havebeen thesubjectofdetailed study.
Sincethebeginning ofthe19th century,theArab villagein Palestinehasbeen thesubjectof descriptionsand research by travelersand scholarsofvariousdisciplines. They haveconcentrated on differentaspectssuch asbuildings,population,villagelife,and more,buttherehasbeen almost no micro-research ofindividualvillages. Theresearch methodologiesapplied depended on theperiod and disciplinesoftheresearchers,and on theavailability ofdifferenttypesofsources. Geographers, forinstance,including MosheBrawerand David Grossman,who published extensively on thistopic, combined theoreticalstudy with field work (Brawer,1977;Grossman,1992). Thelatterincluded field surveysand oraldocumentation thatwould enablesynthesisand arrivalatconclusions. However,most oftheresearch materialhasdealtwith centralvillages,thosethatwerelocated nearurban centers and majorhighways. Mostconspicuousamong thesewerevillagesofhistoricaland religiousinterest, such asEin Karem (Oren-Nordheim 1985),Abu Ghosh (Ben-Dov 2003),and theirlikes. Peripheral villages(distantfrom urban centersand majorhighways)havenotbeen thesubjectofindividual study and detailed descriptions. Thepresentarticleisan attemptto somewhatfillthatlacuna,and to examinehow aperipheralvillagein themodern agediffersfrom itsmorecentralcounterparts in building styleand thetimeperiod ofitsdevelopment.
In earlierages,such astheperiod ofCrusaderrulein Palestine,thesiteofSubawasofgreat importanceasBelmont—acastleand administrativecenter. In latercenturiesitwasan agricultural villagelocated in theJudean hills,themajority ofwhoseresidentswereMuslims. Subaceased to existasan Arab villagewhen itwasabandoned during Israel’sWarofIndependencein 1948,and in Octoberofthatyearakibbutz,Z ova. (firstnamed Palmahh -.Z ova. ),wasestablished on itsland.
Over the past few centuries, the site has aroused much interest among travelers, pilgrims, and researchers,who wereparticularly interested in itsidentification with thebiblicalZobah (2 Sam 23:36) and in theremainsoftheCrusadercastle. TheArab village,however,someofwhoseruinsare stillvisible,attracted almostno attention. SincetheestablishmentoftheStateofIsrael,ithasbeen continuously exposed to destruction and dilapidation,much ofithaving been demolished. Today, theremainsofthevillagearein theprocessofbeing declared anationalpark,partofanaturereserve thatisbeing planned forthearea(Barak 2002:27–30).
* DrorBarak hascompleted hisMA attheHebrew University ofJerusalem.Hisspheresofinterestinclude:historical geography,and memory oftheArab Villagesand fellahin in Palestine,and theexploration ofJudean Hillsduring the19th-early 20thCenturies.
** Professor,DepartmentofGeography,Faculty ofSocialSciences,theHebrew University ofJerusalem.Herspheres ofinterestinclude:(1)Regionaland historicalgeography ofPalestineand theMiddleEast,1800 to thepresentday;
(2)Conceptsofland and land ownership in traditionaland civilsocietiesincluding Israeland theMiddleEast;(3) Cartographichistory ofPalestinein themodern era.
Research Topicsand Methodology
Oneoftheobjectivesofourstudy wasto examinethecharacteristicsand patternsofchangein a peripheralvillagein themodern age(1800–1948). To thisend,wechoseto concentrateon thevillage ofSubain itsgeographicaland historicalcontexts,and to study itby meansofthesurviving houses. Basing ourselvesupon thecombined useoffield study,oraldocumentation,archivaldocuments, printed sources,mapsand othervisualsources,weposed two research questions:Whatwasthenature ofthedevelopmentofthebuilt-up areaofthevillage?;Whatwerethefactorsthatinfluenced this development? In ourstudy weemployed acombination (from thepointofview ofquality and quantity)ofresearch methodologiesbased upon avariety ofsourcematerial,listed below,including newermaterialunknown to earlierscholars.
* Originalhistoricaldocuments,in variouslanguages,found in severalarchives.
* Otherarchivalmaterialin archivessuch asthoseofthePublicWorksDepartment,theIsrael AntiquitiesAuthority (Shai2002),KibbutzPalmah -.Z ova. ,KibbutzKiriyatAnavim,and more.
