟ㐿߆ ࠇߚቇᩞߠߊࠅޠ߇ផߒㅴࠄࠇߡࠆޕ㧝ߟߩᢎ⢒ࡆ࡚ࠫࡦࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦߪޔᢎᏧ 㧝ੱ߇ⴕ߁ߩߢߪߊޔⶄᢙߩᢎᏧ߿ቇᄖߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ㧔ⷫ߿ၞ␠ળߩੱޘ㧕ߣᓎഀಽᜂࠍ ߒߥ߇ࠄⴕ߁߇ᕡᏱൻߒߟߟࠆޕߐࠄߦ߹ߚޔߎࠇߪޟᢎ⢒ᵴേߩหൻޠߣ⸒ࠊ ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ㓞ធᩞ⒳㑆߿ၞߩઁߩᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ޔ␠ળᣉ⸳ޔක≮ᯏ㑐╬ߣㅪ៤ߒߚᵴ േ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߡࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦቇᩞߦ㑐ࠊࠆ᭽ޘߥੱޘߣදߒߥ߇ࠄᢎ⢒ᵴേ߇৻⥸ൻߒޔᩞ㐳ߩ࠳ ࠪ࠶ࡊߩਅߢᢎ⢒ജ㧔ቇᩞജ㧕ࠍ⊒ើߔࠆቇᩞߦ߅ߡߪޔᒰὼߩߎߣߥ߇ࠄᢎᏧߩࠅᣇ߽એ೨ߣߪ⥄ߕߣ⇣ߥߞߡߊࠆޕߘࠇߪޔਃ⍹ೋ㓶߇⸒߁ࠃ߁ߦޟቇᐕ߿ቇᩞోޔቇ ᩞߣၞࠍ߽ᛴวߔࠆࠃ߁ߥቇᩞᢎ⢒ᵴേࠍ࠴ࡓߣߒߡഃߢ߈ࠆᢎᏧ⟲߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߟ ߟࠆޠ5)ߎߣࠍᗧߒߡࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔᢎ⑼㑆ߩᢎ⢒⋡ᮡࠍᔨ㗡ߦ⟎߈ߥ߇ࠄޔ⺖㗴ࠍ ⸳ቯߒޔߘߩታߩߚߦቇᩞౝᄖߩ⾗Ḯࠍ᭴ᚑዷ㐿ౣ᭴ᚑߢ߈ࠆᢎᏧ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡ ࠆߩߢࠆޕ ߎ߁ߒߚᢎᏧߩജ㊂ߪޔޟᢎ⡯ߩޡ⡯ኾ㐷ᕈޢޠ6)ߩ㧝ߟߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ⇣⡯ ⒳ኾ㐷ኅߩࠅࠍ೨ឭߣߒޔߘࠇࠄߣදࠍᔨ㗡ߦ߅ߡޔ߆ߟ߹ߣ߹ࠅࠍᜬߞߚᢎ ⢒ᵴേࠍഃࠅߔઍ⊛ߥቇᩞ⚻༡ߩജ㊂ߢࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߹ߚઁᣇߢޔߘࠇߙࠇߩቇᩞߩ⁛⥄ᕈ߿․⦡ࠆᢎ⢒ᵴേࠍታ〣ߔࠆߚߦߪޔᢎᏧߩ ࠃࠅ৻ጀߩ⺖㗴ត᳞⢻ജޔ⥄Ꮖ⋭ኤജޔౣ᭴ᚑജߥߤߩജ㊂߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕߎ߁ߒߚ ⢛᥊ߦߪޔ1998 ᐕߦߐࠇߚᢎ⢒⺖⒟ክ⼏ળߩ╵↳ߦ߽ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔߘࠇ߹ߢߩ⍮⼂ ㄟߺဳᢎ⢒߆ࠄޔ⥄ࠄቇ߮⥄ࠄ⠨߃ࠆᢎ⢒߳ߣࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߩォ឵ࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄ ࠇߡࠆޕߎࠇߪޔනߦሶߤ߽ߚߜ߇ᢎ߃ࠄࠇߚ⍮⼂ࠍⷡ߃ࠆᢎ⢒߆ࠄޔ⥄ࠄ⺖㗴ࠍ ߒត᳞ߔࠆߣ߁ቇ߮߳ߩᢎ⢒ቇ⠌ⷰߩᄢォ឵ࠍᗧߔࠆޕ7) ኹጟ⧷↵ߪޔL㧚࠙ࠚࡦࠟߩޡ⁁ᴫߦၒㄟ߹ࠇߚቇ⠌ޢ㧔1991 ᐕ㧕ߦଐߒߥ߇ࠄޔ ቇ⠌ࠍታ〣ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߳ߩෳടߣᾫ✵ߩ⊒㆐ߣᝒ߃ޔੱਥ⟵⊛ߥ㧔⍮⼂ᛛ⢻ߩ㧕 ₪ᓧߩౝൻߣߡ߈ߚᓥ᧪ߩᢎ⢒ቇ⠌ⷰߩᄌᦝࠍㄼߞߡࠆޕߎߎߢ⸒߁ޟታ〣ߩࠦࡒ ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖޠߣߪޔሶߤ߽ߣቇᩞ㧔ᢎᏧ㧕߇❱ࠅᚑߔቇ߮ߩ⚵❱ߢࠅޔߘߎߦ߅ߡ⛘߃ 㑆ߥߊᄌࠊࠅ⛯ߌࠆෳടߣ⋧ࠍቇ⠌⠪㧔ሶߤ߽㧕ߩ゠ߢࠆޔߣᓐߪߥߒߡࠆߩ ߢࠆޕ8) ߎ߁ߒߚࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߩォ឵ߪޔᣂߚߥᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩᔅⷐᕈࠍଦߒߡࠆޕ߃߫ޔㄭᐕ OECD ߩ PISA ߢᚑ❣ࠍභߡࠆࡈࠖࡦࡦ࠼ߢߪޔቇ⠌ߩᡷༀ߿ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩᡷ㕟 ߦߜᣧߊขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ߈ߡ߅ࠅޔޟ࠴ࡘ࠲ޠޔޟหቇ⠌⠪ޠޔޟࡈࠔࠪ࠹࠲ޠߣ ߞߚᣂߚߥᢎᏧߩ⒓ࠍ↪ޔᓐࠄߪሶߤ߽ߚߜߩቇ߮ߩ⚵❱⠪ߣߥߐࠇߡࠆޕ9) ߹ߚޔPISA ߩ⺞ᩏߩߨࠄߦߪޔᢎ⢒ቇ⠌ⷰߩォ឵ߣ࠹ࠪߩᔨߦㄟࠄࠇ ߚᗧ߿ࠞࠠࡘࡓᡷ㕟ߩ⇇⊛േะ߇ᮮߚࠊߞߡࠆޕߘߎߢߪޔᚒޘࠍขࠅᏎߊ ⇇߿␠ળߦߟߡℂ⸃ߒޔᗧᕁቯ߇ߢ߈ࠆߚߦޔ⑼ቇ⊛⍮⼂߿ᣇᴺࠍ㚟ߒߡ㗴ࠍ ߒޔ⸃ߢ߈ࠆ⢻ജ㧔㧩࠹ࠪ㧕ࠍ㐿⊒ߒߡ߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߒߚ߇ߞߡޔߎߘߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⇇߿␠ળߦኻߒߡᏱߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߜޔὑߦ㑐ࠊࠆߎߣߩ ߢ߈ࠆᏒ᳃ߩ⢒ᚑ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆߩߢࠆޕ10) OECD ߩ PISA ဳቇജⷰߪޔ2006 ᐕߦߐࠇߚਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળޟክ⼏⚻ㆊႎ๔ޠߦ߅ ߡ߽ޔዋߥ߆ࠄߧᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߒߡࠆޕߘߎߢߪޔቇജࠍၮ␆⊛ޔၮᧄ⊛ߥ⍮⼂ᛛ⢻ ߩ⠌ᓧߣ⥄ࠄቇ߮ޔ⥄ࠄ⠨߃ࠆត᳞ဳߩ✚ߣߒߡᝒ߃ޔᔅߕߒ߽ਔ⠪ࠍੑᓞ⢛⊛ߦ ߥߒߡߥޕหႎ๔ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔߎߩὐߦߟߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ⺑߇ߥߐࠇߡࠆޕ11)
Ԙ ℂ⸃ቯ⌕ࠍၮ␆ߣߒߡޔ⍮⼂ᛛ⢻ࠍታ㓙ߦᵴ↪ߔࠆജ㊂ߩ⢒ᚑࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆޕ ԙ ᵴ↪ߔࠆജ㊂ࠍၮ␆ߣߒߡޔ⺖㗴ࠍត᳞ߔࠆᵴേࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢޔ⥄ࠄቇ߮ޔ⥄ࠄ ⠨߃ࠆജࠍ㜞ࠆޕ ߎ߁ߒߚⷞὐߦ┙ߡ߫ޔ⍮⼂ᛛ⢻ߩቯ⌕ޔᔕ↪ޔᵴ↪ߎߘ߇ޔᕁ⠨ജޔ್ᢿജޔ ജࠍ⢒ߣߐࠇߡࠆޕߎࠇߪޔ߹ߐߦ᳢↪⢻ജ㧔competency㧕ߩᵴ↪ߦઁߥࠄߥޕ⺖ 㗴ត᳞⢻ജޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജޔදᵴേࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆ⢻ജߪޔᓥ᧪ߩቇ⠌ߛߌߢ ၭ߁ߎߣߪ߈ࠊߡ࿎㔍ߢࠆޕߘߎߢߪޔត᳞ޔޔදߔࠆࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍዷ㐿ߒޔ ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍᵴ߆ߔᣂߒ࠲ࠗࡊߩቇ⠌߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕᣂߒቇ⠌ߪޔᣂߒᢎᏧ ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆޕ⍮⼂ࠍવ㆐ߔࠆߣ߁ᓥ᧪ߩᓎഀࠍ߃ޔሶߤ߽ߚߜߩදត᳞ࡊࡠࠫࠚ ࠢ࠻ࠍᵴᕈൻߒޔ⚵❱ൻߔࠆࡈࠔࠪ࠹࠻ࠦ࠺ࠖࡀ࠲ߣߒߡߩᢎᏧߩታ〣ജޔ ⚵❱ജ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕߘߒߡታ〣ജᒻᚑߩߚߦߪޔߘࠇߦ⋧ᔕߒᢎᏧᢎ⢒ߩ࠺ࠩ ࠗࡦߣ⚵❱߇ᔅⷐߢࠅޔᢎᏧ⥄ࠄߩදࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⊒ዷߩⓍߺ㊀ߨߣࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ ൻ߇㎛ߣߥߞߡࠆߩߢࠆޕ12) ઁᣇᢎᏧߚߜߪޔሶߤ߽ߩቇജᒻᚑㆊ⒟ߩਛߢޔ⋭ኤߦࠃߞߡ⁁ᴫߣኻߒߥ߇ࠄኾ㐷 ᕈࠍ⊒ើߒߡࠆޕ⮮ቇߦࠃࠇ߫ޔޟᢎ⡯ࠍⶄ㔀ߥᢥ⣂ߢⶄว⊛ߥ㗴⸃ࠍㆀⴕߔࠆᢥ ൻ⊛ޔ␠ળ⊛ታ〣ߩ㗔ၞߣߒߡ⸳ቯߒޔ㗴⁁ᴫߦਥ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߒߡሶߤ߽ߣ↢߈ߚ㑐ଥ ࠍขࠅ⚿߮ޔ⋭ኤߣᾫ⠨ߦࠃߞߡ㗴ࠍ⽎ߒ⸃╷ࠍㆬᛯߒ್ᢿߔࠆታ〣⊛⼂߇ਇน ᰳߢࠅޔ̖̖⋭⊛ታ〣ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆޠ13)ᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔਭ㑆♿ ߽ޔD㧚࡚ࠪࡦߩޡ⋭⊛ታ〣ኅޢ㧔1983 ᐕ㧕ࠍᒁ↪ߒߥ߇ࠄޔޟ⥄Ꮖߩታ〣ࠍⶄ⌒⊛ߦ ⋭ኤߔࠆജ㊂㧔reflectiononaction㧕ߣ⁁ᴫߣኻߔࠆᕁ⠨ജ㧔reflectioninaction㧕ߎ ߘ߇ޔ̖̖ޡታ〣⊛ᜰዉജޢߩਛᩭߢࠆޠ14)ߣᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ ᢎ⡯ߪਇ⏕ታߥ⁁ᴫߩਛߢޔහ⥝⊛ߢⶄ⌒⊛ߥᕁ⠨ⴕേࠍⴕ߁㜞ᐲߦ⍮⊛ߥ⡯ᬺߢࠅޔ ᢎᏧߩታ〣⊛ᜰዉജߪੱ㑆߳ߩ⌒Ꮕߒࠍᷓࠆᢎ㙃ᢎ⢒߿ޔᛕ್⊛ᕁ⠨ജࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆኾ 㐷ᢎ⢒ߩบߥߒߦߪޔ⡯ോߩㆀⴕ߇ਇน⢻ߢࠆޕ⚿⺰ߣߒߡ⸒߁ߣޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦߪ㧔ࠕ㧕 㧝ੱߩᏒ᳃ߣߒߡߩੱ㑆߿⇇ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚߩᐢᢎ㙃ᢎ⢒ޔ㧔ࠗ㧕ቇߩᧄ⾰ߦ⸅ࠇ ࠆߚߩኾ㐷ᢎ⢒ޔ㧔࠙㧕ᢎ⢒߿ᢎ⡯ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚߩኾ㐷ᢎ⢒ޔ㧔ࠛ㧕ᢎᏧߣߒߡ↢߈ࠆ ⥄ࠄߩᕁᗐߣޔౕ⊛ߥ⥄ઁߩታ〣ߦහߒߚ✚ว⊛ߥᜰዉജࠍ⋭ኤߔࠆኾ㐷ኅᢎ⢒߇ ᔅⷐߣߐࠇߡࠆߩߢࠆޕ15) ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔߎࠇ߆ࠄᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ✬ᚑේℂߪޔᓥ᧪ߩࠃ߁ߥᢎᏧ߇㜞 ᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ߩ⍮⼂ࠍᜬߜޔߘࠇࠍߌߡሶߤ߽߇ࡑࠬ࠲ߔࠆߣ߁ߩߢߪߥޕሶߤ߽ߩ 㑐ᔃޔᗧ᰼ޔᘒᐲࠍᝪ߃ߡޔߘࠇߙࠇߩᛴ߃ࠆ⊒㆐⺖㗴ߦኻߒߡㆡಾߥኻᔕ߇ߢ߈ࠆᢎ Ꮷߩ㙃ᚑߣޔᓐࠄߩ⢒ߟᄙ᭽ߥᢎ⢒႐ߢߩ㛎ࠍ〯߹߃ߚߢޔߘࠇࠍ⋭ኤߔࠆᢎᏧߣ ߒߡߩജ㊂ᒻᚑࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߥߩߢࠆޕ16)
㧠㧚ਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╵↳ߦࠆᦨᣂߩേะ
