Clay Mineralogy in Drilling Cores from the
Arabian Sea
著者名(英)
Saburo AOKI, Norihiko KOHYAMA, Toshio ISHIZUKA
journal or
publication title
Journal of Toyo University. Natural science
number
50
page range
147-162
year
2006-03
URL
http://id.nii.ac.jp/1060/00002517/
Creative Commons : 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.ja
Clay Mineralogy in Drilling Cores from the Arabian Sea
Saburo AOKI,Norihiko KOHYAMA and Toshio ISHIZUKA
Abstract:Using X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and analytical transmission electron
microscopy(ATEM),64 sediment samples from seven sites in the Arabian Sea were analyzed for clay mineral investigation.The XRD analysis revealed that the sediments contain the following clay minerals:such as smectite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, and palygorskite. However, the abundance of these clay minerals varied among samples and differed according to time. For example, a sediment core from site 720A from the Indus Fan contained abundant i皿te and chlorite, but no abundance of smectite. A sediment core from Site 731A of the Owen Ridge abundantly contained illite and chlorite, but smectite and palygorskite were contained next in order of abundance. A sediment core from site 730A from the Oman Margin shows distinguishing features in abundance of clay minerals from other sites:palygorskite is the most abmdant clay m㎞eral;iUite and chlorite are next in order of abundance, and smectite is less than 10%. The kaolinite concentration in most of the samples is less than 10%. Illite and chlorite, which are most abundant in these samples, are considered to have been transported from Indian and Pakistan drainage areas, but some were transported from the Arabian Peninsula. Smectite source areas seem to d近er source areas from those of illite and chlorite because sediments at Site 720A from the Indus Fan have no abundance of smectite from the Pleistocene to recent times. Smectite might have been transported from the Arabian Peninsula rather than the Deccan Traps, India. A salient characteristic in the clay mineral assemblage is the variable proponion of palygorskite from sample to sample and over time. A sediment core, from 725C of the Oman Margin shows no palygorskite, but a sediment core from 730A of the same area contains palygorskite in the j]rst order of abundance through the core. Palygorskite is inferred to be a key tracer for paleoenVironments of the stUdy area. Micr(トchemical analyses of clay minerals show that chlorite is diVisible into tWo types:atri-octahedral Fe-rich type and an Fe-Mg one. Smectite is divisible into tri-octahedral Fe saponite and di-octahedral Fe varieties of beidelHte. Ilnte in this study has potassium contents of O.5 to O.9 in the interlayer sheet. Key words:Arabian Sea, Dri伍ng cores, Clay mineralogy, ATEM,㎜, Paleoenvironments, Sedimentary history, ODP 117 ★NatUra1 Science Laboratory, Department of Economics, Toyo University 52820, Hakusan Bunkyou-ku Tokyo 112-8606, Japan148
Saburo AoKI,Norihiko KoHyAMA and Toshio lsHlzuKAIMRODU㎝ON
ODP 117 prqject drilled at thirteen sites in the Arabian Sea. In this study the authors analyzed clay minerals in the dril㎞g cores from seven sites in the Arabian Sea. Not only qualitative analysis,but also quantitative estimation of clay minerals was canied out in detail using X-ray diifractometry Q(RD)and analytical transmission electron microscopy(ATEM). So far, the authors have used this method to analyze clay minerals in many sediment samples from seas and oceans and have reported those results,(e,g., Aoki and Kohyama, 1998;Aoki et a1.,2001). Clay mineralogical studies of sediments of the Arabian Sea and oceans related to the present study were conducted by Kolla et al.(1976 and 1981),Debrabant et al.