* Reportsand descriptionsby pilgrims,travelers,and researcherswho visited Subapriorto 1948 (Canaan 1927).
* Historicaland contemporary reportsin European languages(Khalidi1992),Arabic(Muslah- Ruman 2000),and Hebrew)Califon 1989).
* Relevantmapsand aerialphotographs(Hatzubai1964).
* Drawings,etchings,and photographsofthevillageand itssurroundingsin variousperiods.
* Intelligencereportsand villagefilesprepared by theHaganah and Palmah .$ para-military organizations(Salomon 2001).
* New datapublished on theInternet,primarily in Palestinian Arab websites (www.Palestineremembered.com 2006).
* Field survey ofbuildingsand remains—publicbuildingsand privatedwellingsin and around thecoreofthevillage.
* Survey ofthelandscape,open spaces,and trees(Barak and Gibson 2002).
* Interviewswith residentsofAin Rafa,an offshootvillageofSuba,who lived in Subauntil 1948,and with membersofKibbutzZ ova. (Hassidian 1995).
HistoricalBckground
From theCrusadesto theLateOttoman Period
Pilgrimswho cameto theHoly Land during theCrusadesidentified Subaasthesiteofancient Modiin,thevillageoftheMaccabees,dueto itsproximity to Abu Ghosh,in thatperiod identified asEmmaus(Guerin 1982:177–85;Califon1989:15–20). TheCrusadererawasaformativeperiod in thehistory ofthisvillage. Atthistimethehillon which Subaislocated wascalled Belmont (BeautifulMountain),and itlentitsnameto thecastlebuiltby theOrderoftheHospitalin ca. 1170 astheadministrativecenteroftheirestatethatcovered extensiveareasincluding Colonia(present- day Moz.aand MevasseretZ i.yyon),Castel,AquaBela,and Abu Ghosh. To thisvery day onecan discern remnantsofthewallthatsurrounded thecastle,ofitscornertowers,ofthemoat,and other remainsoftheCrusaderperiod.(including many unhewn stonesemployed in secondary usageby residentsofSubawhen they builttheirhouses). Abouttwenty yearsafterthecastle’sconstruction, itwaspartially destroyed during theconquestoftheareaby Saladin (Harperand Pringle1999).
Likemany othervillagesin Palestine,Subaaroseon theruinsofthecastleand theancient settlement. There is very little information about the village until the 19th century. The Arab geographerYaqutmentionsitin 1225 (Califon 1989:42). An importantsourceofinformation for theend ofthe16th century aretheOttoman tax lists(1596). Subaislisted thereasavillagein theJerusalem nahiyahpopulated by 60 Muslim and 7 Christian families. Thestaplecropsraised werewheatand barley (Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977:115).
In adrawing ofthevillage(Fig.1)executed by CornelisdeBruyn ca.1698 itiscalled Modi in (deBruyn 1698). Thevillageisdepicted assituated atop ahill,with squaredwellingshaving smallwindowscloseoneto another. Ifthisdrawing isafaithfulrepresentation,wehavebeforeus avillagewith atraditionaldesign—an irregularnucleated villagewhosehousesarebuiltnextto each other(Brawer1977). Only in the19th century did Subabegin to figurein theworksofvarious researchersand travelers,mostofthem Westerners. Though thesedescriptionsdid notfocuson the villageitself,butratheron itsidentification with thebiblicalModiin,itisnonethelesspossibleto extractsomeinformation from them aboutthevillageand itspopulation. Severaltravelersand pilgrims,on theirway from Jaffato Jerusalem,noted theconicalhillatop ofwhich Subawaslocated, even ifthey did notenterthevillage. Thisgenerally happened afterthey had passed Abu Ghosh, butbeforereaching thespotfrom which they could view Jerusalem (Gibson etal.1999).
Administratively,in thelateOttoman period SubawaspartofthenahiyahofBaniMalik,then asubdivision ofthesanjak(district)ofJerusalem. Themostimportantvillagein thisnahiyahwas Qaryat-el-Anab which wasunderthecontroloftheAbu Ghosh family (Ben-Arieh 1985). This family builtitsown fortified structurewithin thewallsoftheancientcastlein Suba. Thefortress and thewallsweredestroyed,likeothervillages,during therevoltby localfellahin (peasants)in 1834 againsttheEgyptian military forceand itscommanderIbrahim Pasha,which had conquered thecountry afew yearsearlier.