2006 ᐕ㧣ߦߐࠇߚਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╵↳ޟᓟߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⸵ᐲߩࠅᣇߦߟ ߡޠߢߪޔԘᢎ⡯⺖⒟ߩ⾰⊛᳓Ḱߩะ㧔㧩ޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߩᣂ⸳㧕ޔԙᢎ⡯ᄢቇ㒮ߩഃ ⸳ޔԚᢎຬ⸵ᦝᣂߩዉ߇ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߹ߕޔԘߦߟߡࠆߣޔᢎຬ⸵⁁ਈᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗⾰⢻ജޔᢎຬߣߒߡߩജ㊂ᒻ ᚑߩ⏕߇ᄢቇߦ߅ߡ߹ߜ߹ߜߥߚޔㅢߩၮḰ㧔minimum standard㧕߇ߖߕޔ ᢎߦኻߔࠆ␠ળ⊛ା㗬߇ૐਅߒߡ߈ߡࠆߩߪታߢࠆޕනቯߩၮḰ߇ᄢቇᢎຬ ߦᆔߨࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔޟᢎ⡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޠޔޟᢎ⑼ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޠޔޟᢎ⑼ߪᢎ⡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼ ⋡ޠޔߦߟߡߩ⛔৻⊛ߥࠟࠗ࠼ࠗࡦ߽ߥߊޔᜂᒰ⠪ߏߣߦౝኈ߿⹏ଔၮḰ߽⇣ߥߞߡ ࠆޕߘࠇࠁ߃ߦޔᢎขᓧᤨߦᄢቇߢߩቇ⠌ጁᱧࠍᝄࠅࠅޔ₪ᓧߒߚᜰዉജߩ᳓Ḱࠍ⏕ ߔࠆ⚵ߺ߇ᔅⷐߣߐࠇޔߎߩ⚿ᨐዉߐࠇࠆߩ߇ޔޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߢࠆޕ߹ߚߘߩ 㓙ޔᄢቇߣᢎ⢒ታ⠌ᩞޔᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ߇หߒߡޔᰴઍߩᢎຬࠍ㙃ᚑߔࠆᯏળߣߒߡߩᢎ ⢒ታ⠌ߩᡷༀలታޔฦᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⚵❱⊛߆ߟ♽⊛ߥᢎ⡯ᜰዉߩలታ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡ ࠆޕᢥ⸒ߦ⋓ࠄࠇߚޟᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑޠߣߪޔᢎᏧႶ߿ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࡒ࠽ߥߤߩᄢ ቇએᄖߩᯏ㑐ߦࠃࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍዥ⋡ߦޔ߹ߐߦޟᄢቇߣ߁ᢎ⢒ਥ߇⽿છࠍᜬߞߡᢎຬ 㙃ᚑࠍⴕ߁ޠ17)ᗧᕁߦઁߥࠄߥߩߢࠆޕ ᰴߢޔԙߩᢎ⡯ᄢቇ㒮ߦߟߡࠆߣޔᢥ⑼⋭ਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળߦߪޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ ╷⊛ᗧ࿑߇ࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ18) ᢎ⡯ᄢቇ㒮ୃੌᓟߩᣇะᕈߦߟߡߪޔࠄ⊛ߦߪㅀߴࠄࠇߡߥ߽ߩߩޔ㓏ጀ ൻޔ⚦ಽൻߒߚᢎ⢒႐ߦ߅ߌࠆਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯࠳ߩ㙃ᚑߣޔቇㇱᲑ㓏ߢᢎຬ⸵ ⁁ࠍᜬߚߥ⇣ᬺ⒳ߩ␠ળੱ⚻㛎⠪ࠍቇᩞ႐ߦ⊓↪ߒߚߣ߁ᕁᖺ߇Ꮕߒߡ ࠆޕ ቇᩞ߇ㆀⴕߔࠆᄙ᭽ߥ႐㕙ߦ߅ߡᗧᕁቯࠍⴕޔ⥄ࠄߩ⽿છߦ߅ߡᬺࠍㅴ ࠆ㓙ߦޔᬺോߩ⽿છ⠪ߣߒߡਥછጀᢎຬ㧔ਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯㧕ߩ㙃ᚑࠍޔᣢሽߩቇㇱࠃࠅ߽ ࡢࡦࡦࠢߩᯏ㑐ߢⴕߚޕ ߘࠇߣหᤨߦޔᢎ⢒ታ〣ߩᛴ߃ࠆ⺖㗴ߩⶄ㔀ᕈޔⶄวᕈޔᣂߒᢎ⢒⺖㗴߳ߩኻᔕ╬ ࠍ〯߹߃ߚᢎ⢒ታ〣⢻ജ߿ജ㊂ᒻᚑࠍᦼᓙߒߡࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔԚߩᢎຬ⸵ᦝᣂዉߦߟߡߪޔਇㆡᩰᢎຬߩឃ㒰ߣ߁ࠃࠅߪߒࠈޔ ޟߘߩᤨޘߢ᳞ࠄࠇࠆᢎᏧߣߒߡߩᔅⷐߥ⾗⾰⢻ജ߇⏕ታߦᜬߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ޔᔅⷐߥ ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ޠߢࠆߣߐࠇޔㄭᐕߩᢎ⢒⺖㗴㧔ᣂߒቇജⷰޔ⛘ኻ⹏ଔޔߦᔕߓߚᜰዉ ╬㧕ߦኻߔࠆᦨᣂߩ⍮⼂߿ᛛ⢻ߩୃᓧࠍ᳞ߡࠆޕ19)㧡㧚ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕ߁ቇ჻⺖⒟ᢎ⢒ߩࠅᣇ
2008 ᐕߦߞߡਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળߪޔ㧟 25 ᣣߦޟቇ჻⺖⒟ᢎ⢒ߩ᭴▽ߦะߌߡ㧔ክ⼏ ߩ߹ߣ㧕ޠࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔ࡙࠾ࡃࠨ࡞ൻࠍㄫ߃ߚᄢቇᢎ⢒ߩ⾰ߩ⸽ߦߟߡޔ㆐᳓Ḱࠍ␜ߔࠆߎߣࠍᄢቇߦⷐ⺧ߒߡࠆޕߘߎߢߪޔߎࠇߣㅪേߒߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕ߁ᄢቇ ߦ߅ߌࠆቇ჻⺖⒟ߩࠅᣇ߽ᒰὼࠊࠇߡߊࠆࠊߌߢࠅޔᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߦᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇ දળߪ 2007 ᐕ㧟ߦႎ๔ᦠޡᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ߌࠆ㆐⋡ᮡ⏕ᜰᮡߩᬌ⸛ޢ ࠍ߹ߣޔ2008 ᐕ㧟ߦߪหߓߊႎ๔ᦠޡቇㇱᢎຬ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒ߩ㆐⋡ᮡߩᬌ⸛ޢࠍࠄ߆ ߦߒߡࠆޕ20) ቇ჻⺖⒟Ბ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⋡ᮡ⸳ቯߦᒰߚߞߡޔߎࠇࠄ㧞ߟߩႎ๔ᦠߦ߅ߡࠄ ߆ߦߐࠇߚ⺖㗴ߪޔᰴߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ 㧔㧝㧕ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⾰ߪޔᄢቇߩቇ᳓Ḱߣߪ⋥ធ㑐ଥࠍᜬߚߥߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕߒ ࠈޔ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ߆ߦߒߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦᵴ߆ߔ߆ߣ߁ᚻ┙ߡࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆᜰᮡߩ㐿⊒ߎߘ߇ ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ 㧔㧞㧕ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩቇୃᚑᨐ㧔learning outcome㧕ߩ㧝ߟࠍޔᢎຬណ↪⹜㛎ߩวᩰ₸㧔ណ↪ ₸㧕ߢ᷹ࠆߎߣߩᅷᒰᕈߢࠆޕណ↪⁁ᴫߪޔߘߩᤨޘߩ␠ળᖱ߿ᢎ⢒╷ޔᢎຬߩ㔛 ⷐଏ⛎ߩ㑐ଥ╬ߦᏀฝߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢࠅޔ߹ߚណ↪ᓟߩᢎຬߩ⡯⢻⊛⊒㆐㧔professional growth㧕ࠍⷞ㊁ߦࠇߚ߽ߩߢߪߥޕ 㧔㧟㧕ᢎຬ⸵⁁㧔teacher certificate㧕ߩขᓧߣޔቇ㧔diploma㧕ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍߤߩࠃ߁ ߦ⠨߃ࠆ߆ߣ߁ὐߢࠆޕᄢቇතᬺޔߔߥࠊߜቇ჻ภߩขᓧߣᢎ⡯㑐ㅪ⑼⋡ߩනขᓧ ߇ᢎຬ⸵⁁ਈߩၮ␆⊛ⷐઙߦߥߞߡࠆ߇ޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߥቇㇱቇ⑼ߦ߅ ߡߪޔᒰὼߘࠇߪ㧝ߟߩㆬᛯ㧔optional㧕ߦㆊ߉ߥޕ߹ߚㅒߦޔቇߣᢎ߇㊀ⶄߔ ࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ߢߪޔᄢቇᢎ⢒ߩቇ⊛ࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼ߣ⸵ⷐઙߩኾ㐷⊛ࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼߇ⶄ 㔀ߦ⛊ߺวޔߒ߆߽ᓟ⠪ߩ႐วޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߩዉߦࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ㧝㨪㧠ᐕᰴ ߦࠊߚࠆᢎ⡯⺖⒟ጁୃోࠍㅢߓߡޔ㆐⋡ᮡߩ⸳ቯߣߘߩ⏕ᜰᮡߣ߁ᚻ┙ߡࠍណࠆ ⿲ߦࠆޕ
Τ㧚ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ╷ቯ
㧝㧚ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߦࠃࠆޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩޡࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޢߩᬌ
⸛ޠ
㧔㧝㧕ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩၮᧄℂᔨ
2003 ᐕ㧠ޔᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߪޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ ┙ߜߍޔหදળߦട⋖ߔࠆో࿖ߩ࿖┙ቇᩞᴺੱߩᢎ⢒ᄢቇ߅ࠃ߮ᢎຬ㙃ᚑቇㇱߩᢎຬ߇ ਛᔃߣߥߞߡ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥࠍⴕޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩᮡḰࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍ╷ቯߔࠆㆇ߮ߣߥߞߚޕ ߎߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩࠬ࠲࠻ߦᒰߚߞߡޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥᵴേߩ㛽ሶ߇ㅀߴࠄࠇߡࠆޕ ᢎ⡯ᢎ⑼ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓ᭴ᚑߦ㑐ߒߡߩၮᧄ⊛⠨߃ᣇߣޔߘࠇࠄࠍน⢻ ߦߔࠆᄢቇߩߦߟߡߩឭ᩺ࠍਛᔃߦⴕ߁ޕ ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍޔᢎ⢒႐ߦ߅ߌࠆታ〣㛎ߩ႐ߣ⎇ⓥ⊛ߥ⋭ኤߩ႐ߣߩᓔㆶࠍ⿰ᣦߣߔࠆޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠࠍၮゲߦߔࠆᒻߢ♽ൻߔࠆޕ ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠࠍၮゲߦޔฦᄢቇߢᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍ⛔৻⊛ߦ᭴ᚑߒޔᢎ ຬ㙃ᚑߦ៤ࠊࠆᄢቇᢎຬߩㅢℂ⸃ࠍ࿑ࠆޕ ዊቇᩞᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩࠅᣇࠍਥߦᛒޔߎࠇࠍゲߦઁᩞ⒳ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ᭴ᚑ ߦᔕ↪ߒߡߊᒻߢᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ ߹ߕᦨೋߦޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ╷ቯߦ߅ߡ㊀ⷐߥၮᧄ⊛ℂᔨߪޔᢎ⢒႐ߦ߅ ߌࠆታ〣㛎ߣߘࠇࠍ〯߹߃ߚ⎇ⓥ⊛⋭ኤࠍ⿰ᣦߣߒߚ৻ㅪߩ⑼⋡⟲ࠍޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ ⑼⋡⟲ޠߣߒߡޔߎࠇࠍၮゲߦᄢቇ߇ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍౕ⊛ߦ╷ቯታᣉߔࠆᚻ ߇߆ࠅߣߒߡࠆὐߢࠆޕߎߩߎߣߪޔጤ↰ᐽਯ߇ޟᢎᏧᢎ⢒ߩ⚵❱ࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ ᡷ㕟േะޠ㧔᧲੩ቇ⧓ᄢቇᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ޡᢎᏧᢎ⢒ߩࠁߊ߃㧙⁁ ⺖㗴ឭ⸒㧙ޢഃ㘑␠ޔ2006 ᐕ㧕ߦ߅ߡᜰ៰ߒߡࠆࠃ߁ߦޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ ᡷ㕟േะߩਥᵹ߇ޔሶߤ߽߇⢒ߟ᭽ޘߥ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆ㛎ߣޔߘࠇࠍ⑼ቇ⊛ߦ⋭ኤߔࠆᯏ ળߩలታࠍ⿰ᣦߣߒߚࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍቇㇱᢎ⢒ߩਛߦ♽⊛ߦ㈩⟎ߔࠆޟ㛎ޠ㧙ޟ⋭ኤޠ ࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠆߎߣߦઁߥࠄߥޕ22) ߹ߚޔઁᣇߢᢎᏧߩ⥄߇ޟ⋭⊛ታ〣ኅޠ㧔reflective practioner㧕ߣ߫ࠇࠆᚲ એߦࠃࠆ߽ߩ߆ࠄߢࠅޔߘࠇߪᢎᏧ߇㧝ੱ߭ߣࠅߩሶߤ߽ߚߜߣ㑐ࠊࠆᢎ⢒ታ〣ࠍㅢߒ ߡޔ⥄ࠄߩᢎ⢒ⴕὑࠍᝄࠅࠅޔ⋭⊛ᕁ⠨ࠍ㊀ߨߥ߇ࠄౣ᭴▽ߒߡࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕߘ ߩߎߣߪ߹ߚޔᬺᛛⴚߣ߽ኒធߦ㑐ࠊߞߡࠆޕޟሶߤ߽ߩ⁁ᘒࠍߥ߇ࠄޔᢎ⢒⋡⊛ߦ ᴪߞߡቇ⠌߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦᬺࠍㆇ༡ߔࠆ㓙ߩޔᢎᏧߩ⍮߿ߘࠇߦၮߠߊⴕὑࠍ ᗧᕁቯㆊ⒟ޠ23)ߣᬺࠍᝒ߃ࠆߥࠄ߫ޔᬺߦవ┙ߟᢎ᧚⎇ⓥ㧔ᬺߩ⋡ᮡౝኈᢎ ᧚ߩ⸳ቯޔᜰዉౝኈᢎ᧚ߩኾ㐷⊛⎇ⓥޔሶߤ߽ߩታᘒᛠី㧕߿ᬺߩ᭴ᚑ߿⚵ߺ┙ߡᣇޔ ᜰዉㆊ⒟ޔᜰዉᒻᘒ㧔⺑ޔᜰ␜ޔ⊒ޔ᧼ᦠޔᢎ⢒ᯏེߩ↪㧕ߣኒធߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆޕ ߘߒߡᾫ✵ߒߚᢎᏧߪޔߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᕁ⠨ࠍᏱߦ⛮⛯⊛ߦ㊀ߨߥ߇ࠄޔᕁ⠨ߩౣ᭴ᚑࠍⴕ ޔޟ⥄ಽߩᣇ߿ᗧࠍ৻ᣇ⊛ߦߦᒰߡߪߡ⸃㉼ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔ⥄ಽ⥄りߩᣇ ߿ᗧࠍ⋧ኻൻߒߡ⋭ߒ⚵ߺᦧ߃ࠆᕁ⠨߇ᯏ⢻ߒޔ⛘߃ߕᣂߒታߩ⊒ࠍߒߡ ࠆޕޠ24)ߎ߁ߒߚὐߦߎߘޔᢎᏧߩኾ㐷ᕈ߇ࠅޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߡ߽ᢎ⢒႐ߦ߅ߌ ࠆቇ↢ߩޟ㛎ޠߣޔᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᓐࠄߩޟ⋭ኤޠ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆߩߢࠆޕ ᰴߢޟࠦࠕޠ⑼⋡ߣߪޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷㧔ޟᢎ⑼ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޠ㧕ޔᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒㧔ޟᢎ⑼ᜰዉᴺޠ㧕ޔ ᢎ⡯ኾ㐷㧔ޟᢎ⡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޠ㧕߅ࠃ߮ᢎ㙃ᢎ⢒ߩߘࠇߙࠇߩ㗔ၞ߇ޔදߒߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑ ࠍⴕߞߡߊ㓙ߩㅢℂ⸃ߩၮゲߣߒߡߩࠦࠕߢࠆޕࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ߪޔන৻⊛ޔឃઁ⊛ߥ ⷙ▸ߢߪߥߊޔฦᄢቇߢⴕࠊࠇߡࠆᣢሽߩᨒ⚵ߺߣⲢวߐߖࠆᒻߢޔߘࠇߙࠇ߇ࠛ࠶ ࡦࠬࠍขࠅㄟࠎߢߊߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߹ߚޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷߿ᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߩၮᧄℂᔨߣߒߡߪޔฦᢎ⑼߇⁛┙ߒߡሽߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ ߊޔߘࠇߙࠇ߇දߒߡోߣߒߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⾰⊛ะߦነਈߔࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
ోᢎ⑼ᜂછߩዊቇᩞߪ൩⺰ߢࠆ߇ޔኾ⑼ᢎຬᜂછࠍណࠆਛቇᩞ㜞╬ቇᩞߦ߅ߡ ߽ޔᢎ⑼ߩᨒࠍ߃ߚද߇ࠃࠅ৻ጀ᳞ࠄࠇࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ ᢎ⡯ኾ㐷ߦߟߡߪޔᢎ⢒ቇᔃℂቇ߇ߦද⺞ߔࠆᒻߢਥߦᜂᒰߔࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߘߩߨࠄߪޔԘᢎຬߣߒߡ⋥㕙ߔࠆౕ⊛ߥᢎ⢒⁁ᴫࠍ⋧ኻൻߒޔࠃࠅᐢⷞ㊁ߢࠄ ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߎߣޔԙᓟߦᗐቯߐࠇࠆౕ⊛ߥᢎ⢒⁁ᴫߩᄌൻࠍ⼂ߒޔㆡಾߦኻಣ ߢ߈ࠆജࠍ㙃߁ߎߣߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔᢎ⡯ኾ㐷⑼⋡ߩߘࠇߙࠇ߇⋧ߦ㑐ㅪࠍᜬߟߴ ߈ߢࠆߣߐࠇޔߣࠅࠊߌޟᢎ⢒ߩᣇᴺ߅ࠃ߮ᛛⴚޠߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ߦߟߡߪޔฦᢎ⑼ߩ ⍮ߣ㑐ㅪߠߌࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
㧔㧞㧕 ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲
ታ〣⊛ᜰዉജࠍ⏕ߔࠆᚻ┙ߡߣߒߡޔᢎ⢒႐ߢߩ㛎ࠍᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩਛ ߦ♽ߠߌࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔ৻ㅪߩ⚻㛎ࠍ⎇ⓥ⊛ߦ⋭ኤߔࠆᯏળࠍឭଏߔࠆޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼ ⋡⟲ޠ߇ޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߦឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠࠍឭߒޔᢎ⢒႐ߦ߅ߌࠆታ〣㛎ߣߘࠇࠍ〯߹߃ߚ⎇ⓥ ⊛⋭ኤࠍᩇߦߔࠆޕ ߚߛߒޔฦᄢቇߩขࠅ⚵ߺࠍឃ㒰ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔᣢሽߩขࠅ⚵ߺߣߩⲢวߩਛߢޔ ߘࠇߙࠇߩࠛ࠶ࡦࠬࠍขࠅㄟࠎߢߊߎߣࠍᦼᓙߔࠆޕ ฦᢎ⑼߇⁛┙ߒߡዷ㐿ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔోߣߒߡදߒߡᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⾰⊛ะߦ ߟߥ߇ࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߔࠆޕ ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠߩౝኈߦߟߡߪޔԘቇ↢⥄ࠄߩⵍᢎ⢒㛎ߩ⋧ኻൻࠍ࿑ࠆޟᢎ ⢒ታ〣㛎ޠ⑼⋡ߩ⸳⟎ޔԙቇᩞߩታ㓙႐㕙ߩ⽎ࠍᝒ߃ࠆജࠍ㙃ᚑߔࠆޟታ〣㐿⊒ታ ⠌ޠ⑼⋡ߩ⸳⟎ޔԚߎࠇࠄߩታ〣⊛ߥ⑼⋡ࠍ⋭ኤߒޔℂ⺰ൻߔࠆޟᢎ⢒ࡈࠖ࡞࠼⎇ⓥޠ ࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⑼⋡ߦၮߠߡޔᢎ⢒ታ⠌ࠍㅪേߐߖߡߊޕ ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠ㧔㧩ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓ㧕ߪޔᄢቇߩࠞࠠ ࡘࡓ᭴ㅧߩ⋧㆑߿⸵ᴺߩߒ߫ࠅߥߤࠍᢵ㈨ߒߡޔฦᄢቇ߇༵ᅢࠍಝࠄߒߡታᣉߔ ࠆߩ߇ᦸ߹ߒޕ ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⟲ޠߪޔޟᢎ⑼ߪᢎ⡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޠߦ⟎ߠߌࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒޕ 㧝㧚ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ ޟᢎ⢒ታ〣㛎㧝㧞ޠ㧝ᐕᰴ ߨࠄ㧦⥄ࠄߩⵍᢎ⢒㛎ࠍ⋧ኻൻߔࠆޕ ౝ ኈ㧦ቇᩞᄖࠍᄙ᭽ߥ⢒ߜߩ႐ߢ㛎ࠍߔࠆޕޟᢎ⢒ࡈࠖ࡞࠼⎇ⓥ㧝㧞ޠ㧝ᐕᰴ ߨࠄ㧦ᢎ⢒ታ〣㛎㧝㧞ࠍ᭴ㅧൻߔࠆޕ ౝ ኈ㧦㛎ࠍ〯߹߃ߡޟઍ␠ળߣᢎ⢒ޠޟઍᢎ⢒ߩ⻉㗴ޠ╬ߩ࠹ࡑߦහߒ ߡ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ޕ ޟታ〣㐿⊒ታ⠌㧝㧞ޠ㧞ᐕᰴ ߨࠄ㧦ቇᩞߩታ㓙႐㕙ߩ⽎ࠍᝒ߃ࠆജࠍ㙃߁ޕ ౝ ኈ㧦ቇᩞߩታ㓙႐㕙ߢߩⷰኤ ޟᢎ⢒ࡈࠖ࡞࠼⎇ⓥ㧟㧠ޠ㧞ᐕᰴ ߨࠄ㧦⎇ⓥࠍㅢߒߡޔታ〣ജߩၮ␆ࠍ㙃߁ޕ ౝ ኈ㧦⎇ⓥᴺ㧔ࠤࠬࡔ࠰࠶࠼㧕ࠍ↪ߥ߇ࠄޔታ〣㐿⊒ታ⠌ߢᓧࠄࠇߚ ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚߩ⎇ⓥ⊛ߥ⢛᥊ࠍቇ߮ޔ㗴ߩࠆߦߟߡߩᡷༀߩᚻ┙ߡࠍᬌ⸛ ߔࠆޕ ޟᢎ⢒ታ⠌ޠ㧟ᐕᰴ ߨࠄ㧦ߎࠇ߹ߢߦᓧߚࡈࠖ࡞࠼ߢߩ⍮߿ߘࠇߦኻߔࠆ⋭ኤࠍᆎޔቇㇱߩᬺࠍㅢ ߒߡቇࠎߛᨩࠍၮ⋚ߣߒߡᢎს╬ߢታ⠌ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔᢎ᧚⎇ⓥ߿ఽ┬↢ᓤℂ ⸃ߩᣇᴺޔᢎࠬࠠ࡞ߥߤࠍታߦහߒߡୃᓧߔࠆޕ ౝ ኈ㧦ታ⠌ᩞߦ߅ߡ㧟㨪㧠ㅳ㑆ޔᢎსታ⠌ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚታ⠌ࠍⴕ߁ޕ ޟᢎ⢒ࡈࠖ࡞࠼⎇ⓥ㧡ޠ㧟ᐕᰴ ߨࠄ㧦ᢎ⢒ታ⠌ߢߩ㛎ࠍᝄࠅࠅߥ߇ࠄޔࠃࠅ㗴ߩⶄ㔀ߥࠤࠬߢߩޟᡷༀޠᚻ ᴺࠍቇ߱ޕޟᓟᜰዉޠߩ♽ൻߣ߁㕙߽ࠆޕ ޟ⎇ⓥታ⠌ޠ㧠ᐕᰴ ߨࠄ㧦ㆬᛯ㧔႐วߦࠃߞߡߪޔතᬺ⎇ⓥߦ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߎߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ⦟ޕ㧕 ߥ߅ޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓ᭴ᚑߩ⇐ᗧὐߣߒߡߪޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇߡ ࠆޕ ߘࠇߙࠇߩቇᩞ⒳ߩ․ᕈ߿⸵⒳ߩ․ᕈޔኻ⽎ߣߔࠆఽ┬↢ᓤߩ⊒㆐Ბ㓏ߦᔕߓ ߚᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓౝኈߩ✬ᚑߥߤߦ⇐ᗧߔࠆޕฦᢎ⑼ࠍ❑ഀࠅߦ㈩⟎ߔࠆߩߢ ߪߥߊޔ⇣ߥࠆᢎ⑼ߣߩㅪ៤ߦၮߠߡ✚ว⊛ߥ⼂ࠍ⢒ᯏળࠍ⸳ߌࠆࠃ߁㈩ᘦߔ ࠆޕ ጁୃߦ㑐ߒߡޔㆡಾߥࠟࠗ࠳ࡦࠬࠍᢛ߃ࠆޕ ታ⠌߿㛎⊛ᵴേߩᯏળࠍቇ↢ߦ⸽ߔࠆߚޔᤨ㑆ഀ✬ᚑ߿ቇᐕᥲߩ⸳ቯߦ㑐ߒߡޔ ᄢቇߢഃᗧᎿᄦࠍߔࠆޕ