(1991),Krissek and Clemens(1991),Sirocko and Lange(1991), and Aoki et al.(1991). Kolla et aL(1976 and 1981)pohlted out the respec廿ve origins of clay minerals in surface sediments of the Arabian Sea and the westem Indian Ocean as fbllows:smectite is derived from the Deccan Traps of India;illite and chlorite are derived either from the Himalayan complex and supplied to the Indus Fan and adjacent areas by the Indus River, or廿om soils in the Iran-Makaran region and supplied to the Gulf of Oman by nonhwesterly Winds;kaolinite in the northern Arabian Sea is probably derived from tropical soils of southem India;palygorskite is derived from soils of the Arabian peninsula and Somalia, from which it is supplied to the Arabian Sea by westerly and southwesterly winds. Debrabant et al.(1991)reach a similar conclusion to reports by Kolla et al.(1976 and 1981). Sirocko and Lange(1991)reported that dust plumes from the Red Sea area, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Iran and Pakistan consist of illite, smectite, kaolinite, chlorite and palygorskite, in decreasing order of abundance. They also dis廿nguish two fluvial contributions:achlorite-,illite,kaohnite-, and quartz-rich assemblage from Oman and Pakistan into the Gulf of Oman, and a smectite-rich assemblage that is dominant off southern India, originating from rivers that drain the Indian subcontinent. Krissek and Clemens(1991)pointed out that the terrigenous dust component comprises smectite,皿ite, palygorskite, kao血lite, chlorite, quartz, plagioclase and dolomite which is consistent with the composition of source areas currently supplying sediment to the Arabian Sea. In recent work by Khormali and Abtahi(2003),palygorskite is identified as the major clay mineral along with illite, chlorite, and smectite in the calcareous arid and semi-arid regions of southem Iran. An important implication is that palygorskite in Arabian Sea sediments is transported not only by wind, but also by river runoff. The present study is the first to present detailed clay chemistry in ODP cores from the Arabian Sea.SAMPI」ES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Samples used in this study were collected at two sites of the Owen Ridge, at four sites from the Oman Margin, and at one site from the lndus Fan. Locations of the drilling sites are shown in Fig.1. In all,64 samples were used in this study. Raw material was first dispersedin distilled water. Then particles with diameter of less than 2 micron meter were collected by sedimentation. Quantitative and qualitative estimations of clay minerals are based on the method reported’by Sudo et al(1961)and Oinuma(1968).ActUal application of the method is reported elsewhere(A.oki and Kohyama,1998). In this study, the丘ve major clay minerals chlorite, illite, smectite, kaolinite and palygorskite are observed. Total amounts of fOur or丘ve clay minerals are expressed as 100%. Micro-chemical analyses of clay minerals were carried out by using ATEM(Kohyama,1984). 19°N lse, 17° 16° ’z°6., η Oman Margin Q〕 57° 5se 59° 60° Fig. l Location of the drilli皿g site in this stUdy 720 1ndus Fan 61°
RESULTS
Venical Changes in Clay Mineral Composition Indus Fan:Asediment core from Site 720A is dominated by illite and chlorite, as shown in Fig.2. The bottom of the core is indicated as dating from the Pleistocene. The abundance of illite ranges from 64%to 29%and is 49%on average;that of chlorite ranges from 55%to O% and is 33%on average. The kaolinite concentration is 9%on average. Palygorskite is contained only two layers, athough the uppermost layer contains 38%palygorskite. The most interesting featUre is that smectite is not observed throughout the Pleistocene. Suggesting that volcanic material such as volcanic ash has not been transported to the area under consideration. However, ATEM analyses show the presence of smectite, as explained later: XRD did not detect smectite, but ATEM detected a trace amount. Another feature of clay mineral composition is the presence of palygorskite in only tWo layers of the Holocence and Pleistocene. Vertical changes in chlorite and illite compositions are neither systematic normarked
150
Saburo AoKI,Norihiko KoHyAMA and Toshio lsHrzuKA 圏chtorite ■palygorsk辻e 口illite 口kaolin辻e L. Fig.2 Venical change in clay mineral composition in sediment core at site 720A Owen Ridge:Two sediment cores at Sites 721B and 731A in the Owen Ridge were examined. In the sediment core of Site 721B(Fig.3), abundance of illite ranges from 50%to 26%(average 38%). Chlorite concentration ranges from 54%to O%(average 27%).The content of smectite ranges from 48%to O%(average 21%). Palygorskite is observed in only two layers and its content varies from 24%to 8%. The kaolinite concentration ranged from 13%to 2%(average 9%). The most significant feature in clay mineral composition is that smectite concentration tends to increase downward and is highest in the bottom layer, dating from the early Miocene. Illite concentration is also highest in the early Miocene. In a sediment core from Site 731A.(Fig.4),chlorite abundance ranges from 55%to 14%(average 33%).Illite abundance ranges from 57%to 16%(average 32%). Palygorskite abundance ranges from 43%to O%(average 19%). Smectite concentration ranges from 29%to O%( average 11%). Kaolinite concentration ranges from 10%to O%(average 5%). Higher concentrations of chlorite and illite in the tWo cores resemble those of other cores. However, prevalence of palygorskite throughout the core, except in the lowest three layers(early Miocene)dffers from those of other cores. The illite and chlorite contents are highest in the early Miocene. 国smect詮e I国chlor比e 口palygorsk比e ロillite lNkaolinite Fig.3 Venical change in clay mineral composition in sediment core at site 721B1■kaolin民e Fig.4 Venical change in clay mineral composition in sediment core at site 731A Oman Margin:Four sediment cores at Sites 725C,724A,730A, and 728A were examined. In the sediment core加m Site 725C(Fig.5), illite concentration ranges丘om 58%to 33%( average 46%). Chlorite abundance ranges from 53%to 21%(average 40%). Kaolinite concentrations are from 17%to O%(average 9%). Smectite concentrations are 16%to O% (average 5%).No palygorskite was observed in this core sample.皿ite tends to concentrate in lower parts of the core, but chlorite exhibits an opposite trend in the Pleistocene age. In the sediment core of Site 724A(F]g.6), illite concentration ranges from 58%to 21%(average 38%) and chlo亘te abundance ranges 55%to 25%(average 38%).Palygorskite concentration ranges 33%to O%(average 10%)in only three layers. Smectite concentration ranges 15%to O% (average 7%)and kaolinite concentration ranges 13%to O%(average 7%). The presence of palygorskite is recogn泣able i皿only three layers in the Pleistocene.The contents of illite and chlorite tend to concentrate in the bottom layers during the late Pliocene. In a sediment core of Site 730A(Fig.7), the most distinguishing feature is the presence and abundance of palygorskite. Abundance of palygorskite ranges from 57%to 18%(average 39%).Palygorskite is contained from Early Mioicene to the Pleistocene. Chlorite abundance was 36%to 9% (average 24%).皿lite concentration ranges 34%to 14%(average 22%). Smectite concentration ranges 24%to 5%average 10%). Kaolinite concentration ranges 23%to O%(average 5%).The abundance of illite and chlorite tends to be concentrated at the bottom layers of the early Miocene. In the sediment core at Site 728A(Fig.8), Illite concentration ranges from 50%to 23%with average of 36%and chlorite concentration ranges 59%to 13%(average 34%). Chlorite tends to concentrate more in the upper half of layers than in the lower half of the core. However, i伍te concentration shows that the tendency in both upper and lower halves of the core. Smectite concentra廿ons are 24%to O%(average 8%)and kaolinite concentrations are 21%to 4%(average 11%).Palygorskite tends to concentrate to the lower haif of the core. The bottom layer(Miocene)contains 34%palygorskite.