John Paxton,who wasin Palestinefrom 1836 to 1839,described Subaasaclusterofbuildings atop thehilland also expressed hisopinion aboutthestrongman ofAbu Ghosh:
A clusterofbuildingson thetop ofahill,called thetomb oftheMaccabees.Itlooked likeafort,or aplaceofdefense,and was,so Iam told,notlong since,theresidenceofAboo Goosh,who used to makefreewith theproperty ofotherpeople;in otherwords,wasanotoriousrobber.ButIbrahim Pasha hastaughtsuch gentry agood lesson (Paxton 1839:111).
Paxton mentionstheroleofIbrahim Pashain “reshaping”thevillage’sappearance. Thedestruction ofthecastleisan importantevent,onethatapparently leftitsmark on Suba’sbuilt-up area.
This episode was also recorded by Victor Guérin, a French scholar of classical literature, geography,and archaeology. Hisstudy,summing up eightvisitsto Palestine,waspublished in French in 1886. His interest in Suba focused on its biblical past, but he also imparted to his readers information aboutthevillagein hisown days:
Atthetop ofthishill,isolated and conical-shaped,wasformerly located atown,ofwhich today allthat Fig.1 Drawing ofthevillageofSuba,1698 (deBruyn 1698).
remainsisno morethan avillage,also called Suba.Beforetheinvasion ofIbrahim Pashathiswasa castlesurrounded by wallswellbuiltoutofwonderfulunhewn stones.Butin 1834,aftervery fierce opposition,Ibrahim stormed and took itand almostcompletely destroyed itswalls(Guérin 1982:176–77). Theruinsofthecastle,asGuérin saw them,werefirstdated asCrusaderremainsin the19th century by theexpedition ofthePalestineExploration Fund,which arrived in Palestinein May 1875. The descriptionsand findingsofthisexpedition werepublished in aseriesofvolumesand mapsduring the1880s,in which they documented every permanentsettlementin theland (Map 1). Thefollowing isthedescription oftheirvisitto Suba:
Sôba.A stonevillageofmoderatesize,in avery conspicuousposition on thetop ofasteep conical hill.Ithasahigh centralhouse.[...]Therearerock-cuttombson thenorth and on thesouth.The hillstandsup 700 or800 feetabovethevalley on thenorth.Thereisagood spring in thevalley on thisside,and another(Ain Sôba)in thevalley to thesouth-west.ThereareremainsofaCrusading fortress, which wasdestroyed by Ibrahim Pasha.TheplacewasatonetimeafortressoftheAbu Ghôsh family. [...]Thevillageorthedistrictappearsto havebeen called Belmontin thetwelfth century;and Sôba wasapparently afiefoftheHoly Sepulchre...(Conderand Kitchener1883:18–19).
TheBritish MandatePeriod (Map 2)
From diversesourcesconsulted,weconcluded thatuntiltheend oftheBritish Mandateperiod in Palestine(1918–1948)Subawasavillagewith traditionalcharacteristics(Kark and Oren-Nordheim 2001,262)Theseincluded agricultureasthepursuitofthemajority ofitsresidents,division ofthe population into clans,administration ofthevillageby mukhtars,Muslim religiouseducation forthe children,traditionalmeansoftransport,and theabsenceofmodern meansofcommunication. Thefirst vestigesofmodernization appeared in thevillageduring theperiod ofBritish rule,particularly in the1940s,aprocessthatwasaccelerated by thepaving ofaroad to thevillage—to bemoreexact, to theschoolin DeirAmmar(thesitetoday oftheEitanim MentalHospital).