㧔㧟㧕 ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕ߁ᄢቇߩ
ߎߩઁޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⽿છਥߣߒߡߩᄢቇቇㇱߩࠅᣇߦ߽⸒߇ߥߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᰴ ߩࠃ߁ߥ㗄߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕ 㧔a㧕ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕ߁ᄢቇߣߒߡߪޔߘߩ᭴ᚑຬߩߔߴߡ߇ޟኾ㐷⡯ߣߒߡߩᢎຬߩ㙃ᚑޠ ߣ߁ℂᔨࠍߔࠆߎߣޕ 㧔b㧕ᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱߣታ⠌දജᩞߩㅪ៤ߩࠅᣇ߽ౣᬌ⸛ߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠅޔන ߦᢎ⢒ታ⠌ᩞ߿⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ᩞߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߔࠆߛߌߢߪߥߊޔᣣᏱ⊛ߥᢎ⢒⎇ⓥᵴേߦ߅ ߌࠆࡈࠖ࡞࠼ߣߒߡޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦⓍᭂ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߔߴ߈ߢࠆޕ ߹ߚޔᢎຬ⚵❱ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ㗴ߣߒߡޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥὐ߽ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕ 㧔c㧕ᕆỗߦᄌൻߔࠆᤓߩᢎ⢒㗴ߦኻᔕߔࠆᢎຬࠍ㙃ᚑߔࠆߚߦޔᢎ⢒⚵❱߽ᨵエߦ ኻᔕߢ߈ࠆࠍᢛ߃ࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕ 㧔d㧕ㄭᐕᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⺖⒟ߦቇߔࠆቇ↢߇ޔ␠ળ⊛⚻㛎߿↢ᵴ⚻㛎ߥߤߩ㕙ߢ⾰⊛ߦᄌൻ ߒߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅޔℂ⺰ߣታ〣ࠍਗ⊛ߦឭ␜ߒߚߛߌߢߪޔቇ↢⥄ࠄ߇ߘࠇࠍ⛔ว⊛ߦ ᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇࿎㔍ߥ⁁ᴫ߽↢ߓߡ߈ߡࠆޕ৻ᣇޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ߡ ߪޔߎࠇ߹ߢએߦᢎ⢒႐ߣ㑐ࠊࠅࠍᜬߟታ⠌⊛ᵴേ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆะߦࠅޔߎ ࠇߦኻᔕߔࠆᄢቇᢎຬߩද⊛ᢎ⢒⚵❱ߩㆇ༡߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕ ߹ߚޔߎߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߪޔ৻⥸ᄢቇቇㇱߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ㑐ࠊࠆ㗴ߦ߽⸒ߒ ߡࠆޕ 㧔e㧕ᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱߣߪߩ⚵❱ේℂࠍᜬߞߡࠆߚޔታ⠌㛎ࠍᢎ⢒ ౝኈࠍࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ⟎ߠߌࠆߦߪ࿎㔍ߥᖱ߇ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔฦᄢቇߩ ᖱࠍ〯߹߃ߟߟޔޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠߩࠛ࠶ࡦࠬࠍㆡቱขࠅ⚵ࠃ߁ߥߠߊ ࠅ߇ᦸ߹ࠇࠆޕ 㧔f㧕ߎࠇߣ૬ߖޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ࠍᜂ߁࡚ࠢࠪࡦߣᢎ⡯ኾ㐷ࠍᜂ߁࡚ࠢࠪࡦߣߩ ද㑐ଥࠍᷓޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ㑐ࠊࠆోቇ⊛ߥㅢℂ⸃ࠍ⢒ߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ࠇࠆޕ 㧔g㧕႐วߦࠃߞߡߪޔઁᄢቇߣㅪ៤ߔࠆᒻߢޔᄙⷺ⊛ߥᢎ⢒⚵❱ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆߎߣ߽᭴ᗐ ߒߡ߽⦟ޕ㧞㧚ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߦࠃࠆޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠߩዷ㐿
㧔㧝㧕⺞ᩏߩ⚻✲ߣ⢛᥊
ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߪ 2006 ᐕ㧟ޔޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ⼾߆ߥ⊒ዷߩߚߦ㧙㛎 ߣ⋭ኤࠍၮゲߦߒߚޡࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޢߩዷ㐿㧙ޠ㧔2006 ᐕ㧟ޔᣣᧄᢎ⢒ ᄢቇදળޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻㧕ߣ㗴ߔࠆႎ๔ᦠࠍࠄ߆ߦ ߒߚޕหႎ๔ᦠߪޔ2004 ᐕߦ߹ߣߚᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦߟߡޔട⋖ᩞߦࠕࡦࠤ ࠻⺞ᩏߥࠄ߮ߦታ⺞ᩏࠍⴕޔߘߩ⚿ᨐࠍߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ ࿁ߩႎ๔ᦠߢߪޔᒁ߈⛯߈᧲੩ቇ⧓ᄢቇᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓ㐿⊒⎇ⓥࡦ࠲߇ਛᔃߣߥࠅޔ2004 ᐕߩޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠߩ╵↳㧔ޟ㛎ޠ㧙ޟ⋭ኤޠ⊛ߥ⑼⋡⟲ࠍၮ ゲߣߒߡޔߘߎߦᢎ㙃ᢎ⢒ᢎ⢒⑼ቇᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ቇኾ㐷⻉⑼ቇ߇ᯏ⊛ߦ⚿วߒߡޔᢎ ߣฃኈߩࠅᣇ߇ⲷᣓ⊛ߦ⊒ዷߒߡߊࡕ࠺࡞ࠍឭ␜ߒޔᢎ⡯⺖⒟ࠍߔࠆᄢቇߩᢎຬ 㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩේဳߣߥࠅᓧࠆޕ㧕ߩᬌ⸽ࠍ⹜ߺߡࠆޕ㧔ߥ߅ޔਛቇᩞߩᢎ⑼ߦ〯 ߺㄟࠎߛࠞࠠࡘࡓࡕ࠺࡞ߦߟߡߪޔㅜᚑ⺖㗴ߦߥࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ㧕
㧔㧞㧕⺞ᩏߩⷐߣ⚿ᨐ
2005 ᐕޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߪޔㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ 2004 ᐕ㧟 ߦ╵↳ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑޡࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޢߩᬌ⸛㧙ޡᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޢࠍ ၮゲߦߒߚࠞࠠࡘࡓࠅߩឭ᩺㧙ޠࠍ〯߹߃ߡⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱߢ ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓᡷ㕟ࠍㅊ〔ᬌ⸽ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ ห⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ2004 ᐕߩ╵↳ߦㅪേߒߡᡷ㕟ࠍⴕߞߡࠆᄢ ቇ߇ᄙߊޔߎࠇߪޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻㧔2001 ᐕ㧕ߩ㐿ᆎ߿ޔ ਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╬ߢᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢቇߩࠅᣇ߇ࠊࠇᆎߚᤨᦼߣ゠ࠍ৻ߦߒߡࠆޕฦᄢ ቇߪޔߘࠇએ᧪ഃᗧᎿᄦࠍಝࠄߒߚ㛎⊛ޔታ〣⊛ߥࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍዉߒߡࠆޕห⎇ ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߢߪޔޟ╵↳ߣ㘃ૃߒߚᡷ㕟߇೨ᓟߒߡⴕࠊࠇߡࠆߎߣ߇⏕ߢ߈ߚߩ߇ޔ ㊀ⷐߥᧄ⺞ᩏߩᚑᨐߢࠆޠߣߒߡࠆޕ એਅޔౕ⊛ߥߣߒߡߪޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕ Ԙᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ߌࠆޟ㛎ޠ㧙ޟ⋭ኤޠ⊛⑼⋡㧔ޟ㛎ޠ㧙ޟ⋭ኤޠᓔㆶߩ ࠞࠠࡘࡓᡷ㕟ߩౕൻ㧕 㧔a㧕ቇᐕߦࠆ㛎⊛⑼⋡ߩ㛎ౝኈ ᄙߊߩᄢቇߢߪޔ㧝ᐕᰴ߆ࠄ㛎⊛⑼⋡ࠍ⸳ቯߒߡሶߤ߽ߣ⸅ࠇว߁ᯏળࠍ⸳ߌߡࠆ ߩ߇․ᓽߣߥߞߡࠆޕᢎ⢒ෳട㛎ߩᣧᦼൻߪޔޟ㧝ᐕᰴ߆ࠄᢎ⢒႐ߦ⸅ࠇޔᢎ⢒ࠍฃ ߌࠆ┙႐߆ࠄᢎ⢒ࠍⴕ߁┙႐߳ߣ⒖ⴕߒߥ߇ࠄᢎ⢒ታ〣ࠍ⠨߃ߐߖࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߡࠆޠℂ ↱ߢࠆߣߩ࿁╵߇ነߖࠄࠇߡࠆޕ ߹ߚޔ㧟ᐕᰴߩᢎ⢒ታ⠌ߦṖߦߞߡߌࠆࠃ߁ޔߘࠇ߹ߢߦ᭽ޘߥⷰኤෳടታ⠌ࠍ ᔅୃߦߒߡࠆᄢቇ߽ዋߥߊߥޕࠆߪޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ޔᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ᴺޔᢎ᧚⎇ⓥߥߤߩ⍮ ⼂ޔᛛⴚࠍᄢቇߩᬺߢⓍᭂ⊛ߦቇ߱ࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߚޔ㧞ᐕᰴߢⷰኤෳടታ⠌߿ᢎ⢒㛎 ࠍᔅୃൻߒߡࠆߣߎࠈ߽ࠄࠇࠆޕ߹ߚޔ㧟ᐕᰴએ㒠ߦޔቇ⠌ᡰេࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕ߿ࠗࡦ ࠲ࡦࠪ࠶ࡊࠍㆬᛯ⑼⋡ߦ⸳ߌߡࠆᄢቇ߽ᄙޕ 㧔b㧕㛎ᓟߩ⋭ኤ ⸥ߩ㛎⊛⑼⋡ߦ߅ߡ᭽ޘߥ㛎ࠍ⚻ߚቇ↢ߪޔߘࠇߙࠇ⋭ኤࠍⴕ߁ࠊߌߢࠆ߇ޔ ߘߎߦߪਥߣߒߡ㧟ߟߩ߇ࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕ 㧔ࠕ㧕㛎⊛⑼⋡ਛߩ⋭ኤ γ㧕೨ߩᜰዉߣᓟߩ⋭ኤ߇߹ࠇߡࠆ೨ߦ㛎ߩߚߩ⻠⟵߇ⴕࠊࠇޔᓟߩ⋭ኤߢߪ㛎⸥㍳ߦၮߠ߈ޔዊࠣ࡞ࡊߦಽ ߆ࠇߡ⸛⺰ࠍⴕߞߚࠅޔታ⠌ႎ๔ળࠍⴕߞߚࠅߔࠆޕ δ㧕ᓟߩ⋭ኤ߇߹ࠇߡࠆ 㛎߿⸥㍳ߦၮߠߡޔࡐ࠻ႎ๔ળ߿⸛⺰ળ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔߘߩਛߢ⋭ኤ߇ⴕ ࠊࠇࠆޕ ε㧕㛎ߣᓟߩ⋭ኤ߇ߦⴕࠊࠇࠆ ޟ㛎ޠψޟ⋭ኤޠψޟ㛎ޠψޟ⋭ኤޠ߇ޔ➅ࠅߒⴕࠊࠇࠆޕ 㧔ࠗ㧕⋭ኤࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ೨ᓟᜰዉ⑼⋡ߩ⸳⟎ ᢎ⢒ෳട㛎ߦߟߡࡐ࠻ࡈࠜࠝࠍᚑߒޔឭ␜ߔࠆޕ 㧔࠙㧕㛎⊛⑼⋡ߩ⋭ኤࠍᗧ⼂ߒߚᄢቇߢߩᬺ⑼⋡ߩ㈩⟎ 㛎⊛⑼⋡ߣᄢቇߩᬺࠍࡦࠢߐߖߡޔℂ⺰ߣታ〣ߩᵴേࠍ࿑ࠆޕߘߩ⛔วߩធὐߦ ⋭ኤ߇߹ࠇࠆޕ߹ߕ߿ߞߡߺߡޔ⥄ಽߦߢ߈ߥߎߣߦ᳇ߠߡ߆ࠄቇࠎߢߊޕ ԙᡷ㕟ߩ⚵❱ߠߊࠅද 㧔a㧕ᄢቇౝቇㇱౝߢߩ㑐ࠊࠅ 㧔ࠕ㧕⚵❱⊛ᡷᄌߣ⽷ᡰេ ᄢቇቇㇱߦ㒝ዻࡦ࠲ࠍ⸳ߌߡࠆᄢቇ߿ޔᢎຬߩᚲዻߔࠆ⻠ᐳߩౣ✬ࠍផߒㅴ ߡࠆᄢቇ߽ዋߥߊߥޕ߹ߚޔ೨⠪ߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔᢥ⑼⋭߇ 2009 ᐕᐲࠃࠅޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢ ቇቇㇱߦ߅ߌࠆቇౝߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩὐࠅߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡޔޟᢎ⡯ࡦ࠲㧔⒓㧕ޠ╬ߩ ⸳⟎ࠍ൘ޔߘߩ੍▚ൻࠍ࿑ߞߡࠆޕ 㧔ࠗ㧕ㆇ༡ߩ⋥ߒ ߹ߚޔᢥ⑼⋭ߪޔቇౝߦ߅ߡᢎ⡯⺖⒟ో⥸ߩㆇ↪߿㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩᬌ⸛߿⋥ߒ ߥߤࠍ㓐ᤨⴕ߁ᣂᆔຬળ㧔ޟᢎ⡯ࠞࠠࡘࡓᆔຬળޠ㧕╬ߩ⸳⟎ࠍ᳞ߡ߅ࠅޔࠃࠅ৻ጀ ߩᢎ⡯⺖⒟ߩలታࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒߡࠆޕ 㧔࠙㧕ޟᢎ⡯ኾ㐷ޠޟᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ޠޟᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ޠ߹ߚߪޟᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ޠޟᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ޠߩᨒࠍ߃ߚ ขࠅ⚵ߺ ᓥ᧪ߩޟᢎ⡯ኾ㐷ޠޟᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ޠޟᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ޠߩᨒࠍ߃ߡޔޟᢎ⡯ޠߣޟᢎ⑼ޠޔޟᢎ⑼ޠ ߣޟᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ޠߩㅪ៤ޔࠆߪߘࠇએᄖߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍ߃ߚขࠅ⚵ߺ߽ߥߐࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕ 㧔b㧕ᄢቇᄖߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ 㧔ࠕ㧕⚵❱⊛ߟߥ߇ࠅ ᄢቇએᄖߩ⚵❱⊛ߟߥ߇ࠅߣߒߡߪޔᢎ⢒ᆔຬળޔᢎ⢒ࡦ࠲ޔㄭ㓞ߩቇᩞ╬ޔᄙ᭽ ߥቇᄖᯏ㑐ߣߩㅪ៤ද߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅޔ⑼⋡߿ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍㅢߒߡߩㅪ៤ද ߽⋓ࠎߦߥߞߡ߈ߡࠆޕ 㧔ࠗ㧕ࠞࠠࡘࡓ㐿⊒ޔᢎຬᵷ㆜╬ ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㐿⊒ࠍᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ߿ቇᩞ႐ߣหߦㅴߡࠆᄢቇ߿ޔቇᩞ
႐ߩᢎຬࠍᄢቇߦᵷ㆜ߒߡ․⻠ᐳࠍ⸳ߌߚࠅߒߡࠆᄢቇ߽ࠄࠇࠆޕ Ԛߘߩઁߩ⻉⺖㗴 ߎߩઁޔߘߩઁߩ⻉⺖㗴ߣߒߡޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆޕ ㄭᐕߩ┹⊛ⅣႺߩਛߢޔฦᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱ߇⁛⥄ᕈࠍᛂߜߒޔ߆ߦࠕࠗ ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖࠍ⏕߆ߥ߽ߩߦߒߡߊ߆߇ޔࠊࠇߡࠆޕᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱߩࠕ ࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖߣߪ߆ߣࠊࠇߚᤨޔห৻ᄢቇౝߢߩઁቇㇱߣߩ㑐ଥ߇㎛ߣߥࠆޕ ߃߫ޔ㧞ߟߩᢎຬ⸵⁁㧔ዊਛቇᩞޔࠆߪⶄᢙᢎ⑼㧕ࠍขᓧߒߡߚࠅޔᢎຬ 㙃ᚑࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߥቇㇱቇ⑼ߩቇ↢ߣߩ㆑ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦᛂߜߔ߆ߣߞߚὐ߇ޔ ቇㇱቇ⑼ߩᢎ⢒⋡⊛ޔߑߔੱ᧚ߣߩ⛊ߺߢ㊀ⷐߢࠆޕ ᴺੱൻߦࠃߞߡޔ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦᑼߩࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻߇น⢻ߦߥࠅޔ┹⊛⾗㊄㈩ಽ߇ⴕ ࠊࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߣޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⽿છ⠪ߩਅߦࡢࠠࡦࠣࠣ࡞ࡊࠆߪࡊࡠࠫࠚ ࠢ࠻࠴ࡓ߇⚵❱ൻߐࠇޔߘߎ߇ਛᔃߣߥߞߡડ↹ߒ⾗㊄₪ᓧࠍߒߡޔᄢቇቇㇱో ߩേ߈ߣߥࠆᓧࠆޕ㧔ߚߛߒޔቇㇱᢎળ߇ᗧᕁቯᯏ㑐ߢߞߚᤨઍߣߪޔᄢߦ⇣ ߥࠆ߇ޔ᭴ᚑຬߩ✚ᗧวᗧࠍᓧߡᡷ㕟ࠍㅴࠆߣ߁⺖㗴߿ࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠴ࡉࠍวᗧᒻᚑ ߩࡊࡠࠬߦ߅ߡ⺕߇ขࠆߩ߆ߣ߁㗴ߪᱷࠆޕ㧕 ᢎ⑼ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ߇ᄙᢙࠍභࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕޔᢎ⢒ታ〣ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ㛎߇ᢎ⡯ኾ㐷ߩࠬ࠲ ࠶ࡈߦࠃߞߡᜂࠊࠇޔᡷ㕟߽ߎߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈਥዉߢⴕࠊࠇߡࠆޕᢎຬ⚵❱ోߢද ࠍណߞߡߊߎߣ߇ޔ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߢࠆޕ 㧠ᐕ㑆ߩ⑼⋡ߩ㈩߿⑼⋡ߢᛒ߁ౝኈߦߟߡᮡḰ⊛ߥࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ␜ߔࠃࠅߪߒࠈޔ 㧠ᐕ㑆ࠍㅢߓߡቇ↢߇りߦߟߌࠆߴ߈㆐⋡ᮡࠍ࠻࠲࡞ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߥࠅᣇߩᣇ߇ ታ⊛ߢࠆޕ ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦኻߔࠆㅒ㘑ߩਅߢޔౝ㑑ᐭޟⷙᡷ㕟᳃㑆㐿ផㅴળ⼏ޠ 㧔2005 ᐕ㧕ߢߪޔෳ㓚ოߩ᠗ᑄߩⷰὐ߆ࠄޔᢎ⢒⡯ຬ⸵ᴺߩ⺖⒟ቯߦߟߡߩ ᛕ್߇ߥߐࠇߡ߈ߚޕޟ⸵⁁ᜬ⠪ߩ⾗⾰ജ㊂ߩ⏕ߥᜰᮡ߇ߥ㒢ࠅޔ⺖⒟ቯߩ ⁛භᮭࠍᄢቇ߇⛽ᜬߔࠆߩߪޔ߅߆ߒޠߣߞߚᗧ߿ޔႶ߿੍ᩞߢߪ⸵ਇⷐߢ ࠅޔᢎຬ⸵⁁߇ߥߊߡ߽৻ቯߩᢎ⢒ᚑᨐࠍߡࠆߩߦޔᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆනቯ ߇ᦨ⚳⊛ߥ᳓Ḱߩቯߦߥߞߡࠆߩߪ⣤ߦ⪭ߜߥޔߣ߁ᗧ߽ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ ࠄޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⾰ߩ⏕ะߩ⽿છਥߪޔ߹ߕᄢቇߦࠆޕߒ߆ࠆߦޔᢎ⢒ߩታ〣 ႐㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᜰዉജߩ⢒ᚑߦߪޔᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߩሽ߇ਇนᰳߢࠅޔද⊛ߥ㧔ޟ㛎ޠ㧙 ޟ⋭ኤޠဳ㧕ࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍታߔࠆߚߦߪޔᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍේೣߣߒߟߟޔ ᄢቇߩߺߦࠃࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍ㒢ቯ⊛ߦᝒ߃ࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔ߽߁৻ᣇߩਥߣߒߡᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐 ࠍ⟎ߠߌߡߊߎߣ߇⢄ⷐߢࠆޕߘߎߢߪޔᄢቇ߇ᜂ߁ߴ߈ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩౕ⋧ࠍ␜ ߔߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕ ޟ㛎ޠ㧙ޟ⋭ኤޠߩౝኈ⊛లታߦะߌߡޔ⼾ንߥ㛎ࠍᄙⷺ⊛ߦಽᨆ᭴ㅧൻߒޔታ
〣ߦᔕ↪น⢻ߥജ㊂ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆᢎຬߩ༡ߺߦߟߡ⋭ኤߒߡߊߎߣߦޔߘߩᧄ⾰߇ ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔᄢቇߩᜂ߁ߴߊ⋭ኤߪޔ⚻㛎ߒߚ⻉ߩᝄࠅࠅߢߪߥߊޔ⻉⑼ቇ ߩซᥓࠍ㓸ߡ᭴ㅧൻߔࠆߎߣߦࠆޕࠃߞߡޔ㧝ੱ߭ߣࠅߩᐢ▸ߥᢎຬ߇ޔቇ↢ߩ 㛎ࠍ⋭ኤߔࠆ༡ߺߦ߆ߦౕ⊛ߦ㑐ࠊࠇࠆ߆߇ޔᄢቇᕈࠍᜂߔࠆߢ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߣ ߥࠆޕ ᓟߪޔ⸵߇ᢎ⑼ߣߥࠆਛቇᩞ㜞╬ቇᩞߩޔઁᩞ⒳ߦ㑐ࠊࠆࠞࠠࡘࡓߩᬌ ⸛߇⺖㗴ߣߒߡᱷߐࠇߡࠆޕᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ߩᄢቇᢎຬ߇ޔޟ㛎ޠ㧙ޟ⋭ኤޠ⊛ࡊࡠࠣࡓ ߦ㑐ࠊࠆᣇㅜࠍౕ⊛ߦតࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ߹ߚޔᢎ⑼ߣᢎ⡯ߩ㑐ଥࠍ〯߹߃ߚࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ᭴▽ޔ㆐⋡ᮡߩࠅᣇޔ ߠߊࠅ╬߇ޔߎࠇ߆ࠄߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߣߥࠆޕ
㧟㧚ུޗ֗ఱڠފٛͥ͢ͅȶޗ֥ူ଼ς΅νρθ͈ൢో࿒ດȆږঐດ͈
൦ȷ
ijķĪ㧔㧝㧕ȶκΟσȆͺȆς΅νρθȷࡄݪίυΐͿ·Π͈ࠐ
ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦޔᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߪޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ ࠍ⚵ߺ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥࠍㅴߡ߈ߚ߇ޔೋ╬ᢎ⢒ߩޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠߩ╷ቯ߆ࠄޔߘࠇ߹ ߢ⺖㗴ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚਛቇᩞᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⑼ߩࠅᣇࠍਛᔃߦᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓ ߩ㆐⋡ᮡ⏕ᜰᮡߩᬌ⸛ࠍⴕ߁ߦ⥋ߞߚޕ ߥ߅ޔߘࠇ߹ߢ⥋ࠆㆊ⒟ߦߟߡߪޔᰴߩߦ␜ߔㅢࠅߢࠆޕ 㧞㧚ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍߋࠆേะ 2001 ᐕ ޟ࿖┙ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱߩࠅᣇߦ㑐ߔࠆᙣ⺣ળ㧔ࠅᣇᙣ㧕ޠ߇ޔޟᢎ ຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆࡕ࠺࡞⊛ࠞࠠࡘࡓޠߩਇߩᜰ៰ߣࠞࠠࡘࡓᚑࠍ ⷐ⺧ߔࠆޕ 2003ᐕ ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળ╵↳ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩޡࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޢߩᬌ⸛ ߦ߅ߡޔޟ㛎ޠ㧙ޟ⋭ኤޠࠍゲߣߒߚޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ޠ߇╷ቯߐࠇޔ ࠞࠠࡘࡓᡷ㕟ߩᩭߣߥࠆޕ 2006ᐕ ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળႎ๔ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ⼾߆ߥ⊒ዷߩߚߦޠߦ߅ ߡޔ2003 ᐕߩ╵↳ߩ⚿ᨐߣ⠨ኤឭ᩺߇ߥߐࠇࠆޕ 2007ᐕ ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળႎ๔ޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㆐⋡ᮡ⏕ᜰᮡߩᬌ⸛ ߦ߅ߡޔਛቇᩞߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ㑐ࠊࠆฦᢎ⑼ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㆐⋡ᮡ⏕ ᜰᮡ߇╷ቯߐࠇࠆޕ ਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╵↳ޟᓟߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⸵ᐲߩࠅᣇߦߟߡޠߦ߅ ߡޔ⸵ᦝᣂޔᢎ⡯ᄢቇ㒮ޔቇㇱࡌ࡞ߢߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ߳ߩᡷༀឭ᩺㧔ᢎ ⡯ጁୃᜰዉߩలታޔޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓᆔຬળޠߩ⸳⟎ޔᢎ⢒ታ⠌ߩᡷༀޔ ޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߩഃ⸳㧕߇ߥߐࠇࠆޕ 2008 ᐕ ᢎຬ⸵ᦝᣂߩ੍⻠⠌߇㐿ᆎߐࠇࠆޕ 2009 ᐕ ᢎ⢒⡯ຬ⸵ᴺᡷᱜߦࠃࠅޔ10 ᐕߏߣߩᢎຬ⸵ᦝᣂ⻠⠌㧔ᣥ⸵ᴺߢߩ ⸵ขᓧ⠪ߪޔ35 ᱦޔ45 ᱦޔ55 ᱦ߹ߢߦᦝᣂ⻠⠌ࠍฃ⻠㧕߇⟵ോߠߌࠄࠇࠆޕ 2010 ᐕ ޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠ߇ዉߐࠇࠆޕ㧔2010 ᐕᐲቇ↢߆ࠄᔅୃ㧕ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળ߇ 2006 ᐕߦࠄ߆ߦߒߚၮᧄࡕ࠺࡞ߪޔዊਛቇᩞߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞ ࠠࡘࡓߩၮゲߣߥࠅޔ⠉ᐕߩਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╵↳ޟᓟߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⸵ᐲߩࠅᣇ ߦߟߡޠߩౝኈߦ߽ࠆ⒟ᐲᤋߐࠇߡࠆޕߎࠇ߹ߢㅀߴߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦޔߘࠇߪᢎຬ ⸵⁁ߩቯߣ⾰ߦኻߔࠆ෩ߒࡃ࠶ࠪࡦࠣ߳ߩኻᔕߢࠅޔᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߪ⺖⒟ ቯߩ᳓Ḱ⛽ᜬߩᓎഀ߿⸽⹏ଔᯏ㑐ߣߒߡߩᓎഀ߽ᜂߞߡࠆߎߣߪ⏕߆ߢࠆޕ ߎࠇ߆ࠄߪޔਛቇᩞᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⑼․ᕈߣ⸵ᐲߦೣߒߚޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞ ࠠࡘࡓޠߩᬌ⸛߇⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔหࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߢߪޔߎ߁ߒߚ⢛᥊ࠍ〯߹߃ߡޔ ᢎ⢒ታ〣⢻ജࠍߚᢎ⑼ᜰዉജߣޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠߩ╷ቯࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇ ࠆߣߐࠇߡߚޕ ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߦࠃࠆႎ๔ᦠޟᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㆐⋡ᮡ⏕ᜰᮡߩᬌ⸛ޠ 㧔2007 ᐕ㧕ߢߪޔߘߩㄝߩᖱߦߟߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴࠄࠇߡࠆޕ ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߩᜰዉജߪޔᢎ⑼ߩኾ㐷ᕈ߇ఝవߢࠅޔߒ߆߽ᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ߣᢎ⑼ ᢎ⢒߇ಾࠅ㔌ߐࠇߡᜰዉߐࠇߡߚޕ⚿ᨐߣߒߡޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷⢻ജߛߌ߇ㅊ᳞ߐࠇߡ߈ ߚޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔᓟߪ࠻࠲࡞ߦᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ࠍᝒ߃ߡޔᢎ⑼ࠍታ〣⊛ߦᜰዉߔࠆജ㊂ ߩ⢒ᚑࠍ೨ឭߦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ ᢎ⑼ࠍߚࠞࠠࡘࡓࡕ࠺࡞ߩ╷ቯߪޔᜰዉߩౝኈᣇᴺࠍߚ߽ߩ߇ᔅ ⷐߢࠆޕ ߘߎߢޔ೨ᐕߩ 2006 ᐕߦߐࠇߚਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╵↳ޟᓟߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⸵ᐲߩ ࠅᣇߦߟߡޠߦ߅ߡឭ໒ߐࠇߚޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠࠍޔᧄࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߢߪߎࠇࠍෳ ⠨ߦߒߡᢎ⑼ߏߣߩ⛔৻ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ╷ቯߒޔߚߚ߈บߣߒߡࠆޕߘߩߢޔ߹ߕ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷 ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚᢎ⑼ߩޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠߩᚑࠍឭߒߡࠆޕߘߩ㓙ޔᰴ ߩࠃ߁ߥ㗴߇ឭ␜ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ᢎ⑼ߏߣߩ⸵ᐲࠍขࠆਛቇᩞߩ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ߡޔୃੌᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗ ⾰᳓Ḱ㧔㧩ᢎ⑼ߩኾ㐷⊛ߥജ㊂㧗ᢎ⑼ᜰዉታ〣ࠍߚᢎ⑼ᜰዉജ㧕ࠍ␜ߔࠆߎߣ ߇✕ᕆߩ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ ޟᢎ⑼ኾ㐷⑼⋡⟲㧗ᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒⑼⋡⟲㧩࠻࠲࡞ߥജ㊂ޠߣߒߡޔᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߩ㆐⋡ᮡ ߣߘߩ⏕ߩᚻ┙ߡࠍ⠨᩺ߔࠆޕ૬ߖߡޔᢎ⑼ߩ․ᕈࠍ〯߹߃ߟߟޔᢎ⑼ߩᨒࠍ߃ ߚㅢߩⷰὐߣᣇᴺࠍ೨ឭߣߔࠆޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠߩౝኈࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ ᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ߩౝኈߦḰߒߡޔޟ㆐⋡ᮡޠޔޟ㗄⋡ޠޔޟ⏕ᜰᮡޠޔޟ⏕ߩᚻ┙ ߡޠࠍ╷ቯߔࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩ࠻࠲࡞ߒߚ߽ߩࠍޔᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߩᜰዉജߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆޕ ឭ᩺ߐࠇߚޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠࡘࡓޠߪޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷⑼⋡ߢၭ߁߽ߩߣᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ ⑼⋡ߩߘࠇߣ߇㊀ጀ⊛ߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ߅ࠅޔਔ⠪ࠍ࠻࠲࡞ߦߚޔߑߔߴ߈㆐⋡ ᮡߣᜰዉౝኈߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆޕ ᰴߢหႎ๔ᦠߢߪޔᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⚵❱⊛ߥᜰዉߩᢛߣޟࡕ࠺࡞ࠦࠕࠞࠠ