152
Saburo AOKI ,Norihiko KoHYAMA and Toshio IsHIzuKA 4.45m 21.85m 49.45m 79.95m 110、45m 147.65m 176.65m 213.85m 234.65m 1圃smec也e ■chlorite 口palygorsk忙e 口iI阯e ■kaolin辻e F㎏.5 Vertical change in clay mineral composition in sedment core at site 725C 24.55m 50.45m 109.35m 139.75m 160.65m自
F㎏.6 Vertical change in elay mineral composition in sediment core at site 724A 23.75m 52.25m 81.15m 110.15m 139.15m 168.15m tg1.15m 252.10m 331.60m 348.80m 397、10m 国smectite ■chlo市e 口pabgorsk忙e iご’
Fig.7 Venica1 change in clay minera1 composition in sediment core at site 730Aピ麟
口palygorskite 口illite ■kaolin辻e Fig.8 Vertical change in clay mineral composition in sediment core at site 728AMicro-chemicalcomposition
Micro-chemical analyses of clay minerals in the present study have shown that smectite is classi丘able into two sub-groups:di-octahedral and tri-octahedral types. In contrast, all chlorite belongs to tri-octahedral type. Figure 9 shows TEM morphology of chlorite in samples at Site 720A in the Indus Fan. The sample gA is Holocene;others are Pleistocene. Chemical compositions and structural fonnulae of the chlorite are listed in Table 1. The symbols of that table correspond to those in Fig.9. The TEM morphology of chlorite shown in Fig.9shows irregular shape. Its outline is rough feature(not clear cut). Chemical characteristics of chlorite show an Fe一亘ch type, as shown in 720A,A and 720A-D, and an Fe- Mg type, as shown in 720B and 720 C. Figure 10 shows the TEM morphology of the smectite in sample at Site 720A of the Indus Fan and in a sample at Site 728A of the Owen Ridge. Sample FIO-A shows the presence of di-octahedral beidellite and F10-B is montmorillonite, F1(NC and F饅D are tri-octahedral saponite. The TEM丘gures do not show discemible di- octahedral and tri-octahedral types. Table 2 shows chemical composition and stnlctural f()㎝ulae of these smectites. The symbols in the table corresponds to those in Fig.10. Figure ll shows TEM morphology of smectite in the sample from Site 731A in the Owen Ridge. Smectite in Figure l l is from the Holocene, except fbr Fig.11D of late-Miocene. Chemical composition and structural formulae show that the smectite is of di-octahedral type beidellite, as listed in Table 3. The TEM morphologies of smectites A and D show a r皿nd shape, while those of smectites B and C have no clear-cut shape. Figure 12 shows the TEM morphology of saponite(A and C)and chlorite(B)in a sample from Site 731A in the Owen Ridge. Sample age is A(Holocene), B(Pleistocene), and C(late- Miocene).Their respective chemical compositions and stnlctural formulae are listed in Table 4. Symbols in the table correspond to those in Fig.12. The TEM morphology of saponite A is not clear cut but that of saponite C shows a strip of paper. Chemical properties of saponite show an Fe-Mg rich type. Chlorite in B appears to be pillar-like and clear cut. The chemical composition shown in Table 4 is Mg-Fe type.154
Saburo AoKI,Norihiko KoHyAMA and Toshio IsHIzuKA Sio2 Al203 FeOMgO
Tio2MnO
CaO Na20K20
1「otal(%) Si Al Tetra. Al Fe2 Mg Ti Mn Octa. 720A-A 25.47 19.93 45.08 4.87 2.01 1.18 0,75 0.71 100 2,61 1.39 4 1.02 3.87 0.74 0,16 0,1 5.89 720A-B 25.49 18,92 33.51 16.27 1.97 1.16 1.94 0,73 100 2.49 1.51 4 0.67 2,74237
0.15 0.1 6.03 720A-C 30.35 15.4 29.12 15.48 2.5 2,64 3,3S 1.15 100 2,92 1.08 4 0、67 2.34 2.22 0A 8 0,22 5.63 720A-D 23.48 21.18 39,82 5,3 2.61 2.21 3.07 2.33 100 2.41 1.59 4 0.98 3.42 0,81 0.2 0.19 5.6 Table l Chemical composition and structUral formulae of chlorite in sample at site 720A、
pm
=B
轟^ 濫灘一 Fig.9 TEM morphology of chlorite in sample at site 720AC
ぷ、、_pm
一
D
Fig.10 TEM morphology of smectite in sample at site 720A Table 2 Sio2 Al203 Fe203(FeO)MgO
Tio2MnO
CaO Na20K20
Total(%)Si A[ Tetra, Al Fe3(Fe2) MgTi Mn Octa. Ca Na K lnter. 720A-A 56,15 2].63 19.13 1.53 1.89 2.14 5.03 1.5 100 3,52 0.48 4 1.12 0,48 0.14 0.09 0.11 1.94 0.342614
00
720A-B 64.89 11.57 11.61 5.18 1.25 1.44 1.92 2,13 100 4 0 4 0.85 0.54 0.48 0.06 0,08 2.01 0.1373
口O
O 728A-C 34.1 20,56 C24.82) 13.92 0.89 1.36 2.24 2,11 100 2.35 1.65 4 0.02 {1.29) 1.43 0,05 0,08 2.87 0.179613
00
728A-D 39.06 20,56 (2059) 12.72 2.18 1.58 1、42 1.97 100 2.72 1.28 4 0.4 Ci.2) 1.32 0.11 0,09 3.12 0.11 80∨1200
Chemical composition and structural formulae of smectite in sample at site 728A156
Saburo AoKI,Norihiko KoHYAMA and Toshio IsHIzuKA鰭
鷲懸
…ぺa
灘繋・ .ぴC
’taj’”樽
頚
晦、 荻ぷ. 織 胆n::D
講
Fig.11 TEM morphology of smectite in sample at site 731A Table 3 Sio2 Al203 Fe203MgO
Tio2MnO
CaONa20
K20
Tota|(%) Si Al Tetra. Al Fe3Mg
Ti Mn Octa. Ca Na K Inter, 731A-A 53.82 13.7 12.44 11.67 2.5 0.74 2.95 0.63 1.56 100 3.43 0,57 4 0.46 0.6 1.11 0,12 0.04 2.33 0.2 0,08 0.13 0,41 731A-B 52,75 16.35 12.92 9.28 2,13 1.4 2,15 3.03 100 3.39 0.61 4 0.63 0,62 0.89 0.1 0.08232
0.15 0,25 0.4 731A-C 53,1 17.53 8.23 8.77 2.72 2.07 3.48 4,1 100 3.4 0.6 4 0,72 0.4 0,84 0.13 0.11 2.2 0.24 0,34 0.58 731A-D 52,24 18.87 10,75 8,63 ].4 1.53 2.8 3.78 100 3.35 0,65 4 0,78 0.52 0.82 0.07 0,07 2,27 0.19 0.31 0、5 Chemical composition and structUra1 formulae of smectite in sample at site 731AA
㌻画慈難灘lli≡, 一ぱぷ・一一“ 「/t// //tt//t^ t.tt 《trtt r× ’ 内内 “ ざ ”囁壱『ご ぐ :べ ’ 壱穿壱ぎ’} ” 「 rr tt づttヒrcL 「^’ tttttt 内 : ’ 内 r 内 内F内渉㌢ .wプ四1早Ψ照 囁ま瓦ttt r 内じ 内内w 囁ざ㌘s/一’ tt./t 巾 t’tttB
C
Fig.12 TEM morphology of saponite and chlorite in sample at site 731A Sio2 Al203 FeOMgO
Tjo2MnO
CaO Na20K20
Total(%) Si Al Tetra. Al Fe2 Mg TI Mn Octa. Ca Na K lnter. 731A-A 32.41 23.57 22.35 11.77 1.79 1.37 2.68 4.06 100 2.35 1.65 4 0.36 1.35 1.27 0.1 0.08 3.16 0.21 0,37 0,58 731A-B 30.64 16.3 24.27 15.29 4.47 2.86 3.82 2.36 100 2.9 1.1 4 0.72 1.92 2.16 0.32 0.23 5.35 731A-C 41.08 18.92 21.43 9.11 2.75 1.95 1.55 2,16 100 2.88 1.12 4 0.44 1.26 0.95 0.15 0.12 2.92 0,12 0.14 0.19 0.45 Table 4 Chemical composition and stuctural formulae of saponite and chlorite il sample at site 731A Figure 13 shows TEM image of chlorite in a sample from Site 728A in the Oman Margin. The ages of samples are A(Pleistocene)and B and C(Miocene).The morphology of chlorite in the present samples shows various shapes as an irregular outline of A, an oval shape of B, and a round type of C. The chemical composition is Fe-rich type and Mg-Fe type, as listed in Table 5. Figure 14 shows a TEM image of palygorskite in a sample at Site 721B in the Owen Ridge and a sample at Site 730A in the Oman Margin. The sample ages are Pleistocene(A and B)and】Late-Miocene(C and D). Palygorskite in C of Fig.14is suggested to have been reworked in sediments. Morpholgies of broom-like or needle-like shape are characteristic of palygorskite.158
Saburo AoKI,Norihiko KoHYAMA and Toshio IsHIzuKA pm一
・“ ヤ旙“藩』. Fig.13 TEM morphology of chlorite in sample at site 728A Sio2Ai203
FeO
MgO
Tio2MnO
CaO
Na20
K20
-「otal(%) Si AI Tetra. Ai Fe2Mg
T|Mn
Octa. 728A-A 25.22 26.2 36.67 3.95 1.9 1.87 3.18 1100
2.49 1.51 4 1.54 3.03 0.58 0.14 0.16 5.45 728A-B 25,35 23,36 27.92 16.21 1、78 2.17 1.59 1.63100
2.42 1.58 4 1.03 2.23 2.31 0.13 0.18 5.88 728A-C 29.03 16,58 29.15 11.69 3,31 2.96 3.43 3.85100
2.85 1.15 4 0.77 2.39171
0.24 0,25536
Table 5 Chemical composition and structural formulae of chlorite in sample at site 728Aジヒ『 c葺藁三