Map 1 Map oftheSubaarea,1878 (Conderand Kitchener,1878)
Laying down thatroad madethevillageaccessibleby motortransportsuch asbusesthatbegan to servethevillageon adaily basis. In addition,someofthevillagersbegan working in non- agriculturaloccupations,and therewerecommercialrelationsbetween Subaand Jerusalem,aswell aswith neighboring villages. Allthese,in addition to frequentvisitsto Jerusalem,opened up the
Map 2 Map oftheSubaareain theBritish MandatePeriod,1944 (SurveyofPalestine,Sheet:Jerusalem and Ramallah,1:20,000)
villageand itsresidentsto modern influencesand innovations(Barak 2002:83–86). ConquestofSuba in 1948 and theIsraeliPeriod
TheHarelBrigadetook controlofSubaon thenightbetween 12 and 13 July 1948,aspartof
“Operation Danny.” Itseemsthatthevillagershad fled priorto theattack,mostofthem taking up residencein al-Eizariyaand Abu Dis(justto theeastofJerusalem,and then underJordanian control) and in Amman. A smallminority moved to Ain Rafa,an offshootvillageofSubathathad not been abandoned. After1948,additionalformerresidentsofSubasettled in Ain Rafa,mostofwhom weinterviewed. With theestablishmentofKibbutzPalmah -.Z ova. in Octoberofthatyearthissentence seemsunfinished. Atfirstthey lived in theabandoned housesoftheArab Villagebutsoon the settlementwastransferred from itshistoricalsiteatop thehillto thesaddleto thewest.
Sincethen thehistoricalsiteofSubaand thecoreoftheArab villagehasremained deserted, and much ofithasbeen destroyed (Barak 2002:30).
Furtherdamagewascaused overtheyearsby thedismantling ofstonesand otherbuilding materialsfrom theabandoned structuresin thevillage. From correspondencein 1951 between the Custodian ofAbandoned Property,theJewish NationalFund,and KibbutzZ ova. itcan beestablished with allcertainty thattheMinistry ofLaborused building stones(and otherconstruction materials) from Subawhen itbuiltthenearby Castelma’abarahousing projectforJewish new immigrants. In addition,such materialswerealso taken by theEven va-Sid (Stoneand Lime)quarrying company, the Jerusalem District Engineer, and others—from whom Kibbutz Z ova. demanded financial compensation (Barak 2002:53). Thedestruction wasdocumented in an archaeologicalsurvey ofSuba conducted by theIsraelAntiquitiesAuthority in 1965 aspartofanationalsurvey ofabandoned Arab villages(Yeivin,1966).
TheVillagers
Traditionspreserved by theArab residentsofSubamaintain thatthefirstto build in thevillage werethemembersofonefounding family which settled thereduring thereign ofSaladin. According to thesetraditions,they moved into buildingsthathad survived within CastleBelmont. Additional familieswhich followed in thefootstepsoftheoriginalsettlerswereal-Nasrallah (outofwhich sprung theBarhum family thatresidesin Ain Rafa),Ruman,Fiqiya,and Cabariyya. Theorigin ofallthese familiesisin thevillageofRabain Jordan (Shifman 1994:3). Asnoted above,thetax censusof 1596 listed 67 householdsin Suba,60 ofthem Muslim and 7 Christian.
From interviewsconducted by theauthorsduring recentyearswith residentsofAin Rafawe learned thatduring theBritish Mandateperiod therewerefourMuslim clansin Suba,mostofwhom areconnected with theancienttradition noted above:theclansofal-Ruman,al-Nasrallah,al-Fiqiya, and al-Jubran (Barhum and Abu Hazan 2001;Rizak and Rizak 2001). Supportforthisinformation isprovided in an intelligencereportprepared in theearly 1940sfortheHaganah para-military force by Ya’akov Lisser,amemberofKibbutzKiryatAnavim,who noted thepresenceoffourclansin
Fig.2 DevelopmentofthePopulation ofSuba,1870–1945 (Source:Kark and Oren-Nordheim 2001).
thefollowing manner:
“Thewallthatencircled thiscity,despitethefactthatuntilthen ithad suffered from thepassing oftime and even moreso atthehandsofmen,wasstillpreserved in agood enough condition to providethe residentsofSubawith enough protection”(Guérin 1982:176–177).
However,Subaunderwentsubstantialchangesfrom thelateOttoman period to theend ofthe British Mandatein Palestine. Thebuilt-up areaincreased,spread out,and changed thetraditional layoutofthevillage. With thehelp ofavariety ofsources(British maps,aerialphotosand maps included in theSubavillagefileprepared by thePalmah ).wewereableto gathermuch information on thedevelopmentofitsbuilt-up area. Fig.3 presentstheincreasein thenumberofbuildingsoutside theold coreofthevillage(Barak 2002:44,45).