ࡘࡓޠߩ⊒ዷߦߟߡ⸒ߒߡࠆޕޟ⺖⒟ቯᄢቇߩߔߴߡߩᢎຬ߇ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ៤ࠊߞ ߡࠆߣ߁⥄ⷡࠍᜬߜޔฦᄢቇߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦኻߔࠆℂᔨ╬ߦၮߠ߈ᜰዉࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃ ࠅޔᄢቇోߣߒߡߩ⚵❱⊛ߥᜰዉࠍᢛߔࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆޠߣᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆ ࠃ߁ߦޔᢎ⡯ߣᢎ⑼ޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ߣᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߩㅪ៤߇ߥߣޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇቇㇱߣߒߡ ߩᯏ⢻ߣࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ⾰ࠍ㜞ࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥޕ ߹ߚޔℂ⺰ߣታ〣ࠍᓔㆶߔࠆታ⠌ᜰዉ߽ห᭽ߦޔᢎ⢒ታ⠌߽ᢎ⑼ᢎ⡯⑼⋡ߩᜂᒰ ᢎຬ߇දߒߡታ⠌ో⥸ߦᒰߚࠅޔቇᩞ႐߿ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߣㅪ៤ߒߥ߇ࠄᜰዉߦᒰߚࠆߎ ߣ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔᢎ⢒ታ⠌߿ᓟᜰዉࠍㅢߒߡࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ⺖㗴ࠍޔޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߢ㊀ὐ⊛ ߦ⏕ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕታ⠌ౝኈࠍℂ⺰⊛ߦ⋭ኤߔࠆߎߣߪޔℂ⺰ߣታ〣ߩᓔㆶࠍ㜞ࠆ ᧄࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߣ゠ࠍ৻ߦߔࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ
㧔㧞㧕ಎڠࢷޗ֥ူ଼ޗش͈ൢో࿒ດκΟσ
หࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߢߪޔਛቇᩞߩฦᢎ⑼ߦ㑐ߔࠆቇㇱᲑ㓏ߢߩ㆐⋡ᮡ⏕ᜰᮡߦ㑐ߒ ߡޔਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળ╵↳ޟᓟߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⸵ᐲߩࠅᣇߦߟߡޠ㧔2006 ᐕ㧕ߩਛ ߢޔᢎ⡯⺖⒟ߩጁୃࠍㅢߓߡᢎຬߣߒߡᦨዊ㒢ᐲᔅⷐߥ⾗⾰⢻ജࠍޔ⏕ታߦりߦߟߌߐߖ ࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔ⾗⾰⢻ജߩోࠍ␜⊛ߦ⏕ߔࠆߚߩౕ⊛ᣇ╷ߣߒߡޔޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠ ࠍ〯߹߃ߚౝኈᣇᴺ߇␜ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ห╵↳ߢߪޔޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߦࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߥ㗄ߣߒߡޔޟԘᗵ߿⽿છᗵޔ ᢎ⢒⊛ᗲᖱ╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗄ޔԙ␠ળᕈ߿ኻੱ㑐ଥ⢻ജߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗄ޔԚᐜఽޔఽ┬ޔ↢ᓤ ℂ⸃߿ቇ⚖⚻༡╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗄ޔԛᢎ⑼⢒ౝኈ╬ߩᜰዉജߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗄ޠ߇ߍࠄࠇ ߡࠆޕ ߹ߚޔޟ㆐⋡ᮡޠࠍ⏕ߔࠆߚߩᚻ┙ߡ㧔ޟ⏕ᜰᮡޠ㧕ࠍታ㓙ߦᬌ⸽ߒޔቇㇱᢎ⢒ో ࠍㅢߓߡቇ↢߇りߦߟߌߚᢎ⑼ߩౕ⊛ߥᜰዉജߩ᳓Ḱࠍ್ቯߔࠆߚߩᬌ⸛߇ߥߐࠇ ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆޕߎࠇߪޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠍⴕ߁ᄢቇ߇ޔߘߩᢎ⢒ᵴേߩ⚿ᨐߦ⽿છ ࠍ⽶߁ߎߣߩౕ⊛ࠅᣇࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߢࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળ߇ޟ㆐⋡ᮡޠ ޟ⏕ᜰᮡޠࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߡᄢቇ߇ᜂ߁ߴ߈㗄ߦߟߡ␠ળ ⊛ᗧࠍ⢒ߺޔᄢቇߩⴕ߁ᢎຬ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒߳ߩ␠ળ⊛⍮ࠍ₪ᓧߒߡߊߢᭂߡലߢ ࠆߣߐࠇࠆᚲએߢࠆޕ㧔㧟㧕൦ࠫض͂ࣽࢃ͈هఴ
ᣣᧄᢎ⢒ᄢቇදળߩႎ๔ᦠߢߪޔ㗄⋡ߏߣߦᰴߩࠃ߁ߥᬌ⸛⚿ᨐ߇ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡࠆޕ Ԙޟ㆐⋡ᮡޠޟ⏕ᜰᮡޠߩ⸳ቯߦ㑐ߔࠆⷐߣ⺖㗴 ฦᢎ⑼ߩᜰዉജߪޔਛᄩᢎ⢒ክ⼏ળߩᨒ⚵ߺߦ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅޔ㧔ࠕ㧕ᢎ⑼ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⍮⼂ ߣᛛ⢻ޔ㧔ࠗ㧕ᢎቇ⠌ᵴേߩᛛ⢻ࠆߪᛛⴚޔ㧔࠙㧕ఽ┬↢ᓤߣߩኻᔕ㑐ଥ ߩ⢻ജߣߒߡߨℂ⸃ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ᣂߚߦߟߌട߃ࠄࠇߚޟ㆐⋡ᮡޠߩ㗄ߪޔᢎ⑼ࠍᜰዉߔࠆᢎຬ⥄りߩ⾗⾰⢻ജ ജ㊂ࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕߘࠇߦߪޔఽ┬↢ᓤߦኻߔࠆታ㓙⊛ޔታോ⊛ߥജ㊂ࠍ ᳞ࠆ߽ߩߣޔ㑆ធ⊛ߥࡔ࠲⊛ᜰዉജߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ߽ߩ߇ࠆޕ ԙޟ⏕ߩᚻ┙ߡޠߦ㑐ߔࠆⷐߣ⺖㗴 ࡍࡄ࠹ࠬ࠻߿ታᛛ⹜㛎ޔࠬ࠾ࡦࠣ࠹ࠬ࠻╬ޔ╵ߩ߹ߞߡࠆࠍㅢߒߡ⏕ ߆ࠆ߽ߩߣޔ⺰ㅀᑼޔࠣ࡞ࡊ⸛⼏ޔᮨᡆᬺޔᜰዉ᩺ߩᚑࠍࡐ࠻ឭ ߣ߁╵ߩ߹ߞߡߥ߽ߩߣ߇ࠆޕ Ԛޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߩ⸳ቯߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⺖㗴 ޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߦߟߡߪޔ㧔ࠕ㧕ޟ㆐⋡ᮡޠޟ⏕ᜰᮡޠࠍ⏕ߔࠆ⹏ଔ㗄⋡ߣ⏕ ߩᚻߛߡߩ⸳ቯߩ㗴ޔ㧔ࠗ㧕⹏ଔᜂᒰ⠪ߩ㗴ޔ㧔࠙㧕ᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ࠍጁୃߔࠆቇ ↢ᢙߩ㗴ޔ㧔ࠛ㧕⹏ଔߩㆡಾᕈߦߟߡߩ㗴߇ࠆޕ ԛᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⑼ߩ㗴 ᢎ⑼ߩᜰዉജ⢒ᚑࠍᜂߔࠆߚߦߪޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍ㈩⟎ߒޔᬺ⑼⋡ ࠍߩౝኈࠍ↪ᗧߔࠇ߫⦟ߩ߆ࠍ⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ᢎ⑼ᜰዉജߦߟߡߪޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ߣᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ᣇߩౝኈࠍ⛔ว⚿วߒߥ߇ࠄᒻᚑߐ ߖࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕࠃߞߡޔ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ߡߪޔਔ⠪ࠍ⁛┙ߒߚ߽ߩߣ߁ ࠃࠅߪߒࠈޔ⛔วߒߚ߽ߩߣߒߡᢎ⑼ࠍᝒ߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒታ㓙ߦߪޔᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߪᢎ⡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ߩᢎ⑼ᜰዉᴺޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ߪᢎ⑼ߦ㑐ߔ ࠆ⑼⋡ߦ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߡࠆޕᣇߩᜂᒰᢎຬ߇දߒߡޔᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߩ ᬺ⑼⋡ψޟ㛎ޠ⊛⑼⋡㧔ᢎ⢒ታ⠌㧕ψޟ⋭ኤޠ⊛⑼⋡ߣ߁ጁୃߩᵹࠇ߽น⢻ߢ ࠆޕ߃߫ߘࠇߪޔ㧔γ㧕ᢎ⢒ታ⠌ߩᓟᜰዉ߿㧔δ㧕ᢎ⢒ታ⠌೨ᓟߦጁୃߔࠆᢎ⑼ߩ ᬺ⎇ⓥߢࠆޕ㧞ߟߩᬺ⑼⋡ߦㅢߒߡࠆὐߪޔታ㓙ߩᢎ⢒⊛㛎ޔᮨᡆᬺ ߢߩᢎ⑼ᜰዉ㛎ࠍၮ⋚ߦߒߡޔᄢቇߢߩኾ㐷⊛ℂ⺰߿⍮߇⛘߃ߕᓔㆶߒߡ㑐ࠊࠆ ߎߣߢࠆޕ ߽߁㧝ߟߩὐߪޔᄢቇᢎຬߣቇ↢㧔ࠆߪቇ↢ห჻㧕ߩᣇะߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪ ࡦࠍ࿑ࠆᬺᒻᘒࠍណࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔቇ↢ߦᢎ⢒⊛ኻߦࠃࠆ⋭ኤࠍଦߔߎߣߢ ࠆޕ ᢎ⑼ኾ㐷ߣᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ߩᢎຬߪޔߦ⥄ಽߩኾ㐷⊛⍮⼂ᛛ⢻ߛߌߢߪߥߊޔቇᩞ႐ ߢቇ↢߇⚻㛎ߔࠆᢎ⑼ᜰዉߦೣߒߚᓟᜰዉ߿ᬺ⎇ⓥߩᜰዉࠍⴕߞߡߌࠆߛߌߩ ᜰዉജࠍりߦߟߌߡߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕઁᣇߢޔᢎ⑼ߩᢎຬ㑆ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߥᢎ⑼ߩᜰዉ ജࠍᜬߞߚᢎຬࠍ㙃ᚑߔࠆߩ߆ߣ߁㆐⋡ᮡࠍൻߒޔߘࠇߦᴪߞߡᬺ⑼⋡ߩ ౝኈ߿ᣇᴺࠍ⋥ߔᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕߘߩߢޔᢎ⑼ߩᬺ⑼⋡߇ቇ↢ߩᢎຬߣߒߡߩᦨ ዊ㒢ᔅⷐߥ⾗⾰⢻ജߩᒻᚑߦነਈߔࠆߩ߆ࠍᗧ⼂ൻߔࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆޕ Ԝᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩ⾰ߩ⸽ߣᄢቇߩᓎഀ
หႎ๔ᦠߢߪޔᧄࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩ․⦡ߣߒߡޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥὐ߇ߍࠄࠇߡ ࠆޕ ߹ߕ╙㧝ὐߪޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠞࠠࡘࡓߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⑼ߩ㗴ࠍᮮᢿ⊛ߦขࠅߍࠃ߁ߣ ߒߚߎߣߢࠆޕߎࠇߪޔㄭᐕߩᡷ㕟߇߃߫ޔᢎ⡯ᄢቇ㒮ޔᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޔᢎᦝ ᣂޔᗵ␠ળᕈሶߤ߽ℂ⸃߿ቇ⚖⚻༡╬ߦࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔޟᢎ⡯ޠߦᢳߒ ߡࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕቇജૐਅ⺰߿ᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߡᄢቇ߇ᜂ߁ᢎ⑼ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ߩജ ㊂ᒻᚑ߆ࠄߔࠇ߫ޔᒰὼޟᢎ⑼ޠ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢࠆޕ ᰴߢޔᢎຬ㙃ᚑ♽ᄢቇㅪวߢࠆߣ߁⚵❱⊛ⵣᛂߜࠍએߞߡޔ㆐⋡ᮡࠍౕ ⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߒߡࠆߣ߁ὐߢࠆޕᢎຬ㙃ᚑᄢቇ߇ߤߎ߹ߢᢎᏧߩ⾗⾰⢻ജ߿ജ㊂ߩ ⏕ߦਥ⊛ߥ⽿છࠍᜬߟߩ߆ߦߟߡޔ⚵❱⊛ߦߘߩ㆐⋡ᮡߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻ቯߩ⛔৻ ᕈࠍ␜ߒޔቇᩞ႐߿ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߣ⋧ߩวᗧߦၮߠߊᓎഀಽᜂද㑐ଥࠍ▽ߊ ߢޔߎࠇߪ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߢࠆޕ ߎ߁ߒߚᢥ⣂ߩਛߢ⠨߃ࠆߣޔޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߩዉߪޔᢎ⡯⺖⒟ߩጁୃࠍㅢߓߡޔ ᢎຬߣߒߡߩᦨዊ㒢ᔅⷐߥ⾗⾰⢻ജߩోߦߟߡޔ⏕ታߥୃᓧߣߘߩోࠍ␜ߒ ߡ⏕ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞ߚ߽ߩߦઁߥࠄߥޕߘࠇߪ߹ߚޔቇㇱᲑ㓏ߩ㙃ᚑᢎ⢒ߩᨐߚ ߔߴߊᓎഀࠍࠆ⒟ᐲ⛔৻⊛ߦ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ߽ࠆޕ ߎߩઁޔ⾰ߩ⸽ߦߟߡߪޔᢎ⑼ߦࠃߞߡߪᲧセ⊛ኈᤃߥ⑼⋡ߣߘ߁ߢߥߩߣ߇ ࠅޔߎߩㄝߩᖱࠍหႎ๔ᦠߢߪޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴࠄࠇߡࠆޕޟ㆐⋡ᮡ߿ᬌ⸽ߩᚻ┙ߡ ߇ޔታᛛ♽⑼⋡ߦ߅ߡߪౕ⊛ߦ␜ߔߎߣ߇น⢻ߢࠅޔታᛛߩ㆐᳓Ḱࠍߘߩᩭߦ ߚޔ㗄⋡ൻߒᤃߎߣߦ߽ࠃࠆޕᢎຬߩജ㊂ߦߟߡޔ㗄⋡ൻߒᤃ⑼⋡ߣߘ߁ߢߥ ⑼⋡߇ࠅޔޡᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޢߩ⺖㗴ߩ㧝ߟ߽ߘߎߦࠆޕޠ ߐࠄߦ߹ߚޔᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߪޔ㜞╬ቇᩞ߿․ᡰេቇᩞ㧔ቇ⚖㧕ޔᐜ⒩ߥߤߩቇᩞ ⒳ߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑߦ߅ߌࠆޟ㆐⋡ᮡޠޟ⏕ᜰᮡޠߩ㐿⊒╷ቯߩ࿎㔍ߐ߿⑳┙ᄢቇ㧔ో࿖ᢎ ⡯⺖⒟⎇ⓥㅪ⛊ද⼏ળ㧕╬ߣߩㅪ៤ߩ㗴߽ᱷߐࠇߡࠆޕ
㧠㧚ႝ࣭षఱڠ̤̫ͥͅȶޗகਠȷ͈৾ͤழ͙
2010 ᐕᐲࠃࠅዉߐࠇࠆޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߪޔනߚࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑ⑼⋡ߩㅊടߢߪߥߊޔᄢ ቇోߣߒߡߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑߩࠅᣇޔߑߔߴ߈ᢎຬߩ␜ߣ㙃ᚑᣇᴺޔୃᓧߔߴ߈⾗⾰ ⢻ജߣജ㊂ޔቇౝߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ⡯ᜰዉߩ⏕┙ޔᢎ⢒ታ⠌දജᩞ߿ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળߣߩㅪ៤ߥ ߤޔᄙጘߦࠊߚࠆᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩౣ᭴▽ࠍߞߡࠆޕ࿁ߩᡷ㕟ߪޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩࠃ ߁ߥޟනࠍߒߡᢎࠍቇ↢ߦઃਈߔࠆޠߛߌߩᢎຬ㙃ᚑ߆ࠄߒޔᧄᒰߦᢎຬࠍ㙃 ᚑߔࠆߣ߁⌀ߥᘒᐲ߇ᚒޘᢎ⡯⺖⒟ߦ៤ࠊࠆ⠪ߦ⺖ߐࠇߡࠆ㊀ᄢߥ⽿ോߢࠆߣ ⼂ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ߎ߁ߒߚ೨ឭߦၮߠߡ㋈㣮࿖㓙ᄢቇߢߪޔ㧟ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦޔ2010 ᐕᐲࠃࠅᢎ⡯⺖⒟ ߩࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍᡷ⸓ߔࠆ੍ቯߦߒߡࠆޕ㧟㧚㋈㣮࿖㓙ᄢቇᢎ⡯⺖⒟ࠞࠠࡘࡓ㧔᩺㧕 ᢎ ⡯ ᢎຬ㙃ᚑࠦࠕ⑼⋡⟲ ᢎ ⑼ 㧠 ᐕ ᰴ ᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ ᢎ⢒ታ⠌㧔೨ᓟᜰዉ㧕 ࠗࡦ࠲ࡦࠪ࠶ࡊ 㧟 ᐕ ᰴ ↢ᓤᜰዉ ᢎ⢒⋧⺣ ᓼᜰዉᴺ ․ᵴേᜰዉᴺ ᢎ⢒ታ〣㛎Τ ᢎ⢒ࡈࠖ࡞࠼⎇ⓥΤ ࠠࡖࠕࠟࠗ࠳ࡦࠬΤ㧔ᢎ⡯㧕 ฦᢎ⑼ ᜰዉᴺ Σ㨪Φ 㧞 ᐕ ᰴ ᢎ⢒ේℂ ᢎ⢒⺖⒟ ᢎ⢒ᐲ⺰ ᢎ⢒ᔃℂቇ ቇ⠌ᔃℂቇ ᢎ⢒ߩᣇᴺ߅ࠃ߮ᛛⴚ ᢎ⢒ታ〣㛎Σ ᢎ⢒ࡈࠖ࡞࠼⎇ⓥΣ ࠠࡖࠕࠟࠗ࠳ࡦࠬΣ㧔ᢎ⡯㧕 㧝 ᐕ ᰴ ၮ ␆ ⑼ ⋡ ᢎ⡯⺰ ࠠࡖࠕᢎ⢒ ᢎ ⑼ ኾ 㐷 ⑼ ⋡ ߎߩࠞࠠࡘࡓߢߪޔ㧝ᐕᰴ߆ࠄޟࠠࡖࠕᢎ⢒ޠࠍታᣉߒޔᢎ⡯ࠍᔒᦸߔࠆቇ↢ߦ ኻߔࠆ♽⛔⊛ߥጁୃߣᢎ⡯ᜰዉࠍᆎࠆޕ㧞ᐕᰴએ㒠ޔᢎ⡯ߦ․ൻߒߚޟࠠࡖࠕࠟࠗ࠳ ࡦࠬޠ㧔Σ㧕㧔Τ㧕ࠍᷓൻߐߖߡߊߣߣ߽ߦޔᢎ⡯ࡐ࠻ࡈࠜࠝࠍ↪ߡቇ↢ߩጁୃጁ ᱧࠍ⛮⛯⊛ߦᛠីߔࠆޕߘࠇߣหᤨߦޔޟᢎ⢒ታ〣㛎㧔Σ㧕㧔Τ㧕ޠ߅ࠃ߮ޟᢎ⢒ࡈࠖ࡞ ࠼⎇ⓥ㧔Σ㧕㧔Τ㧕ޠࠍዉߒߡޔޟ㛎ޠψޟ⋭ኤޠψޟ㛎ޠψޟ⋭ኤޠࠍ㧞ᐕ㑆ߦࠊߚ ߞߡ➅ࠅߒޔᢎຬߣߒߡᔅⷐߥᗵ߿⽿છᗵޔᢎ⢒⊛ᗲᖱߥߤߩၮ␆⊛⾗⾰⢻ജߩᶩ 㙃ࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣߦߒߡࠆޕߘߎߢߪޔᢎᏧߣߒߡሶߤ߽ࠍࠆ⌒ޔሶߤ߽߳ߩ㑐ࠊࠅᣇޔ ᬺߩኈޔቇᩞ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎᏧߩታ㓙ߩᆫޔታ㓙ߩሶߤ߽ߩᆫޔ㗴ὐߣߞߚ⻉ޘ ߩታߦ⸅ࠇޔ㑐ࠊࠆߎߣࠍޟᢎ⢒ታ〣㛎ޠߣߒߡ⋥ߦ⚻㛎ߒޔߘߒߡߘࠇࠍޟᢎ⢒ࡈ ࠖ࡞࠼⎇ⓥޠߦ߅ߡᝄࠅࠅޔ⥄Ꮖߩ⚻㛎ࠍ⋭ኤߔࠆߎߣࠍߨࠄߣߒߡࠆޕ૬ߖ ߡ㧟ᐕᰴߩޟᢎ⑼ᜰዉᴺޠޔ㧠ᐕᰴߩޟᢎ⢒ታ⠌ޠࠍㅢߒߡޔᢎᏧߣߒߡߩ⾗⾰⢻ജᜰዉ
ജߩၮ␆ၮᧄࠍりߦߟߌࠆߎߣࠍ⋡ᮡߦߒߡࠆޕߐࠄߦޔޟࠗࡦ࠲ࡦࠪ࠶ࡊޠߩᯏળ ࠍ⸳ߌߡޔ␠ળੱߣߒߡߩၮᧄ㧔ࡑ࠽ޔኻੱ㑐ଥޔᜦޔ⸒⪲㆜╬㧕ࠍりߦߟߌߐߖ ࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߡࠆޕ ߥ߅ޔޟᢎ⢒ታ〣㛎㧔Σ㧕㧔Τ㧕ޠߦߟߡߪޔਃ㊀⋵ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ߇Ფᐕ೨ᓟᦼߦ㓸 ߒߡࠆޟᄢቇ↢╬ᢎ⢒ࠕࠪࠬ࠲ࡦ࠻ޠࠍ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦߒߡࠆޕߜߥߺߦޔߎߩᐲ ߪᢎຬࠍᏗᦸߔࠆ⋵ਅߩᢎ⡯⺖⒟ࠍߔࠆᄢቇߩቇ↢ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔ೨ᦼᓟᦼߩᐕ࿁ߦ ࠊߚࠅޔᢎ⢒ࠕࠪࠬ࠲ࡦ࠻ߩᵴ↪ࠍᏗᦸߔࠆ⋵ਅߩ┙ዊਛቇᩞޔ⋵┙㜞ᩞޔ․ᡰេ ቇᩞߦ⻠⟵ߩⓨ߈ᤨ㑆╬ࠍ↪ߒߡޔᲤㅳᢙᤨ㑆ޔᢎ⢒ࠕࠪࠬ࠲ࡦ࠻ߣߒߡఽ┬↢ᓤߩᢎ ⢒ᡰេߦᒰߚࠆߣ߁߽ߩߢࠆޕౕ⊛ߦߪޔᏒ↸ᢎ⢒ᆔຬળ߅ࠃ߮ᩞ㐳ߩᜰើ⋙〈 ߩਅޔฦᢎ⑼ޔ✚ว⊛ߥቇ⠌ߩᤨ㑆ޔ․ᵴേޔ․ᡰេᢎ⢒╬ߩഥޔഥߩഥ╬ߩ ᜰዉ߇ߘߩਥߥᵴേౝኈߢࠆޕ ߹ߚޔ㧠ᐕᰴߦ㐿⻠੍ቯߩޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠߦߟߡߪޔᰴߦ␜ߔࠪࡃࠬߦၮߠߡ ታᣉߔࠆ੍ቯߢࠆޕ 㧠㧚ޟᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ޠࠪࡃࠬ㧔᩺㧕 ⑼⋡ฬ㧦ᢎ⡯ታ〣Ṷ⠌ ᢎຬฬ㧦ᢎ⡯⺖⒟ᜂᒰᢎຬޔᢎ⑼ᜰዉᴺᜂᒰᢎຬޔᢎ⢒ታ⠌ᜂᒰᢎຬ ⑼⋡ಽ╬㧦ᢎ⑼ߪᢎ⡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⑼⋡ޔ㧞නޔᔅୃ ᬺߩᒻᑼ㧦Ṷ⠌ᒻᑼ ᬺߩ⋡⊛ౝኈ㧦 ᄢቇ㧠ᐕ㑆ߩᢎ⡯⺖⒟ጁୃࠍㅢߓߡޔᢎຬߩ᳁ฬ߿ሶߤ߽߳ߩ⽿છߩℂ⸃ޔ␠ળੱߣ ߒߡߩၮᧄ㧔ࡑ࠽ޔ࡞࡞ޔᜦޔ⸒⪲㆜╬㧕ߩୃᓧޔኾ㐷ߣߔࠆᢎ⑼ߩ⍮⼂ޔᜰ ዉᣇᴺޔᬺࠍⴕ߁ߢߩၮᧄ⊛ജޔሶߤ߽ߩ⊒㆐߿ᔃりߩ⁁ᴫޔቇ⠌ߩቯ⌕⁁ᴫ ߦߟߡߩℂ⸃ޔሶߤ߽ࠍ㧝ߟߩቇ⚖㓸࿅ߣߒߡ߹ߣߡߊᚻᴺߥߤ߇ℂ⸃ޔୃᓧߐ ࠇߡࠆ߆ࠍ⏕ߔࠆޕ ㆐⋡ᮡ㧦 Ԙᢎ⢒ߦኻߔࠆᗵ߿ᖱᾲࠍᜬߜޔᏱߦሶߤ߽߆ࠄቇ߮ޔߦᚑ㐳ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆᆫ ߇りߦߟߡࠆޕ ԙᢎຬߣߒߡߩ⡯⽿߿⟵ോߩ⥄ⷡߦၮߠ߈ޔ⋡⊛߿⁁ᴫߦᔕߓߚㆡಾߥ⸒േࠍขࠆߎߣ ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ Ԛሶߤ߽ߩ⊒㆐߿ᔃりߩ⁁ᴫߦᔕߓߡޔᛴ߃ࠆ⺖㗴ࠍℂ⸃ߒޔㆡಾߥᜰዉࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ ߢ߈ࠆޕ߹ߚޔሶߤ߽ߣߩ㑆ߦା㗬㑐ଥࠍ▽߈ޔቇ⚖㓸࿅ࠍᛠីߒߡޔⷙᓞࠆቇ⚖ ⚻༡ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ
ԛቇ⠌ᜰዉߩၮᧄ⊛㗄ࠍりߦߟߌߡࠆޕᬺࠍⴕ߁ߢߩၮᧄ⊛ߥജࠍりߦߟ ߌߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔ⥃ᯏᔕᄌߦᬺ⸘↹߿ቇ⠌ᒻᘒࠍᎿᄦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ ᬺ⸘↹㧦 ╙㧝࿁ ࠝࠛࡦ࠹࡚ࠪࡦ㧔ᬺߩㅴᣇޔ⹏ଔᣇᴺ╬㧕 ╙㧞࿁ ቇ⚖⚻༡ߦ߅ߌࠆᜂછߩᓎഀ߿ታോޔઁߩᢎ⡯ຬߣߩදജߩࠅᣇޔ⼔⠪ߣ ߩ㑐ଥ㧔⻠⟵㧕 ╙㧟࿁ ቇ⚖⚻༡ߦ߅ߌࠆ⥃ᐥ႐㕙ߢߩᢎᏧߩኻᔕ㧙ߘߩ㧝㧔⎇ⓥ㧕 ╙㧠࿁ ޖ 㧙ߘߩ㧞㧔ࡠ࡞ࡊࠗࡦࠣ㧕 ╙㧡࿁ ޖ 㧙ߘߩ㧟㧔㓸࿅⸛⼏㧕 ╙㧢࿁ ᣣߩᢎ⢒⺖㗴㧔ߓޔਇ⊓ᩞ╬㧕ߣߘߩኻᔕ㧔⻠⟵㧕 ╙㧣࿁ ޖ 㧙ߘߩ㧝㧔⎇ⓥ㧕 ╙㧤࿁ ޖ 㧙ߘߩ㧞㧔ࡠ࡞ࡊࠗࡦࠣ㧕 ╙㧥࿁ ޖ 㧙ߘߩ㧟㧔㓸࿅⸛⼏㧕 ╙ 10 ࿁ ᮨᡆᬺߣᬺࠍ〯߹߃ߚ㓸࿅⸛⼏㧔㧝㧕 ╙ 11 ࿁ ޖ 㧔㧞㧕 ╙ 12 ࿁ ޖ 㧔㧟㧕 ╙ 13 ࿁ ․ᡰេᢎ⢒ߩ⁁ߣᢎᏧߩ⺖㗴㧔⻠⟵㧕 ╙ 14 ࿁ ߹ߣ ╙ 15 ࿁ ⹜㛎㧔ᢎ⡯ၮ␆࠹ࠬ࠻㧕 ᚑ❣ߩᣇᴺߣၮḰ㧦 ᬺ߳ߩෳടᆫޔฦ࿁ߏߣߩ⊒ౝኈޔࡐ࠻ޔ⹏ଔߦၮߠ߈ޔ✚ว⊛ߦ⹏ଔߔ ࠆޕ ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ෳ⠨ᦠ㧦ฦ࿁ߩࡊࡦ࠻߿⾗ᢱࠍ↪ࠆޕ ߘߩઁ㧦ฃ⻠ቯຬߪޔ㧝ࠢࠬ 20 ੱࠍ㒢ᐲߣߔࠆޕ 㐿⻠ᤨᦼ㧦㧠ᐕᰴᓟᦼ
߅ࠊࠅߦ
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