From theinformation in thisgraph itisobviousthattheearly signsofmodernization also left theirmark on construction in Suba,butunlikedescriptionsin theliterature,thesewereno more than early signs,notasweeping change. Until1917 Subafollowed thepattern oftraditionalvillages
—buildingswereconcentrated towardsthecenterin ahaphazard mannerand surrounded by the remainsoftheCrusaderwalls. From 1917 to 1948 therewasasignificantgrowth ofthebuilt-up area,many buildingsbeing erected outsidetheancientwalls,particularly towardsthesouth along theroad thatled towardstheCasteland Jerusalem. Thisdevelopmentled to Subabeing transformed from an irregularnucleated villageinto a“streetvillage”in which thehousesarebuiltalong the roadsand atsomedistanceonefrom theother(seeFig.4).
Another development was the transformation of the offshoot village of Ain Rafa into an independent village about two km north-west of Suba, near the spring which bears that name.
Fig.3 Developmentofthebuilt-up areaoutsidethecore ofSuba,1917–1948 (Source:Barak 2002,44).
Residentsofthevillagetold usthatitwasestablished by afounding family,descendantsoftheal- Nasrallah clan ofSuba. Itbegan asan azba(seasonalsettlement)in which residentsofSubaused to livein thesummer,during harvesttime,outofwhich thevillageofAin Rafadeveloped from 1924 onwards. In 1936 itwasgiven thestatusofan independentvillageand therightto appoint amukhtarofitsown,thefirstbeing Mahmud AliMusaAwal(Lisser1940;Barhum 2000).
TypesofStructuresand Building Styles
Ron Fuchshasdefined thearchitecturalcharacterofbuildingsin traditionalArab villagesasbeing founded on two basicattributes:1)asingle-spacestructurethatserved alltheneedsofitsdwellers; 2)theinternalspaceofthehousewasdivided into two levels—araised upperlevelserved asliving and sleeping space,whilethelowerlevelwassetasideforthehousehold animalsand everyday use (Fuchs1998a& b). Itisnoteworthy thatthisdefinition treatsboth ofthehouse’sarchitecturalstyle and how itwasused by itsdwellers. YizharHirschfeld summed up thelatteraspect:“Theattribute thatmorethan anything elsemakestraditionalArab buildingsuniqueisthatthedwellersareprepared to sharethem with animals”(Hirschfeld 1987:60).
Thefirstimpression wegained from ourvisitsto theremainsofSubawasthatthevillagehad been builtin atraditionaland uniform manner. Mostofthestructurescontained componentsthat
Fig.4 Aerialphoto ofSuba,1946 (Haganah Archives,file/14 kefar/8).
Multi-Spaced Buildings
Thesebuildingsareofatransitionaltype,between traditionaland modern—they too werebuiltofstone using traditionaltechnologies. Mostofthesurviving housesin Subaareofthistype,comprising severalhallsorroomswith entrancesgenerally facing acommon courtyard. Therearetwo sub-types: with and withoutapassageway between therooms. Thusthesehomesdo notcomply with the definition ofatraditionalvillagehouse. They lack thesinglespacein which thefamily carried on itsdaily lifeand in many casesthey also lack thedivision into two levels,oratbesttherewasa smalland low raised section justwithin theentrance.
Itmay wellbethatthereisaconnection between themultipleinteriorspacesand lack ofa raised second leveland thedomesticlifestylethatwascommon towardstheend oftheBritish Mandate period. From ourconversationswith residentsofAin Rafawelearned thatin thoseyearsliving togetherwith animalswasgenerally only thelotofthepoorervillagers. In mosthousesin thevillage, roomsformembersofthefamily wereseparatefrom thespacesetasidefortheanimals(Abu Aji and Barhum 2001). Thismay accountforthevariationswefound between severalroomsin the samehouse:adifferentquality ofthefinaltouches(plaster,paint,and flooring);thesizeand type ofwindows(doublewindowswith abench,ascompared to very smallapertures);and variousfixtures thatwefound in therooms(an alcoveforbedclothesand afireplace,ascompared to ringsaffixed to thewalland feeding stalls). Whatwehavein thiscaseisthateach room hasitsown defined purpose, astateofaffairsthatdiffered completely from theconceptofthetraditionalhouse. Ron Fuchs describesasimilarphenomenon. Hemaintainsthatpartofthedevelopmentand establishmentof thetraditionalruralhousehold included adding roomsto makelifemorecomfortableforthefamily. Heisoftheopinion thatsuch housescan beconsidered atypeunto itself(Fuchs1998a& b). Both thesetypes—single-spaced and multiple-spaced houses—werebuiltoflocalbuilding materialsand using conventionaltechnologies.
StructuresConstructed Using Modern Technologiesand Materials
Though no structures of this type have survived, from various sources (photos, physical remains, interviewswith formerresidentsofSuba,and documentsreferring to thesaleofbuilding materialsfrom theabandoned villageafter1948)wemay imply thattherewereafew buildingsthathad been built using modern technologiesand materials:concrete,and ceilingsconstructed ofsteeland concretegirders.
CharacterofConstruction:Analysisand Conclusions
Asnoted earlier,theliteraturedealing with buildingsin theArab villagespointsto asweeping tendency towardstheintroduction ofchangesin thelayoutofthetraditionalvillageand thestructureofitshouses from thelate19th century onwards. Thesedescriptionsmention construction using modern materials and with componentsofan urban building style. Allthis,however,doesnothold trueforSuba, notfrom thepointofview oftimeperiod,and even notasto theextentofthechanges. True,there
wassomedevelopmentin thehousetypesofSuba,butwhen compared with whatwasdescribed in theliteratureand with developmentsin othervillagesin thearea,whathappened in Subawas notan extremedevelopment. In largervillagessuch asAyn Karem and Lifta,located much closer to Jerusalem, there were many buildings which had been constructed with the use of modern technologiesand materials. In thesevillagesonecould also find structuresofamoreadvanced,urban architectonicstyle(such astheiwanhouseorthecentralhallhouse). In addition,they contained elementsofurban construction thatwereeithercompletely lacking in Subaorfound therevery sparsely,such asceramicflooring,balconies,staircases,and entrancesofthe“tripleaperture”—adoor flanked by two largewindows(Oren-Nordheim 1985;Moshe2001;Cana’aneand al-Hadi1991).
Onereason fortheabsenceofsubstantialexpansion ofconstruction in Subauntilthe1940s may beitssemi-isolation dueto thelack oftransportation facilities,which probably wasan obstacle to thetransportofmodern building materialsto thevillage,and also madethem moreexpensive. In addition,thefactthatSubawascutofffrom theJerusalem–Jaffaroad wasdetrimentalto economic conditionsin thevillage—alack ofmaterialsand theabsenceofmodern construction methodsreflect an economicsituation thatdoesnotallow forsuch adevelopment. Thisassumption can find some supportfrom acomparison ofSubawith othervillagesin theareawhich werelocated nearthemain road orwereconnected to itatan earlierdate—Ayn Karem and Lifta— thathavebeen thesubject ofdetailed research. Thesestudieshaveshown thatconstruction developmentsin thesetwo villages took placeearlierand on agreaterscope(Oren-Nordheim 1985;Moshe2001). Suba,asacasestudy, raisesaquestion concerning thedevelopmentofbuilding stylesin othervillagesin thearea. There may havebeen othersuch villagesin which,justasin Suba,no sweeping changeoccurred until thelastyearsoftheBritish Mandateperiod.
Epilogue
Theabandoned villageofSubaisapicturesquenaturepreserve,aremnantand reminderofthe architecturaland technologicalhistory ofruralArab building stylesin theJudean hillcountry. Unlike othervillagesin theJerusalem area,Subawasnotrazed to theground,norwasitrepopulated with new settlersafter1948. Partofithasremained standing,i.e.,someofitsabandoned houseshave maintained theiroriginalshapeand form whileothersweredestroyed. Thesurviving buildingsserve asan “historicaldocument”testifying to theplanning,technologies,and lifestyleoftraditionalvillages.
Examination oftheremaining housesand oftheirgeographical-historicalcontexthasbrought to lightnew information abouttraditionalconstruction patternsand thechangesthey underwent. Aswehaveshown,detailed,inter-disciplinary research ofthisperipheralvillage,astudy thatmakes useofnew and diversesourcesto reach asynthesis,can throw new lighton afew issuesin the study oftraditionalArab villages. Weintend to devoteafuturearticleto thetopicof“villageand commemoration”. Wealso believethatourstudy can haveimportantimplicationsforthefuture planning and developmentofthesite,physically and also in from theaspectsofmuseology and tourism.
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